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Antimicrobials Jeff Lapoint, DO ! Michelle Burns & Michael Policastro Antimicrobials • Antibiotics • Antifungals • Anti-mycobacterials • Antihelminthics • Antimalarials • Sterilants • Antivirals ! ! Antibiotics • Beta lactams • Vancomycin • PCN and • Tetracyclines cephalosporins • Chloramphenicol • Sulfonamides • Dapsone • Aminoglycosides • Quinolones • Ketolides/Macrolides • Misc Beta-lactams PCN Toxicity • Jarish-Herxheimer: IM/IV Pen G • Hoigne Syndrome: IM/IV Pen G • Hepatitis: Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid Cephalosporin Toxicity • MTT side chain (N-methylthiotetrazole) • Cefazolin Cefamandole • Cefotetan Cefoperazone • Cefmetazole Moxalactam MTT side chain Cephalosporin Toxicity • Ceftriaxone: • Pseudolithiasis: Gall-bladder sludging • Kernicterus 2º bilirubin displacement • Cefaclor (ceclor): Serum sickness • Type III Hypersensitivity (immune complexes) Sulfonamides • Hypersensitivity: Most common adverse effect • Methemoglobinemia/Hemolysis: Rare • Bone Marrow Suppression: Rare Aminoglycosides • Gentamicin, Tobramicin, Amikacin • Neuromuscular blockade • Chronic: • Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity Ketolides/Macrolides • Telithromycin: Hepatotoxicity; exacerbation of Myasthenia Gravis • Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin • QTc: Torsades de Pointes • Drug-drug interactions • Erythromycin: GI side effects (pro-motility) Vancomycin • Ototoxicity: • May be permanent • Excessively high levels (60-100 mcg/mL) • Nephrotoxicity: • Caution when used in combination with aminoglycosides Tetracyclines • Tetracyline • Doxycycline • Minocycline • Demeclocycline • Tigecycline Chloramphenicol • Grey Baby Syndrome: • Bone Marrow Toxicity: • Supression: anemia, leukopenia, ↓ plt • Idiosyncratic: aplastic anemia, often fatal Dapsone • Toxicity: Primary from P-450 metabolites • RBC oxidant stress • Methemoglobinemia • Sulfhemoglobinemia Quinolones • Orthopedic • ↑ QTc • Drug-drug • Hepatoxicity • Neurotoxicity Miscellaneous Abx • Linezolid • Metronidazole • Nitrofurantoin Pentamidine • Toxicity: • Hypotension • Hypoglycemia • IDDM • ↑ QTc: Torsades de Pointes • Pancreatitis Antituberculosis Meds • Isoniazid (INH) • Para-Aminosalicylic Acid • Rifampin • Capreomycin • Ethambutol • Pyrazinamide • Cycloserine INH • Structurally related to nicotinic acid (niacin or Vit B3 shown on right side) • Pyridine ring essential for antituberculous activity • Rapidly absorbed with peak [plasma] within 2 hrs Glutamate PLP Pyridoxine Pyridoxine GAD Kinase GABA INH Toxicity • Acute: Triad of seizures, coma, lactic acidosis • Chronic: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis) INH Toxicity • Chronic: • Peripheral neuropathy: stocking glove distribution, progress proximally • Primarily sensory, although may see myalgias/ weakness • Optic neuritis (red-green discrimination intact) • Increased incidence in malnourished, alcoholics, slow acetylators INH Toxicity cont’d • Drug-drug: • inhibits 3A4 (cbz), 1A2 (theophylline), 2C9 (phenytoin/ warfarin) • Induce 2E1 (APAP) • Food-drug: • weak MAOI activity → tyramine reaction • serotonin syndrome reported in pts taking meperidine + INH INH Seizure Treatment • Pyridoxine B6: Give with GABA agonists • Rapidly terminates seizures, reverses coma, corrects metabolic acidosis • Give gram per gram ingested if known • Empiric dosing is 5 grams (70 mg/kg pedi) Rifampin • Semisynthetic antibiotic derived from Steptomyces mediterranei • Inhibits initial steps in RNA chain polymerization • Greatest teratogenic effect of all TB meds • Malformation rate 4.4% • Anencephaly, hydrocephalus, congenital limb Δ Rifampin • N/V, diarrhea (only TB med to do so) • Flushing, angioedema, periorbital/facial edema • Reddish discoloration of body fluids Rifampin • CSF also affected, leading to confusion of xanthochromia • Skin discoloration may be washed off • Hepatitis • Drug-drug: Induces 3A4 Ethambutol • 1st line in pregnancy • Chelates metal • Zn chelation = optic neuritis • Shift wavelength discrimination • Loss red/green discrimination Ethambutol Toxicity • Acute: N/V, abdominal pain • Could see optic neuropathy acute > 10 grams Ethambutol Toxicity • Chronic: • Optic neuritis: unilateral or bilateral • Loss of red-green discrimination: distinguish from INH optic neuropathy • Contraindicated in children too young to comply with formal ophtho exam • Peripheral neuropathy, asymptomatic ↑ uric acid Cycloserine • Neuro dysfunction is very common • Sz, psychosis , contraindicated in epilepsy • CHF Capreomycin • Hearing loss, tinnitus • Proteinuria, electrolyte loss • Sterile abscess at injection sites Pyrazinamide • Structural analog of nicotinamide • Prodrug • Toxicity • Hepatitis • Hyperuricemia Antimalarials • Quechuas 1st antimalaria: bark of cinchona tree • Europe 350 years ago-quinine Antimalarials • Types: • Proguanil/ Pyimethamine/ • Quinine Suldoxine • Chloroquine/ • Atovaquone hydroxychloroquine • Artemisinin: very • Primaquine safe, sz • Mefloquine Quinine • Optical isomer quinidine • Once widely used for malaria • Occasionally used for chloroquine-resistant cases • Nocturnal muscle cramps • Sources: Tonic water, street heroin • Abortifacient: Oxytocic activity, Preterm labor Quinine Toxicity • Cardiac: Na & K channel inhibition • Metabolic: Pancreatic ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocked • Otic: 8th nerve dysfunction → tinnitus & deafness • Retinal toxicity Chloroquine/ Hydroxychloroquine • Uses: • Chloroquine: antimalarial • Hydroxychloroquine: anti-inflammatory • Toxicity: Hypotension more prominent • Treatment: Early, aggressive management Fatality ↓ 91% to 9% Antimalarials • Primaquine: RBC oxidant stress • Methemoglobinema • Hemolysis (G6PD) • Mefloquine: Neuropsych changes 1:200 pts • Insomnia with odd dreams • “Clouded consciousness” Antimalarials:Folate Inhibitors • Atovaquone: Rash, erythema multiformae • Proguanil: GI, megaloblastic anemia, rash • Pyrimethamine: N/V, SZ, megaloblastic anemia • Dapsone Antivirals NRTI’s • Mainly undergo renal excretion EXCEPT • Zidovudine (AZT) undergoes glucuronidation • Abacavir metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase • Do not have P-450 drug interactions NRTI’s • Class adverse effects • Lactic acidosis with hepatic steatosis • body fat redistribution (lipodystrophy) Lipodystrophy Dorsocervical fat pad Central Obesity Aka “Buffalo Hump” NRTI Adverse Effects Zidovudine Abacavir Lamivudine Emtricitabine Bone marrow Hypersensitivity suppression reaction: fever, (anemia/ rash, fatigue, Generally well- neutropenia)! malaise, nausea, tolerated, Hyperpigmentation Nausea! vomiting, headache, dry of palms and soles Nail diarrhea, loss of mouth discoloration! appetite, Myopathy! pharyngitis NRTI Adverse Effects Stavudine Didanosine Tenofovir Peripheral Pancreatitis GI upset neuropathy Peripheral Flatulence Pancreatitis neuropathy Nephrotoxicity Dyslipidemia Diarrhea NRTI Lactic Acidosis • Treatment ? • L-carnitine (50 mg/kg/d 3 times a day over 2 hrs) • Riboflavin 50 mg/day NNRTI’s - General • Hepatic metabolism-no renal dosage adjustments required • Many P-450 drug interactions • Class adverse effects: • increased transaminase levels • rash (nevirapine > delavirdine > efavirenz) Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Efavirenz Etravirine Nevira Rilpivirine Abnormal pine Insomnia dreams, Depression drowsiness, Elevation Liver Elevations in dizziness, s in liver failure liver function confusion function Rash tests Mood changes tests (7%) Elevations in Elevations in serum liver function creatinine tests Hyperlipidemia Protease Inhibitors • Hepatic metabolism - no renal dosage adjustments • Many drug interactions PI - Class Adverse Effect • Hyperglycemia • Lipodystrophy • Hyperlipidemia (less with atazanavir) • Increased transaminases PI Adverse Effects Amprenavir/fos-amprenavir GI intolerance, rash, oral paresthesias Atazanavir Hyperbilirubinemia Indinavir Nephrolithiasis, hyperbilirubinemia Lopinavir/ritonavir Nausea, diarrhea, pancreatitis Nelfinavir Diarrhea Ritonavir GI intolerance, paresthesias, asthenia, taste perversion, hepatitis Saquinavir GI intolerance Tipranavir GI intolerance, hepatitis, rash, intracranial hemorrhage Darunavir GI intolerance, rash Fusion Inhibitors • Enfuvirtide • Injection site reactions; erythema, cysts, and nodules at injection sites • Neutropenia • Possible increased frequency of pneumonia Chemokine Co-receptor Antagonists • Maraviroc • Hepatoxicity: may be preceded by a systemic reaction (pruritic rash, eosinophilia) • Dizziness/postural hypotension • Increased risk of CV events (ischemia, MI) • Diarrhea, nausea Integrase Inhibitors • Raltegravir • Nausea, diarrhea, flatulence • Elevations in amylase and liver function tests • Headache • Dizziness, abnormal dreams • Pruritus, rash • Fatigue, muscle pain Integrase Inhibitors • Elvitegravir/cobicistat • Insomnia, abnormal dreams • Rash Antivirals • Fusion Inhibitors- Guanosine Analogs • Pyrofosfate Analog • M2 protein Blockers • Neurominidase Inhibtors • Misc Antivirals • Amantadine: Dopamine agonist • TOX: Hyperthermia,↑QT & QRS, Anticholinergic • Oseltamivir: GI • Acyclovir: Neurotox/Nephrotox- crystal formation • Ganciclovir: Retinal tox Antivirals • Valacyclovir: TTP & HUS • Foscarnet: *chelates divalet metals: Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Nephrotox • Cidofovir: Nephrotox • OD Rx: IV fluids & Probenicid decreases renal tubular uptake • Ribavirin: Teratogen, sperm morphology Sterilants Agent applied to inanimate objects to kill all microorganisms and spores • Ethylene Oxide: • Acute: chemical burns, necrosis, pulmonary edema, arrhythmias, seizures Sterilants • IARC Group 1: leukemia, non Hodgkins lymphoma spontaneous abortions, oligiospermia
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  • AAMDSIF Aplastic Anemia Presentation

    AAMDSIF Aplastic Anemia Presentation

    Aplastic Anemia Emma Groarke, MD, FRCPath Staff Clinician, Bone Marrow Failure Service National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health AA MDS 18th May, 2019 Introduction . Aplastic Anemia . Immune mediated . What is it and what causes it? . Diagnosis . Treatment . Immunosuppression . Transplant . Pure Red Cell Aplasia . What is it and what causes it? . Ongoing research 2 A historical disease Aplastic Anemia . Rare blood disorder . 2-3 per million / year . Low blood counts and empty bone marrow . Peak age distributions . 10-25 years old and >60 years old 4 Causes of Aplastic Anemia . Immune system destroying bone marrow cells . “idiopathic” . 70% . Inherited abnormal genes . Telomere diseases . Fanconi anemia . Bone marrow toxins . Rare Young, N. S. (2018). "Aplastic Anemia." N Engl J Med 379(17): 1643-1656. 5 Mechanism of Aplastic Anemia . Immune system attacks the bone marrow . Active lymphocytes (T cells) . Increase in inflammation . Cells die Young, N.S. et al. Blood.2006 6 Aplastic Anemia Young, N. S. (2018). "Aplastic Anemia." N Engl J Med 379(17): 1643-1656. Marrow is “empty” Courtesy of Dr. Stanley Schreier, American Society of Hematology Image Bank 8 How does it affect the patient? . Neutropenia (low white cells) . Risk of infection - If less than 500 – risk of infection - If less than 200 – high risk of infection . Thrombocytopenia (low platelets) . Risk of bleeding - Risk of bleeding with trauma / procedures if <50 - Some risk bleeding <20 - Higher risk bleeding <10 – Platelet transfusion . Anemia (low red cells or hemoglobin) . Red cells carry oxygen in the blood - Symptoms include: - Tiredness - Shortness of breath . If hemoglobin <7 or symptoms - blood transfusion 9 Clonal evolution .