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mommmnmummnh ,m The four major goals of the International Coastal Resources Management Project (CRMP) are to: 1) apply, as appropriate, existing experience in coastal resources management to developing countries; 2) assist three developing nations in the design and implementation of integrated coastal resources management programs; 3) advance the state-of-the-art of coastal resources management in developing countries; and 4) build The University of Rhode Island's capability to assist developing nations with coastal resources management.

The CRMP will work with the cooperating pilot countries to: " develop procedures for the assessment of the impacts of coastal development proposals " develop institutional and technical solutions for resource use conflicts * support research to better understand the issues that affect the condition and use of coastal ecosystems " improve the capabilities of in-country professional staff to plan for and manage coastal development

The countries selected for pilot projects are Ecuador, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.

The International Coastal Resources Management Project is funded by the Office of Forestry, Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Science and Technology, U.S. Agency for International Development through a cooperative agreement with The University of Rhode Island.

For information on the project, contact: Stephen Olsen, Project Director International Coastal Resources Management Project The University of Rhode Island Coastal Resources Center Narragansett, RI 02882-1197 U.S.A. Cable address: RIMARDEC Telex: 7400427 CRMP UC Telephone: (401) 792-6224 Fax: (401) 789-4670

Cooperative Agreement LAC-5518-A-00-5054-00 STRUCTURE AND OBJECTIVES OF A COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR ECUADOR

and A MANIFESTO IN SUPPORT OF THE PROGRAM

June 1988

Ministerio de Energia y Minas Direccion General del Medio Ambiente Gobiemo de Ecuador

The University of Rhode Island Coastal Resources Center

U.S. Agency for International Development Office of Forestry, Environment and Natural Resources Bureau of Science and Technology

U.S. Agency for International Development: Ecuador The "Structure and Objectives" document and Annex 11were drafted by William Matuszeski, Efrain Perez and Stephen Olsen. Imp)rtant contributions were made by Emilio Ochoa and Washington Macias, of Fundadon Pedro Vicente Maldnado; Luis Arriaga, Eduardo Fgueroa, Donald Robadue, Nelson Suquilanda and Jose Vasconez.

The final version received input from local authorities, experts and representatives of the private sector, during special workshops held in the coastal provinces. The workshops also resulted in the selection of the Special Man­ agement Zones and the identification of the major conflicts and problems along the coast. TABLE OF CONTENTS

STRUCTURE AND OBJECTIVES OF A COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR ECUADOR

I. The Importance of Ecuador's Coastal Ecosystems ...... 5

II. A Coastal Resources Management and Development Program for Ecuador ...... 7

III. The Coastal Management Project, 1986-1988 ...... 9

IV. Coastal Management Principles for Ecuador ...... 1i

V. Proposed Components of the Program ...... 13 A . Ranger Corps ...... 13 B. Special Management Zones ...... 14 C. Advisory Committees ...... 17 D. Central Government Structure ...... 18 E. Public Education ...... 19 F. Research ...... 19 G. Training...... 19

ANNEXES

A nnex I. Manifesto ...... 21 Endorsers of the Manifesto ...... 23

Annex II. Profile of Government Agencies Related to the Management of Coastal Resources ...... 25 Annex III. Names of Participants in the Discussion Workshops on the Structure and Objectives of a Coastal Resources Management Program in Ecuador ...... 29

Annex IV. Selected Ecuador CRM Project Publications ...... 32 I THE IMPORTANCE OF * ECUADOR'S COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS

Ecuador's coastal region, when defined to Today, both the opportunities and prob­ include the provinces that encompass the lems posed by how the coast is managed lowlands between the ocean and tlc has reached a critical juncture. Once Andes, has emerged as the strongholk of luxuriant coastal forests that supported a progress and development for the country. booming shipbuilding and lumber export Ecuador's future economic development in trade a century ago have virtually all been large measure depends upon how its replaced by low yielding, frequently coastal ecrsystems are utilized and man- eroding, pastures. The construction of aged. over 120,000 hectares of shrimp ponds has brought the almost complete eradication of The recent boom in shrimp mariculture mangroves in many estuaries. The indus­ along the coast has made this the largest try continues to threaten this critically private sector activity in the country, important habitat that, among many other second only to petroleum in the value of benefits, is of vital importance to sustain­ goods exported. The estuaries provide ing the wild shrimp populations that critical habitat for fish and shellfish produce the seed with which the maricul­ populations that support more than one ture ponds are stocked. Similarly, declin­ hundred thousand artisanal fishermen ing water quality is a threat to both public who produce a critically important source healtl-. and the ability of estuarine habitats of protein for the region's rapidly growing to support fisheries and the mariculturists population. Ecuador's coastal ecosystems who require high quality water for their contain the nation's best farmland and operations. Both estuarine habitats and produce virtually all of the nation's water quality will be under increasing agricultural exports. The condition of pressure in the years ahead as upstream Ecuador's coastal ecosystems is today dams that will alter the volume, timing more important than ever since the popu- and quality of river discharges are built lation in these lowland provinces has more and as coastal cities and their associated than doubled since 1950. The growth is industries expand. most rapid in coastal cities where birth rates are the highest in the nation. Conflicts among incompatible activities­ Guayaquil, the nation's largest and most such as fish processing and tourism-poor quickly growing city, is the center for siting of coastal structures and the ill­ banking, industry and a thriving sea port. conceived development activities that abound along coasts around the world are It is of the utmost importance that the also all too apparent along Ecuador's 3,000 resource base that could indefinitely km shore. Not only are such mistakes produce a rich bounty of agricultural expensive and avoidable but they threaten products, lumber, fisheries and cultured to undermine the potential for tourism that seafood is not needlessly degraded and is attempting to capitalize on the sandy loses its ability to produce the goods and beaches and scenic ba' of this extraordi­ benefits that are of central importance to narily diverse coastline. The situation is Ecuador's economy and political stability, further complicated by major new activi­ ties such as the search for petroleum hydrocarbons in the gulf of Guayaquil and in some areas of the continental shelf. The production of natural gas from the Campo Amistad field in the Gulf of Guayaquil is scheduled to begin in 1989. I A COASTAL RESOURCES • MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR ECUADOR

Ecuador faces some major challenges if it is The Protection and Proper Development to sustain the flow of economic benefits of Tourism and Recreation Sites from existing uses of the coast, and suc­ ceed in increasing the contribution which Ecuador's coast has a significant unrealized underutilized coastal resources could make tourist and recreational potential. How­ to the coastal provinces and nation. ever, existing areas are polluted, lack facil­ ities, accessibility and development plans.

Allocating Coastal Areas Among Competing Uses The Enforcement of Existing Laws and Policies Although much of the Ecuadorian coast is undeveloped, many different uses are Ecuador has already adopted many laws trying to squeeze into the few areas where relating to water pollution control, man­ access is relatively easy. For example grove use and protection, fisheries manage­ recreation competes with fishing for use of ment, and control of shore uses. These beaches; urban development is spreading policies have been assigned to organiza­ into mangroves and flood prone lowlands; tions that do not have adequate programs and shrimp ponds replace the mangrove of action and enforcement of sufficient ecosystems upon which shrimp larvae magnitude and scope to cover the coast depend. effectively.

Environmental Quality for Coastal Formulating and Implementing Well Fisheries and Aquaculture Designed Local Development Programs

Ecuador has succeeded in developing Coastal provinces lack effective mecha­ innovative uses for coastal areas, such as nisms at the local level to design and its vast shrimp mariculture industry. But implement development plans and guide shrimp hatcheries and ponds are now urban growth and private development threatened by declining water quality, activities. Specific concerns include eutrophication and declining oxygen levels, pesticide and Although these problems are faced by herbicide residues, and toxic heavy metals. many coastal nations, Ecuador must chose In addition, dam construction and irriga- a strategy which takes into account its tion projects will drastically alter the specific local circumstances, the resources timing, quality and volume of freshwater available for solving coastal area problems inflow to estuaries. and the level of commitment to participa­ tion in program implementation by the public and private sector3. Placing special emphasis on the coast is Ecuador needs a program of action for its timely for several reasons. coastal resources which enables a variety of resource users There is already to gain a sustained flow a high level of public of benefits in terms of income, livelihood, and private investment in the nation's nutrition, transportation and recreation. coastal zone and much of this investment This in turn requires a skillful blending of (in shrimp farms, fisheries and tourism, for national policy objectives with viable example) depends on the continued good implementation mechanisms that have an health of coastal ecosystems. impact at the local level. Successful coastal management in other * A large share of future countries employ economic oppor- technical information, local knowledge and tunities exist in coastal areas (agriculture, preferences, planning studies, and implem­ aquaculture, oil and gas production and entation programs to allocate uses, miti­ transport, urban development), gate development impacts and undertake restoration efforts through * The coastal a continuing popu!ation is increasing decision making process. The following faster than the remainder of the country. pages put forward a specific proposal for coastal management in Ecuador. * Ecuador cannot afford to fix problems once they are created, such as costly water pollution control, loss of people and buildings in hazardous shore areas, coastal flooding from El Nino events. I THE COASTAL MANAGEMENT o PROJECT,1986-1988

Recognizing the conflicts that are emerging * To design a research program directed at and the many cases of over-exploitation of priority issues posed by coastal ecological the resources, the Office of Science and processes, particularly the declining water Technology, of the Agency for Interna- quality in estuaries. tional Department (USAID) selected Ecuador as the first of three countries in • To improve the technical capacity of the which to start a pilot project on integrated personnel involved in coastal resources management of coastal resources. (The management. other programs are in Thailand and Sri Lanka.) In March 1986, the government of At the request of the Government of Ecuador and USAID signed a Technical Ecuador, the project began in 1986 with an Assistant Agreement to implement the assessment of the reasons for a decline in Coastal Resources Management Project productivity in the shrimp industry during (CRMP). The Office of the Environment in 1984 and 1985. An interdisciplinary group the Ministry of Energy and Mines (DI- of environmental experts, economists, GEMA) and the Coastal Resources Center technicians and sociologists was assembled of The University of Rhode Island are who examined the experience and infor­ responsible for implementing the Project. mation available at national and world Additional support is being provided by level on this issue. Based on this informa­ the USAID Mission in Ecuador. The tion a strategy to promote the sustainable agreement provides for four years of development of the shrimp industry was technical and financial support for an designed and presented in April 1987 issue-oriented program with the following (Olsen and Figueroa, 1987). specific objectives: During the second year the Coastal Re­ * To examine existing information on the sources Management Project focused upon condition and use of the nation's coastal synthesizing available information on the resources and identify the priority resource condition and uses of the resources in the management issues. four coastal provinces. The Pedro Vicente Maldonado Foundation, a Guayaquil­ * To analyze the legal aspects and the based private voluntary organization, led institutions related to the coastal resources this activity. The methodology included management and recommend tactics for workshops in each coastal province, where more effective cooperation and enforce- causes of the existing problems and the ment of the existing statutes. alternatives for their solution were exam­ ined. The major result of this activity was * To provide assistance in formulating a the publication in November 1987, of coastal policy and in the design of an "Ecuador, Perfil De Sus Recursos Cos­ improved administrative structure for teros" (Profile of Ecuador's Coastal Re­ managing coastal resources. sources). Concurrent to these two major efforts at magnitude of water pollution, which can identifying specific issues for coastal be followed by source identification and management and placing them in the consideration of practical control options. broad context of the development history An assessment of the Ecuadorian coast and current needs of coastal Ecuador, a from the perspective of its shoreline number of other activities were sponsored. -naracteristics and processes is being Efrain Perez and Associates have exam- completed that provides development ined the legal and institutional aspects of 6uidelines for siting and construction of key resource management :3sues and have buildings and activities in the shore zone. produced a compu terized catalog of The mangrove conversion problem is being existing legislation as it relates to environ- quantitatively analyzed in pilot projects mental management topics. A major effort under the oversight of the project's man­ ;s being made to assess water quality grove management working group. problems along the coast, with a focus on Finally, training and public education potential impacts of water pollution on activities are helping to strengthen the base shrimp mariculturc. This is producing for a sustainable coastal resources manage­ reliable data to identify the location and ment program. COASTAL MANAGEMENT IVe PRINCIPLES FOR ECUADOR

A series of workshops and discussions enforcement authority. Occasionally it have been sponsored by the project to results in unnecessary duplication of discuss the institutional structure for a government activity. coastal management program for Ecuador with government officials and private • There is a serious shortage of adequately sector representatives. This process has trained enforcement personnel in nearly all led to the identification of the following ten agencies; also there salaries and logistic basic principles which served as a guide in support are inadequate. The result is a the design of the administrative compo- high level of frustration on the part of nents of the program. those seeking to have the laws enforced, and a general attitude on the part of the The focus of the program must be on public that the government does not really issues and conflicts that are truly coastal in expect the laws will be obeyed. nature, that is, in matters related to the sea and the adjacent land areas. Coastal * There are many overlapping areas of management should not be expected to jurisdiction in government entities. In the deal with all the education, health and case of Coastal Resources Management, it infrastructure problems of the coastal would be more productive to improve provinces, or it will simply duplicate the coordination among gov2rnment entities missions of other government agencies, rather than trying to reorganize the and become lost in the complexities. existing distribution of responsibilities.

* There is no massive critical problem or o The private sector does not have a high problems common to all coastal areas. level of confidence in the ability of the Rather there are specific issues and prob- government to simplify procedures, lems in each sector of the coast, and some expedite decisions, or enforce regulations identifiable geographic areas where serious on coastal resources. This attitude cannot conflicts among users are either present or be expected to change until real improve­ likely to emerge in the near future if no ments can be shown. action is taken. • An important element of coastal re­ * There are already in place sufficient laws sources management must be an extensive and authorities to properly manage coastal education program at all levels to create a resources. New laws are not necessary. civic consciousness about coastal resources What is required is better coordination and and the critical role they will play in the enforcement of existing legislation. future of Ecuador.

* There is a general lack of knowledge on • Apart from the need of specific mecha­ the part of public officials of the precise nisms to improve coordination among nature and extent of the laws they seek to government entities in aspects related to carry out. Generally this manifests itself in coastal resources, the adequate manage­ self-imposed limits on the exercise of ment of the different areas will require several administrative levels in order to be entities improve their cooperation effective. and the enforcement of policies; (b) that the regional and local Recognition and support entities become more of the manage- concerned about solving conflicts affecting ment programs must come from presiden- their areas, and (c) that public sector and tial and ministerial levels. This support general public opinions be considered will allow (a) that the in different government areas that are important to their interests. V PROPOSED COMPONENTS OF THE PROGRAM

As a result of the first two years of work, coastal resource management has in the the special resource studies, and estuarine present and future of the country. consultation with representatives of both the public and private sectors, a set of • Establish a research program on coastal seven components is proposed to comprise issues directed at improving our under­ the structure of the Coastal Resources standing of specific resource management Management Program. The components issues. are: Develop a training program at all levels * Form in each of the seven Port Captain participating in Coastal Resources Man­ jurisdictions an "Unidad de Conservacion agement. y Vigilancia" (Ranger Corps) comprised of enforcement personnel from all of th . responsible coastal regulatory agencies, to Each of these components is addressed in improve enforcement of existing statutes turn. throughout the coastal area.

e Formally designate by Presidential A. Ranger Corps Decree those "Special Management Zones" where it is especially essential to Form in each of the seven Port Captain improve coordination among governmen- Jurisdictions an "Unidad de Conservacion tal entities to deal with real or impending y Vigilancia" (Ranger Corps) comprised of conflicts. the enforcement personnel of all of the ,responsible, regulatory agencies, to im­ * Create Advisory Committees in each prove enforcement of existing statutes Special Management Zone comprised of throughout the coastal zone. citizens representing the full range of interests in the area, as well as of appropri- All agencies with important regulatory ate local and regional government entities. responsibilities exhibit significant short­ ages of personnel and funds to adequately * Establish in Quito a small, simple and enforce the laws and regulations related to precise structure to provide high level coastal resources. This deficiency leads to governmental support to the program, to lack of respect for the regulations on the assure central and political and administra- part of the public and an unnecessary loss tive backing to solve conflicts, to obtain of the resources. This encourages action to international support for the Program, and "strengthen" the laws by making them to promote interagency cooperation. even more strict, thus making enforcement even more difficult. It is essential to break * Establish a public education program this cycle if the government hopes to be for the Republic with special emphasis on able to exercise sufficient control over the the coastal areas, in order to convey to the nation's national assets. A number of steps public the importance of the role that are suggested: (1) The number of enforcement personnel B. Special Management Zones needs to be substantially increased to assure adequate coverage of coastal areas, Formally designate through Presidential and a sufficient amount of support equip- Decree those "Special Management Zones" ment, including vehicles, radios and smAll where it is especially essential to improve vessels, needs to be provided. While these coordination among governmental entities changes will cost money, the alternative to to deal with real or impending conflicts. this short-tcrm investment is the perma­ nent loss of the resources themselves. .nsome coastal areas there are few con­ fl'cts between the operating agencies. (2) Enforcement teams should be organ- However, a rapid alert system should be ized with personnel from DIGMER, developed to allow for the protection of DINAF, the Subsecretariat of Fishing pub- and private irnvestments in case of ReFource3 and other appropriate agencies. significant environmental impacts when Team members would work together ir a they are detected; for example, a risk of particular geogravhic area, would be water pollution as a result of agricultural familiar with each others' programs and practices. This system should operate authorities, would have ready radio access throughout the coastline. to each other, and would generally support each others' duties and responsibilities. A number of other zones have been These teams, forming a unified "Ranger identified where a variety of development Corps," could be set up through a formal activities, nearly all funded or with perrihits Ministerial Agreement. from the national government, threaten to work at cross purposes, or to the detriment Team members would also serve as of coastal resources. It is urgent to formu­ extension agents to educate the public on late coordinate management strategies in the importance of coastal resource conser- these areas. Examples are places where the vation. Each team would operate out of decline in water quality will threaten one of the se ven Port Captain Offices shimp farm activities, shrimp larvae located in coastal cities. This office would hatcheries and/or tourism; or where large act as Coordinator for each Team of infrastructural works could dangerously Rangers. Thus the seven teams will cover alter natural processes. Ifadequate the entire coast. The problem of frequent management strategies are not formulated turnovers of Port Captains could be and implemented, these conflicts will overcome through the hiring of retired result in the inefficient expenditure of Naval officers who could be permanently limited public and private funds and an located in the same community and would unnecessary destruction of the natural serve as a DIGMER member oi each team. resources that serve as a base for the economy.

The answer to this dilemma is not for government to stop the activity. Rather, the full implication of the activities needs Special Area Plan has been agreed to, a to be openly explored and discussed by second aoid more protracted implementa­ affected parties. This requires changes in tion phase would begin. the way government agencies make their decisions, and the way political pressures The purpose for designation of a Zone are exerted to get the projects done. should be clearly laid out, as should its manner of operating. First, an Executive The proposed approach for addressing Committee representing the major National such problem areas is to designate as agencies involved in the identified conflicts Special Management Zones where there should be established. These representa­ are existing or potential conflicts that tives should be familiar with the changes at require issue specific strategies and the local and regional level, and should be interagency coordination. In order to able to exercise authority to commit their maximize the chances of success the zones agencies in the discussions and negotiations should be limited at first to one in each of of the Executive Committee. the four coastal provinces. The Chairman of the Executive Committee The designations of Special Management of each Special Management Zone will be Zones should be made by Executive appointed in the Presidential Decree. Decree of the president of the Republic in Depending on the issues within each order to assure compliance by all institu- Special Management Zone, this could be tions, as well as to provide a framework in the Governor or Prefect of the province, or which to resolve differences for the overall the regional representative of one of the key benefit of the Republic. The designation national government agencies. The Chair­ decree should clearly lay out the geo- man of the Executive Committees for each graphic extent of the zone itself, the of the Special Management Zones could activities to be addressed within the zone, meet regularly to exchange experiences. and the government agencies to be part of the Management Program. The first task of the Executive Committee should be to define more specifically the An essential feature is that the time period scope of the planning and coordination be limited for formulating an integrated effort to be undertaken, and to determine if Plan for each Special Management Zone. there are other national agencies that need This will prevent the cooperative effort to be invited to participate in the sessions. from becoming bureaucratized and Once constituted, the Committee should be fossilized. Two years is probably the known formally as the "Executive Commit­ optimum term; by thln it should be clear if tee for the Special Management Zone of - the conflicts can be resolved, and differ­ ences negotiated. Less than two years may not provide for the start-up effort. More The second task of the Executive Commit­ time will simply allow for unnecessary tee should be to review the key projects and delays. Once a strategy, in the form of a activities creating the special conditions of conflict or resource abuse that led to as much as possible, rely on the technical creation of the Zone. Within each of these resources of scientific and educational key projects and activities, major decision institutions present in the zone. points should be identified and a consoli­ dated timetable for all these discussion points should be developed. As part of the Designation of Special Management Zones process, special efforts should be made to The first Zones proposed for designation assure that the full implications of each ae: decision on the resources and the other are: planned activities are understood before the action is taken. The development of an TInEsmea- integrated and consolidated timetable will The Atacames - Sua - Muisne Zone therefore be a major series of negotiations Here regional tourism has the potential for carried out in open forum by the represen- significantly improving the economies of tatives of key agencies, these three small towns. Development, however, is proceeding in an uncontrolled The third ta3k of the Executive Committee manner and the potential attractiveness of should be to expediie the decisions once a the area is severely compromised by the timetable and a sequence are agreed to. absence of wastewater treatment, inade­ Various mechanisms can be used to assure quate water supply systems and the timely decisions. Formal notice to agencies improper siting of shorefront buildings. as a critical date approaches is one means. The local economy is heavily dependent on Another would be to set dates after which artisanal fisheries but many coastal de­ identified pending actions would be pendent stocks are overfished and suffer­ considered legally approved if they had ing from the needless destruction of their not been specifically denied by the appro- habitats. In the Muisne vicinity shrimp priate authority; there is some precedent mariculture on an artisanal scale not seen for this in Ecuadorian law. Finally, the elsewhere in Ecuador is emerging and formation of a Special Management Zone offers an interesting test case for a form of could provide the opportunity to develop a maiiculture that could benefit poor local "one-stop" permit system. This would inhabitants. A program to define and unify all required approvals for a project protect the natural resources base of this into a wil gle application, with an internal stretch of coastline could directly benefit checkir. system to assure timely agency traditional fisheries and enhance the action. possibilities for growth in tourism.

The Executive Committee will be assisted * In Manabi: by the CRMP in conducting the research The Bahiade CaraquezZone and investigations necessary to understand Here the key issues are maintaining the the parameters of the projects and activi- shrimp mariculture industry in the Bay ties proposed in the Special Zone. To shr i ag ri ately ith e vere conduct this research the Committee shall, and dealing appropriately with severe coastal erosion along the ocean coast. The • In El Oro: great majority of the Bay's once extensive The Machala - PuertoBolivarZone mangroves have been converted to shrimp Watcr quality problems are most acute in ponds and pressures are intense on the tis qualityPestic emssared mostbi cide ir remaining fragments of this habitat and to this area. Pesticides and herbicides are dike off portions of the Bay itself. These havebelieved made to beseveral affecting shrimp himan hatcheries health and wholesale changes in the ecosystem are inoperable. As in Esmeraldas, the stocks producing unquantified impacts on the in oraAs iserds the stocks postlarval shrimp fishery and other that support artisanal fisheries are rapidly important nearshore fisheries. Further- declining and wholesale changes to the more, dam projects and expanded agricul- ecosystem are being brought by the ture in the Bay's watershed are likely to uncontrolled proliferation of shrimp bring changes in water quality that may ponds. effect the viability of the shrimp maricul­ ture operations. The town of Bahia is confronted by major decisions on the siting of a new fishing port and beachfront Create Advisory Committees in each tourism facilities along a coast where Crea aviso Coen e iec processes of erosion and sedimentation Special have already caused dramatic problems. citizens Managementrepresenting theZone full comprised range of of interests in the area, as well as of appropri­ * In Guayas: ate local and regional government entities. The Playas- Posorja- Puerto El Morro Zone There is a strong feeling among those who In this zone the conflicts between artisanal have participated in formulating this and industrial fisheries, tourism and proposal that successful coastal manage­ shrimp mariculture are intense and ment efforts in Ecuador require active urgently require immediate action. The involvement by interested parties from infrastructure required for the important both the public and private sectors. There fisheries of the zone is inadequate and are three main reasons: fishermen compete directly with tourists for sandy beaches. Problems of waste (1) There is a high level of interest and disposal and inadequate sewage treatment concern for the present and future quality become acute in the tourism season. of coastal resources. This concern has Declining water quality is of concern to emerge i from several coastal ecology tourists and mariculturists alike. Here, too, studies carried out for the shrimp farmers, pressures to convert the remaining man- who want secure supplies of good quality groves into shrimp ponds are intense, water and seed shrimp for their ponds. Land use controls are required to impose some order on second home develop- (2) Many public policy issues and choices ments, mariculture and polluting indus- involved in coastal resource management tries that are all expected to continue to should evolve from open discussion and rapidly expand in the next decade. debate building upon the style developed through formulating the Environmental position to provide views on the conflicts Profiles of the coastal provinces, under resolution and on the various plans, timetables and projects under review. (3) The education and the evolution of a civic consciousness concerning Ecuador's coast and its resources will be greatly D. Central Government Structure strengthened if meaningful public partici­ pation is built into issue definition and the Establish in Quito a small, simple and formulation of management strategies. precise structure to provide high level governmental support to the program to The institution suggested to handle these assure central, political and adriniiistrative requirements is an Advisory Committee of backing to solve conflicts, to obtain inter­ citizens, to work with the Executive Com- national support for the Program, and to mittee of each Special Management Zone. promote interagency cooperation.

The Advisory Committee would be There are a number of essential elements to comprised of representatives of major the program that require high level author­ private sector interests, such as shrimp ity. farmers, shrimp hatchery owners, larvae collectors, fishermen, fish processors, other (1) To assure a sufficiently strong base of industrialists, hotel owners, environmental political and administrative support to foundations and clubs, universities, etc. resolve conflicts and enforce cooperation Membership should also include represen- by all agencies. tatives of local and provincial councils, regional planning and development bodies (2) To provide a mechanism to assure the and national agencies with interest in observance of the Executive Degrees in the coastal issues but not with sufficient creation of the Special Area Management regulating authority to justify membership Zones and other aspects of the program. on the Executive Committee. The Advi­ sory Commitpr, would formulate opinions (3) To facilitate access to international and suggestions for each step of the institutions; interest in Ecuador's coastal Executive Committees' work in the Special management innovations will likely Area Management Zone, as outlined under provide opportunities to obtain funds for Section 2 above. the program from public and private groups, as well as requests for information Being tied to a Special Zone would give the from other nations wishing to learn from Advisory Committee a two-year life to the Ecuadorian experience. operate; in this way, it would not go through a period of decline, as many such (4) To develop a public awareness pro­ committees do before they are disbanded. gram aimed at the general population, As adviser to the Executive Committee, the concerning the coastal resources of the Advisory Committee would be in the best nation. Several alternatives were identified and iat would be organized from the DIGEMA­ analyzed to place this structure within the !MRC Office that is operating now in Central Government. Among those Guayaquil. considered werc: CONADE (the national planning agency) or a group under this ei~tity; individual Ministries; an Inter- E. Public Education ministerial Coun-il; an agency connected directly to the Pres*dency, and a group Establish a National Public Education attached to the General Secretariat of Program, with special emphasis in coastal Public Administration. This last alterna- areas, to increase the public's awareness of tive combined with an inter-ministerial the importance of proper management of council, is the preferred approach. coastal resources for the present and future of the country. The proposal is to constitute, through an Executive Decree, an inter-ministerial If a significant portion of the people most group including those with the greatest directly affected by the Coastal Resources interests in coastal resource management, Management Program do not understand under the name of the Interministerial its goals and support the actions being Committee for the Management of Coastal taken, the Program will fail. The three Resources. The President of this Commit- years of work undertaken by the CRM tee would be the Coordinator of Adminis- Project has identified the major themes for trative Development in the Office of the a public education program and the target Presidency; this Office is part of the audiences. The resources must now be General Secretariat of Public Administra- assembled to develop materials for news­ tion, and has direct access to the President paper articles, radio and TV to make of the Republic. people aware of the key issues the Pro­ gram is attempting to address and the A Technical Secretariat will further sup- importance of resolving them. A strong port the President of the National Commit- base for building such a program exists tee and the Executive Committee in the thanks to the remarkable success of Special Zones. It will administer the Fundacion Natura's environmental educa­ various components of the Program. The tion programs and the excellent contacts of Technical Secretariat must have enough Fundacion Maldonado along the coast. strength and capability to coordinate and promote the tasks defined by the Executive Decree and the Inter-ministerial Agree- F. Research ments for the integrated management of coastal issues. It will provide technical Establish a Research Program on coastal support to the different levels of the topics directed toward improving our program, both at the policy level in Quito abilities to manage coastal resources. and with the groups participating in the Special Management Zones. This Secretar­ The main objective of this program will be major concerns. The third priority is to to support research that will directly assist better understand the role and functioning in making appropriate resource manage- of Ecuador's mangrove systems in water ment decisions. The CRMP Working quality, flood control and as a key habitat Groups, such as those established to for commercially important fish and oversee the Mangrove Ecosystem Manage- shellfish. ment and the Water Quality Initiative, should serve as prototypes of the level of G. Training structure required to orient, coordinate and evaluate results. Three top priorities Improve the technical capacity of those for research have been identified that will persons involved with the management of require significant long-term funding. The coastal resources. first is to address the potentially cata­ strophic impacts of a collapse in shrimp The objective of this program will be to stocks due to a combination of overfishing train personnel involved in coastal man­ and habitat destruction. The wild stocks agement activities, with special attention support a 260-vessel trawler fleet, an given to the training of the seven teams artisanal of postlarvae fishery that is the the Ranger Corps to help them carry out major supplier of seed shrimp for the their enforcement and extension duties. mariculture industry and a gravid female fishery that supplies the shrimp hatcheries. Ranger Corps programs will include The postlarvae fishery involves 50 to 100 training in coastal ecosystems, their thousand fishermen and has brought an importance and value; objectives for economic renaissance along stretches of the management of coastal resources, relevant coast. A well conceived research program laws and regulations; and public educa­ is needed to differentiate among stocks, tion/contact techniques. A major objective monitor recruitment and fishing mortality of the ranger training programs will be to and provide a basis for regulating fishery enhance the stature of the Corps within effort. Key habitats within estuaries need government and to build their credibility to be defined and protected. Another with the private sector and general priority public. is to set up a sustainable water Training of policy makers and government quality monitoring system targeted on technocrats is also essential for an effective those variables and sites known to be CRM Program. A high level, prestigious particularly important to the continuing policy seminar series is envisioned for the viability of the mariculture industry. The policy makers. Appropriate forums for monitoring must be complemented by training that combine representatives from research that documents the impacts of these three groups will be included in the those pollutants that are known to pose overall training program. ANNEX I MANIFESTO

MANIFESTO percent of the urban population of the country. To the President and Vice-President Elect e There is not a single activity or sector in and the Nation: A Call for the Balanced the national cconomy that is not directly or Development of Coastal Resources indirectly linked to the use of our coastal resources. Local officials, Representatives to Con­ gress, businessmen, university presidents, • The income generated by marine re­ leaders of political parties, public servants sources in 1987 was three times that in governmental and developmental produced by industry (excluding petro­ agencies, experts, journalists and other leum); was equivalent to those produced representatives and members of the by coffee, cocoa and bananas combined; regional community have al! participated and was 65% of those generated from in the preparation of a proposal for the petroleum. management of resources in the coastal * Excepting those associated with petro­ zone. leum production, the most profound and complex changes that have occurred in This proposal reflects the will of each of the country are seen in coastal areas and the coastal provinces and constitutes a ecosystems. common commitment to join together, and unify, public and private initiatives * These major changes, (ports, roads, in order to achieve the priorities we have tourism, dars, shrimp farms, fishing, together identified for coastal develop- population growth, urban development, ment. pollution, ecosystem destruction, deterio­ ration of the environment) have all oc­ This is the first time that such an initiative curred in the past 20 to 30 years, or are has been formulated in the country. We taking place today, and the associated trust that the next administration will problems, impacts and dangers have yet to transform the will of the region into be fully manifested. tangible actions and statements of na- a All indications are that coastal areas tional policy, will experience rapid growth, assume growing importance, and be subjected to We have considered the following: the increasing pressures and conflicts.. - Almost all productive activity along the coast depends upon renewable resources. These and other concerns were reviewed in This rich base for development will be a series of provincial workshops during sustainable only if it is managed and which the following key problems and administered in a balanced manner. issues were identified: - The majority of the region's population a Deterioration in water quality caused by is concentrated along the coast. The four urban, industrial and agro-chemical major coastal cities already contain 38 discharges. " Degradation of mangrove ecosystems. 2. Transform the Coastal Resources Man­ " Threat of extinction of some resources. agement Project into a Governmental Program, with a flexible and " simple Chaotic and conflicting use of coastal structure that secures political support of lands. the national government, efficient local a Fragmented legal and administrative management and the active participation functions, uncoordinated and overlapping of the community. jurisdictions, and disregard of coastal and 3. Provide adequate means for ensuring environmental laws. the compliance with and execution of the 0 Lack of awareness in the regional and na- laws and regulations that govern the coastal zone and its resources. tional community of the changes to the re­ source base which have taken place over 4. Launch these initiatives in the Special the past few decades and of their implica- Management Areas selected by each tions. province. * Limited research on topics that could 5. Support programs of education, training contribute to the resolution of priority and research related to coastal issues. problems. 6. Implement a strong management

These factors tend to create a situation program for the protection of water quality which in a few years could become critical and mangrove ecosystems along the entire and possibly irreversible. If this occurs, the coast. disastrous outcomes will multiply. The great diversity within the group that Because of our political, social and familial has endorsed this manifesto, a group that responsibilities, we declare that it is essen- also cuts across the political spectrum, is a tial, if we are to continue the development clear expression of cooperation and of our country and to provide for our child- avoiddemocracy the degradation and of a common of the renewableconcern to ren and future generations, that we correct codtl rereawich st the na­ the current deficiencies and utilize renew- tional ecmy. able resources for sustained production and not exhaust them. It has become clear We call upon our elected government during the workshops that this will be pos- officials to endorse and support this new sible only if simultaneously with the enact- initiative which has been shaped in the ment of decrees and legislation we trans- coastal provinces through a closely coor­ form the attitude of com m unities toward d in ceslthr ative c s s. these problems. To this end we propose to: 1. Unite the necessary governmental institutions and private sectors linked to coastal resources with integrated manage­ ment strategies. July 22, 1988 ENDORSERS OF Sr. Julio Estupinan T. THE MANIFESTO Researcher and Journalist Sr. Homero Lopez S.

ESMERALDAS Sr. Alfonso Fernandez

Sr. Antonio Preciado B., M.A. Rector, Technical University of Esmeraldas Sr. Padre Juan Pablo Pezzi Dr. Gerardo Fernandez C. President, Technical University of Machala Sr. Raul Chiriboga N., Engineer Sr. Franco Romero L. Representative - elect Provincial Prefect

Dr. Luis Garzon F. Sr. Harry Alvarez G., Lawyer Representative - elect Mayor of Machala

Sr. Julio Micics A. Dr. Jorge Sanchez A. President, Port Authority of Esmeraldas Representative-Elect

Dr. Humberto Rodriguez Sr. Nestor Herrera H. President, Council of Lawyers Bishop of Machala

Sr. Carlos Ojeda S., M.A. President, Journalists Association Sra. Myriam Fernandez M., Architect President, Chamber of Commerce Regional Director, Southern Development Program Sr. Alberto Jimenez B. Sr. Honorato Morales V., Engineer Member, Fisherman's Council Provincial Director of Farming

Sr. Pedro Caicedo T., Engineer Sr. Wilfrido Pena L., Engineer President, Provincial Federation of Waiters Regional Chief, Ecuadorian Institute for Sanitary Works Sr. Gualberto Gamez M., M.A. Sr. Alfredo Madero S., Engineer President, National Association of University Technical Director of Jubones Project Rectors, Esmeraldas Group Sr. Fulton Romero C., Engineer Sr. Vicente Haddaty Chief of Forestry District Shrimp Farm Entrepreneur Sr. Rene lzquierdo 0., Economist Sr. Carlo: E.Gutierrez President, Association of Economists Fishing Industry Entrepreneur Sr. Jenner Franco M. Sr. Jorge Raad, Engineer Subdirector, National Newspaper Consultant Sr. Eddie Rodriguez B., M.A. Sr. Atahualpa Quinonez, Engineer Subdirector, La Tarde Newspaper President of DADI Sr. Jorge A. Barrezueta A., M.A. Sr. Raul Delgado G. Chief, La Tarde Newspaper Director, Radio Union Sr. Jorge Ramon M., M.A. Director, Revista Primera Plana Magazine Sr. Servio Carrion C., Engineer MANABI Engineer, Project Jubones Dr. Guido Alava P. GUAYAS President, Technical University of Manabi

Sr. Sr. Luis Andrade Gustavo Galindo V. Provincial Prefect President, Polytechnical University of the Coast Sr. Eudoro Loor Sr. Hernan Moreano A. Mayor of Portoviejo Director, Naval Oceanographic Institute Sr. Nestor C. Cevallos, M. Sr. Gabriel Cabezas V. President, Council of the Canton of Sucre Manager, Santa Elena Peninsula Irrigation Project Sr. Mario F. Suarez Sr. Luis Arcentales Representative President, Shrimp Producers Association Sr. Luis Valdivieso Sr. M. Leonardo Vicuna I. Provincial Adviser President, Association of Economists of Guayaquil Sr. Hector Dr. Manuel Morales L. Montero M. Provincial Adviser Manager, National Federation of Fishermen's Cooperatives Sr. Hugo Eguez V. Undersecretary of the Ministry of Agriculture Dr. Jorge Marcos Regional Subdirector for Cultural I Heritage Sr. Pedro Zambrano L. Sr. Jorge Vivanco, M.A. Director, Manabita Newspaper Subdirector, Expresso Newspaper Prof. Jorge Maldonado Manager, Manavision Ielevrl"-,4 station Sr. Angel F. Rojas Columnist, El Universo Newspaper Sr. Douglas Vaca V., lawyer Journalist Sr. Absalon Ordonez C. Columnist, El Universo Newspaper Sr. Pedro Zambrano, Z.

Sr. Rafael Guerrero V. Manager, ACOLIT Journalist Sr. Sigfredo Velasquez Director, Dept. of Research, Eloy Alfaro University of Dr. Jaime Damerval Manabi Columnist, El Universo Newspaper Sr. Armando Bravo N. Dr. Franklin Gonzalez Consultant President, Fundacion Natura, Guayaquil Chapter

Sr. Joseph Garzozi President, Fundacion Civica Francisco de Orelana

Sr. Emilio Ochoa Executive Director, Maldonado Foundation ANNEX II PROFILE OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RELATED TO THE MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL RESOURCES

A number of public institutions are cur- coastal waters. Although it is a respected rently active in the management of coastal institution, DIGMER suffers from short­ resources. Others are potentially impor- ages of manpower and resources to enforce tant because of the impact that their existing laws and regulations, especially activities have or might have in the future those related to pollution from untreated of coastal resources or could participate if discharges. Alivities are well organized their tasks were modified or clarified, under seven Port Captains at major Finally, the creation of new entities or the locations, whose authority extends reorganization of present authorities have throughout the entire coast. DIGMER is a been suggested to fill in some gaps or deal key asset to any successful coastal manage­ with weaknesses in the present structure. ment program. However, a leadership role This annex presents a brief profile of the is made difficult by the practice of chang­ most important agencies related to coastal ing Port Captains frequently to meet other management, and then offers a list of career objectives of the officers, and by the suggestions made by those interviewed on general public concern over reliance on how present authorities might be restruc- what is essentially a military force to carry tured. out the program.

The strong consensus of those interviewed The National Forest Service (DINAF), was that it was preferable to improve the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock existing structure rather than reorganize it DINAF has regulatory aithority over to meet the objectives of coastal manage- mangroves and designated forest areas in ment. This point of view recognizes that the coastal zone. It suffered from a reorganization by itself seldom results in the ota on the kind of management improvements severe shortage of enforcementfred personnelfrona and resources, which has not allowed for that are considered important. Some of the the control of forestry exploitation prac­ suggested organizational changes are tices. Hov -ever, the illegal destruction of worth bearing in mind as the coastal mangroves for the construction of shrimp program takes shape. ponds appears to be happening at a slower rate than in previous years as the shrimp industry begins to see the danger of the KEY NATIONAL AGENCIES FOR continuous destruction of a habitat cru­ COASTAL MANAGEMENT cially important to the sustainability of their industry. The Merchant Marine and Coastal Service of the Ecuadorian Navy (DIGMER) The Subsecretariat of Fisheries Resources, This agency has full regulatory authority Ministry of Industry, Commerce, Integra­ over all activities in coastal waters and tion and Fisheries adjacent beaches, generally up to eight This agency regulates all fisheries-related meters from high tide, and regulates all activities in the coastal zone, including municipal and industrial discharges into approval of all shrimp farms (in coordina­ tion with DINAF and DIGMER). In related to the irrigation of farmlands. To addition, it assists in the encouragement date there has been little involvement and development in of both artisanal and coastal issues. industrial fisheries. At the same time the agency has responsibilities in the conserva- The Ecuadorian Institute of Sanitary tion of fisheries habitats in coastal areas. In Works (IEOS) general, it is thought to handle its regula- This Institute has a broad charter to deal tory, developmental roles well, with a minimumand conservation of conflict, th wate has a nd chaterntosdeal with water quality and pollution issues on a broad scale, but has focused nearly all its efforts on the provision of safe drinking OTHER NATIONAL AGENCIES water and water treatment works in rural RELATED TO COASTAL areas. It sees itself as a development MANAGEMENT agency with no regulatory role.

The National Development Council The Office of the Environment, Ministry (CONADE) of Energy and Mines (DIGEMA) This is the national "super agency" for the This is the sponsoring agency for the planning and approval of development Coastal Resources Management Project. projects. Although the Coastal Re-ources Although it attempts to take a broad view Management Project does not contemplate of the full range of envi.'onmental issues a program that will either seek to carry out facing the Republic, it must do so from its. specific development projects, or try to current location within one of the minis­ develop a "plan" for the entire coast, the support of CONADE will be es:sential tries. In addition, it exercises no regulatory to authority over coastal resources. Nonethe­ convincing the various ministries and less, it serves an important liaison function independent authorities that the improve- for the development of a coastal manage­ ments proposed in coordination of activi- ment program, in part precisely because ties and enforcement it of regulations are is not a threat to existing regulatory worth pursuing. authorities or developmental interests. The Ecuadorian Institute of Hydraulic The National Tourism Office (DITURIS) Resources (INERHI) This agency is responsible for the program­ This Institute is involved in the planning, ming, development and supervision of design and construction of a large number tourist activities in Ecuador. While it has of upstream dam projects. These projects no regulatory powers, it has established have important effects on coastal areas good working relations with local govern­ ranging from the reduction of freshwater ments in those areas with potential tourist flow into estuaries to problems in the activity, which helps its integration into a drinking water supplies for coastal com- coastal management program. In the coast munities. The Institute's main interest is this is particularly important because of the large economic role that tourism plays Municipal Sewage Corporation of during the winter season. Relations Guayaquil. The decisions taken by EMAG between DITURIS and the other national in coming years with respect to the treat­ agencies with responsibilities in the coastal ment of domestic and industrial water zone do not appear well developed, discharges, waste disposal, etc., will be critical for the management of the Guayas River estuary and the Estero Salado. LOCAL AND REGIONAL AGENCIES Provincial Councils Study Commission of the Guayas River forBasin the (CEDEGE)ThsarentesorhepnigadDevelopment These are ntits for the plnning and development of the provinces. They have This commission is working on the project focused mainly on the development of of the Daule-Peripa Dam, in the Guayas roads and school infrastructure. The Basin, which includes new irrigation areas, perspective of the Provincial Council flood control, water transfer to the Santa should be included in the consultation Elena Peninsula and to the Province of process through the Advisory Committees Manabi and the generation of electricity. to help resolve conflicts and make neces­ Its activities may have significant impacts sary choices. on the quality and quantity of freshwater flow into the estuary. Commission staff Cantonal Councils are increasingly aware of these issues and Like the Provincial Councils, the local are studying possible project impacts. councils in each canton affected by the Program for the Development of the Special Area Management Plans should South (PREDESUR) have a part in the development and the operation of the coastal resources manage­ This Institution operates in the province of ment process. El Oro and in adjacent highland areas. Because of its activities and the impact they have on the Gulf of Guayaquil, CHANGES SUGGESTED IN THE PREDESUR should participate in the STRUCTURES OR CHARGES OF coastal management process. GOVERNMENT ENTITIES

Municipal and Regional Service Although in some interviews suggestions Corporations were made to change the existing structure There are a number of important services, of government agencies or to alter their such as the provision of drinking water tasks and charges, the general consensus and sewage collection and treatment, that was that the improvement of cooperation are carried out by local and regional among existing authorities arebyarridocaltantou than the creation of newis institutionsmore impor­ service corporations. Probably the most and regulationTheajor utions impotanhes is ofhe MAGtheand regulaions. The majorsuggestions important of these is the EMAG, the were the following: 1. Expand the charter of the Hydraulic Defense to the new Ministry, but DIGMER Resource Agency (INERHI) to require full has much of the regulatory authority in the consideration of the effects of projects on coast. However, some think tiat a Minis­ downstream flows and estuarine re- try with interests and responsibilities on sources. It appears that the agency is the natural resources of the Nation would already beginning to do this, and it is not bring the advantage of focus on environ­ clear that changing the charter of the mental problems. agency will speed up the proccss. 5. Create an Institute of the Environment 2. Expand the charter of the Sanitary or of Natural Resources. This option has Works Agency (IEOS) to include nation- similar advantages as the previous one wide supervision of all aspects of water with the exception that there would be no quality. This could assure the enforcement integration of existing agencies. The of water quality standards and control National Congress is considering a project water discharges that could be important to create an Institute with these characteris­ sources of chronic contamination. Cur- tics. rently there is no agency with nationwide authority to regulate water quality. 6. Establish a National Comptroller for the Environment to oversee all activities of 3. As DIGMER has enough authority in agencies related to natural resources. This coastal areas to control all kinds of dis- concept is relative new and is still being charges, the main point to consider would developed; it is an interesting idea for be to strengthen the operative capacity of overall monitoring of public and private this entity and assure coordination with activities. INERHI and IEOS.

4. Create a Ministry of the Environment or Ministry of the Environment and Renew­ able Natural Resources. It is not to be assumed that the integration of numerous government units related to natural resources in one Ministry will solve existing administrative problems related to the management o coastal resources. Furthermore, it is not clear what units should be part of such a new Ministry. Some suggested that the fisheries section should remain in the Ministry of Industry, Commerce, Integration and Fisheries; and others suggested that it should be part of the new ministry mentioned above. No one suggested moving DIGMER from ANNEX III NAMES OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE DISCUSSION WORKSHOPS ON THE STRUCTURE AND OBJECTIVES OF A COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM IN ECUADOR

ESMERALDAS Sr.Jose Vasconez, Engineer Co-director, Coastal Resources Management Project Sr. Luis Lopez Vice-President Provincial Council Sr. Emilio Ochoa, M.A. Executive Director, Maldonado Foundation Sr. Raul Chiriboga, Engineer Representative-elect March 25, 1988

Sr. Hugo Cordoba Director, National Tourism Office, North MANABI

Sr. Eduardo Barrera, Engineer Sr. Luis Andrade, Lawyer Refinery Superintendent Provincial Prefect-elect

Sr. Rafael Plaza, Engineer Sr. Nestor G. Cevallos Port Authority President-elect, Sucre Canton Council

Sr. Ramon Maldonado Sra. Elba Gonzalez Inspector of Fishing Representative-elect

Sr. Jorge Montano, Engineer Sr. Richard Guillen Provincial Council Representative-elect

Sr. Manuel Camez Sr. Luis Donoso Councilor-elect Port Captain

Sr. Franklin Caisa, Engineer Sr. Jorge Vizcarra, Engineer Ecuadorian Institute for Sanitary Works Provincial Agriculture Office, Department of Forestry

Sr. Vicente Hadatty Sr. Ramon Rivadeneira Inspector of Fishing Sr. Alfonso Fernandez Sr. Eddy Ordenana, M.A. Sr.Jorge Raad, Engineer Federation of Ecuadorian Fisheries Organizations Sr. Roberto Cervantes Sr. Jose Salazar, Engineer Technical University of Esmeraldas School of Aquaculture, Technical University of Manabi Sr. Fernando Tofres Cooperative "Black Coral", Atacames Sr. Robinson Munoz, Engineer School of Aquaculture, Technical University of Sr. David Medina Manabi Darner Laboratory Sr. Carlos Ferrin, Engineer Sr. Gustavo Fernandez Ministry of Agriculture Teleamazonas Sr. E.Rodriguez Sr. Oswaldo Cabrera, Architect Fishermens Cooperative of Bahia National Tourism Office, North Region Sr. Sigifredo Velasquez, Architect Sr. Tomas Garcia Consultant Dr. Tomas H. Flor Sr. Nelson Suquilanda, Engineer Director, Office of the Environment Sr. Nelson Suquilanda, Engineer Dii, ctor, Office of the Environment Dr. Luis Arriaga Dr. Luis Arriaga Director, Coastal Resources Management Project Director, Coastal Resources Management Project Sr. Jose Vasconez, Engineer Sr. Emilio Ochoa, M.A. Co-Director, Coastal Resources Management Project Executive Director, Maldonado Foundation Sr. Washington Macias, M.A. March 18, 1988 Maldonado Foundation

March 16, 1988 EL ORO

Sr. Franco Romero GUAYAS Provincial Prefect-elect Sr. Jaime Aspiazu Dr. Jorge Sanchez Representative-elect Representative-elect Sr. Mario Hurtado, Biologist Sra. Myriam Fernandez, Architect Advisor to the Subsecretary of Fisheries Regional Director, Southern Development Program Sr. Cesar Benalcazar, CPNV Sr. Wilfrido Pena, Engineer Provincial Chief, Ecuadorian Institute for Sanitary Merchant Marine and Coastal Directorate of the Works Navy Sr. Lino Delgado, Sr. Rene Herrera, Engineer Engineer Director of Potable Water, Municipality of Machala Chief, Forest District of Guayas Sr. Daniel Toro, Engineer Sr. Oswaldo Crespo, Architect Urban Planning Director, Municipality of Machala Guayas River Basin Development Commission Dr. Franklin Sr. Fulton Romero C., Engineer Gonzalez Forestry Director, Ministry of Agriculture President, Fundadon Natura Sr. Hector Yerovi, Lawyer Sr. Luis Yagual, Lawyer Legal Advisor, Ministry of Agriculture President, Committee for Tourism Development (General Villamil) Dr. Enrique Ortiz M. Sr. Hector Montero Dean of Faculty, Agronomy, Veterinary and Aquaculture School, Techr.. -. University of Machala National Federation of Fishing Cooperatives of Ecuador Dr. Walter Paredes S. Direc'or, School of Aquaculture, Technical University Sr. Oswaldo Castro of Machala National Federation of Fishing Cooperatives of Ecuador Sr. Alcibiades Moscoso

Sr. Julio Cornejo, Engineer Inspector of Fishing Forest District of Guayas Sr. Servio Carrion, Engineer Jubones Project Sr. Jose Cattan Hoteliers of Playas Sr. Dalton Burgos, Sociologist Department of Planning, Technical University of Sr. Nelson Suquilanda, Engineer Machala Director, Office of the Environment Mr. Bruce Epler, Economist Dr. Luis Arriaga Consultant, University of Rhode Island Director, Coastal Resources Management Project

Dr. Fausto Maldonado Sr. Jose Vasconez, Engineer Sector Specialist, Agency for International Develop- Co-Director, Coastal Resources Management Project ment/Quito Sr. Emilio Ochoa, M.A. Sr. Nelson Suquilanda, Engineer Executive Director, Maldonado Foundation Director, Office of the Environment February26, 1988 ANNEX IV SELECTED ECUADOR CRM PROJECT PUBLICATIONS

A Collaborative Effort in Developing the Elementos Legales y Administrativos del Integrated Coastal Resources Management Manejo de recursos costeros en ]a Repub­ Project for Ecuador. Coastal Management lica del Ecuador. Ab. E. Perez C. 1987. Volume 15. pd. 97-101. S. Olsen. 1987. An Integrated Strategy to Promote a Building the Foundation of a Coastal Sustainable Shrimp Mariculture Industry Resources Management Program in in Ecuador. S.Olsen and E.Figueroa. Ecuador. OAS Technical Report. S.Olsen 1987. and E.Figueroa. (in press). Recopilacion Preliminar de las Normas Controls on the Development and Opera- Legales y Administrativas Ecuatorianas tion of Shrimp Farms in Ecuador. Coastal Aplicables al Sector Camaronero. Abg. E. Zone '87: Proceedings of the Fifth Sympo- Perez. 1986. sium on Coastal and Ocean Management. Vol. 4. pp. 44764487. E. Perez, D. Robadue Legal and Institutional Issues of the and S. Olsen. 1987. Galapagos Reserve of Marine Resources. E. Perez. 1987. (available in English and Ecuador: Perfil de Sus Recursos Costeros. Spanish). Fundacion Pedro Vicente Maldonado. 1988.

Background Papers for Establishing a Sustainable Shrimp Mariculture Industry in Ecuador. S.Olsen, L. Arriaga and P. Maugle. eds. (available February 1989).

Coastal Resources and Priorities for their Management in Ecuador's Coastal Prov­ inces. B.Epler. (available April 1989).

Ubicacion de Piscinas Camaroneras y Alternativas de Manejo en Ecosistemas de Manglares en el Ecuador. S.Snedaker, J. Dickinson, M. Brawn, E. Lahmann. 1986. (reprint).

Grandes Rasgos Geomorfologicos de la Costa Ecuatoriana. Hector Ayon. 1988.

Diagnostico del Sector Pesquero y Cama­ ronero. Bernado Zapata y Miguel Fierro. 1988.