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Arundel Castle As a “Palladium of English Liberty”’, the Georgian Group Journal, Vol Oliver Cox, ‘Arundel Castle as a “Palladium of English Liberty”’, The Georgian Group Journal, Vol. XXI, 2013, pp. 123–136 TEXT © THE AUTHORS 2013 ARUNDEL CASTLE AS A ‘PALLADIUM OF ENGLISH LIBERTY’ OLIVER COX Arundel Castle is a reminder of the spectacular ntering the great courtyard of Arundel Castle, Victorian finale to the association of castles with EWest Sussex, the well-prepared nineteenth- landed power. C.A. Buckler’s work overshadows all century visitor, confronted with a twenty-foot bas- earlier restorations. Yet at the close of the eighteenth relief crowded with bearded figures and Anglo- century, the eleventh Duke of Norfolk commissioned Saxon text, could turn to his guidebook for help in J.C.F. Rossi to sculpt a striking Coade stone tableau decoding the scene before them (Fig. ): of King Alfred Instituting Trial by Jury on Salisbury ‘The visitor will be riveted with admiration in Plain as part of a series of extensive restorations and reviewing a large basso relievo representation of one of alterations. These changes told the story of English the most important constitutional laws, handed down liberty in stone, inflected with the Duke’s own to posterity, namely, “Trial by Jury”. It is an historical partisan interpretation, to a growing number of representation, founded upon fact, therefore we give the subject subsequent to a description.’ domestic tourists. Fig. ‘King Alfred Instituting The Trial By Jury’, in A Visit to Arundel Castle. Profusely Illustrated (Arundel and London, ) THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXI ARUNDEL CASTLE AS A ‘ PALLADIUM OF ENGLISH LIBERTY ’ King Alfred, elevated, crowned and robed, holds a define drunkenness as ‘the Duke of Norfolk drinking roll of parchment with the phrase, ‘The man in every common gin with the Royal Sovereign, at her hundred shall find Jury’ written in Saxon lodgings in Strand-lane’. This article, however, characters. The Lord Chief Justice, standing moves beyond mid-Victorian prejudices and uncovers opposite Alfred, reverently inserts this declaration how the eleventh Duke and his successor used into Alfred’s new book of laws; attendants and architecture, sculpture and painting to transform soldiers can be found ‘attentively listening to this Arundel Castle into a three-dimensional narrative of great palladium of English liberties’ as the first twelve English liberty. Historians’ partiality to the convivial, jurymen look on. Charles Wright, the author of one drunken, bumbling duke has obscured Norfolk’s of several competing guidebooks to the castle position as an inheritor of the rich tradition of concluded: ‘This fine representation was executed amateur Gothic architects that had coalesced around by Rossi, in . To render the design more unique influential figures such as Sanderson Miller, Sir it is raised above four beautiful Saxon windows, the Roger Newdigate and Horace Walpole earlier in the architecture of which exactly corresponds with the eighteenth century, as well as his antiquarian learning period of the declaration of Alfred’. Praise was not and his political perspicacity. The hitherto unstudied just contained within the pages of Arundel bas-relief of King Alfred Instituting Trial by Jury on guidebooks; the Edinburgh Annual Register , observed Salisbury Plain offers an opportunity for exploring that the ‘grand sculptural piece, representing King how these three neglected elements of the duke’s Alfred dictating to his chief judge the right of jury’ personality combined to produce a powerful was ‘admirably executed, and has a majestic effect’, political statement. whilst another praised how Rossi’s ‘stone cement’ was ‘equal to the finest sculpture’. However, little over half a century after its completion, the Arundel bas-relief was torn down, a victim of changing ‘ DRUNKEN DUKE ’ OR FRIEND OF fashions which, as early as , had labelled Rossi’s LIBERTY ? POLITICS AND THE work ‘an exceedingly frightful thing in Code’s [ sic ] ELEVENTH DUKE OF NORFOLK stone’. Even Mark Tierney, chaplain and archivist to On Jan at a raucous gathering to celebrate the the twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth Dukes could not birthday of Charles James Fox, the Duke of Norfolk bring himself to love it, remarking on the ‘remarkable rose from his chair to propose a toast at the Crown specimen of bad taste in a representation of the and Anchor Tavern. Comparing Fox to George Saxon monarchy instituting Trial by Jury’. Washington, Norfolk offered ‘a direct incitement to Reflecting on the character of Charles, eleventh Rebellion’ by comparing George Washington’s two Duke of Norfolk, from the lofty moral high ground of thousand supporters to those gathered at the tavern Victorian periodical culture, The Leisure Hour: An on the Strand. But the Duke went further, and Illustrated Magazine for Home Reading concluded ‘… observed to the Company, that as they had drunk that his ‘eccentricities have earned him a niche in the the health of a Man dear to the People, he would now temple of notoriety’ and that these moral failings call upon them to drink the health of their Sovereign – were reflected in his architectural works which here a hiccup interrupted His Grace, and a most displayed ‘a sad lack both of taste and knowledge’. violent cry of “no Sovereign! no Sovereign!” resounded through the room, and continued for Succeeding to his father’s title in , Charles several minutes, notwithstanding the earnest entreaties Howard was celebrated for his conviviality. Charles of the Duke to be heard. Order was, however, restored Piggot’s Political Dictionary of went so far as to at length, when His Grace gently chid the Company THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXI ARUNDEL CASTLE AS A ‘ PALLADIUM OF ENGLISH LIBERTY ’ for taking advantage of a slight infirmity of nature, to followed, concluded that ‘the opposition papers impute a design to him which was wholly foreign from relate, that the day was passed with the most rational his heart…He augured well, however, of their order and conviviality; whilst ministerial ones patriotism, and would now afford them an opportunity of repairing the injury they had done him, by giving compare the meeting to a Bear Garden’. What the Toast as he first intended – “The Health of Our could not be questioned, however, was the extent to Sovereign – The Majesty of the People”.’ which the speech, and subsequent dismissal of the Duke of Norfolk, dominated public discussion George III was less than amused. Norfolk was during the first months of . stripped of his Lord Lieutenancy of the West Riding By the time of his Crown and Anchor toast, the of Yorkshire, and of his command of the First Duke had been involved in politics for at least Regiment of the West Yorkshire militia. The Anti- eighteen years. Renouncing his Catholic upbringing, Jacobin celebrated his removal, arguing that he had Howard, under the courtesy title of the Earl of sanctified with his presence, ‘the ceremony of a Surrey, entered the House of Commons for Carlisle formal act of alliance between the remains of the in , against the interest of Sir James Lowther, Parliamentary Opposition of this Country, and the where he ‘laboured to stem the torrent arising from leaders of a faction, French in principle, French in the encreasing influence of the crown’ until the fall inclination, and French in conduct’. Norfolk’s of North’s ministry in . Appointed Lord dismissal was a salutary warning to ‘all sober and Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire, he also well-disposed people’: ‘It has put to the proof the became a member of the Society for Constitutional spirit of the Government. It may be the pledge of Information and took an active part in promoting safety of the Country’. John Bowdler, in his popular parliamentary reform. Succeeding to his father’s title pamphlet, Sound An Alarm , argued that Norfolk had and seat in the House of Lords in , Norfolk ‘deserted the true fountain of honour, to have paid his continued to espouse ‘the popular cause’. The court to the Majesty of the People’. Such an alliance Duke became public property during the Regency was foolish, for ‘unless this muddy democratic stream Crisis of . Adopting the persona of a country shall possess the quality of purging him from every gentleman who professed political independence, taint of his hereditary dignity, he best knows what will William Coombe launched a character assassination be his sensation, when he feels himself jostled upon on the Duke, suggesting that ‘the dissipation of his the Bench of an upstart Directory’. life, and the renunciation of his religion, will operate Bowdler and The Anti-Jacobin represented one very powerfully against his acquiring any stability of end of the political spectrum. The Morning popular regard’. Sir Nathanial William Wraxall Chronicle , by contrast, felt that ‘the annals of British portrayed Norfolk, when Earl of Surrey, as a man Liberty do not record an instance of so large a lacking in the necessary refinements to succeed at Meeting of its friends’ as occurred at the Crown and court or in the Commons, suggesting that, ‘no man, Anchor Tavern. It was, the newspaper gushed, ‘the of whatever rank, inherited more of the rough spirit Feast of Liberty’ as the ‘Premier Peer of England’ of the barons who forced John to sign the Magna supported by ‘the descendants and representatives of Carta’. The response from the Foxite benches was the illustrious families who established Liberty in equally vociferous, claiming that ‘his patriotic England’ reaffirmed their commitment to the disposition would not suffer him to remain a calm ‘indispensible necessity of Reform, as the only means spectator, whilst the interests of his country were of national salvation’. The Observer , attempting to devoted to ruin, and the sacred barriers of her find a middle ground in the partisan reporting that constitution were wantonly trampled upon’. By far THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXI ARUNDEL CASTLE AS A ‘ PALLADIUM OF ENGLISH LIBERTY ’ Fig.
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