THE Traditionary Accounts of the Foundation of St Andrews As An

Home , Aberdeen Breviary, Diocese of Brechin, Leuchars

NOTICEARLE TH F YEO ECCLESIASTICAL SETTLEMENTT S T SA ANDREWS. By WILLIAM F. SKENE, ESQ., F.S.A. SCOT. THE traditionary account e foundatioth f t o sAndrewS f n o na s a s ecclesiastical establishment I know s ,a havr , t yetfa bee eo no s , n sub- ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. 301

jecte historio t d c criticism. Although occupyin e mosgth t prominent positio ancienr ou n ni t church hierarchy witd diocesan a ,h e extending from the borders of England to the river Dee, we know little as yet of the early history of St Andrews, except that it was a foundation of unknown antiquity, with a legendary history which derives its origin from Greeces historianit d an ; s have hitherto been conten repeao t t t these legends without attemptin o reduct g e sobee theth mo rt realities of history. s CataloguKeithi n i h f Scottiso e h Bishops merely gives the substance of these legends, with a few lists of its Bishops prior to e eleventth h century, whe e commencenh s historysit s editorHi . , Dr Russell, throw additionao n s ls earl it ligh n yo t history s latesit d t an ; historian, the Eev. 0. F. Lyon, adds nothing to this. Claiming to be the oldest church in Scotland, to have been at one tim e solth ee episcopal n latei d r an ,age s unquestionabl e metroyth - politan see t AndrewS , s demands that some attempt shoul e maddb e t oearls cleait yp u rhistory I venture. , therefore indulgencase o t , kth e of the Society while I lay before them some facts which may tend to thro lighw wtne upon it; premising, however, that whato t I havw no e y befor la professeu eyo e nothinb o st g more tha n attemptna d thaan ,t it is very possible these facts, when further sifted, may not warrant the conclusions I am inclined at present to draw from them.

The traditionary accounts of the earliest ecclesiastical settlements at e t legende AndrewfounS th b o n t i df thre se o sar e different saintn i s our calendar, viz.,—St Cainich or Kenneth, llth October; St Kegulus, 17th October; and St Adrian, 4th March. St Cainich or Kenneth, who is .the same with the Irish St Kenneth of Achaboe, the patron saint of e earlKilkennyth f yo Iriss wa h, Church a contemporar d an , r ycomo - panio ColumbaSt nof frequentl is and , y mentione Adamnan'din s lifeof that Saint. Although Adamnan mentions Columba alone as having mad celebratee th e d visi Brudeo t t e ,Norther kinth f go n s Pictshi t a , palace near Inverness, which resulte s conversiohi n i d o Christianitynt , t ComgalLifthd S f eol e o l printe Meminy db "s Collectaneahi gn i " says accompanies wa tha e h t t Kennet S t Comgall S y db d tooo an hn ka wh , equal share in the King's conversion. St Columba was of the Scottish race of the O'Neills, but both St Cainich and St Comgall were of the race 302 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF

Irise oth f h probabls Pict wa f Ulster so t i yd theian ; r affinit racf o y o et Scottise th h Picts o theiwhict d rle hbein g associated with Columbn ai this undertaking. The same affinity of race will account for St Cainich having pene- trateintr Pictise fa oth o ds h provinc t AndrewsS s ea . Ther mane ar e y dedications to him in Scotland. He is commemorated in the "Festology " of Angus the Culdee, written in the ninth century, on the llth of October glosa saids i n t i i s, d "an ;Achabo principas hi s ei l churchd an , he has a church at Kilrymont in Alba," that is, in Scotland. Kilrymont shale w iss l a , see Celtie th , c namt AndrewsS f eo . e glosTh s o givgoet e followin n th eso t gCainicS accouny wh h f o t remotweno s o t t eplaca e amon e Pictgth s :—" Once upo timena , when Cainich went to visit Finnia, he asked him for a place of residence; I see no place here now, said Finnia, for others have taken all the places up before thee. May there be a desert place there (that is, in Scotland), said Cainich." characteristie on s wa e asceticis t th I f e cearlo th f ymo Iris h Church, tha clergs it t yhabie wer th f retirino n tei somo gt e desert place leao t , d the lives of hermits, completely isolated from all intercourse with their fellow creatures for a certain number of years; and we find that almost l theial r leading saints t leasa , t onc n theii e r lives, retire o somt d e solitary spot, where they led the lives of hermits for some years. From the desire expressed by Cainich to find a desert place, his church at Kilrymont seems to have been a hermit church of this description. It is, however, doubtful whether the situation of this hermitage of Cainich's was the same with that of St Andrew's, and whether the name Kilrymont is not used loosely, or in a wider sense, for the district about it, for in the Aberdeen Breviary St Cainich is thus referre : " o Sanctdt i Caiynici abbati inKennoquhyi squ diocesn i i Sancti Andrei pro patrono habetur." Kennoquhy is a parish in the east of fror t fa AndrewsFifem S t no , , t andi seem s a , havo st e take s namnit e churce froth m s i h him d witan , h whic principalls i e h y associaten i d the Scottish calendars, it may have been in reality the site of this foundation. Be this as it may, this was a Columban foundation anterior to the year 600, in which year Tighernac records the death of St Cainich. For the next and the most important foundation at St Andrews, and ANTIQUARIES OP SCOTLAND. 303

from which it took its name, we must go to the legend of St Regains. There are several editions of this legend, but it is only necessary for our purpos notico et e three. Oned apparentlan , e oldestth y shor a s i , t account of the legend of the foundation of St Andrews, preserved in the Colbertine MS. in the Imperial Library at Paris. The second, which is muc Harleiae h th large n mord i . nan r e MS detailedfoune b a n o di t s i , Library in the British Museum, written in the end of the seventeenth century, apparently a copy of an older MS., containing a list of the contents of the Eegister of the Priory of St Andrews, now lost, with copies of some of the pieces in it. This legend seems to have been put togethe e earlth e fourteentyn i th rpar f o t h centurythire th s di d an ; legene Breviare th th n di Aberdeenf yo . In comparing these three editions, it will be convenient to divide the narrative into three distinct statements. The first is the removal of the relics of St Andrew from Patras to Constantinople Colbertine Th . e account states, tha t AndrewS t , after preaching to the northern nations, the Scythians and Pictones, received in charge the district of Achaia with the city of Patras, and was there crucified. Tha bones hi t s remained there e tiltim th lf Constantin eo e the G-reat, and his sons Constantius and Constans, for 270 y«ars, when they were removed to Constantinople, where they remained till the reign Emperoe oth f r Theodosius. e Prior t th AndrewS f f o yo . sMS e accoun statese Th th n i ,t than i t the year 345 Constantius collected a great army to invade Patras, in orde o revengt r e martyrdoth e t AndrewS f m o removd an , relicss ehi . Tha n angea t l appeare e custodierth e o relicst d th d ordere f an o s, d Eegulus e bishopth , , wits clergyhi h proceeo t sarcophagu,e th o dt s which contained his bones, and to take a part of them, consisting of three fingers of the right hand, a part of one of the arms, the pan of one s teeth hi d concea f an o , e e kneeslon o themth fd tha d fole an , an ,th t- lowin Constantiuy da g s entere e cityd carriedth an , d of o Bornft e eth shrine containing the rest of his bones. That he then laid waste the Insula Tyberis and Colossia, and took from thence the bones of St Luke and St Timothy, and carried them along with the relics of St Andrew Constantinopleo t . e AberdeeTh n Breviary says yea,e Eegulu 0 thath 36 rn i t s flourished 304 PROCEEDING SOCIETTHE SOF YOF

at Patras in Achaia, and was eustoclier of the bones and relics of St Andrew; that Constantius invaded Patra orden si revengo t r mare eth - tyrdo t AndrewS f mo ; tha n angea t l appeare him o t ddesired an , m dhi to conceal a part of the relics; and that after Constantius had removed relice resth e Constantinoplef o sth t o t , this angel again appeare himo dt , and desired him to take the part of the relics he had concealed, and to transpor twester e theth mo t n region worlde th f so , wher shoule eh y dla the foundation of a church in honour of the apostle. Here the growth of the legend is very apparent. In the oldest edition, removae tolth e we relic f ear th d o f Constantinopleo st o l , withou worta d of Eegulus seconde th havn e I additioe w ., eth f Eeguluo n s concealing a part of the relics in obedience to a vision; and in the third, we have a second vision directing him to found a church in the west. This part e oldesth legende n finoi e th tf t w editiondi s a , , belongse factn th i , o t , legen t AndrewS f do , wher states i t ei d that, after preachin Scye th -o gt thians, he went to Argos, where he also preached, and finally suffered martyrdom at Patras ; and that, in the year 337, his body was transferred from Patras to Constantinople with those of St Luke and St Timothy, and deposited in the church of the apostles, which had been built some time before by Constantine the Great. Whe nvisiteI d Greec yeae th r desirou n s e1844i wa ascertaininI ,f so g whethe tracey an rthif so s legend still remaine tow e t Patrasda th nn I . of Patras I could find no church dedicated to St Andrew, hut I observed smala verd an ly old-looking G-reek monastery, abou wese mila tth to et e Gul shore f th Patras th o ff o eh proceedind o , an , oit f g ther eI foun d e Oaloyeresth f o e r Greeo ,on k monks o spokwh , eo Italianwh d an , informed me that the monastery was attached to the adjacent church of St Andrew built over the" place where he had suffered martyrdom. He took me into the church, which was one of the small Byzantine buildings so commo Greecen i n showed sarcophague th an , e dm s from whencee h , said relice beeth d , sha n removed e church e th doo d th f alsoo rt an ,a ,, the spot where his cross had been raised, and a well called St Andrew's "Well. I could find, however, no trace of St Eegulus. The second part of the legend in the oldest edition represents a Pictish king termed Ungus Urguistf o n so ,Merse e , th waginbein d n i an jr ggwa surrounded by his enemies. As the king was walking with his seven ANTIQUAKIE5 30 SCOTLANDF SO .

comites, a brigh t light shines upon them; the e eartha y th d falo an t ,l voice from heaven says, " Ungus, Ungus, hear me an apostle of Christ called Andrew, who am sent to defend and guard you;" he directs him to attack his enemies, and desires him to offer the tenth part of his in- heritanc honoun ei t AndrewS f o r . Ungus obeyss victoriousi d an , . Andrewt S e th n sI edition, Ungus's enem sais yi havo dt e been Athel- stane , Saxons moute e cams e kinriveth th hi th f t gf d po a rh o Tynean , . t AndreS w appear Unguo st a dream n si promised an , victorym shi d an , tells him that his relics will be brought to his kingdom, and the place where the e broughyar becomo t s i t e honoure d celebratedan d e Th . peoplPicte th f seo swea venerato t r Andret eS w ever after f thei , y prove victorious. Athelstan s edefeatedi s heahi , d taken d carrieoffan ,a o dt place called Ardchinnichun, or Portus Beginse. Breviare Th Aberdeef yo n doe t contaisno n thi slegende parth f o t . The third part of the legend in the oldest narrative represents one of the custodiers of the body of St Andrew at Constantinople, directed by an- angel in a vision to leave his home, and to go to a place where the angel will direct hime proceedH . s prosperousl "o yt verticem montis regis id est rigmond." Then the King of the Picts comes with his army, and Eegulus, a monk, a stranger, from the city of Constantinople, meets him with the relics of St Andrew at a harbour which is called " Matha, id t mordurus,es Kind "an g Ungus dedicates that plac citd Gk>o yean d t dan St Andrew t caputsi , t "t mateu e , r omnium ecclesiarum quae sunn i t regno Pictorum." It must be remembered here, that this is the first appearanc e namlegendd th ol f Eegulus f thai d o eo e t an i th ,t n i s evidently the same King Ungus who is referred to in both parts of the story. t AndrewS e Th s editioe legenth f no d relates thi se stor th par f yo t much more circumstantially. According to it, Eegulus was warned by the ange saio t l l wit e relicth h s toward e north th sd whereve an , s hi r vesse wreckeds wa l , ther o erect e a churct n honou i ht Andrew S f o r . He voyages among the islands of the Greek Sea for a year and a half, whereved an e landh r e erecth s n oratora s n honouy i t AndrewS f o r . At length he lands in " terra Pictorum ad locum qui Muckros fuerat nuncupatus nunc autem Kilrymont dictus;" and his vessel having been wrecked erecte h , broughd crossa ha e sh t from Patras. After remaining U VOL . PARIV . . TI 6 30 PKOCEEUING SOCIETE TH F F SO YO

there seventeen days and nights, Regulus goes with the relics to Forteviot, and finds there the three sons of King Hungus, viz., Owen, Nectan, and Finguiene, who being anxious as to the life of their father, then on an expedition "partibun i s Argathelise," giv tente eth h part of Forteviod Go o tt an Andrewt dS . The placya theo t eo ncalleg d " Moneclatu nuni ,qu c dici- Monichi,r tu therd "an e Finchem queee th , Kinf no g Hungus deliveres ,i d oa daughtef r called Mourens afterwardwa o wh , s burie t Kilrymontda , and the queen gives the place to G-od and St Andrew. They then cross mountaie th n called Moneth reacd an , placha e called " Doldancha, nunc autem. dictus Chondrochedalvan," where they meet King Hungus return- frog expeditions in mhi prostrateo wh , s himself befor relicse eth , and this place is also given to God and St Andrew. They return across the Moueth to Monichi, where a church was built in honour of Grod and the apostle, and from thence to Forteviot, where a church is also built. King Hungus then goes wit e clerghth Kilrymonto yt , whe a grean t par f thao t t plac s giveei builo nt d churche oratoriesd san larg a d ean , territor gives y i parochiaa s na boundarie e Th . thif so s parochi stiln aca l be traced, and consisted of that part of Fife lying to the east of a line drawn from Largo to Nauchteii, Within this line was the district called the Boar's Chase, containing the modern parishes of St Andrews, Came- ron, Dairsie, Kemback, Ceres, Denino, and Kingsmuir; and besides this district, the following parishes were included in the parochia, viz.:— Crail, Kingsbarns, Anstruther, Abercromby, St Monance, Kelly, Elie, Newburgh, Largo, Leuchars, Forgan Logid an , e Murdoch. impossibls i t I doubo et t that ther historia s ei c basi f somso e kino dt this part of the legend. The circumstantial character of the narrative is of a kind not likely to be invented. The place beyond the Moneth or G-rampians called Chondrochedalvan s plainli , e Churcyth f Kindroo h - che Braemarn i t , whic dedicates hwa t AndrewS do t . Monich probabls ii y not Monikie in Forfarshire, as that church was in the diocese of Brechin, bu a churct h called Egli se paris th Monichti f Monifiethn i ho w no , , which was in the diocese of St Andrews, and Forteviot was also in the diocese of St Andrews. According to the account in the Breviary, Eegulus, after the relics had been removed to Constantinople, takes the portion he had concealed, and sails with them for .two years tilarrivee lh s terra"d a m Scottorum," where ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. 307

he lands and enters the " nemus porcorum," and there builds a church, and preaches to the neighbouring people far and wide. Hungus, King of Pictse th , see compansa angelf yo s hover ove e apostlerelice th th r f so , and comes with his army to Eegulus, who baptises him, with all his ser- vants received ,an lande gransa th f ,o t whic-tht apare b se e o s hchiet i t f seat and mother church of Scotland. Such being the leading features of these legends, the eastern part so closely associated wit generae hth l tradition regardin translatioe gth n t Andre relice S e fourtoth fth f o s n wi h westercenturye th d r o nan , Scottish part so interwoven into the events of the reign of a certain Ungus Urguistf o n so , , Pictse Kin th firse f go th , t questio Whe, nis d ndi this king reign? In the oldest lists of the Pictish kings there appear two kings bearing same th e nam Anguf eo r Ungus f Urguistse o onlyo o Th tw n .d so , an , first reigned for thirty years, from the year 731 to 761, when his death recorde Tighernacy db shore alsth d n toan ,i chronicle appende Bedo dt e followine inth g terms :— " 761, ^Engus me Fergusa rex Pictorum mortuus est.—Tigh. " Anno Dec. Ixi., Oengus Pictorum rex obiit qui regni sui principium usque ad finem facinore cruentum tyrannus Carnifex perduxit. Chron. ap. Bedam." The second reigned in the following century for twelve years, and his deat recordes hi dAnnale onlth n yi Ulsterf so , unde yeae th r r 834. " 834. (Engu Fergusc sma Fortren x are n moritur." In the list of kings extracted from the Eegister of the Priory of St Andrews, the foundation of St Andrews is attributed to this second Angus, as afte nams hi rchronicle eth e adds "Hie osdificavit Kilrymont." Fordun applies to this king that part of the legend which relates to the war against the Saxons and the victory under the auspices of St Andrew e applieh t e othebu th s; e legendr th par f o t , narratine th g arriva t Regulus S receptios hi f Pictis o e l d th an ,y nb h kingearln a o yt , Ungus, son of Urguist, supposed to have reigned in the fourth century. The old lists know of no such king, and this is a palpable attempt to reconcile history with the tradition of a St Eegulus in the fourth century, which is quite inconsistent with the legends themselves, as it is plain from u2 308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF all of them that they regarded the whole of the transactions as belonging e samtoth e King Ungus—his victory agains e Saxonth t s undee th r auspice t AndreS f o s w leadine receptioth t EeguluS o gt f o d n an s the foundation of the church. There is one authority, however, for the foundation of St Andrews having been attributed to the first Angus; for Hearne, in his edition of Fordun, in that part where he narrates the war against the Saxons, and the vision of St Andrew, under the second King Ungus, adds in a note—" Haac omnia tribuuntur ungo filio urgust • qui multis amnis prior est in fine cujusdum exemplaris Bedaa." I have been unabl Bedef o discoveo , et herMS e erth referre, s da t tobu ; there is appended to some MSS. a short Chronicle in which the death of e firsd morth an t e celebrated Ungu1 alon76 s recordedi en si y ma e w , assume that this is the prior king here meant. That he was the real King Ungus of the legends, is corroborated by other circumstances :— 1. Bede reeords, that the King of the Picts placed his kingdom under patronage th e t yeaPeteS th f rn e o i r710 know veneratiod o n an , f so n t AndreoS f w among them, whic coule hh d hardly have omitted stating if it had existed at that time ; it must therefore have been after the con- clusio historys hi f no 731n i , , tha t tooi t k place t AndrewS . s appearo st have existed as a known ecclesiastical establishment in 747, for in that year Tighernac has the death of Tuathalan, Abbot of Kilrymont.1 If founded between these two dates, it must have been in the reign of the first Ungus. 2. The longer legend points also strongly to this king ; for in the part which seems based on history, there are three things told of him,— fl.) That he warred against the Saxons of Northumbria. (2.) e yea th Than whici r n i tt Andrew hS foundeds s wa swa e h , absen greaa n o tt expeditio Argylln ni . (3. )thred Thaha ee sonsh tgav o tentewh a , h par f Fortevioo t o t St Eegulus, the eldest of whom was called Owen. Now we trace none of these events during the reign of the second Ungusfine w d t thebu , l attributemal e first n 740th I o .d t , durine gth reign of the first Ungus, Eadbert, King of Northumbria, is said to have

1 747. Mors Tuathalai Oindrigmonaidh.—. nAb Tigh. ANTIQTJAEIES OF SCOTLAND. 309

been " occupatus cum suo exercitu contra Pictos," and Athelstane may have been his general.1 In 736 Tighernac records a great expedition of this Ungus, the son of Urguist, into Argyll, when he says, " Angus mac Fergusa rex Pictorum vastavit regiones Dailriada et ohtinuit Dunad (the capital t compussi)e t creic t duohe s filios Selbaiche catenis aligavit es d i t Dougal et Feradach et paulo post Brudeus mac Angusa mac Fergusa obiit;" and in the same year 736, the "Annales Cambriss" record the death of Owen, king of the Picts, showing that the Brudeus of Tighernac bore that name, and that he was son of Angus. We may therefore hold, that the king who placed the kingdom under e patronagth t AndrewS f o ed founde an , t AndrewsdS Anguss wa ,n so , of Fergus reigneo wh , d761o t founda e thafro d yea1 e th ,an mth tf 73 r o - yeae th rs tio 736nwa , whe expeditioe nth Dalriadao nt , afterwards called Argathelia, took place. It is plain that, if this was the true date, the tradition which brings St Eegulus direct from Patras or Constantinople to Scotland with the relics in the fourth century is a mere legend, connected more intimately with the relics than with the foundation of St Andrews, and that we must loo somo kt e nearer quarte e immediatth s a r e source from whence they were brought frod an m, whenc e veneratioth e t AndrewS f no s swa derived. t wilI l assis thin i s t u inquiry keee w minn pi f leadin i ,e dth g factn si ecclesiasticae th l histor f Northumbriayo . Northumbria derived her Christianity and her Church from two different sources, which were in spirit and character opposed to each other. These wer Irise eth h Church, founde Patricky db extended an , d ovee rth t ColumbaPict S Anglo-Saxoe y th sb d an , n Church, founde Augusy b d - tine. The one followed Eastern traditions; the other was closely connected with Eome. Northumbriane Th s were Paulinuconvertey b Auguse 7 th 61 f so n d i - tinian Church; and a bishopric was founded by him, the chief seat of whic Yorks hwa . This church remained till 633 ,overturnes whewa t ni d by Cadwalla, king of the Britons. Anno 740. " Edilbaldu Merciorux sre r impiampe m fraudem vastabat partem 1 North anhymbrorum eratque rox eorum Eadbertus occupatus cum suo exercitu contra Pictos."—Chron. ap Sedan. 0 31 PROCEEDING SOCIETE TH F F SO YO

Oswald, who recovered the kingdom in 634, and had been educated in exile in lona, introduced Columban clergy from lona, and Lindisfarne became the chief seat of this Church. The Columban Church lasted for thirty years, till 664, whe e greanth t counci Whitbf o l- s helde o ywa dt termine the contest between the two Churches as to the two great sub- jects of dispute—the proper time for keeping Easter, and the tonsure. parte Colmans on y wa e heae th f Th d,o Bisho Lindisfarnef po e th f o d an , other, Wilfrid contese Th . t ended wit defeaColumbae e hth th f o t n party, who were driven out, and Wilfrid was subsequently made bishop, the seat bishoprie oth f c being restore Yorko dt . Bede tell thas su t Wilfri- dad ministered the bishopric of York, and of all the Northumbrians, and e dominiolikewiseth s a Picts, r e f Kin nfa ofo th s ga Oswy extendedn I . a forme s historr parhi f o e tellty h thas su t Osw t onlyno y held nearly the same dominions as his brother Oswald, to whom he had succeeded, but also had,- for the most part, subdued and made tributary the nations of the Picts. Wilfrid therefore included in his jurisdiction a part of the nation of the Picts. What part that was, we shall see immediately. In the year 678 Wilfrid was expelled from the bishopric, and it was divided into two dioceses, corresponding to the two provinces of Bernicia and Deira, Bosa being made bishop of the one, and Eata of the other; 681n i d , an three year sdivides afterwa t i ,d into four diocesesw ne o tw , districts being created; the one was Hexham, over which Trumberct was mad e province th othee Pictse bishops th th t wa rthaf d a ,eo an , t time subjece Kinth f Northumbriago o t t , over which Trumwin s madwa e e bishop. yeae th r n 685I , Ecfrid, Kin Northumbriaf go attemptinn i , peneo gt - trate throug range Sidlae hth th f eo w Hills slais n battlwa ,i n t Dunea - nichen by the Picts. Bede informs us that, as the result of this battle, the Picts recovered their land which had been held by the Angles, and adds these remarkable word s: " Amon e mangth y English that then eithee rth fely b l sword, or were made slaves, or escaped by flight out of the country of the Picts, the most revered man of God, Trumwin, who had received the bishopric over them, withdrew with his people that were in the monastery of Abercorn,f o seatecountre th m e Angles n ar th di f e yt o clos th bu ,y eb the sea which parts the lands of the Angles and of the Picts." ANTIQUARIE1 31 SCOTLANDF SO .

It is quite clear from this passage, that the part of the country of the Picts which had been subject to the Angles, which was included in Wil- frid's bishopric, and was afterwards made a separate bishopric under Trumwin, was the country on the north side of the Firth of Forth, viz. Fife and Kinross, and perhaps part of Forfar, as far as the Sidlaw Hills t tha r safete bu bishopri; fo t e th sea t Abercornyth f a o ts cwa n o , soute th h side. influence Anglie Th th f eo c Church, whic d thuhha s hel twentr dfo y year southere sth nPictise th par f o th province unde s careit r , seemo st have continued afte e Churcth r Bed0 71 h eitseln i informleft d r ha ffo ; s us, that Nectan , Pictse Kinth f go , renounce erroe d dwhicth y an b r e h his natio tild ln ha the n been held relation ,i observance th o nt Easterf eo , and submitted, together witb his people, to celebrate the Catholic time of our Lord's resurrection. He sent messengers to Ceolfrid, Abbot of Jarrow, in Northumberland, requesting instruction, and likewise that he would send architects that he might build a church after the Eoman manner, 'whic promisee hh dedicato dt n honouei blessee th f o rd Peter; and that he and all his people would always follow the custom of the holy Eoman Apostolic Church. Ceolfrid accordingly wrot a elon g lette n suppori e rEoma th f o tn usage d Bedean s; sayo goet n , so tha thin o t s letter beinge reath n di presence of the King and many others of his most learned men, and care- fully interprete languagn d ow int s thosoy hi coulo e b wh ed understand it, he rejoiced, and declared that hereafter he would continually observe the Eoman time of Easter, and that the tonsure should be received by clergys cyclee hi Th f ninetee.so n years were sent throughoue th l al t provinces of the Picts; and the nation, thus reformed, rejoiced as being newly placed unde directioe th r t PeterS mad d f no an , e secure undes rhi protection. shortn I whole th , e Pictish people passed over fro Columbae mth o nt the Anglic Church. The Columban clergy were expelled, as appears fro ma notic Tighernan ei c unde e yeath r r 717, Anglid an l c clerg- yin troduced. The legen f Bonifaciusdo 16tn o , h March, shows-u- in e sth e foundatio troductioclergth w churchesd ne w yan a ne f f no o , which

" 717. Expulsio families le trans dorsum Britannise Nectano rege."—Tigh. 1 2 31 PROCEEDING SOCIETE TH F F SO YO

were dedicated to St Peter, and that apostle became for a time the patron kingdome sainth f o t . 674n I , thirty-six years before this event, Wilfri d foundeha d e th d churc Hexhamf ho . Bede tell , thasus t Wilfri beed dha n educatee th y db Scottish monk t Lindisfarnesa , but, having doubt e correctnesth f so f so their ways, went to Eome for instruction-; and it is recorded of him by his biographer Eddi, that whe firse nh t conceive purposee dth endeavourf ,o - turo e t Northumbrian th ng in s from Columb Eomeo t a e wena h , o t t church in Eome, dedicated to St Andrew, and there knelt before the altar, and prayed to G-od, through the merits of his holy martyr Andrew, that he would grant him the power of reading the Gospels aright, and of preaching the eloquence of the evangelists to the people. His prayer was answered by the gift of persuasive eloquence ; and feeling himself peculiarly under the guidance of that apostle,, he dedicated his church of Hexham to St Andrew, Bede tells us that on another occasion, when returning through Franc Britaino et fele h , l sic t Bordeauxka , and, when nearl a vision yw dead whicsa n i , e h , persoa h whitn ni e garment- ap s peared to him, and told him he was Michael the archangel, and announced to him that he should recover through the intercession of the blessed Virgin Mary. n consequencI f thieo s inciden chapelo tw t s were erecte t Hexhamda , one dedicated to St Michael, and the other to St Mary. The Eoman dedications in Northumbria had hitherto been usually to St Peter, and thus was introduced among them the veneration of St Andrew. The peculiar combination of the principal dedication to St Andrew, with chapels to St Michael and St Mary, arose out of the incidents in Wilfrid's life, as is very plainly stated by Eichard of Hexham, and affords presumptive evidence, wherever they are found, of the church having been derived from some church founde himy db . Wilfrid s succeededie wa 709 n d i e bishopri d th ,an n di f Hexhaco m by Acca, who was alive when Bede wrote his History. Of him Bede records, that being an active person, and great in the sight of God and man, he much "adorned and added by his wonderful works to the struc- ture of his church, which is dedicated to the Uessed apostle Andrew; for he made it his business, and does so still, to procure relics of the blessed apostle martyrd san f Chrisso t fro l partsmal ; besides whiche h , ANTIQUARIE3 31 SCOTLANDF SO .

very diligently gathered the history of their sufferings. The Northum- brian Church already possessed e t Paul t S relicth Pete S r d f fo ;san o r Pope Vitalian, writing to King Oswy, after the Council of Whitby, says, " We have ordered the blessed gifts of the saints, viz., the relics of the blessed apostle e holsth yPetef o Pauld martyr d an r an , s Laurentius, John Pauld Gregoryd an , an , Paucratiusd an , e delivereb e o t th , o t d bearers of these our letters, to be by them delivered to your Excellency;" hardln anca t doubtede i y b d that Acca collectinn i , g othee relicth f rso apostles, woul t fai obtaio dno t l n e patrorelics greath hi f f so tno prede- cessor Wilfrid, and the apostle to whom his church was dedicated ; and thi e appearh s o e hav"t s th Libe e n Sanctie i doned rr fo , s Ecclesias Hagulstadensis et eorum Miraculis" there is this statement,—" More- over the church of Hexham was decorated with precious ornaments, and inriched with the relics of St Andrew, and other saints." parallee Th l betwee histore nth y Northumbrian e ofth thd es an Pict thisn i s respec hardln tca y fai striko t l e every Northumbriansonee Th . , expelling theColumban clergy, dedicating to St Peter, and then receiving at Hexham the dedication to St Andrew, and the Bishop of Hexham active in intro- ducing relics; and, sixty years later, the Picts, expelling the Columbans, dedicating to St Peter, and receiving from some unknown quarter the dedicatio t AndrewS o nt , accompanie s relicshi t raiseI y b .d stronsa g presumption t leasta , , tha searchinn i t sourcveneratioe e th th r f ego fo n of St Andrew among the Picts, we should turn our eyes first to Hexham. When Bede closed his History, Acca was still alive, and Bishop of Hexha whed an m n; this great comparativn lighi e ar t e leavew , eus s darkness; but a few incidents are still recorded -which may afford us some e mistth f .o clu t eou In the year 732 Simeon of Durham has this notice : " Acca Episcopus eodem anno de sua Sede fugatus est." Richard of Hexbam, who must have know Hexhae nth m traditions regarding Acca, adds this remarkable passage :—" Qua autem urgente necessitate pulsus est vel quo diverterit scriptum non reperi (no written record of where he went to). Sunt tamen qui dicunt (here is the tradition) quod eo tempore episcopalem sedem in Candida inceperit et prseperaverit." It was believed he had founded an episcopal seat in Candida or Whitehern. That Acca founded no bishopric there is certain; for Bede, in closing his History in 731, says, that in the 314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF

provinc e Northumbrianth f o e s four bishops preside—Wilfriw no n i d York, Edilwal Lindisfarnen i d , Acc Hexhamn i a Pectheld an , than mi t whic calles hi d Candida, which, fro e increasemth d numbe f believerso r , has lately becom additionan ea s firsit lr t episcopafo m hi s lha seatd an , prelate. Candida was therefore a bishopric before Acca left Hexham, and Pecthelm was the first bishop. But another passage in Bichard of Hex- ham throws light upon his meaning. After the Pictish kingdom had disappeare e nintth hn i d century Picte th f Gallowa o sd an , y alon- re e maine separatea s da commo a peoples wa t i n, mistake amon Anglie gth c writers to attribute to Galloway, and its episcopal seat Candida, what was e Pictisth tru f o eh provinc ee Forthnortth f o h. Thus Florencf o e Worcester places Trumwine as bishop of Candida, though we know from Bede the Picts he presided over were north of the Firth of Forth ; and Eichar Hexhamf do n quotini , e passaggth e from Bede already referred to, whe saye nh s that Wilfrid's bishopri Yorf co k extends ove e Pictth r s subject to Oswy, and over whom Trumwine was afterwards placed, adds, after the words super Pictos, " quia Candida casa nondum episcopum proprium habuerat," showing that he applied what Bede tells of the Picts Forte nortth Candidaf o ht ho . plais i t nI that when Acc banishes Kine awa th Northumhriaf go y db , he could not have founded a bishopric anywhere within his territories ; an dI hol e Hexhath d m traditio havo nt e been that Acc t fled ou daha of the country, and it was believed had founded a bishopric among the Picts, where Wilfrid and Trumwine had presided before him—that is, in Fife. Now, it is a remarkable coincidence that Acca, the venerator of t AndrewS e importeth , f relicso r , should have fle 732n thad i d an ,a t report should have got up that he had founded a bishopric among the Picts, and that St Andrews should have been actually founded, as we hav e e Picts Kine relice t Andre seenth parS th th d f f f gy o an so ,o tb , w have been brought to it in 736, four years after his flight. ' Let us see, then, if there are any resemblances between St Andrews and Hexham to corroborate this presumption ; and the first we observe is a very striking one—Kilrymont, like Hexham, was dedicated to St t AndreS e th Andreww n i legen d s chapelan it ;lisd a f e giveno t ar s , s follows a f the o e e " honoren i o m anar on ,tw d t MichaelmS i Arch- angeli," and the next " in honorem Stae Mariae Virginis." There was ANTIQTJAKIES OF SCOTLAND. 315

t AndrewsthuS t sa t Hexham a wels a ,s a l a principa, l dedicatiot S o nt Andrew, with chapels to St Michael and St Mary, the group peculiar to churches deriving their foundation from St Wilfrid, or from churches founded hy him, as Hexham was. Another resemblance may possibly be a mere coincidence. Lindores, dedicated to St Andrew and St Mary, is in the midst of a wood termed Earnsidd ool f e Woodwithis i t e parochiI nth . a givet KegulusS o nt . Sibbal puzzles di d tha t shouli t d bea name th rEarnsidef o e , seeing that Eare th n doe t floswno therplact thera s hu e; ewa with nearl same yth e name near Hexham, where chapea ther s ewa l dedicate t MichaelS o t d . Kichard of Hexham says,—" Est enim oratorium quoddum in venera- tione Sancti Michaeli Archangeli dedicatum ultra flumen Tins Montn ei e ripee ejusdem amnis remanenti qui Anglice Emeshoxt latine mons aquilae dicitur." t seemthaI e m t o sAcca't dedicationstracee e routb th n y db eca t S o st Andrew usuae th r l fo rout; e from Northumbri regioe th o at n e nortth f ho Forth at that time was by the ferry called Earlsferry, from Gulaneness to Newburn, and the church of Gulane on the south side was likewise dedicated to St Andrew. Accordin thio gt s view, then e historicath , le legendar basith f o s y foundatio t AndrewS f o n Eeguluy s foundatiob sit s e yeawa sth rn i n s refuge hi Accy b d 6 aan e 73 clergy brougho wh , veneratioe th t t S f no s Andrerelichi d s wan fro m Hexham Picte Th s.e tim werth t ea t ea war wit Anglee hwheth d an ns; expelled from Northumbria naturas hi , l refuge was with the sister-church among the Picts, where the immediate successor of Wilfrid could not fail to have powerful influence; and this vie wcorroborates i e peculiath y b d r respec e tScot th pai Hexo y st db - ham even as late as the reign of David I. Eichard of Hexham informs us, that durin e war th gf Stepheno s , whe e Scot th no repeatedl s s y ravishe e soutth d f Englando h d burnan , t churche d monasteriean s s everywhere, Hexham was always respected. He says :—" In this raging and tempestuous period, that noble monastery of Hexham, though in the very collisione midsth f o t , yet accounn ,o merite s tutelarth it f f o tso y saints, Andrew the apostle, and Wilfrid, bishop and martyr, and of its other patron saints, Acca, Alcmund d Eataan , , bishop d confessorsan s , offered the most tranquil security to its people, and those who took 316 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF d affordean refug , it d n i e the safa l em al asylu m from hostile assaults." David, Kin Scotlandgof Henryand , sonhis , , guarantee thadto t monastery, its brethren, and all belonging to it, continued security from hosti- thilitied san sthe; y confirme theiy db r charters, whic stile har l preserved. A successo d beeha r n appointe Acco dt Hexhan appearae i h t bu m s; to have returne d diean dd e theryeath n rei 740, four years aftee th r foundation of St Andrews. The next legend which bears upon the history of St Andrews is that of Adrian, at 4th March. bese tTh editio thif no Aberdeee s legenth n i s di n Breviarys i t i d an , as follows :—" Adria nativa s nHungaryf wa e o afted an ,r preaching there for some time, was seized with a desire to preach to other people; and having gathered togethe orientaled t " a companya r ou t se e s h ,Scotia a partes que tune a Pictis occupabantur," and landed there with 6606 confessors, clergy, and people, among whom were Grlodianus, G-ayus, Minanus, Scobrandus d othersan , , chief priests. These men, with their bishop, Adrian, thePictishkingdom being destroyed, " delato regnoPictorum," did many signs, but afterwards desired to have a residence on the Isle of Danese May Th o the. wh ,n devastate e wholdth e ,of Britain, camo et e islandth therd an , e slew them. Their martyrdo s mi sai o havt d e taken yeae placth r n ei 875 . It will be observed that they are here said to have settled in the east par f Scotlando t , opposit e Isl f th Mayeeo ,n Fifei tha s i t, while th e Picts still occupied it; thaPictise th t h kingdo ms thei n sai havo dt e been destroyed thad an ,t their martyrdom took plac 875n ei , thirty years after the Scottish conquest under Kenneth M'Alpin. Their arrival was therefore almost coincident with the Scottish conquest; and the large number sai havo dt emodese cometh t no t, twenty-on arriveo wh e d with Kegulus, but 6606 confessors, clergy, and people, shows that the traditionary invasionhistorn a f realls o suspicio e leadd e ywa th yan ,on o st t oncna e that it was in reality a part 'of the Scottish occupation of the Pictish kingdom. This suspicio s muci n h strengthene o corroborativtw y b d e circumstances : 1st, The year 875, when they are said to have been slain by the Danes, falls in the reign of Constantine, the son of Kenneth Mac- Alpin, in his fourteenth year, and in this year the Pictish Chronicle records battla e betwee Scots e Dane e addsth d nth d an , s,an that afte , "it r occas i ANTIQUARIE7 31 SCOTLANDF SO .

sunt Scott Coachcochlum,n i " which seem refeo st thio t r s very slaughter. 2d, Hector Boece preserve differensa t tradition regarding their origine H . says : " Non desunt qui scribant sanctissimos Christi martyros Hungaros fuisse. Alii Scotosx e Anglisque gregarie collectos." Ther therefors ewa ea tradition that the clergy slain were not Hungarians, but a body composed of Scott Anglid t Hadriaian Bu bishoa .s landee easne h wa pf ; th to n di Fife, within the parochia of St Eegulus, and he is placed at the head of some of the lists of bishops of St Andrews as first bishop. It was therefore the Church of St Andrews that then consisted of clergy collected from among the Scotti and the Angli. The Angli probably repre- sented the Church of Acca, and the Scotti those brought in by Adrian. The real signification of this occupation of St Andrews by Scottish clergy will be apparent, when we recollect that the Columban clergy, who had formerly possesse e chieth d f ecclesiastical seats amon e Pictsgth , had been expelled in 717, and Anglic clergy introduced—the cause oi' quarrel being the difference of their usages. Now the Pictish Chronicle states, as the main cause of the overthrow of the Pictish kingdom, a centur hala d f ylateran , this very cause t sayI . s: " Deuo s pr eni s meo merito SUES malitife alieno otiosoc sa s hsereditate dignatu t facerses e quia illi non solum Deum missam ac prasceptum spreverunt sed et in jure aequalitatis aliis aequi pariter noluerunt." They were overthrowt nno only because they despised " Deum missa t prceceptum,me t becausbu " e they woul t toleratno d othee eth r partythid sAn grea. t grievancs ewa removed, when St Andrews appears at the head of the Scottish Church in a solemn concordat with the King Constantine, when, as the Pictish Chronicle tell , "s Constantinuus t Cellachue x sBe s Episcopus leges dis- ciplinasque fidei atque jura ecclesiarum evangelioru e paritermqu m cu Scottis devoverunt custodiri." Observ e paralleeth l o languagtw e th f eo passages "onee e Pictth th , n jurI n .ii e aequalitatis aliis, Scot"e thath -s ti tish clergy, " aequi pariter noluerunt, othee e Kinth e th d th rn i g an d "an Bisho t AndrewS f po s vowe o preservt d e law d th discipline san e th f eo faith " pariter cum Scottis,"the thin Picte gth s would not do t seem.I s plain, therefore, that the ecclesiastical element entered largely into the Scottish conquest maia d determinationa an ;s caus featurd wa t ean i e f th eo n no part of the Scottish clergy to recover the benefices they had been de- e exacpriveTh t . coincidencdof f thieo s great clerical invasioe th f no 8 31 PROCEEDING SOCIETE TH F F SO YO

parochia of St Andrews by ecclesiastics, said by one tradition to have bee ne subsequen th Scots d an , t positio t AndrewS e heaf no th f do s a s Scottise th h Church, points strongl true thith o eyt s historisa c basif so the legend of Adrian. The Norman calendar is full of early martyrs of the name of Adrian, wh celebratee oar dayfirse w th Marchf fe ts o n do probabld an , confusioya n Hungarians o fidee wa identitth e a h o s trut d Hi eyle . nam Scoa f eto was probably Odran, nampatroe e th th f s eo a 'n saint always enters largely into those of the clergy of the place with the usual prefix of Gilla or fine Maolsubsequenw a d d an ; t Bisho t AndrewS f po s called Macgilla servane th Odranf o f Odran o te n corrup so ,Th Magis . wa t t -i for f mo dran, which is simply the Irish Mo, with the insertion of a g, euplio- niae gratia; d Odraan s Macgidrai n e sam th whicw la ey b nh makes Oolman, Mocholmoc, Aidan Madoc, &c. As Magidrin, he appears on Macduff 's Cross, the boundary-stone between the dioceses of St Andrews and Dunblane. The parishes of Flisk and Lindores, both within the parochia e dedicatear , Macgidrino dt churca d an ,h near Dro s callei n d aftecorruptlm hi r y Exmagirdle. His day is the 4th of March, and on the same day we find in the Irish calendars—St Magrido or Magrudo, Episcopi et Confessoris. Col- gan could find no church' in Ireland to connect him with; but his day bein same gth e with tha Adriaf o t resemblance Odranr no th d an ,e th f eo name, mak suspece em t tha Iriss sainr thi thi hou n i ts disguise si . • There are strong- reasons for thinking that the Scottish clergy who accompanied Kenneth M'Alpin came from Ireland d weran , e mainly connected with the diocese of Kildare. The first Abbot of lona after the Scottish conquest was also Abbot of Kildare.1 We have seen that two chapele o th t fAndrew S f so s were connected with Acca's Church, being dedicated to St Michael and Mary. Other two of them point equally to Kildare "n i sixt honoree s Th hwa . m Stse Brigidse virginis, patroe "th n saint of Kildare; the seventh, in ".honorem Mouren cujusdam virginis." This coulcl hardly have been the Mouren previously mentioned, as it is differentl expressioye speltth d an , n " cujusdam virginis" coul t havdno e been used with propriety 829n i t , jusbu ; t befor Scottise eth h conquest,

1 865. Ceallac Cilledareb ha t aquievita e b,J iilt . .An . ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. 319

diedMuren, Abbes Kildare.f so 1 The church of Leuchars, nea Andrewst rS , is dedicated to St Athernasc. His day is the 22d December; but in the same day appears in the Irish calendar St Athernasc of Claonadh, near Clare Leinstern i , counte th n ,Kildarei f yo churce Th Abercrombyf . ho , now St Monan's, was dedicated to St Monan, who is said to have accom- t S f o y da e th s i f March o t i t t 1s bu , e panieth s i dy Adrianda s Hi . Monan firse th , t bisho f Glonfertpo , whose deat s recordehi Tighernay db c in 571 whosd ,an e dedicatio e musnh t have brought from Ireland. I have reserve difficule th t dEegulu S w tils no tl wa questio so ? wh f no dievee e merelh h d s re fabl existth a parywa ef becaus? r o o t, e th e history of this Scottish establishment throws some light upon it. legendse th n I , Eegulu closels si y connected wit e histore hth th f o y translation of the relics from Patras to Constantinople; but he is also interwoven into the history of the foundation of St Andrews by King Ungus, and the one part of the legend belongs to the fourth century, while the other has its historic basis in the eighth. There is thus an interval of four centuries between the two parts of the legend ; and it follows, that St Eegulus must either belong to the legend of the relics of St Andrew, and his name and veneration have been brought to this country with the relics; reaa s ol r wa manels belongeo e h ee histor wh ,foundae th th o f t dyo - tion of the church in the eighth century, and whose name was subsequently added to the legend of the relics. n lattee favouI th f ro rvie hav e chapele wfacte w th eth f ,o thase on t t AndrewS t a s dedicatewa s o him t dtherd e othean , ar e r dedications to him throughout Scotland. On the other hand, he is said to have been accompanie clergo tw y b d from Nola, seven hermits froe insulmth a Tyberis, and three virgins from Colossia; but these places are mentioned in the early part of the legend, and are unquestionably connected with e histor t relice Andreth S th fourte f f o th yso wn i h century appears a , s from St Jerome, Paulinus, and others. t EeguluS s celebratei s differeno tw n o d t day Scotlandn si e th n I . Aberdeen Breviary s legenhi , s dintroducei e 30t th f March o hn o d ; whicn o t y EegulushS buda te thie firsth th s ,si t bisho f Silvanectipo s or Senlis in G-aul is celebrated. This St Eegulus was also a Greek, and

1 829. Quies Muren, Abbatissa Cilledara . Magiv . .An . 820 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF

came from Greec e fourto G-auth t e n i hl s popularlcenturywa e H y. called St Eule, and at Silvanectis was a church called that of St Andrew n nemore,i whil e Scottisth e h churct AndreS n nemorei f s o h wwa porcorum. usuae assigney Th da lt Eegulu S o dt Scotlann si 17te th hs d i October , hut again this is the day of St Eiaguil of Muicinsi in Lochderg in Ireland, contemporara whs owa t ColumbaS f yo Muicinsd an , insulas i porcorum. e 30tTh h whicn Marco e Angli s probahly th hwa h da ce Churchyth , establishe Accay db , celebrate t impossiblno s i d t i him ed thaan ; t Acca havy ma e brough t Andrerelice S th tf o s w from Francelegene th d dan , of St Eegulus with them ; while the Scottish Church which superseded it under Adria havy nma e identifie witm dhi h theiIrisn t Regulushow rS . But I must own, that I have been unable to satisfy my own mind as to either view. Allow me a word or two before concluding. The foundation of that wondrous fabric of fabulous history which has been reared by our historians from John of Fordun to Hector Boece, was laid in the end of the thirteenth and beginning of the fourteenth centuries, and I venture to hold the clergy of St Andrews entirely respon- sible for it. St Andrews was the head of the second Scottish Church which super- sede e Pictisth d h Churce nintth hn i h century t I represente. a n i d peculiar manne Scottise th r h population s intimatelwa d an , y connected and closely allied with the Scottish Eoyal House that occupied the throne. The spirit of rivalry which pervaded all ecclesiastical founda- desirtionsa d bas o ean ,higr t ehe h positio pretensiond nan s upon spiritual pre-eminence puso t r claim r hhe he o antiquitt sd le , y vero yt fard ,an asser pre-eminenca t e abov l otheal e r churches have W e. seen thatn i , thir e latesd th dan t legend store advanced ,th yha d fro foundatioe mth f no a churcconversioe th kin e o peoplt hd th gan f no Christianito e t t S y yb celebratee th Eegulus n i d d an ;lette r froScottise mth h e baronth o t s Pope in 1320, it is broadly stated that the Scottish nation had been converted by the Nuncio who brought the relics of St Andrew, while allusioo thern s i eeitheo t n r Ninia Columbar no e reath , l apostlef o s Scotland. e procesTh whicy b s a fabulouh s antiquit gives t AndrewS y wa o nt s ANTIQUAItlE SCOTLANDF SO . 321

was a very simple one. The events of the latter part of the eighth and first half of the ninth century were, first, placed at an early period, coincident wit removae h th e t relic AndreS th f f so o l w from Patra Cono st - stantinopl e; and , secondly, they were suppresse t theida r proper period. There was thus a fictitious history containing the foundation of St Andrews, placed befor foundatioe th e f Whiteherno t NinianS y b nr o , o ft Oolumba S e lontru th y b ead histore an las, th e t f th halo y f o f eight firsd he nintan t th hal f ho f centur s disappeareyha d fro r anmou - nals. Upon this basi e fabulousth s historians reare superstructure dth e of their history througd an , channee hon tracee b r anothe o ln o t dca t i r St Andrews. Its germs are found in the end of the thirteenth and beginning of the fourteenth centuries. It received its first artistic develop- ment from Joh f Fordune ncrownino th d an , g capita s placewa l d upon Hectoy b t i r Boece,