DOCSLIB.ORG

Biology and Management of Cuscuta in Crops W.T. Lanini1 and M. Kogan2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biology and Management of Cuscuta in Crops W.T. Lanini1 and M. Kogan2 LITERATURE REVIEW Biology and Management of Cuscuta in Crops W.T. Lanini1 and M. Kogan2 1Department of Plant Science University of California, Davis One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 2Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Casilla 306-22, Santiago, Chile Abstract W.T. Lanini and M. Kogan. Biology and management of Cuscuta in crops. Cuscuta is a stem and leaf parasite that infects many broadleaf crops, ornamentals and weeds and a few monocot crops. It lives entirely on the host plant, thus reducing the growth and yield of the host. Preventing infestations by planting crop seed free of Cuscuta seed, rotating to non-host crops, delaying crop planting until fall for sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris), use of resistant varieties or large transplants, and preemergence herbicides have all been shown to be successful in certain crops. Once Cuscuta attaches to a crop, some yield loss will occur, regardless of the method of control, and selective control becomes very difficult. Post attachment control often requires killing or severely injuring the host plant to avoid spread of Cuscuta to surrounding plants. However, several herbicides have been shown to selectively suppress attached Cuscuta, but complete control is rarely obtained. Cuscuta attached to genetically modified, herbicide resistant crops, have not been successfully killed by treatment with herbicide in all cases, indicating that these crops will only be a partial solution to the problem. Cuscuta control will require an integrated approach conducted over a period of many years. Key Words: Cuscuta, dodder, parasitic plant, resistance, weed management. Cien. Inv. Agr. 32(3): 127-141. 2005 INTRODUCCTION as important in Chilean crops. Dodder is a nonspecific parasite that attacks, sometimes The genera Cuscuta (known as dodder) are simultaneously a wide range of host species obligate parasitic plants with approximately including many cultivated plant species and 170 different species distributed throughout dicotyledonous weeds, but not grasses or the world (Holm et al., 1997). Most of the monocotyledonous weeds (Table 1; Dawson 170 species are found primarily in the et al., 1994). Similarly, the same crop may Americas from Canada to Chile of which 7 serve as a host of several dodder species or 8 are known in Chile (Navas, 1979). (Cudney and Lanini, 2000). The dodder Kogan (1992) recognized C. chilensis, C. seedling coils around the host stem and racemosa var. chiliana and C. campestris leaves, penetrates their tissue and vascular Received on 16 March 2005; Accepted on 29 April 2005 1 Corresponding author: W.T. Lanini,[email protected] 128 CIENCIA E INVESTIGACION AGRARIA system via haustoria, and exploits the host throughout the warm seasons. In addition, by withdrawing photosynthates and water the nature of attachment and association (Figure 1). Thus, the vigor of the host is between host and parasite requires a highly lowered and crop production is dramatically selective herbicide to destroy the parasite reduced. Once a seedbank is established, without crop damage (Fer, 1984). This article control is extremely difficult, as dodder seeds reviews the life cycle, distribution and the can remain viable in soil for 20 years or control measures currently used for control more, and continue to germinate and emerge of dodder in crops. A B C Figure 1. Dodder, Cuscuta sp, common obligate parasitic plants. A. Onion field heavily infested with dodder; B. Dodder haustoria (arrow) penetrating tomato stems; C. Dodder wraping (arrow) arrow around tomato stems. VOL 32 N°3 SEPTEMBER - DECEMBER 2005. 129 Table 1. Crops, ornamental plants, and common weeds susceptible to dodder (Cuscuta spp.) infestation. Latin name Common name Crops Monocotyledonous Allium cepa Onion Allium sativum Garlic Dicotyledonous Asparagus officinalis Asparagus Beta vulgaris Sugarbeet Capsicum annuum Pepper Carthamus tinctorius Safflower Citrus spp. Citrus Cucumis melo Melon Cucumis sativus Cucumber Daucus carota Carrot Ipomoea batatas Sweet potato Lycopersicon esculentum Tomato Punica granatum Pomegranate Solanum melongena Eggplant Solanum tuberosum Potato Ornamental Monocotyledonous Impatiens spp. Impatiens Chrysanthemum spp. Chrysanthemum Ipomoea spp. Morningglory Dicotyledonous Satureja hortensis Summer savory Coleus blumei Coleus Geranium spp. Geranium Dahlia merckii Dahlia Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia-creeper Campsis radicans Trumpet-vine Hedera helix English ivy Petunia inflata Petunia Foeniculum vulgare Fennel Mentha spp. Mint Origanum majorana Marjoram Catharanthus roseus Periwinkle Weeds Monocotyledonous Solanum nigrum Black nightshade Portulaca oleracea Common purslane Amaranthus blitoides Prostrate pigweed Dicotyledonous Bilderdykia convolvulus Wild buckwheat Convolvulus arvensis Field bindweed Salsola tragus Russian thistle Chenopodium album Lambsquarters DODDER LIFE CYCLE 1987). Favorable soil temperatures for dodder germination and emergence are in Cuscuta seeds germinate independently the range of 15 to 38°C, with an optimum of the presence of host plants (Dawson, around 30°C (Hutchison and Ashton, 130 CIENCIA E INVESTIGACION AGRARIA 1979), which corresponds with the disappear completely (Wolswinkel, 1984). prevailing temperatures during the spring As the dodder plants grow, support is and summer. Because of the seed size (1 maintained by continually reattaching to to 2 mm in diameter), emergence is limited the host. Dodder plants grow about 7 cm to the upper 1 to 1.5 cm of soil. Germi- per day and one plant can cover 3 m2 in a nating seeds will emerge as rootless and growing season. When other suitable hosts long yellow-orange thread-like leafless are nearby, dodder extends and attaches stems, which can grow to 2.5 to 7 cm in to their stems, spreading from one host to height. After germination, the dodder another, often forming a dense vegetative seedling circumnutates in a counter mat of intertwined stems. Flowering can clockwise direction in search of a host occur from late spring through fall, stem or other objects to wind around. It is depending on the species and date of possible that light or humidity may emergence, however seed set is highest in influence growth toward a host plant. the late summer and fall. In a field study These rootless seedlings will generally of dodder (C. pentagona) developing on only attach to hosts that are within a processing tomato, the first dodder flowers distance of 2.5 to 5 cm. Cuscuta seedlings were observed at 51 days after initial possess a rudimentary autotrophic system, attachment and the first viable seeds were containing only a small amount of observed at 60 days after attachment. First chlorophyll (Table 2) and other accessory flowering of dodder was observed to pigments (Dinelli et al., 1993). However, initiate near the point of initial attachment the autotropic system is insufficient to and later flowering progressed out away support growth. Thus, if no suitable host from this point. Once seeds are shed to is found within 3 to 5 days, the seedling the soil they can remain dormant, yet will die. Soon after the connection between viable, in the soil for 10 to 30 or more the parasite and host is established, the years, depending on the species and dodder seedling loses its soil connection environmental conditions. and lives entirely from photosynthates and water extracted from the host plant (Parker Table 2. Content of chlorophyll a and b in and Riches, 1993). Dodder adheres to the Cuscuta campestris, Convolvulus arvensis and host with a cementing layer of pectin and Beta vulgaris. develops haustoria within a few days due Species Organ Chlorophyll a + b to thigmotropic responses and chemical (mg·g-1)1 recognition of the host plants (Press et al., B. vulgaris Leaves 3.91 ± 0.31 1990). The haustoria, single-cell hyphae, C. arvensis Leaves 2.54 ± 0.21 elongates within the host tissue and meets C. campestris Stems 0.28 ± 0.02 the vascular bundles, where they From: Dinelli et al., 1993. differentiate into xylem and phloem 1Based on dry matter measurements. ±Standard elements. This highly efficient absorption deviation system allows the parasite to divert resources - water, amino acids and Economical Importance and geographical assimilates - from the host into the parasite distribution (Dorr, 1987). It has been shown that when The wide geographical distribution of Cuscuta and developing seeds from the dodders (Table 3) and their wide range of host plant fruit compete for assimilates, hosts, make them amongst the most the sink activity of dodder is much stronger damaging parasites worldwide (Parker and while the sink activity of the fruit can Riches, 1993). Studies have shown that VOL 32 N°3 SEPTEMBER - DECEMBER 2005. 131 field dodder (C. pentagona) infestation production by more that 50% (Cudney et reduced tomato (Lycopersicumal., 1992). Where present in harvested esculentum) yield by 50 to 75% (Table 4; alfalfa, its moist stems will not allow the Lanini, 2004). It was shown that field hay to cure properly resulting in moldy, dodder infestation reduced carrot (Daucus unmarketable hay. Other legume crops carota) yield by 70 to 90% (Bewick et al., vary in their sensitivity to dodders. Bean 1988). Dodder is also considered a (Phaseolus spp.) was reported as resistant troublesome weed in onion (Allium cepa). to China dodder (C. chinensis) (Rao and Rubin (1990) stated that onion fields Reddy, 1987) and to field dodder in India heavily infested with dodder should be (Nemli, 1987), but sensitive to C. destroyed, as there is no selective herbicide lupuliformis in France (Liu et al., 1991). to control it available for this crop. In On the other hand, China dodder is a carrots or onions infested with dodder, the noxious weed in soybean (Glycine max) roots or bulbs, respectively, fail to reach in China (Li, 1987). Ornamental shrubs, a marketable size. When multiple dodder trees and groundcovers are often infested plants attack the same host (tomato) plant, with dodder (Table 1). Dodder infestations death of the host often occurs. Alfalfa are readily apparent along roadsides in (Medicago sativa) and clover (Trifolium weeds, shrubs and trees. Host plants are pratense) are the most common crops rarely killed by dodder infestation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Horner-Mclaughlin Woods Compiled by Bev Walters, 2011-2012
    Horner-McLaughlin Woods Compiled by Bev Walters, 2011-2012 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Acer negundo BOX-ELDER Acer nigrum (A. saccharum) BLACK MAPLE Acer rubrum RED MAPLE Acer saccharinum SILVER MAPLE Acer saccharum SUGAR MAPLE Achillea millefolium YARROW Actaea pachypoda DOLL'S-EYES Adiantum pedatum MAIDENHAIR FERN Agrimonia gryposepala TALL AGRIMONY Agrimonia parviflora SWAMP AGRIMONY Agrimonia pubescens SOFT AGRIMONY AGROSTIS GIGANTEA REDTOP Agrostis perennans AUTUMN BENT Alisma subcordatum (A. plantago-aquatica) SOUTHERN WATER-PLANTAIN Alisma triviale (A. plantago-aquatica) NORTHERN WATER-PLANTAIN ALLIARIA PETIOLATA GARLIC MUSTARD Allium tricoccum WILD LEEK Ambrosia artemisiifolia COMMON RAGWEED Amelanchier arborea JUNEBERRY Amelanchier interior SERVICEBERRY Amphicarpaea bracteata HOG-PEANUT Anemone quinquefolia WOOD ANEMONE Anemone virginiana THIMBLEWEED Antennaria parlinii SMOOTH PUSSYTOES Apocynum androsaemifolium SPREADING DOGBANE ARCTIUM MINUS COMMON BURDOCK Arisaema triphyllum JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT Asarum canadense WILD-GINGER Asclepias exaltata POKE MILKWEED Asclepias incarnata SWAMP MILKWEED Asplenium platyneuron EBONY SPLEENWORT Athyrium filix-femina LADY FERN BERBERIS THUNBERGII JAPANESE BARBERRY Bidens cernua NODDING BEGGAR-TICKS Bidens comosa SWAMP TICKSEED Bidens connata PURPLE-STEMMED TICKSEED Bidens discoidea SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS Bidens frondosa COMMON BEGGAR-TICKS Boehmeria cylindrica FALSE NETTLE Botrypus virginianus RATTLESNAKE FERN BROMUS INERMIS SMOOTH BROME Bromus pubescens CANADA BROME Calamagrostis canadensis BLUE-JOINT
    [Show full text]
  • DESERT WILLOW 'BUBBA' Chilopsis Linearis 'Bubba' Characteristics
    DESERT WILLOW ‘BUBBA’ Chilopsis linearis ‘Bubba’ Characteristics Type: Tree Sun: Full sun Zone: 6 to 10 Water: Low to Moderate Height: 25-30 feet Maintenance: Low Spread: 25-30 feet Flower: Showy, Fragrant Bloom Time: Spring through Summer Fruit: Showy Bloom Description: Dark Burgundy and Tolerate: Drought, Dry Soil Pink Texas Native Culture Chilopsis linearis ‘Bubba’ is a vigorous, fast-growing upright selection of desert willow that originated in Texas. Compared to other selections it has a strong vertical form and is less shrubby. It also has glossy, darker green, more lush foliage than other desert willows. It has the capacity to easily grow up to 30 feet tall in the landscape. Starting in late spring and through the summer ‘Bubba’ produces masses of large, fragrant, two-tone burgundy and pink flowers. Like other desert willows ‘Bubba’ is a great choice for full sun, low maintenance, water efficient landscapes. Although it is not seedless, it produces fewer pods than most selections. Each pod containing many winged seeds. Noteworthy Characteristics Chilopsis linearis, commonly known as desert willow, is a large shrub or small multi-trunked tree with a loose open crown. It typically grows to 15-25’ tall with a spread to 10-15’ wide, though some varieties, like ‘Bubba’, grow taller. It is native to gravelly and rocky soils in the Southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico where it is usually found growing in desert grasslands, sandy washes or springs. While the narrow, long leaf shape is indeed willow-like, Chilopsis linearis is in fact related to Catalpa trees, Yellow Bells (Tecoma stans), and Trumpet Vine (Campsis radicans).While oversized in comparison to other members of its family, ‘Bubba’ remains reasonably sized for compact growing spaces as an ornamental accent.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Pollen Evolution and Its Taxonomic Significance in Cuscuta (Dodders, Convolvulaceae)
    Plant Syst Evol (2010) 285:83–101 DOI 10.1007/s00606-009-0259-4 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Pollen evolution and its taxonomic significance in Cuscuta (dodders, Convolvulaceae) Mark Welsh • Sasˇa Stefanovic´ • Mihai Costea Received: 12 June 2009 / Accepted: 28 December 2009 / Published online: 27 February 2010 Ó Springer-Verlag 2010 Abstract The pollen morphology of 148 taxa (135 spe- unknown in other Convolvulaceae, has evolved in Cuscuta cies and 13 varieties) of the parasitic plant genus Cuscuta only in two lineages (subg. Monogynella, and clade O of (dodders, Convolvulaceae) was examined using scanning subg. Grammica). Overall, the morphology of pollen electron microscopy. Six quantitative characters were supports Cuscuta as a sister to either the ‘‘bifid-style’’ coded using the gap-weighting method and optimized Convolvulaceae clade (Dicranostyloideae) or to one of the onto a consensus tree constructed from three large-scale members of this clade. Pollen characters alone are insuf- molecular phylogenies of the genus based on nuclear ficient to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships; however, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid trn-LF palynological information is useful for the species-level sequences. The results indicate that 3-zonocolpate pollen is taxonomy of Cuscuta. ancestral, while grains with more colpi (up to eight) have evolved only in two major lineages of Cuscuta (subg. Keywords Convolvulaceae Á Cuscuta Á Dodders Á Monogynella and clade O of subg. Grammica). Complex Evolution Á Phylogeny Á Pollen morphology Á morphological intergradations occur between species when Scanning electron microscopy Á Taxonomy their tectum is described using the traditional qualitative types—imperforate, perforate, and microreticulate. This continuous variation is better expressed quantitatively as Introduction ‘‘percent perforation,’’ namely the proportion of perforated area (puncta or lumina) from the total tectum surface.
    [Show full text]
  • State of New York City's Plants 2018
    STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 Daniel Atha & Brian Boom © 2018 The New York Botanical Garden All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-89327-955-4 Center for Conservation Strategy The New York Botanical Garden 2900 Southern Boulevard Bronx, NY 10458 All photos NYBG staff Citation: Atha, D. and B. Boom. 2018. State of New York City’s Plants 2018. Center for Conservation Strategy. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 132 pp. STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 INTRODUCTION 10 DOCUMENTING THE CITY’S PLANTS 10 The Flora of New York City 11 Rare Species 14 Focus on Specific Area 16 Botanical Spectacle: Summer Snow 18 CITIZEN SCIENCE 20 THREATS TO THE CITY’S PLANTS 24 NEW YORK STATE PROHIBITED AND REGULATED INVASIVE SPECIES FOUND IN NEW YORK CITY 26 LOOKING AHEAD 27 CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEGMENTS 30 LITERATURE CITED 31 APPENDIX Checklist of the Spontaneous Vascular Plants of New York City 32 Ferns and Fern Allies 35 Gymnosperms 36 Nymphaeales and Magnoliids 37 Monocots 67 Dicots 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report, State of New York City’s Plants 2018, is the first rankings of rare, threatened, endangered, and extinct species of what is envisioned by the Center for Conservation Strategy known from New York City, and based on this compilation of The New York Botanical Garden as annual updates thirteen percent of the City’s flora is imperiled or extinct in New summarizing the status of the spontaneous plant species of the York City. five boroughs of New York City. This year’s report deals with the City’s vascular plants (ferns and fern allies, gymnosperms, We have begun the process of assessing conservation status and flowering plants), but in the future it is planned to phase in at the local level for all species.
    [Show full text]
  • Trumpet Creeper (Campsis Radicans) Control Herbicide Options
    Publication 20-86C October 2020 Trumpet Creeper (Campsis radicans) Control Herbicide Options Dr. E. David Dickens, Forest Productivity Professor; Dr. David Clabo, Forest Productivity Professor; and David J. Moorhead, Emeritus Silviculture Professor; UGA Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources BRIEF Trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), also known as cow itch vine, trumpet vine, or hummingbird vine, is in the Bignoniaceae family and is native to the eastern United States. Trumpet creeper is frequently found in a variety of southeastern United States forests and can be a competitor in pine stands. If not controlled, it can kill the trees it grows on by canopying over the crowns and not allowing adequate sunlight to get to the tree’s foliage for photo- synthesis. Trumpet creeper is a deciduous, woody vine that can “climb” trees up to 40 feet or greater heights (Photo 1) or form mats on shrubs or grows in clumps lower to the ground (Photo 2). The 1 to 4 inch long green leaves are pinnate, ovate in shape and opposite (Photo 3). The orange to red showy flowers are terminal cymes of 4 to 10 found on the plants during late spring into summer (Photo 4). Large (3 to 6 inches long) seed pods are formed on mature plants in the fall that hold hundreds of seeds (Photo 5). Trumpet creeper control is best performed during active growth periods from mid-June to early October in Georgia. If trumpet creeper has climbed up into a num- ber of trees, a prescribed burn or cutting the vines to groundline may be needed to get the climbing vine down to groundline where foliar active herbicides will be effective.
    [Show full text]
  • Minnesota and Federal Prohibited and Noxious Plants List 6-22-2011
    Minnesota and Federal Prohibited and Noxious Plants List 6-22-2011 Minnesota and Federal Prohibited and Noxious Plants by Scientific Name (compiled by the Minnesota DNR’s Invasive Species Program 6-22-2011) Key: FN – Federal noxious weed (USDA–Animal Plant Health Inspection Service) SN – State noxious weed (Minnesota Department of Agriculture) RN – Restricted noxious weed (Minnesota Department of Agriculture) PI – Prohibited invasive species (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources) PS – State prohibited weed seed (Minnesota Department of Agriculture) RS – State restricted weed seed (Minnesota Department of Agriculture) (See explanations of these classifications below the lists of species) Regulatory Scientific Name Common Name Classification Aquatic Plants: Azolla pinnata R. Brown mosquito fern, water velvet FN Butomus umbellatus Linnaeus flowering rush PI Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh Mediterranean strain (killer algae) FN Crassula helmsii (Kirk) Cockayne Australian stonecrop PI Eichomia azurea (Swartz) Kunth anchored water hyacinth, rooted water FN hyacinth Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle hydrilla FN, PI Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. European frog-bit PI Hygrophila polysperma (Roxburgh) T. Anders Indian swampweed, Miramar weed FN, PI Ipomoea aquatica Forsskal water-spinach, swamp morning-glory FN Lagarosiphon major (Ridley) Moss ex Wagner African oxygen weed FN, PI Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume ambulia FN Lythrum salicaria L., Lythrum virgatum L., (or any purple loosestrife PI, SN variety, hybrid or cultivar thereof) Melaleuca quenquinervia (Cav.) Blake broadleaf paper bank tree FN Monochoria hastata (Linnaeus) Solms-Laubach arrowleaf false pickerelweed FN Monochoria vaginalis (Burman f.) C. Presl heart-shaped false pickerelweed FN Myriophyllum spicatum Linnaeus Eurasian water mifoil PI Najas minor All. brittle naiad PI Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers.
    [Show full text]
  • 1083 a Ground-Breaking Study Published 5 Years Ago Revealed That
    American Journal of Botany 100(6): 1083–1094. 2013. SPECIAL INVITED PAPER—EVOLUTION OF PLANT MATING SYSTEMS P OLLINATION AND MATING SYSTEMS OF APODANTHACEAE AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS 1 IN PARASITIC ANGIOSPERMS S IDONIE B ELLOT 2 AND S USANNE S. RENNER 2 Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Str. 67 80638 Munich, Germany • Premise of the study: The most recent reviews of the reproductive biology and sexual systems of parasitic angiosperms were published 17 yr ago and reported that dioecy might be associated with parasitism. We use current knowledge on parasitic lineages and their sister groups, and data on the reproductive biology and sexual systems of Apodanthaceae, to readdress the question of possible trends in the reproductive biology of parasitic angiosperms. • Methods: Fieldwork in Zimbabwe and Iran produced data on the pollinators and sexual morph frequencies in two species of Apodanthaceae. Data on pollinators, dispersers, and sexual systems in parasites and their sister groups were compiled from the literature. • Key results: With the possible exception of some Viscaceae, most of the ca. 4500 parasitic angiosperms are animal-pollinated, and ca. 10% of parasites are dioecious, but the gain and loss of dioecy across angiosperms is too poorly known to infer a statisti- cal correlation. The studied Apodanthaceae are dioecious and pollinated by nectar- or pollen-foraging Calliphoridae and other fl ies. • Conclusions: Sister group comparisons so far do not reveal any reproductive traits that evolved (or were lost) concomitant with a parasitic life style, but the lack of wind pollination suggests that this pollen vector may be maladaptive in parasites, perhaps because of host foliage or fl owers borne close to the ground.
    [Show full text]
  • Physiological and Ecological Warnings That Dodder Pose an Exigent Threat
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.26.355883; this version posted October 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Running title: The Exigent threat of Dodders in Eastern Africa 2 3 Title: Physiological and ecological warnings that Dodder pose an exigent threat to 4 farmlands in Eastern Africa 5 6 Joel Masanga1, Beatrice Njoki Mwangi1, Willy Kibet1, Philip Sagero2, Mark 7 Wamalwa1, Richard Oduor1, Mathew Ngugi1, Amos Alakonya3, Patroba Ojola1, 8 Emily S. Bellis4,5*, and Steven Runo1* 9 1 Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology. Kenyatta University, Kenya. 10 2 Kenya Meteorological Department, Nairobi, Kenya 11 3 International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico 12 4 Arkansas Biosciences Institute and Department of Computer Science, Arkansas State University, USA 13 5 Center for No-Boundary Thinking, Arkansas, USA 14 *Correspondence: [email protected] and [email protected] 15 16 Sentence Summary: Microscopy and habitat suitability modeling provide an early 17 warning that dodder’s invasion in Eastern Africa poses a threat to important cash crops 18 19 Funding information: We acknowledge financial support from Kenyatta University 20 through the Vice Chancellors Research grant number KU/DVCR/VRG/VOL.11/216. 21 JM’s PhD is funded by the National Research Fund (NRF) grant number 22 NRF/PhD/02/76. 23 24 Author contributions: S.R. conceived the study, guided fieldwork and oversaw 25 experimental work.
    [Show full text]
  • Podranea Ricasoliana.Pdf
    Family: Bignoniaceae Taxon: Podranea ricasoliana Synonym: Pandorea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Baill. Common Name: pink trumpet vine Podranea brycei (N. E. Br.) Sprague Port St. Johns creeper Tecoma brycei N. E. Br. Zimbabwe creeper Tecoma mackenii W. Watson bubblegum-vine Tecoma ricasoliana Tanfani pandorea Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: HPWRA OrgData Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: HPWRA OrgData WRA Score 7 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces
    [Show full text]
  • Journal Editorial Staff: Rachel Cobb, David Pfaff, Patricia Riley Hammer, Henri Nier, Suzanne Pierot, Sabina Sulgrove, Russell Windle
    Spring 2010 Volume 36 IVY J OURNAL IVY OF THE YEAR 2011 Hedera helix ‘Ivalace’ General Information Press Information American Ivy Society [email protected] P. O. Box 163 Deerfield, NJ 08313 Ivy Identification, Registration Membership Russell A. Windle The American Ivy Society Membership American Ivy Society Laurie Perper P.O. Box 461 512 Waterford Road Lionville, PA 19353-0461 Silver Spring, MD, 20901 [email protected] Officers and Directors President—Suzanne Warner Pierot Treasurer—Susan Hendley Membership—Laurie Perper Registrar, Ivy Research Center Director—Russell Windle Taxonomist—Dr. Sabina Mueller Sulgrove Rosa Capps, Rachel Cobb, Susan Cummings, Barbara Furlong, Patricia Riley Hammer, Constance L. Meck, Dorothy Rouse, Daphne Pfaff, Pearl Wong Ivy Journal Editorial Staff: Rachel Cobb, David Pfaff, Patricia Riley Hammer, Henri Nier, Suzanne Pierot, Sabina Sulgrove, Russell Windle The Ivy Journal is published once per year by the American Ivy Society, a nonprofit educational organization. Membership includes a new ivy plant each year, subscription to the Ivy Journal and Between the Vines, the newsletter of The American Ivy Society. Editorial submissions are welcome. Mail typed, double-spaced manuscript to the Ivy Journal Editor, The American Ivy Society. Enclose a self-addressed, stamped envelope if you wish manuscript and/ or artwork to be returned. Manuscripts will be handled with reasonable care. However, AIS assumes no responsibility for safety of artwork, photographs, or manuscripts. Every precaution is taken to ensure accuracy but AIS cannot accept responsibility for the corrections or accuracy of the information supplied herein or for any opinion expressed. The American Ivy Society P. O. Box 163, Deerfield Street, NJ 08313 www.ivy.org Remember to send AIS your new address.
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Ord Natural Reserve Plant List
    UCSC Fort Ord Natural Reserve Plants Below is the most recently updated plant list for UCSC Fort Ord Natural Reserve. * non-native taxon ? presence in question Listed Species Information: CNPS Listed - as designated by the California Rare Plant Ranks (formerly known as CNPS Lists). More information at http://www.cnps.org/cnps/rareplants/ranking.php Cal IPC Listed - an inventory that categorizes exotic and invasive plants as High, Moderate, or Limited, reflecting the level of each species' negative ecological impact in California. More information at http://www.cal-ipc.org More information about Federal and State threatened and endangered species listings can be found at https://www.fws.gov/endangered/ (US) and http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/ t_e_spp/ (CA). FAMILY NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME LISTED Ferns AZOLLACEAE - Mosquito Fern American water fern, mosquito fern, Family Azolla filiculoides ? Mosquito fern, Pacific mosquitofern DENNSTAEDTIACEAE - Bracken Hairy brackenfern, Western bracken Family Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens fern DRYOPTERIDACEAE - Shield or California wood fern, Coastal wood wood fern family Dryopteris arguta fern, Shield fern Common horsetail rush, Common horsetail, field horsetail, Field EQUISETACEAE - Horsetail Family Equisetum arvense horsetail Equisetum telmateia ssp. braunii Giant horse tail, Giant horsetail Pentagramma triangularis ssp. PTERIDACEAE - Brake Family triangularis Gold back fern Gymnosperms CUPRESSACEAE - Cypress Family Hesperocyparis macrocarpa Monterey cypress CNPS - 1B.2, Cal IPC
    [Show full text]