Numher48 Spring, 1992 dpecres 9u-is {jroup of CJtlno-~ s4neo-rn Spring, 1992 - Number 48

Officers and Executives

Chairman ...... Colin Rigby, 2087 Curtis Drive, Penn grove, CA 94951 Vice Chairman ...... Lee Welsh, 7979 \Vest D Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI 49009 Secretary ...... Scout, 150 N. Main Street, Lombard, IL 60148 Treasurer ...... Robert Pries, 6023 Ancire Road, High Ridge, MO 63049 Seed Exchange ...... Constance Hansen,. 1931 NW 33rd, Lincoln City, OR 97367 Robin Direll:or...... Oot Hujsak, 3227 So. Fulton Avenue, Tulsa, OK 73145 Slides Chairman ...... Helga Andrews, 11 Maple Avenue, Sudbury, MA 01776 Publication Sales ...... Alan McMurcrie, 22 Calderon Crescent, Willowdale, Ontario, Canada M2R 2E5 SIG NA Editor ...... Louis Fry, 4 Renata Court, Novato, CA 94947 Past President...... Elaine Hulbert, Route 3, Box 57, Floyd, VA 24091 Advisory Board ...... B. LeRoy Davidson, Jean Witt, Bruce Richardson

Contents

Chairman's message Colin Rigby ...... 1739 Zhao's ofChina James W Waddick, Ed...... 1740 Special pre-publication offering of Iris ofChina ...... 1747 Spuria Irises Mary Craven ...... 1748 Swamp Landscaping Kathy Millar ...... 1751 Sources of jean \Vi'tt ...... 1751 The Clough Family Ben Hager ...... 1752 Revision of the Series Unguiculares Aaron P. Davis and Stephen L. Jury ...... 1754 Latin Revisited Ben Hager ...... 1763 Iris Distribution in Canada jean Witt ...... 1764 Miscellaneous Notices ...... 1765 Editorial ...... 1766 Iris from the International Checklist for Hyacinths and Miscellaneous Bulbs (conclu.sion) ...... 1767 1739

CHAIRMAN' s MESSAGE -COLIN RIGBY- Wirh this issue, Louis Fr)' has raken over the job of ediror of the SIG A publication. Afi:er almost eight years, Joan Cooper asked ro be relieved as editor. \'(/e extend a hcarr-felr rhank you ro her from us all for a job well done. Joan has nor retired ro resr on her laurels, but is one of che busy ream working on the checklist now in progress. We welcome Louis as ed iror and ask that you send your articles and iris notes and observations ro him at 4 Renata Court, Novara, CA 94947. A sociery's publication is its most important asset, its direct link to its membership, and no article or comment is ever roo small or insignificant. SIGNA's publicacion has always been first rate. and thanks ro ics excellent past edirors who have gathered and arranged the infor­ mation, one we can all be jusrly proud of. Thank you for extending ro Louis the same interest and cooperation you have extended in rhe past. We are pleased to announce char beginning next year, awards for species and species-related irises will be incorporated into the A.IS sys rem of awards. There will be cwo awards; the Founders of SIG NA award for species irises and the Randolph-Perry Award for incer- and inrra-relared species hybrids. This is a significant achievement and can only help ro further inceresr and preservation of rhe irises everybody "wanes ro leave behind:' There is much work robe done and it will be some rime before awards for these irises become commonplace, but we have made a strong beginning. Expect ro hear much more about chis exciring new venrure in rhe furure. The American Preservarion Council is just getting under way. The APPC is modeled after the very successful National Council for rhe Conservation of Planes and Gardens in Britain. The APPC hopes to preserve planes of all types for education, research, and dissemination ro nurseries and garden­ ers, and expects chat APPC plane colleccions will be set up in the U.S. and Canada by botanical gardens, universities, special ist nurseries, and incerested individual gardeners. For informarion concact the APPC, clo Barry Glick, Route 5, Renick, WV 24966 (telephone (304) 497-3163). Spring has arrived here and with it the beginning of a new year of bloom, seed sec, planting, and ger­ mination. The exciremenc of discovering new things. We hope you all have a Founders of SIG NA or a Randolph-Perry Award iris rucked away in a corner of your garden somewhere.

'Back Issues

All back issues, from Number 1 co che curren t, are available for s2.oo each, which includes postage. Also available is che Species Iris Scudy Manual for s5.oo. Send orders ro our Publications Chairman, Alan McMumie ar 22 Calderon Crescent, Willowdale, Ontario, Canada M2R 2£5. Please make checks payable ro SIGNA. 1740

ZHAo's Iris in -Dr. James W. Waddick, Ed.- In May ofI99I Prof Zhao Yu-tang visited the United Stam to attend the Annual lvfeeting ofthe American Iris Society in Washington, D. C. He prepared a paper on "Iris in China" that proved too extensive robe pre­ sented in its entirety. Major portions were excerpted for handouts, but the entire fascinating account has not been given its proper presentation. A shortened spoken presentation was given to meetings in Washington, D. C.; California; Missouri; Michigan and Washington. I have obtained Prof Zhao's original nous for the total talk and present them below with some slight editing, revision and nous. The text has been reviewed by Prof Zhao and it is essentially all his. Notes are preienred at the end ofthe text. Following the text are rhree illustrations that accompanied the section "Iris in Ancient China''. ft is hoped that these nous prepared for spoken presemarion will be ofsome use ro imeresred irisarians.-Dr. James \\1/. W'addick

Iris in China-by ZHAo Yu-TANG Ladies and Gentlemen: First I am glad to attend chis meeting to encourage communication becween all iris interests and ir is a good chance for me to learn more knowledge of iris from friends who have the same hobby as I. Thanks to the SIGNA Chairman, Mr. Colin Rigby, for giving me a chance to talk and especially thanks co Dr. James W. Waddick, for having spenc a lot of time to arrange this trip for me co visit your beautiful councry. As you have heard my English is rather poor; always making some mistakes. I have had co choose the simplest words in my calk co scare some complicated problems. I cannot express my ideas dearly: pardon me, please.1 China has been called che "Mocher of Gardens" because che plane resources are very rich-about thirty thousand species-while only about one-tench of chem have been collected and introduced inco horticulture in che West. Some loved garden planes are native to China including many iris species such as Iris rectorum (Roof Iris). I. bulleyana (Hollowstem Iris), I. forrestii (Forrest Iris), /. chrysographes (Gold Vein Iris), and/. ensara (Sword Iris).2 All occupy an important position in the world of horticulture. In China, most horciculcuriscs concencrace mainly on the azalea, camellia, chrysanthemum, plum, peony, ere. and less on the irises. The research and use of iris is very backward in China.3 The iris is pronounced "Yuan Wei" in China and chis means "rail of the kite" and gees ics common name from the shape of che leaves.4 Iris in Ancient China 1) In the third century a.c. a book named "Er Ya", a dictionary of the terms used in the Chinese clas­ sics, including many botanical terms. Ir recorded and narrated the ~ "Bing": it is the Chinese iris, /. lacua. This may be the earliest record of Iris in cheworld. . "\,t C\c.,_,,·<- 1 ~..., 2) In 220 A.O., the Han Dynasty book named:f•f Qf' if, a scripture of medicinal by Shen Nung.5 This work by an early myrhical Chinese ruler is known only by its numerous references in Chinese literature. Ir mentioned three species-/. tecrorum, I. lactea and Belamcanda chinensis (Blackberry Lily). 3) ''Maccria Medica with Commentaria" by Li Shi-ihen published in 1590 A.O. This is the most famous of numerous Chinese herbals. Ir also mentioned the same three species. 4) "The Mirror of Flowers" is an early horticultural dictionary published in r612 A.D. Ir called che Roof Iris "che violet"; another name is "top of wall weed:' All refer co Iris rectorum, the epithet 'tectorum' means "on the roof?' Another name is the "Alpinia"6 o r "ginger" in Chinese because its is like a ginger roor. Ir was described as follows: "The leaves are like chose of the burcerfly flower (} but rhey are broader and render; flowers bloom in the middle of April, violet, similar co the butterfly r74r flower, bur bigger, very beautiful and lovely. Propagace in autumn by separating the rhizome. Prefers to grow in the top of walls, where it grows luxuriantly." Iris Japonica (Fringed Iris, is called in Chinese the Butterfly flower. Ic is described in chis book as follows: "flowers like chose of Blackberry Lily, leaves like Typha (cattail) and flowers like a buccerfl.y, divided into six pares; there is a single scape in the middle of the leaves. There are some red spots on the yellow petals and some red-brown spots on the white petals." 5) "The lllusrraced Textural Research of Planes and Their Names" by Wen Chi-jun published in 1848 during the Ching Dynasty. This illustrated treatise on che botany of China conrnins 1714 planes and is the most important source of Chinese information on native planes. They are divided into cwelve groups. The author put into che "humid weeds" group; /. japonica, I. rectorum and B. chinen­ sis belong to the "Poisonous Weed" group. Descriptions follow: "I. tectorum, che Roof Iris: flower violet, rhizome like chose of Alpinia or ginger, another name is 'Purple Butterfly Flower'; blooms in March, local name is 'Pressed bamboo:" Li Shi-zhen, the famous Chinese herbalist of che Ming Dynasty, considered chat it arose as a seedling of Belamcanda. Some doc­ tors still chink it is so. Iris lacrea, a cheap weed, is the seedling chat came up out of the ground first and grows in destitute regions of Northeast China. le grows early in March as the snow is beginning to thaw. Green tufted shoots grow in the wheel and horse cracks. The leaves are used to make rope, their fruit is a medicinal herb, their roots are used to make a brush, and the plants are used to protect dams from erosion. There is a Chinese saying: "Although you have silk and hemp, never throw away the grasses and irises." In a mythological drama, citied "The Iris Flower," the iris is a symbol of justice and it drives out evil spirits. In the forest there are all kinds of animals: rabbits and bears, squirrels, wolves and foxes. The Iris flower has a power, like Aladdin's Magic Lantern in the story in the Arabian Nights and both the kind­ hearted and fierce, malicious animals wane co gee the flower. They chant in chis drama co gee anything they wane, "Iris flower, Iris flower, never be afraid of the storm; the diligent person is talking; bloom immediately please:' In a moment the wonders will be shown and the kind-hearted animals will win over their enemies. The Geographical Distribution of Iris in China The iris species are rypically north temperate planes. Irises prefer a mild climate. China is home co more species of native Iris than any ocher country in che world. There are more than sixty species, forms and varieties of wild iris discovered and named over the past two hundred years. In comparison the North American continent has less than chircy and around twenty-five native species. China is situated in the eastern part of in che north temperate zone and has vase territory and varied topography. It abounds in wild iris species. Mr. Rodionenko, the Russian iris expert, divided the world into ten secondary centers of iris distribution. Among chem are the Eastern Asia Region, Himalayan-China Region and Central Asian Region. Eastern Asia Region According to my observation and research rhe Eastern Asia Region is equal to the Northeast Region of China including , and Liaoning Provinces. It is also known as "Manchuria," but this name has been abandoned by most Chinese as we always associare this name with "Manchuko," a puppet regime of Japanese occupation of this area. There are about nineceen species of Iris here. The vegetation is mixed broadleaf deciduous and coniferous forest, but also dry grassland and near-desert areas. The species chat grow here are /. ensata, I. sanguinea, I. laevigata, I. mandschurica and I. minut(Jaurea in the eastern parts associated with forest edges, or banks and pools near rivers. /. ·tigridia, I. ventricosa, !. tenuifolia and /. dichotpma grow in rhe western drier pares of chis region. In wee are~ you can find I. typhifolia and /. sanguinea. !. typh.ifolia has narrower leaves, about 2mm wide at blooming and 6mm at fruiting. The leaves have a prominent midvein. Its flowers are similar to /. sanguinea but darker. The fruit is oblong, about three times as long as broad, like the fruit of I. sanguinea. I recendy received some other iris fruits from a friend that are scarcely twice as long as wide. These may be of the species I. sibirica. 1742

If crue chis is che firsc reported occurrence of chis species in China. I have noc seen che leaves or other pares of chis plane yet. I. maackii was collected from the banks of the Ussuri River and named from a fruiting specimen. Mrs. Olga Fedcschenko, a Russian biologist, considered che fruit co be the same as chat of/. laevigata and regarded /. maackii as a synonym of/. laevigata. I have collected another speci­ men of/. maackii from Dandong City at che border of China and North Korea. !rs characteristics are like chose of/. pseudacorus with yellow flowers, but much smaller. Last spring I visited the location where the original specimen was collected but I was unable to locate chis species. I hope co cry again soon.7 Northwest Region This equals the Central Asia Region of Rodionenko including che provinces of , , , and most of Inner . le is characterized by high rugged mountains, high plateaus and basins. Most areas are quite dry near rhe Gobi Desert. Temperatures range from winter lows of -20° F co summer highs of 100° F or higher. Yegecarion is grassland, moncane and deciduous forest. The flora has affinities to northern Asia and to northeast China as well as Mongolia and che Soviet Un ion. Twenty-one species are found there. The species are /. wilsonii, I. foczyi, I. songarica, I. bloudowii, I. scariosa, /. pandurata, /. qinghainica, I. potaninii, I. tenuifolia, I. curvifolia and ochers. The species arc typical of high dry mountain plains and intermontane meadows and valleys. They are all very hardy and durable plams capable of wirhscanding extremes of temperature and rainfall. Many species have affinities to the Soviet Union such as /. songarica, I. halophila and others co the wesc. Most species are rel­ atively small sturdy planes with drought-resistant leaves. I. potaninii has yellow or violet flowers, buc both variants have the same characceriscics and occur cogecher. According to rhe original description, the typical flowers are sulphur yellow in color. I identi­ fied the violet flowered version as a new variety and named it /. potaninii var. ionanrha. /. pandurata has been mistakenly regarded as a synonym of/. tigridia, but the lacrer has a single flower on each scape and the former has two flowers. The roots are different between the two species: /. pan­ durata has much branched roocs, while /. tigridia has unbranched roots and the base of the root thicker wich che top chinner. The rwo species have different geographical discriburions: /. pandurata co che west and /. tigridia to che east, but both prefer dry soils. !. curvifolia is my new species. le has similar characteristics co /. bloudowii, but che fruit of /. bfoudowii has a beak, while the fruit of/. curvifolia has no beak and is rounded at the end. Actually a lot more work should be done in chis area. I have looked for many specimens. I've identi­ fied some as belonging co the Juno, buc I have found no flowers or flower buds and I cannot identify the species exactly. Southwest Region is equal co the Himalaya-China Center of Rodionenko. This is an extremely large distribution center and ic includes a great number of iris species. It includes , , Tibet and provinces. There are a variery of environments and climates in chis area. The topography ranges from low alcirude plains through moderate co high mountain peaks including Jumulongma Peak (Mt. Everest). Climates are generally temperate but range from near tropical co areas of permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. Rainfall is quite generous wich some seasonaliry, but no extended dry season. This area is the cloudiesc area of China wirh the largest number of foggy days and lowesc number of hours of sunshine per year. Generally there are neither extremely hot nor dry areas and che mild "spring­ like" climates in every season favor a wide variery of vegeration. Here you can find the entire range from palms and bamboos and crops like bananas and pineapples at low elevation, co cemperace foresc of decid­ uous and evergreen species, and high alpine vegetation in che mountains. The floral affinities are nor as well marked as in other areas because they include so many ocher vegetation types: tropical, temperate and alpine. This region accounts for twenty-seven iris species or nearly half of those found in all of China. The main species include: /. confusa, I. wattii, I. milesii, /. kamaonensis, !. narcissiflora, I. decora, I. coffmii, and the well known species [ bulleyana, !. forrestii, I. chrysographes, etc. 1743

The species of the Section Apogon, Subgenus limniris of the Series Sibiricit can be divided inro cwo subseries according to chromosome number. Those wich 2rt=40, /. bulleyana, I. formtii, I. defavayi, I. chrysographes, are distributed in chis area. /. sanguinea, I. typhifolia and /. sibirica, 2n=28, are found far away from chis area and are distributed in che Northeast region. This paper supports Lcnz's theory.8 M id China - Eastern China Region This is a broad area along the coastal provinces of , , and che interior provinces of , and . There are broad low plains and hills. Elevations are well under 500 meters. The climate is temperate, but quite moderate with winccrs well below freezing and moderate to warm summers. Rainfall is generally abundant and the entire area has many parallels to che Eastern seaboard of the United States. The vegetation is quire varied with mixed broadleaf and coniferous evergreens, wide areas of broad leaf deciduous forest, and expansive cul­ ci vated areas. Major population centers are found in this area. This area was divided from Rodionenko's secondary distribution center- the Himalayan-China center. The main reason is that chere are certain endemic iris species growing there. T he main species found here include /. proamha, I. specufatrix, I. carhayensis, I. anguifoga and others. Iris anguifoga, which is a Chinese herb used by local people ro cure snake bites, has one to each flower. I consider it belongs co a new section, named Section Ophioiris, which in turn belongs ro the subgenus Limn iris. In the ncxc part of my calk I'll introduce che derails of chis species. Pan-Chinese species As far as I know, in spite of che or near extinccion o f many irises, only Iris lactea var. chinensis has great vital icy and its populations are increasing gradually. This species grows in most pares of China, with the exception of several southern provinces. le is also widespread in USSR, Korea, Mongolia, , and , but it doesn't grow in Japan, although Japan is che nearest neighbor of China. Recent Research and some questions on Chinese iris Although the Flora ofChina has been finished in the Chinese language, a lot of questions are still not see­ ded. To put ic in a nutshell, our presenc field work of colleccing specimens is a greac advancement, but it is scill far from enough and undoubtedly more species are yec co be discovered and some distribution patterns enlarged. Is found in China? Lase year a friend of mine who lives in collected a loc of seeds of Iris typhifolia, buc some fruits were scarcely twice as long as broad. [ chink these may be from/. sibirica. If it is true, thac is a newly reported species in China. Until now I have not seen leaves or other pares of this plant. I hope to collect chis species this summer and research it properly. What about che dwarf yellow flowered bearded iris in China? There are a few species which bloom with yellow flowers and no scape above ground including /. fla11issima, !. potaninii, I. bfoudowii, /. curoifolia and I. mandschurica. Although they are all very simi­ lar in outward characteristics, they can be identified by the form of the rhizome, the braces, leaves and especially geographic discribucion. For example /. bfoudowii and /. cur11ifolia occur in Xinjiang, /. poraninii in Gansu and , I. maTJdschurica from eastern Manchuria and I. jla11issima in Inner Mongolia and adjacenc USSR. Some scholars call the lacrer species I. humifis. I chink these are all part of a complex of species. I discovered a new species in the desert of Ningxia Autonomous Region. It has a very short rhizome with long roots, no scape above ground and a big yellow flower. I will name it and publish the description soon. What about the dwarf violet flowered species of Tenuifolii£ group? There are/. tenuifolia, I. Loczyi (= I. tianschanica), !. cathayensis, !. qinhainica and ochers. All have no scape above the ground, and the sheaths of old leaves are cut off ar ground level as if nibbled by carde. /. qinghainica is a new species which grows on the bank of Lake Qinghai, Qinghai Province. Ir has a smaller flower and the perianrh segments are much narrower. In Xinjiang, some specimens have leaves like /. kczyi, bur it has bigger violet flowers. The falls are much broader and clearly patterned like a tiger. 1744

I considered chis a new species, buc is ic a new species or a new variety of/. loczyi?l cannot determine it correctly until I work on chis in the future. Iris in Tibee There are many species oflris in Tibet especially che cypical Himalayan species. I haven't visiced Ti yet. I wrote about che fridiacu in Flora ofXizang(Flora of Tibet). le was wriccen from identifying and describing herbarium specimens collected in Tiber. I discovered che new species Iris latisryla. le is a crested iris. Some specimens I cannot determine due co rhe specimens not having flowers or just flower buds. Recencly Dr. Waddick enclosed a paper about che new species Iris dolichosiphon Henry Nolcie, which was collected in and S.E. China. I have noc seen a specimen. In a word the Iris in Tibet is still unknown and waicing for us co explore ic. What about Iris leptophylla? A new species, /. sichuanensis, was described by me in che Flora ofChina according co the specimens collected from Sichuan. le is a call plane, but there were few specimens. There were also a few similar but dwarf planes I determined were I. leptophylla. of Kew Gardens in Britain has sent me a photo of che type of I. ieptophylla and informed me che caller species is I. leptophyila. I am sure he is correct, but che dwarf plane may be a new species, I chink. A review of the Chinese Iris with Biosystematic Methods This is just a first seep and much work needs to be done. The book Flora Republic£ Sinic.e (Flora ofthe People's Republic ofChina) was finished and published in 1985. Based on chis work, I've reviewed some unidentified species and caxa with some modem methods such as cytotaxonomy, plane anatomy, numer­ ical , pollen morphology and phycogeography as a beginning. l. About subgenus limniris in Rodionenko's system and Section Apogon in Lawrence's system from the numerical taxonomic method. The results show chat some species of chis subgenus are scattered in Group IV (4), V1 (6), and X (10) in che dendrogram. These three groups have some distances. The somatic chromosome numbers are 7, 8, 9, and l 0. I think it may be an artificial taxon. Lenz (1979) 8 put the Series Sibiricte into rwo subseries. That is the Subseries Sibiric.e, chromosome number 2n=28, chat occupies the norrheasc of China and . It contains the species I. sibirica, I. ryphifolia and I. sanguinea. The subseries Chrysographes (2n=40) is dimibuted in che southeast part of China. The species are/. buileyana, /. forrestii, I. chrysographes. 9 T he rwo distribution areas are discon­ nected from each ocher. This appearance was confirmed by phycogeographical theory. 2. Is Pardanthopsis a genus, subgenus or series? Different systems have differenc opinions. In the den­ drogram 10 the caxon Pardanthopsis is Group VIII wich the interrelated coefficient of Group VIII is 0.121. It is larger than the incerrelaced coefficient of -0.130 and ic is larger than che interrelated coefficient of che dividing line of 0.141. For chis reason is is my opinion chat it is appropriate as a subgenus accord­ ing to Rodionenko's system. By the way, my new species, I. subdichotoma, has characceriscics similar co /. dichotoma. They both have dichotomous scapes, but from the viewpoint of pollen morphology it has an anasulcace,11 orna­ mental reticulate grain without any granularity in the mesh. The ridge is formed of granules. In /. dichotoma pollen grain is 2-syncolpate11 and there are a lot of granules in the meshes. This characceriscic is like /. decora and I. collettii. According co phycogeography the three species all grow in the same distri­ bution area and I chink I. subdichoroma should be put in the Subgenus Nepaimsis. 3. About my new Section Ophioiris Y. T. Zhao. I named chis new section based on one new species, /. anguifaga. This species has just one brace under the flower and there are no beards or crests on che falls. The somatic chromosome number is 2n=42 (= 1 Om = 28 Sm = 4 sc (2 sac)), from the formula of the karyocype.12 We see chat it has a higher symmetry. From che pollen morphology we see chat it has an ornamental reticulated grain. From numerical taxonomy che interrelated coefficient Group X (I. anguifuga or Section Ophioiris) and Group IX is -0.0037. So che Section Ophioiris shows an original appearance and should be considered as a new section or subgenus. 1745

4. The work of cyrngeography. /. lactea is a widespread species in China and adjacent regions. le has a scrong adaptabili ty. We collecced a loc of samples of root rips from various areas in Nanjing, Zhejiang and Jilin. We observed che somatic chromosome number and discovered chat chere is a large variacion and differenciacion. Mose resulcs show the chromosome number in North China is 2n=40, but in Nan jing che number is 2n=50 and in Zhejiand 2n=44. By che way, /. uniflora has a different number of chromosomes, 2,i:28, 40, and 42 among chem. The number of 2,i=42 is jusc ha! f char of I. ruthenica. The l:mer species is also widespread in most pares of China and has rhe number 2n=84, double char of/. uniflora. Boch species have very si milar characceris­ cics, but I. uniflora is just distributed in N.E. China. Utilization of Iris in China Although some books record chat I. laaea is a common weed, there is a saying in China char "The whole plant of Iris lactea is a treasure:' It is a very common weed and you can find it everywhere except southern China. le is resistant co low temperature and endures drought. Ir grows even in salty soils and it is trample-resistant. It grows on roadsides and even in the cencer of che road. The caccle never ear che fresh leaves so it becomes the symbol of grassland degeneration. The cacrle prefer co eat grass or forage, only the camels and sheep will cat che dried leaves in winter. Ir has many uses: 1. For herbage. 2. The leaves are used for making paper. 3. le is used co make rope for binding flowers and vegetables in the marker. 4. The roocs are used for making brushes. The xylem fibers in the are very cough and never break. 13 5. The Rower is used as a medicinal herb for curing colds and pharyngicis. The seeds are used in making a conrracepcive. The seeds contain rhe chemical Laccin A used in creating pharyngitis, spiccing blood, hepatitis, and cuberculosis. 6. Ir is used as an ornamental plane. 7. le is used for water and soil conservation. In China it is always planted on dams for conservation and to reinforce dikes and dams. Ocher species: Iris anguifoga- rhe Chinese name is "one brace iris". The Larin name means "anti-snake". From chese names we see chat it has only one brace, with another brace as a membranous leaf alcernaring on rhe flower seem. The rhizome is used as a medicine co decer snakes. If someone is biccen by a snake, some pounded rhizome is put on rhe wound. Another common name indicates char che snakes are driven away by che iris. Another local name means "Two Enemies." This refers to rhe Snake and Iris because chey never encounter each ocher. The iris grows in winter and spring, dying away in summer, and the snake conversely is in hibernation in winter and emerges in summer. T he iris is also regarded as an herbal remedy against venomous snake bites and is applied co the wound. /. renuifolia- che leaves are very strong; the oxen will cry co ear it, buc must drag ir forcefully from rhe ground. The dried leaves are used co make chick ropes used for reins or halters. I: rectorum--

Editorial notes: 1. For a first time visitor to the U.S. Prof. Zhao's English was considered by most co be excellent and there were few communication problems. 2. Iris bufleyana, a sino-siberian iris, is not widely culrivaced in che U.S. and/. ensata is widely known here as rhe Japanese Iris. 3. Prof. Zhao stated informally that Iris were nor very popular in china because the flowers don't last very long. Sounds familiar. 4. Some species of kites, birds of prey related to falcons and hawks, have long tail feathers like chose of a swallow. 5. Shen Nung's Classic Medicinal Plants. 6. Alpinia is a genus in the Family Zingiberace.e, the ginger family. 7. This collection trip to the Ussuri River location was sponsored by che China Iris Fund. This very desirable species is still not known in cultivation in China or che West. 8. See "Hybridization and Speciacion in the Pacific Coast Irises" by L. Lenz, Aliso 4(2): 237-309 (1959). 9. Also includes the following species: I. clarkei, I. delavayi, I. dykesii and /. wilsonii. 10. A dendrogram is a graphic presentation of systematic relationships. "Branches" in chis kind of dia­ gram indicate near or distant similarities. 11. Pollen morphology is a highly specialized subject of research. These terms refer to surface features in individual pollen grains as follows: anasulcate refers to the sulcus or groove chat extends beyond boch "poles" of che grain, while 2-syncolpate refers to the form of the germinal pore in che grain. 12. According co Mao and Xue (Acta. Agr. Univ. Zhejiang Prov. 12: 99-101 (1986)) the chromosome count is 2n=34. 13. Prof. Zhao brought a brush made of Iris l.ictea root fibers as a visual aid that was fascinating to those who saw this icem.

Following che prepared oral presentation Prof. Zhao also showed a series of slides in some locations. They included photos in each of the sections numbered above plus many others. In some locations he was able co show a shore video chat contained two pares: Part I was a commercial program on the wild­ flowers of Changbai Mountains, Part l was unedited footage of wild irises in Changbai Mountains which included /. sanguinea, I. Levigata, !. ensata and I. setosa. He also answered questions and socialized informally with visitors at each location. During the Annual Meetings of the American Iris Society, the Species Iris Group of North America (SIG NA) voted co make Prof. Zhao an Honorary Life member of chis organization. Hosts throughout the U.S. commented to me how much they enjoyed and appreciated the oppon:unicy to visit with Prof. Zhao during chis unique visit co the U.S. 1747

Many people and organizations contributed co Zhao's visic to rhe U.S. I would like to thank the fol­ lowing organizations and individuals who helped to fund the travel for this visit: Powell Gardens of Kingsville, MO; Greater Kansas Ciry Garden Center Association; Iris Connoisseurs of Michigan; Mr. and Mrs. D. Lennette of Alameda, CA; Mrs. Jean Wice of Seaccle, WA; Darrell R. Probst of Hubbardston, MA; Mr. "Roy" Davidson, of Bellevue, WA; Ms. M. E. Rockwell of Temple, TX; South West Michigan Iris Society; Mrs. "Dor" Hujsak, of Tulsa, OK; and Mrs. Lucille Krchma and Mr. Orsie Poff of Kansas City, MO. In addition there was a variety of support including waiving of fees for meetings wich special thanks co 1991 AlS Convention Committee (Anne and Mike Lowe) and Region 18 Spring Meeting Committee (Mineral Area Iris Society, Goldie Stevens, Pres.). The following were just a few of chose individuals who opened their homes and their wallets co see chat Prof. Zhao had a smooch, friendly and homelike visit co che U.S.: Ors. David and Evelyn Lennene, Lewis and Adele Lawyer, James Murrain, Donna Aldridge, Dodo Denney, Dr. James W. Waddick, Dr. Philip Ogilvie, Or. William Ackermann, Clarence Mahan, Or. Robert and Judy Hollingworth, Colin and Teressa Rigby, Jean Wier, Carla McGavran, and many ochers. I hope I have nor missed or underappreciaced any of che fine iris friends who had a hand in making Zhao's visi t memorable for aJI. And many thanks are due co che North Central Iris Society of Enid, OK, and Mid-America Gardens of Paul Black, Oklahoma City, OK, for their support in getting chis report prepared. Thanks co Jean W ice for her continued editorial support. As Prof. Zhao has stated repeatedly in Sections Ill and IV, the re are huge opportunities for research and study in China. Prof. Zhao would like co crave! co the poorly known sections of western China and study che wild iris there. Financial help through the China Iris Fund is always appreciated. Please conracc Dr. Waddick, 3233 McGee, Kansas City, MO 64m for donations co chis fund. [Two ofthe three illustrations mentioned were printed in SIGNA Number 47. Fa/£ 1991.-Ed.] Special pre-publication offering of Iris ofChina Iris of China, by James W. Waddick and Zhao Yu-tang, is the first comprehensive analysis of native Chinese Iris species and their culcivacion co be available co English-speaking readers. le will be published by Timber Press ac s27.95 plus s3.oo shipping; a s5.95 savings is available until June 1, 1992. Waddick describes the distribution, ecology, and environment of Chinese Iris in their native habitats throughout China and applies chis invaluable understanding co the cultivation of Chinese species in Western gardens. Many of these species are described here in English for che first time and are not yet in culcivacion. Nineteen culcivacion charcs summarize Waddick's derailed guidance for species iris growers, rock, woodland, and wacer gardeners, and all who are intrigued with the horciculcural treasures discovered in Chinese species. This elegant volume also includes for the first time an English translation of the only systematic analysis of China's sixty native and introduced species, wricren by che eminent Chinese iris scholar Zhao Yu-tang. Illustrating Zhao's plane descriptions are che twenty-one original full-page line drawings of more than fifty Chinese species from his pare of che Flora Reipublic£ Popularis Sinicte. Many of the chirry-one color photographs of Chinese irises are from Waddick's pioneering 7500- mile iris collection trip co the far reaches of the People's Republic of China, made during May, 1989, with the help of Zhao and twenty private sponsors. The first colleccion crip co China devoted specifically co observing and collecting native Iris species, Waddick's efforts resulted not only in chis unique study but also introduced co the West more planes of more species of Chinese origin than ever before: he brought back more than 400 living Iris planes for distribution co his sponsors, the China Iris Project, for eventual cultivation. Orders for Iris ofChina at the special price of s25.oo, including shipping, muse be received by June 1, 1992. Make checks payable co Evelyn Jones, and mail co Evelyn Jones, 5635 S. W Boundary, Portland, OR 97221. SPURIA IRISES - MARY CRAVEN­ Reprimed.from the Bulletin ofr he Iris Sociery. June, 1991 This is che cexc of a calk prepared for che Hawke's Bay Group. Subgenus Limniris, Section limniris, Series Spuri.e. References: Mathew, Grosvenor, Adams, Warburton, Cassidy/Linnegar. The type species was named by Linnaeus !. spuria (spurious) because he choughc it to be a hybrid of f(l!tidissima and graminea. Spurias were "discovered" by Charles de l' Eel use or Clusius in and Portugal in 1573-1600. Spurias are found nacura.lly in Europe, Norch , Asia Minor extending up into western and the north and west , Russian Central Asia and even inco western Europe-the Danish islands, souchern and eastern England. The natural habitats of che different species vary greatly. Some species grow at low levels, in sale marshes, ochers in scrubland or conditions and ochers can be found at sub-alpine level. However, they aU have several structural feacures in common-the most important being the shape and character of the capsules and seeds. The capsule has a narrow beak at the apex and there are six ribs running longicudinally, usually in three pairs. The seeds are hard and enclosed in a papery coat. Another characceriscic of spurias is che pos­ session of a rwo-pronged . A feacure shared with some bulbous European irises is chat they have three drops of nectar at the base of the . The purpose of these is not known. They attract ants bur are not likely to be beneficial for purposes as the insects do not need to go near the anthers in order co obtain rhe nectar. Growth: In general spurias are moscly cough planes wich leathery leaves and woody rhizomes char increase from the rips. Each rhizome produces only one increase a year and it is only after about the third or fourth increase (3-4 years) char a rhizome can produce a plane mature enough co bloom. Spurias are very ancient planes in evolutionary time and chis habit of producing roots only once a year is another feature shared with some bulbous irises. E. J. Adams nores that spurias do sometimes make new root growth at the base of the leaf fan-she believed that chis could be a "survival" tactic perhaps the result of damage co the rhizome rip. Flower seems are usually unbranched, or, if branched they are held dose co rhe main seem co give a spike-like appearance. Flowers are typically iris shaped with no peculiarities. In some of rhe species rhey resemble chose of bulbous iris. They have no proper beard bur do have some pubescence on rhe lower and central part of the falls. With the exception of a few dwarf species such as graminea, sinunisii and kernerana most of the call spurias grown in New Zealand are the result of planned hybridisation and should be regarded as culcivars rather than individual species (Adams). These grow from about forty inches co six feet in height, and they are descended from rwo types-the first becomes dormant after flowering but soon sends up new shoots, i.e. I. orientalis (ochroleuca), /. crocea and Monnieri and they all have yellow or yellow and white flowers ... the second group "summer green" have Aowers of blue shades, i.e. /. spuria, I. demetrii and /. klattii. Boch standards and falls of the spuria species are stiffer than chose of the Spanish irises chat they resemble. In windy conditions Rowers are likely co be removed completely rather chan bruised. Modern hybrids have flowers with shorter necks, wider standards than their earlier ancestors and their colour range has been extended co include most of che colours of che call bearded varieties. Cultivation: Spurias make good border plants because of their colour and because they provide particularly good blooms for flower arrangers. Smaller species such as pomica, kernerana and simenisii are good rock garden plants, growing well in fu_ll sun or semi-shade, with a well drained humus-rich soil which does 1749 nor dry our excessively in rhe summer. The railer species require only good soil in full sun and do nor necessarily require the wer or saline conditions char chey have been used co in che wild. Grosvenor recommends rhac chey should be given plenty of water in che growing season bur water should be withdrawn in summer or the new shoots may roe. Although nor particular as co growing con­ ditions they will respond co che addition of well rotcen manure, compose and chemical fertilisers. Where soil is acid or neucral, G rosvenor suggests che addition of Dolomite co che soil before planting. Adams says char for establishing planes, Dolomite can be used in January, during the dormancy period. Spurias seem co be fairly disease free but where weather is warm and humid or wet mustard seed fungus can be a problem. When ic occurs, rhe rhizomes must be lifted, scraped clean and created with Candy's Crysrals. Bur for rhe prevention of rhis infection and for prevention of rhe ocher major disease thac can affect che plants, brown rot, Grosvenor recommends planting in raised beds, mixing coarse sandwich che soil and putting Terrachlor in sand before planting. An 8-9 month slow release fertiliser should maintain a regu­ lar supply of nitrogen without over indulgence-roo much can cause brown roe. can be controlled with derris dust or a pyrerhrum insecticide. Propagation: Spurias do not like being moved and will often cake two or more years after being planted initially or divided to bloom. N.B.: Roots should nor be allowed co dry our. Mathew says it is berrer ro grow planrs from seed and co plane seedlings in permanent positions. Adams says chat chey can be cransplanced only in April when rhizomes produce cheir new increases. H ybridisacion: This is nor considen;d difficult by che authors referred to. Spurias seed readily and seeds have a reason­ able germination percentage. After germination, the planes slow down and even if seedlings are placed in ideal conditions chey do noc usually bloom unril che chird, fo urth, or even fi fth season. If chc parent plants are good, rhe seedlings are often of good qualicy and selection may be difficult. Parent plants should have flowers with standards rhat are erect and falls chat are flared. Spikes should have classic flower placement, wich no elongaced branching and be erect and scrong. Spuria Species I. orimralis (syn. ochroleuca): Middle Eastern discribucion, western , Aegean Islands and a small area in NE Greece. Strong plant growing 40-9ocm with basal leaves 1-2cm wide. Usually one branch, sometimes more close co che stem; papery enclose several flowers, 8-rocm diameter. Colour varies litde, almosc wholly white except for a large yellow signal area on the orbicular blade of che falls. Erecc standards and white scyle branches. Primarily a plane of saline soils ic grows nacurally at low altitudes. In the garden ic is easily grown and free-flowering. Requires only a sunny position. I. crocea: May have originated in and still grows there ac 1600-2000 metres. Ir is often asso­ ciated with cemeteries so may have been brought there, racher than being native. It is vigorous and grows up co 1·5 metres; has a terminal group of flowers and up to three branches erect and close co the seem. Flowers a.re 12-18cm in diameter, deep golden yellow; falls wavy at che margin, standards erect and crin­ kled at the edge. Easy to grow in a sunny border. I. monnieri: A beautiful iris chat has the same stature as orientalis but the flowers are wholly lemon­ yellow. There are several theories regarding ics origin-it is possibly a hybrid. Mathew cites oriemalis and Turkey Yellow' as likely parents. Orienta/is is from che Aegean and 'Turkey Yellow' from char pare of Turkey very near the island of Rhodes. Monnieri occurs in apparendy wild situations in several pares of Turkey. In 1808 a plane named I. monnieri was grown in a garden at Versailles and called Iris de Rhodes. Ir has recurved scyle lobes like Turkey Yellow.' 'Turkey Yellow' itself grows from 50 to 100cm and has deep yellow flowers 9-ncm in diameter. It is nor unlike crocea but smaller and as mentioned has recurved scyle lobes. le grows in marshy places usually at low alticudes, but will grow up to 1000 metres. It was intro­ duced in America by Or. Lenz and has been used successfully in breeding new . 'Turkey Yellow' is a temporary name until further scudy shows whether or not it should be regarded as a true species. 1750

/. spuria subsp. maritima: This is rhe mosr wesrern variant of the iris family. Ir comes from SW Europe, , Spain and possibly Corsica. Grows in damp places and is a robust plant 30-5ocm. Distinguished from /. spuria subsp. spuria by leaves that are longer than rhe stem internodes, and bracrs which are wholly green (rransparent in spuria). Small creamy flowers with purple veining merging to dark blue purple on the blade which has a greenish yellow median srripe. I. spuria subsp. spuria: 50-Socm in height and as noted resembles maritima. Comes from Central Europe, occurring in wee, saline soils, also S. Sweden and in England on the Dorset and Lincolnshire coasts. I. spuria subsp. musulmanicalklattii: An iris that grows from 40 ro 9ocm-it can vary a great deal. Stems are straight and thicker than some of the other subspecies. Flowers are bright violet, veined darker, with a median yellow signal stripe and sometimes suffused with yellow cowards the base of the falls. White forms occur in che wild. Grows in damp salt marshes and side streams in Turkey, , , . I. graminealcolchica: Leafy but atrractive free-flowering garden plant wirh faintly scented flowers. Flowers have purple standards and style branches. Falls are violet at the top of the blade with violet veins on white at centre of blade. Ir likes humus-rich soil with good drainage. Mathew suggests a raised bed. There are two varianrs-achterojfii, yellowish/white flowers and pseudocyperus, larger and unscented. /. sintenisii: From Balkans, SW Russia, Greece, Turkey. Small, slender forming large mfrs of growth. Can grow up to 35cm in wild though Mathew says it is smaller in cultivation. Very narrow leaves often overtop the flowers which are ofren solitary with very narrow falls and standards. Deep violet in overall appearance, some­ times with an almost metallic appearance, bur rhe falls are in reality veined violet on white ground. Very short, smbby capsule with long beak. I. kernerana: Small, slender species, one of the most attractive of the smaller species. Suitable for rock gardens at 20-3ocm, but it can grow up to 55cm. Flowers are 7-rocm in diameter, with arched, recurved falls. Basic colour is soft lemon or deep cream with yellow blotch in centre of falls, paler towards the margins. Has a faint scene. In England grows well in sun in sandy loam char is -I neutral or slightly acid. Needs plenty of warer in spring \ but cannot rolerate waterlogged conditions and does not like lime. I. spuria subsp. sogdiana: Predominates in area east of the Caspian. Shore at ro-35cm with pale violet flowers char have falls only 3-5-4cm long. The haft is narrow and about twice as long as the blade. Grows in wet meadows and along irriga­ tion ditches. Mathew says it is unimpressive and one of the least attractive of its group. However, he adds that its compact habit might make it a useful parent in breeding shorter varieties. Other species not as well-known in N.Z. I. spuria subsp. demetrii: 2-5 large flowers violet-blue, dark veins. l sintenisii White form known. Dry, hill slope. /. spuria subsp. notha: Similar to demetrii. I. spuria subsp. halophi/a: 40-9ocm. Flowers dingy-yellow, dark veins. Can have more acceptable colour variations. Hardy, useful for breeding. I. pofysticta: Chinese, high altitude, a specialises' plane. Lavender-violet veined small flowers. 1751

SWAMP LANDSCAPING -KATHY MILLAR- Since I became interesced in irises (abouc five years ago), I always cry to incorporate chem in my designs for the landscaping business my husband and I own. My usual choices are Siberians and Pacific Coast Iris which I choose from chc stock in my small iris and hosta nursery located five miles in from che east coast of Vancouver Island, Bricish Columbia, Canada. However, che day arrived when a client wanted some irises planred along che edge of a swamp in one of his housing developments. I was really pleased because chis would give me an opporcuniry ro "unload" a number of and Louisianas, both of which were growing themselves our of house and home. He also wanred some of the ''yellow ones" which of course would be . Surprisingly I had few of che lacrer in stock bur a two-gallon potful would have to suffice. All iris would be planted bareroot. I had never attempted landscaping a swamp but armed wich irises, shovels, buckets and two employ­ ees, I felt I could handle the job. And besides, there was no one else with my qualifications of "iris experc:' The topography of the site was somewhat daunting. Originally the land formed a gradual slope down co che swamp, bur pare of chis was now filled in and a low crescent-shaped concrete retaining wall had been erected on the upper edge of the fill. This resulted in a very steep bank covered in large (unstable!) rocks ending about ten feet down at the water's edge. When I previewed the sire, I was sure there was a small plancable area at the swamp's edge where I could easily tuck the iris in withouc even gerring my feet wee. I guess char was wishful chinking, because on closer inspection I discovered no accessible soil above water. Furthermore, the water was six inches co a foot deep with che usual mucky bottom. I was sure glad I had brought my boors! So now what? I had originally planned on planting fifry irises and although the actual area would have easily contained chat many, the physical realicies scaled down the number ro whatever I had the rime and strength to plant. My vision of getting rid of lots of versi's and I.A's cook a downswing and the swamp job began co look very unappealing. My first planting attempt was to "dig" (under water) a hole and heave a huge clump of versi's inro it. I stomped on ic a bit then stuck a rock on cop co keep ic from floating away. le was then I began co wonder if versi's survive very well constancly under water. Because chis job was done in October, before che winter rains, the water level was ac ics lowest. Having never seen versi's in che wild, I had no idea what their preferences were. The nexc clump was also "planted" in the water bur I felt uneasy so decided co cry and form planting holes in the rocks ac che edge of che water. This seemed co work quire well by simply removing a few rocks co a depth of eight inches or so and leaving a ring of rock on che water side. This formed a small pool abour a foot across which was a much more manageable size although [ felt a little silly dumping soil into a pool of water until enough soil was built up co anchor che iris. I'm quite confident the Iris pseudacorus and che versi's will do fine providing they can anchor them­ selves before any big storms come along. The I.A's I'm not sure about. They do fine in a border (but gee terrible bouts of ruse) or in pots siccing in wacer bur I've had lircle experience with crying to naturalize them. [n our climace of mild wee winters, hardiness is not a problem bur some areas may noc be hoc enough co bloom chem, especially lakesides which rend co be cooler. I would be very interested in hearing about other people's "swamp planting" experiences. None of the pond and pool books go into much detail about planting up mud-lined ponds as mosc people use pots now. I will certainly be sure co go back next year co see what survives. No matter what che ourcome, this project was definitely a learning experience! Ac chis year's Seacde Flower Show I was left a note from a woman whom I had talked co lase year • about where to obtain Iris jlormtina: "I took your advice and checked in che cemeteries in eastern Washington. A friend had an old family cemetery where chey lee us go in and I brought home many starcs ... ic was blooming when we goc them."-JEAN WITT 1752

THE "CLOUGH FAMILY' - BEN HAGER- Further notes on seedlings originatingftom open pollinated seed collected ftom 'Holden Clough'.· FI' F , and F 2 3 s BACKGROUND to this discussion I will quickly noce che beginnings and concinuacion of the rather haphazard program I have under way. A few seeds (about thirry with about cwelve germinations) were nociced one year afi:e r che discovery of a seed on a cut scaJk of 'Holden Clough' by Roy Davidson and Phil Edinger. These seeds were collected from a __.,.__.ong row of the parent plane and there were no more than one or two seeds in each pod. From the planes of these seeds were the cwo clones named for the two discoverers. Although 'Roy Davidson' secs few, if any, open pollinated seed, 'Phil Edinger' and the ocher clones rhar developed from rhis batch of seed, sec open pods which still con rained few seeds per pod: one, cwo, o r maybe rhree.

These seeds were collected and germinated co give an F2 generation which in turn also produced open pollinated seed, and in fact, there were two or chree full pods of seed. These germinated and were grow­ ing well but unfortunately I was attacked by a bad spell of flu in midsummer and these seedlings browned off because they were not watered sufficienrly during the hoc weather at char time. However, none died. T hey were lined ouc chis fall (1991) and are all alive, but I cannot expect firsc year bloom since the plants were sec back in their development by the drying-off period. Up ro chis time I had collected and grown only open pollinated seed. Because each generation resem­ bled Iris pseudacoru.s (undoubtedly one parent of 'Holden Clough') ic has been surmised chat che seedlings were back-crosses by the to this parent plane. All of che flowers have been yellow wich

much less brown veining than 'Holden Clough' and the F1 has even less veining chan rhe Fr Ir hap­ pened chat the year of the National Iris Convention which was held in this region I had one clone planced in che convention beds (which lacer was named 'Phil Edinger') and ic was some 300 to 400 feet from the one plane of Iris pseudacoru.s rhat I had thac year. le seems unlikely chat the bees could have car­ ried the pollen ro this isolated plane that far since there were hundreds of flowers in between co keep them busy. The seedlings from chis plant (and it sec several pods) bloomed in their rime and looked very much like che flowers from planes of similar history growing near to the plane of Iris pseudacoros. I have had only one plant of Iris puudacorus growing in rhe garden here. le is a plane rhar Dave Niswonger grew from seed and senc as a plane co me in a previous year. It has super flowers buc poor increase, usually wich two or only one increase remaining after bloom each year. So I have noc had an excess of bloom from chis iris in any year. This year, for some reason, ic bloomed and was done by rhe

t!me the "Clough family" came inco bloom. All of the FI and F 1 plants ser seed anyway. So the seedlings I have are necessarily noc from made by the bees with Iris pseudacorus as the pollen parent. Yet all are yellow. This year I decided it was ri me I did a bit of actual work with chis family of seedlings. I goc in Sarah T iffney's plane, 'Holden's Child' (from "hands-on" self pollinated 'Holden Clough'). Sarah goc two seedlings from these seed and both were a "dark red purple.'' None of my open pollinated seedlings were anything but yellow. So I self pollinated nearly all che flowers of 'Holden Clough' (the pollen didn't look very good) and goc no seed ac all. I incercrossed che F 1 and F 2 groups of my seedlings and goc no seed at all. However the same planes did produce open pollinated seed: I'm just going co have co cry again nexc year. Wich chis closer association with che "Clough Family" I noted some startling feacures between che rwo generations. F has pollen. le also (all planes) has cascading foliage. F -none of the planes had any 1 1 pollen and aU of che foliage was sciffiy erect! There was much less veining in these F 1 flowers, all were yellow, and rwo had bright orange-yellow signals. These F 1 pods could noc have been pollinizacions since che flowers had no pollen. They had ro have been polliniied by pollen of 'Holden Clough' (one dump 1753

nearby), or wich rhe masses of FI parents char were nearby. I didn't ger chese seed for they opened during rhe "indisposition" so I didn't gee any of chis year's crop gathered, bur I did have che seedlings from che previous year (first year bloom) and they are che ones char won't bloom next year. Another feature noticed chis year is chat all the seedlings carry che typical veined crescent signal of Iris pseudacorus (less so on the F, generation!). This is evidencly true of all pseudacorus hybrids since the two planes introduced in Japan f;om the cross of Iris pseudaconu and Iris emata Uapanese Iris) also have these typical signals. Still another surprise was in score chis year. Several years ago we received a plane under the ride "miniature pseudacorus." Ir rather looked like what che name suggested so I never examined ic closely before. This year I was inrrigued by a resemblance ro the Clough children though smaller in plane and flower. Being curious, [ pur pollen of 'Phil Edinger' on chis "miniature pseudaconu" AND GOT A SET POD. It was also che first time chat I had noticed char chis "miniature pseudacorus" did not sec open seed pods so typical of Iris pseudacorus. So ic is undoubtedly a hybrid of some kind. The seed looked good enough when the pod was opened-now we shall see if ir germinates. I can't help buc wonder if the 'Holden Clough' chat Sarah Tiffney has and the one chat we have here are accually the same clone. Why should a self pollinacion give flowers of a "deep red purple" from one

plane and only yellow flowers from anocher? Noc even crosses of the F 1 and F 2 in che yellow colored seedlings showed any sign of purple coloring and ic seems to me chat inrerbreeding che two should give some indication of that color. Perhaps the F.3 will give some hints. I shall jusc have co wait and see. [The following additions by the author came ma fetter dated December 27, 1991-Ed.. j Some features of che 'Holden Clough' family char I have just noted befuddles the probable parentage of 'Holden Clough' and ics seedlings even more. As a basis for che following observation char I have just made, our weather in December has been cold for us. Several mornings down as low as 27 degrees-so planes should be showing che full aspect of their tendency coward dormancy ac chis time. 'Holden Clough' is evergreen here. The tips of the leaves are brown but chey are green almost co che

rips. The F1 seedlings are evergreen. The F2 seedlings are mostly dormant; che fully grown leaves are brown bur there is a short fan of leaves down in che original fan chat is still green. This puts a doubt in my mind of a parentage of Iris chrysographes x Iris pseudacorus. I've never seen any ocher feature that would convince me of che parencage chat Roy Davidson and the 'Holden Clough' parencage correction in che 1984 R&I (page one) suggests as I. ftEtidissima x I. pseudacorus, but chis "evergreen bit" does give credence to that parentage because I. ftEtidissima is decidedly evergreen. Iris chrysographes is decidedly dormant. I wonder what a lircle laboratory research will turn up.

THOSE INTERESTED in discussing the possible formation of a new group specializing in Wacer Irises such as the "Clough Family," Iris versicolor, I. virginica, I. '4vigara, and ochers are invited co concacc Dr. James Waddick or Clarence Mahan ac che American Iris Society convention in Atlanta. An announcement may be made following che clSIGNA meeting. Those interested in participating or wanting additional informa- tion, who are unable to attend the convention, are in viced co wrice for derails to Dr. James W Waddick, 3233 McGee, Kansas City, MO 64m, or to call (816) 531-2373.

l.AN McMuRTRJE forwarded a notice chat a few copies of The Genus Iris (in English), by Dr. G. I. Rodionenko, are still available from che British Iris Society. For informacion about che price, A write to: Mrs. Anne Blanco White, 72 South Hill Park, London NW3 2SN, England. 1754

REVISION OF THE SERIES Unguiculares -AARON P. 0AV1S and STEPHEN L. juRY-

The taxonomic scacus of planes within chis group has caused problems for some considerable rime, wich very liccle agreement (Dykes, 1903; Turrill, 1934; Webb & Chacer, 1980; Marhew, 1989; Service, 1990). Recenrly, Schulze (1965) elevated che series co a genus, which he called Siphonosryfis, and consrrucred a taxonomic revision based principally on pollen data. The genus Siphonosrylis has nor been upheld by most auchoricies, who have considered the differences quoted insufficient for generic separation, wich all the added unfortunate nomenclatural consequences. During our study ac the Universicy of Reading, over 200 herbarium specimens were examined from cen herbaria throughout Europe. There are surprisingly few herbarium specimens of chis group, perhaps because the delicate nacure of the flowers requires chem co be pressed carefully in che field: chey do not survive in plastic bags for later sorting and accencion, as do ocher specimens (often chis work is after dinner in che evening when enthusiasm wanes!). Plants were also grown in che greenhouses of che Universicy of Reading and the University's Harris Garden. We are especially graceful co the people who donated plants, especially chose of known wild origin. We were also forcunace in char one of us (APO) was able co study chese irises in Crete and Turkey. Ac chis point we make a plea co all gardeners who col­ lect and grow planes from che wild co keep documencarion of che origin, and co pass chis information on when rhey disrribure their curcings, bulbs and divisions co ocher gardeners! This point has recently been made in alpine gardening circles (Bacon, 1986; Jury, 1987). A thorough morphological scudy was made, wich further dara obcained from pollen, chromosome numbers and geographical discribution. Here ic is possible only co summarize and outline some of our findings. A full monographic creacmenc has now been published by us in the Botanical journal ofthe Linnean Sodery (Davis & Jury, 1990). Morphology Habit and foliage All members of chis series are glabrous, perennial, rhizomarous herbs. The rhizome is freely branching, so large patches or clumps are formed, especially in Iris lazica. The leaves of/. lazica differ from all the ochers in being broader, up co 13mm, disrincrly more disrichous bur less ribbed or fluted and lacking a distinct leaf margin. The Algerian variants of/. unguicularis have rhe widest leaves, up co 10mm, and also usually che longest. Flowers and fruits The flowers are solicary or rarely branched (see Service, 1984), fragrant and carried on a long perianch­ rube 90-3oomm. The seem is very shore or absent and usually complerely hidden by long capering spache~valves. The colour of rhe falls is extremely variable, including violet, violec-blue, lilac, lavender, pink and white. Fall-patterning is also very variable, but usually consists of a violet (or any of the above colours) apex, a general yellow-orange band, with the rest of the blade white, veined obliquely with violet. The most distinctive patterning is found amongst rhe Cretan variants in which the white col­ oration covers almost cwo-chirds of the blade. This white area is strongly veined with violet and has a prominent orange band running through the cencre co the violet apex. This character provides a useful and easy way for separating Cretan variants from ocher narrow-leaved ones from Greece and che Orient. The standards are usually che same length and shape as the falls but lack the central yellow-orange band and white markings. A brownish-violet zone occurs at the base of the hafts which may be slighcly spot­ ted or fainrly and obliquely striped. The sryle~branches have two features unique to series Unguiculam: a srylar rube and peculiar yellow glands on che adaxial margins of che staminal 'hoods'. The srylar cube is formed by the 'fusion' of the 'fil­ aments: but is non-adherent and can easily be pulled apart co reveal the three fused sryles. The sryles 1755 split up at the apex of the stylar cube to form three separate stigmas, the base of which forms a covering or 'hood' for the anthers. The yellow glands occur on the margins of these hoods and can be seen using a light microscope as epidermal sacs filled with a yellow glandular substance. Dykes (1903) likened these glands to a "sprinkling of gold dust'.' The stigmas arc bifid, and finely- ro coarsely-toothed at the edges. All of the members of rhe series Unguiculares do not have a typically formed neccarium (Dauman, 1935) bur instead secrete nectar in drop form at the base of the falls. The capsule is ellipsoid, up to 35mm, and because it is carried on a short seem, is found at ground level and usually hidden amongst the leaves. The seeds of I. unguicularis are brown, spherical to wedge-shaped, 4-5-6-Smm long and wrinkled. The seeds of/. lazica are very different from any ochers of the series in being light brown, 3-3· Smm, flattened-angled, with a very fine wrinkled seed-coat patterning. Biogeography Our results show chat the planes from Aegean Turkey arc very similar morphologically to plants occur­ ring on the Greek mainland and share pollen characters with plants found in the Cyclades (distributions are shown in Figure 1). Palaeogeographical evidence suggests that land bridges occurred between the Greek mainland and Asia Minor (Snogerup, 1967; Strid, 1970), and thus provides good evidence for pos­ sible routes of migrations, or a once more continuous disrribucion. During the same period, Crete has always been somewhat isolated from che central Aegean, although possible links wich the Peloponnesos may have occurred (Snogerup, 1967). On our evidence, including the palynological data, we believe it is reasonable to postulate char the populations from the Orient and Crete are most likely to have been derived from those of the Greek mainland and the Peloponnesos, respectively. The population in Crete may have been kept morphologi­ cally uniform and distinct from the other Aegean populations due to ancient and present-day isolation. It is also interesting to note that che Cretan plants have a different pollen type from chose of the Peloponnesos. Phyrogeographical links between SW Asia and NW Africa may be recognised for a number of caxa (Davis & Hedge, 1971). le is possible chat Iris unguicularis could have reached N Africa from Greece by a number of possible routes. The most favourable would have been straight across rhe Mediterranean basin, when the sea had shrunk to a series of lagoons during the Tertiary. Planes occurring in the SW Peloponnesos provide morphological (Service, 1984) and palynological links with populations occurring in N Africa. The chromosome number, biogeography, pollen type and possibly morphology suggest that Iris fazica occupies a primitive position within Iris series Unguiculares. Propagation Both Iris unguicularis and /. lazica can be propagated by cuttings taken in spring or autumn. We have achieved 100% success by taking 4-8cm rhizome cuttings in autumn. We have trimmed off the wiry, non-fleshy roots, and cue the leaves down to half their lengt:h, removing any dead material. We have used J.I. No. r compost and left the cuttings until the following autumn when we have potted them on or plaiued chem out. Systematic account of series Unguiculares (Diels) Lawrence Glabrous perennial rhizomarous herbs. Rhizome tough with wiry roots, forming dense clumps. Leaves linear co ensiform (sword-shaped), isobilateral. Flowers solitary or rarely branched, fragrant; stem very shore or absent; spathe valves green and herbaceous. Perianch cube very long, cylindrical; ovary slender, ellipsoid, subsessile within the spathe. Falls erect, deflexed, lanceolace, oblanceolace or spachulare, unguiculace (claw-shaped) and acute. Scandards very similar to falls but lack white and yellow pacccrn­ ing. Non-adherent stylar cube formed by fusion of filaments; style branches yellow-glandular, puberulent, serrulate to laciniace. Neccarium absent; nectar secreted at base of falls in drop form. Capsule ellipsoid, carried on a short .

Key to Species 1 Leaves 10mm wide or less, Strongly ribbed or fluted, leaf-margin raised prominently; leaf has no black docs visible when held up to the light ...... 1. unguicu!aris 1 Leaves over l 0mm wide, flat or only weakly ribbed, leaf-margin not prominent or raised; leaf has black dots when held up co the light ...... 2. lazica l. Iris unguicufaris Poirer (1785). Synonyms: Iris styfosa Desfontaines (1798), Neubeckia srylosa Alefeld (1863), loniris sry!osa Klatt (1872), Siphonosrylis unguicu!aris Schulze (1965). {Iris unguicularis was unfortunately described twice, once as Iris stylosa Desfontaines in his Flora At!antica published in 1798 and as /. unguicularis by Poirer in his Voyage en Barbarie in 1785. The plant was more popularly known in gardens and the hori:iculcural trade as Iris stylosa, but the International Code ofBotanical Nomenclature requires that the earliest validly published name is the correct one. In chis case, both are validly published and we must apply this rule of priority and call the plant Iris unguicu!aris. The name Iris srylosa is relegated co synonymy.) Plant l 10-850mm. Rhizome cough with wiry roots, forming dense clumps. Leaves linear to sword­ shaped, isobilateral, 120-850 x 1-I0mm at anthesis, strongly ribbed or fluted with distinct margins. Flowers solitary or rarely branched, fragrant; stem very shorr or absent; spathe-valves 50-130mm long, tapering green and herbaceous. Perianth cube cylindrical 3-6mm x 50-260mm. Ovary slender, oblong­ ellipsoid, to 35mm. Falls erect, deflexed, oblanceolace co spachulace, unguiculate (claw-shaped) and acute, 43-87 X 9-l 8mm, lavender-blue to deep lilac or white, veined darker on white region at base of blade, with a yellow median stripe. Standards erect, slighcly reflexed, oblanceolate to spachulace, unguic­ ulace and acute, 43-86 x 7-30mm, colour as falls except for brownish-violet zone occurring at che base of the haft. Scylar cube 12-25mm; style branches 23-35mm long with acute lobes, yellow-glandular. Capsule ellipsoid, 11-17mm x 24-40mm carried on a short peduncle. Seeds brown to orange-brown, 4·5-6mm, few, spherical to wedge-shaped, wrinkled. Flowering February to June. Rocky places, on banks and hillsides, in dry scrub or open coniferous woodland. , Greece, Ionian Islands, Crete, Aegean Islands, Turkey, Syria, Israel and Lebanon.

Key to Subspecies 1 Leaves greater than 8mm wide, falls spachulace to oblanceolate and greater chan 18mm wide ...... (a) subsp. unguicu!aris 1 Leaves less chan 8mm wide, falls lanceolate co oblanceolate and less than 18mm wide 2 Falls and standards usually less than 55mm ...... (6) subsp. cretmsis 2 Falls and standards usually greater than 55mm ...... (c) subsp. carica

(a) subsp. unguicularis Leaves linear to sword-shaped, 120-850 x 3-l0mm. Spathe-valves 60-130mm. Perianth-cube cylindri­ cal, 60-220mm; ovary slender oblong-ellipsoid to 35mm. Falls oblanceolace-spachulate, 59-87 x l 8-32mm, lavender blue to deep lilac or white, veined darker on white region at base of blade, with a yellow median stripe. Standards oblanceolate-spathulate, unguiculate and acute 62-86 x l 7-30mm, colour as falls except for brownish-violet zone occurring at the base of the haft. Stylar cube 20-25mm; style-branches 27-35mm long. Capsule ellipsoid, 30-40 X 14-l?mm. Seeds orange-brown 6·5mm, few, spherical to wedge-shaped, wrinkled. Flowering November to May. Rocky places, on banks in dry scrub or open coniferous woods, up to 1450m. Algeria and possibly Morocco. 1757

The Norrh African planes are almost certainly the mosc successful variants of/. unguicularis for cul­ tivation in Great Britain and Ireland. A south-facing border, preferably on an alkaline soil, such as chalk, is besc. Although chey prefer a hoc, sunny posicion chey muse never be allowed co dry our complerely, and for chis reason we prefer nor co grow chem in pots. Culcivars include: 'Alba' Falls whice wich a greenish-orange-yellow median srripe. Awarded an F.C.C. in 1888 when shown by Ware. 'Marginata' Falls lilac wich whice edging, somecimes seen mis-spelc in the licerarure as 'Marihaca'! 'Mary Barnard' Falls violet blue. Originally collecced near Algiers in 1937 by Mrs. Barnard of Honicon. E. B. Anderson was responsible for naming and discribucing chis culcivar but suggested it mighc be the same as 'Grandiflora; 'Purpurea' or 'Acroviolacea'! (see Anderson, 1971). 'Walter Butt' Falls pale silvery-lavender, seen by£. B. Anderson in che garden 'Bales Mead; Porlock, for­ merly belonging to Walter Bure, whose friend had collecced ic near Algiers.

(b) subsp. crerensis (Janka) Davis & Jury (1990) Synonyms: Iris cretensis Janka (1868), Iris crerica Janka (1868), Iris sryLosa Desf. var. angusrifolia Boiss. & Held. in Boiss.(1853), Sieber ex Baker (1877) , Siphonosrylis cmensis (Janka) W. Schulze subsp. cretensis W. Schulze (1965). Leaves 110-310 x l-3·3mm. Spache valves 60-120mm. Perianch cube 50-130mm. Falls oblanceolace 43-57 x 9-l 5mm, violec or deep lavender at apex only, resc of blade whice wich prominenc veining and a chick orange median srripe not exceeding area of white coloration. Scandards oblanceolate, 43-55 x 7-12·5mm. Scylar cube 12-l 5mm long; scyle branches 23-25mm long. Capsule 24-32 x 11 - 15mm. Seeds brown, 4·5mm, few, globose co cunace, rugose. Flowering February co May. Rocky places, on banks and in dry scrub up co 1450m. Crete, and possibly $aria.

The narrow-leaved variancs of Iris unguicularis (subsp. cretensis and subsp. carica) need slightly more pro­ tection in the open garden and benefit from some overhead cover, parcicularly in wet winters. Although these narrow-leaved planes tend co be shorrer lived in culcivacion than subsp. unguiculari.s, we have seen cul­ tivated planes over twenty years old. These planes were grown in che garden of Dr. John Marr in a raised border wich cheir rhizomes level wich che soil and given occasional dressings of a general purpose ferriliser. This Crecan subspecies has che most distinccive patterning where che blade is almost two-thirds whice, strongly veined with violet. This provides another character for separating subsp. cretensis from ocher narrow-leaved variants. See Baker (1935) for derails of chis Iris in Crece. Cul ti var: 'Cretensis' Falls mostly white with violec or deep lavender apex and violec veins.

(c) subsp carica (W. Schulze) Davis & Jury. Synonyms: Iris srylosa Desf. var. angusrifolia Boiss. et Held. in Boiss., Diagn.• I (13): 15 (1 853), Iris cretica Herben ex Baker, Bot. Mag. cab. 6343 (1878a), nomen nudum. Leaves 110-500 x 1·8-5mm. Perianch cube 65- 260mm long. Falls oblanceolace 48-79 X 10·5-22m. Standards oblanceolace 5 5-82 x 12-21 mm. Scylar cube 12-l 6mm long; scyle branches 23-28mm long. Capsule 24-34mm x l 1-16mm. Flowering January co June, co l 500m. Greece, Peloponnesos, Aegean Islands (Paros, Cos, Rhodes), Turkey, Syria and Lebanon. l Leaves 1-2 (-3·5)mm wide ...... (i) var. carica l Leaves 0 ·8-) 2-5mm wide 2 Standards usually less chan 65mm, oblanceolace ...... (ii) var. angusrifolia 2 Standards usually more chan 65mm, oblanceolace to rhomboid ...... (iii) var. syriaca AJJaw1 Ghalda.i•. •

11-uS.ole ,EiMnya•

l.&,.l[(N . ALGERIA LIBYA EGYPT

Above: map of area, showing principal place names.

Lefr: Figure I. Distribution of Iris wzica 0, I. 1mg11icularis su bsp. unguicu/.aris T, subsp. carica var. carica ~ . subsp. carica var. syriaca 0, and subsp. carica •· RcprodLiccd wich permission from The Botanical journal ofth e limmw Society. - !OJ 291 (1990). 1759

(i) var. carica (::/1. Schulze) Davis & Jury (1990) Synonyms: Iris crerica Herberr(1978), Iris stylosa Oesf. var. angzmifolia Boiss. & Held. in Boiss. (1853); Siphonosrylis cretensis (Janka) W. Schulze subsp. carica W. Schulze (1965). /. agrostifolia auct. is said to belong here by Dykes (1913: 56). Leaves 1-35mm wide. FaJls oblanceolace 10-5-l7mm x 55-74mm. Scandards oblanceolate 14-17 X 60-75mm. SE Turkey and Aegean Islands (Cos and Rhodes).

(ii) var. angusrifolia (Boiss. & Held.) Davis & Jury Synonyms: Iris srylosa Mazziari, Amogia Ionia, 2: 456 (1834), Siphonostylis "Hybridcomplex" Schulze, Omerr. Botan. Zeitschr. u2: 341 (1965). Leaves 1·8-5mm wide. Falls oblanceolate 48-69mm x 10·5-22mm. Standards oblanceolace 55-79 x 16-21mm. Greece, Corfu, Zakinchos, Peloponnesos, Aegean Islands (Paros). A very variable plane over its range which may approach the dimensions of the subspecies unguicularis and cretensis. Originally described from Attica in che Peloponnesos.

Culcivars: 'Greek White' Falls white with greenish-orange-yellow median stripe. This was collected by Or. Jack Elliorr, ELL] 8269, and distributed as 'Alba.' But as cwo different culcivars cannot have the same name, we have proposed 'Greek White' as the correct name for chis later named 'Alba: 'Angustifolia' Beautifully marked with oblique white stripes for almost cwo-chirds of che falls. One of the best narrow-leaved cu!tivars. 'Speciosa' Falls deep violec blue. 'Lindsayae' is a synonym of chis. Referred co by Spender (1935).

(iii) var. syriaca (W Schulze) Davis & Jury (1990) Synonyms: Iris cretica Herbert (1978), Iris stylosa Desf. var. angustifolia Boiss. et Held. in Boiss. (1853), Siphonosrylis cretensis Oanka) W. Schulze subsp. carica W. Schulze (1965). Leaves 1·2-5mm wide. Falls oblanceolate co lanceolace-rhombic, 10·5-19 x 55-79mm. Standards oblanceolate-lanceolace-rhombic, 12-21 X 65-82mm. SW Turkey, Syria and Lebanon.

Other Iris unguicularis cultivars An impressive lisc of cultivars is given by Luscombe (1973). The following cu!civars were not available for scudy (some were cultivaced, buc jusc refused to flower). They are mainly narrow-leaved variants, proba­ bly of Greek and/or Crecan origin. 'Abington Purple' Falls purple. Received an A.M. March, 1991 when exhibited by the Reverend R. J. Blakeway Phillips, now of Craven Arms, formerly of Abington, Cambs. le was originally 'discovered' by Richard Nutt who named it. (Note chat chis is 'Abin~on Purple'; J\binggon Purple' appears incorrectly in the literature.) 'Atroviolacea' Falls dark purple, incense colour. 'Bob Thompson' Collected in Crete by Bob Thompson, but apparently distinct from 'Cretensis'. 'Bonchurch Variety Raised by R. E. S. Spender. 'Bowles White' is described as a very good form (Darby, 1954) with pure white flowers and a delightful rich golden central blotch ac che chroac of the falls. A reference is made co a chromosome count of 2n=48 by La Cour (1952), bur he simply refers co "Iris unguicularis var. alba." 'Bridal Pink' Lamented as being no longer available by Wirr (1968). 'Bunty Described in the Bulletin of che New Zealand Iris Society, Sepcember 1986, as having wide domed standards evenly shaded pale orchid pink and wide ellipcical falls of a deeper pink than che scan- dards, a bright gold signal stripe and a deeper pink infusion reaching co che haft:s. Ir has a sweet, lasting fragrance. The flowers of good form and strong substance have an early and long flowering season in New Zealand from lace April co September (equivalent co !are October co March here). le was registered by Mrs. Revie Harvey of Havelock Norch, New Zealand as being raised from a 'Starker's Pink' seedling crossed wirh 'Scarker's Pink' wirh the commenc: "Definite improvement on parencs." 'Chinenden's Variety' 'City of Sails' Described in the Bulle.in of the New Zealand Iris Society, March 1988, as having pale lavender standards and falls of darker lavender, fading co the lighter colour of the standards ar the edge, violet marking around the haft and orange signals. The height is recorded as 20cm and flowering is May-June in New Zealand (equivalent co November-December here). It was registered by Mrs. Merrilyn May of Remuera, Auckland, New Zealand with unknown parentage. 'Dr. Barnard's Form' Large pinkish-lilac flowers. 'Eilis's Variety' Falls violet-blue. 'La Belle Pamela' is said co be a synonym of this . Luscombe (1973) describes a "'Miss Eilis's Variety' as being found in an old garden near Hyeres; the leaves slender, flowers a beautiful dark violet-blue (Aconite violet 9372), the plane frost tender." 'Gay' Originally from Lloyd Austin. Described as similar to 'Graeca' but with shon:er leaves and deeper violet flowers. 'Graeca' Leaves grey-green, 6mm wide. 50cm long; flowers medium violet wich slender petals and deep orange signal line. ' Grandiftora' Falls deep purple; flowers large. 'Imperatrice Elizabena' 'Kaiserin Elizabeth' Described by Luscombe (1973) as a dwarf 'form' of the "speciosa'' type, the flowers with a rosy tinge. 'Kilbroney [Kilbrony] Marble' A culcivar said co have "marbled flowers" and in cultivation in Devon. 'Lake of Tiberias Form' This cultivar probably refers to a collection made by Baker on the upper shores of Lake Tiberias, Palestine, in 1934. The material at Kew is almost cen:ainly char of/. lazica. 'Lilacina' Falls pale lilac, flowers small. 'Marbled' Flowers clear lavender with marbled or radiating lines of dark purple; leaves c. 11 mm wide. Lamented as no longer available by Wice {1968). 'Marginata Alba' 'Oxford Dwarf' Falls mainly white with violet-lavender as background, veins purple. 'Pavonia' Flowers large, spotted white in rhe throat. 'Peacock' This is said to be derived from a batch of seedlings raised from a cross between a dwarf variant from Cephalonia and a railer one with larger leaves from Crete. The soft violet falls are described as being prettily marked with a feathered zone of gold, yellow and white, while chere are occasional cinges of rosy violet and splashes of a darker shade. Given an Award of Merit in 1924 when shown by W. R. Dykes. 'Purpurea' Flowers deep purple. 'Stacker's Pink' Falls pink. Hardiness quescioned by Glasgow (1979). 'Ventnor Form' 'Violacea' Falls violet. 'Winter Gay' Distributed by Edith Cleaves of San Jose, California, "30cm call, deep lavender with a pretty design around the signal, foliage 25-30cm long" {Wire, 1978). 'Wrnter Goldback' Introduced by Edich Cleaves, "a deep purple lavender, gold dusted on the back of che falls, 25-35cm call" {Witt, 1978). 'Winter Mystery' Distributed by Edith Cleaves, "A silver~backed pansy violet with scalloped edges, domed standards, falls with a small design, slender foliage 35cm long" (Witt, 1978). 'Winter Snowflake' Registered in the U.S. by Edith Cleaves of San Jose, California. White with yellow signals; back of falls overlaid with gold. Both this and 'Wincer Treasure' arose from a cross between a "narrow-peraled 'Alba' and dark blue 'lmperacrice Elizabetta"' (Witt, 1978). 'Winter's Treasure' Registered in the U.S. by Edith Cleaves. Whire with yellow signals.

In the near future it is planned to do further work on che culcivars of Iris zmguicularis. Unfon:unacely, these beautiful plants seem to suffer with virus infection, and it is noc uncommon for the narrow leaved varieties to gradually weaken and die.

2. Iris lazica Albov (1895) Synonyms: Iris crermsis Janka forma larifolia Lipsky (1894); Iris zmguicularis Poirer va r. lazica (Albov) Dykes (1913), Siphonosrylis Lazica (Albov) W. Schulze (1965) . Plant 180-550mm. Rhizome tough with wiry roots, forming dense clumps. Leaves linear to sword­ shaped, isobilaccral, ± distichous, 120-850 x 8-5-13mm ar anrhesis, weakly ribbed wirh flat margins. Flowers solitary or rarely branched, fragranr; seem very short or absent; spathe valves 50-l 20mm long, tapering, green and herbaceous. Perianrh-rube cylindrical 50-120 X 3-6mm. Ovary slender, oblong­ ellipsoid, to 35mm, ± sralkless within the spathe. Falls erect, deflexed oblanceolate or fiddle-shaped, unguiculace and acute, 71-78 x 20-30mm, lavender blue to deep lilac or white, veined or veined to sported, darker on white region at base of blade, with a yellow median stripe. Standards erect, slightly reflexed, oblanceolace to spathulate, unguiculate and acute 69-87 x 18-31 mm, colour as falls except for brownish violec zone occurring ar the base of the haft. Scylar cube 23-27mm; scyle branches 20-23mm long, with acute lobes, pale purple yellow-glandular, toothed. Capsule ellipsoid, 24-37 x l 2-l 5mm car­ ried on a shore peduncle. Seeds light brown, 3·5mm, flattened-angled, very finely wrinkled. Flowering March co June. Wee stony places, shady damp banks, open woodland (hazel groves). Sea level co approximately 2000m. NE Turkey: Black Sea Coast area. USSR; Caucasus.

Iris lazica was first described by AJbov from Turkey and the USSR, where ic grows on rhe coastal hills of the Black Sea, up co 2000m akicude, often on shady banks in scrub of hazelnut or Rhododendron pon­ ticum - a very different habitat to I. unguicularis! le forms extensive carpers of evergreen leaves, producing its unscented, pale, sky blue flowers from March to June. Ir is characterized by ics wider leaves (over 10mm), which are flat, only weakly ribbed, wichout a raised leaf margin and conrain black dots when examined against che light. The native habitat of chis species with a higher rainfall and lower winter temperatures than the habiracs of che Iris unguicularis varianrs means I. lazica is more tolerant of Bricish gardens. In our experience planes growing in the open garden in a loamy soil wich added humus seem very happy.

Acknowledgemenr We wish co express our great thanks co Mr. S. Linnegar for his helpful commenrs and advice, and for making a number of publications available co us.

References Anderson, E. B., 1971. Iris unguicularis. Journal ofthe Royal Horticultural Society, 96: 82-83. Bacon, L., 1986. Record keeping. Alpine Gardening, 1: 10--13. Baker, G. P., 1935. I. cretensis. Iris Year Book 1935: 61-62. The Bricish Iris Society. Darby, G. W., r954- Iris stylosa "Bowles White". Iris Year Book 1954: 103. The British Iris Sociecy. Daubmann, E., 1935. Die Sysremacische Bedeutung des Bllirennekrarium der Gattung Iris. Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt, 53B: 525-625. Davis, A P. & Jury, S. L., r990. A taxonomic review of Iris L. series Unguiculares (Diels) Lawrence. Botanical journal ofthe linMan Sociery 103(3): 281-300. Davis, P. H. & Hedge, I. C., 1971. Florisric links berween NW Africa and SW Asia. Annalen des Naturhistorischen A1useums in Wien, 75: 43-57. Dykes, W. R., 1913. The Genus Iris. Cambridge: Cambridge Universiry Press. Glasgow, W. J., 1979. The series Unguicufam. New Zealand Iris Society Bulletin, 88: 8-16. Jury, S. L., 1987. Further thoughts on record keeping. Alpine Gardening, 2: 25-27. La Cour, L. F., 1952. Forty-second annual report ofthe John Innes Horticultural Institution 1951. Bayfordbury: The l nsrirurion. Mathew, B., 1989. The Iris. London: Bacsford. Schulze, W., 1965. Siphonostylis, eine neue Gaccung der lridaceae. Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift, 112: 331- 343. Service, N., 1984. Iris unguicularis. Iris Year Book 1984: 58-62. The British Irish Sociery. Service, N., 1990. Wimer-flowering Irises, series Unguicu/am. The Pfamsman, 12: 109 & fronris. Snogerup, S., 1967. Studies in the Aegean Flora IX. Erysimum secrion Cheiranrhus. Opera Botanica, 14. Lund: The Lund Botanical Society. Spender, R. E. S., 1935. Iris unguicularis (syn. Stylosa). Iris ¼ar Book 1935: 57-60. The British Iris Sociery. Strid, A., 1967. Studies in the Aegean Flora XVI. Biosysrematics of the Nigel/a arvmsis complex. Opera Botanica, 28. Lund: The Lund Botanical Society. Turrill, W. B., 1934. Iris cretemi's. Cunis' Botanical Magazine, t. 9369. Webb, D. A. & Chat er, A 0., 1980. Iris L. In T G. Turin et al. (Eds.), Flora Europaea 5: 88. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wier, J., 1958. Iris unguicularis. Bulktin ofthe American Iris Society, No. 191: 83-84. Witt, J., 1978. Iris unguicularis. Bulletin ofthe American Iris Society. No. 228: 59f1):34-38.

[This article was reprinted from The Iris ¼ar Book, 1991, of the British Iris Society, wirh the permission of the incoming Editor, Mr. Berney C. Baughen, and the authors, Mr. Aaron P. Davis and Or. Stephen L. Jury; it appeared originally under the title "A New Classification of Iris L. Unguicuiares (Diels) Lawrence." The map showing the distribution of the species, which was reproduced in the B.I.S. article, was reprinted with the permission ofThe Linnean Society of London and the publisher, Academic Press Inc. (London) LTD; it originally appeared in The Botanical Journal ofthe linnean Society 103 (1990), op. cit. Their generous cooperation is gracefully acknowledged. We regret chat che fine and faint lines will likely not be well served by another generation of reproduction, and hope che larger map, used in con­ junction wich che one showing the species' locations, will be of some help. Our reproduction process would not have done justice to the three color places which accompanied che article in The Iris ¼ar Book, which included 'Kilbrony Marble: 'Alba; and ssp. carica var. angustifo­ lia.-Ed.]

In addition co The Iris Year Book, the British Iris Society offers a seed exchange program. Boch of these benefits are available co all members; a variety of other programs and services are available within che U.K. Membership subscriptions co The British Iris Sociery are £8.oo (£9.00 if paid after February 28, 1992) for individual members in the U.K.; each additional family member is £r.oo. Overseas member­ ships (chose of us outside the U.K.) are £24.00 (£25.00 if paid after February 28, 1992) for 1992-1994 three-year memberships; each additional family member is £3.00. If payment is made in currency other than Bricish Sterling, an additional £3.00 (if sending currency) or £6.oo (if paying by check) should be added before converting using che current rate of exchange. Subscriptions should be sent to Mr. E. H. Furnival, 15 Parkwood Drive, Rawtenscall, Lanes. BB4 6RP, England. LATIN REVISITED -BEN HAGER-

When I came co rhe lase page of rhe Fall, 1991 issue of SIG NA and read the lase article, I was very happy. It was rhe reprint of William A. Weber's shore arricle on che pronunciarion of botanical Larin. Recently, I actually heard a speaker cell his audience char there is no recognized or approved pronun­ ciation since it is dead as a spoken language, and char any pronunciation EASYfor the speaker is OK! Language is meanc for communication. On the printed (or written) page, pronunciation is nor neces­ sary, buc when verbally expressed, understanding can only come ch rough a recognized system of word sounds. English is a "bastard" language: a combination of various languages wirh frequent opposing sound productions. There are a few rules of pronunciation in English, bur chese arc more often over­ looked, if nor complecely ignored.* Thirty or forty years ago I ran across an article on chis subject of che pronunciation of botanical Larin. Ir was a report of an accion taken ar an Internacional Botanical Congress held in Vienna (I chink) ac an earlier dare which I don't remember or where or when I saw rhe article exactly. But I do remember what che article said. t I was newish ac che iris (botanical) game and was being disturbed by che way people were saying the Latin words because chat wasn't rhe way my Latin teacher in High School had caught me co say chose words and the article upheld my teacher. What che article said was rhac chis Congress had issued a "paper" on chis subject and agreed char no one knew how the original Larin was pronounced bur rhac the most logical procedure would be co use che pronunciation found in rhe current language most closely evolved from che original. So Icalian (whecher ir actually bears any resemblance ro che o riginal or noc ic cen:ainly is the mosc direct descen­ dant) is the language on which current Latin should be based (moscly with rhe vowels) co establish a universal system of correspondence in Larin. In North America our language descends from rhe English language of England so ic is understand­ able char we should pronounce Larin as rhe British do. However-I'll grant chac rhe people of England have rhe right co speak English with a British accent, bur I see no reason why we should imitate chem (we don't when we speak English) and speak Larin with a British accent-or wich an American accent for char matter! So lee's try co correct chis problem by speaking our Botanical Larin with an internation­ ally recognizable accent. Lee me again quote from Mr. Weber's article (since he obviously agrees) with a few of my own paren­ theses and an addition at che end.

QUOTE: The Jeerer "a" should always be pronounced "ah" (long "a"). The Jeerer "e" should always be pronounced "eh:' (I'm nor sure how Mr. Weber pronounces "eh"-if with che short sound (as in "ethical") chen rhe addition of long "a" (as in ace) should be added). The letter "i" should always be pronounced "ee". This goes for che double "ii" which can be given as either one or rwo syllables. (See examples after rhe surname encry). The lercer "c" can always be given the hard sound ("k") although circumstances may dictate a soft sound (as in the first "c" in "cyclamen"-pronounced "sick-lah-min"). In pronouncing a name based on a person's surname, rry nor co change its sound. Nuttallii should be accented on che first, nor che second, syllable. (Examples: "Forest-ee-ee;' "Douglas-iana:· "Wacr-ee-ee:' etc.).

ADDITIONS: r. "y" was transferred from the Greek co add the shore "i" sound co the basic alphabet. Why chis is noc listed as a vowel in che English language is a puzzle since it is used almost always as a vowel even in words like "you" and "yes". le is not a consonant here, but is che shore "i" sound followed by a vowel. In ocher words, it is a diphthong: a shore "i" followed by another vowel as in "ies'' (= "yes") and "ioo" (= "you"). 2.. "a:" is a diphthong also derived from the Greek, chat adds the long "i" sound ro rhe alphabet. Using the "a" and "e" sounds as given above said 9uickly ("ah" + "a" as in "aid") you find that che sound is che H•H • H • h » 1ong I as 1n ng c.

• I have seen changes rake place in my own rime. When I wenc co school if a word ended wich an "e" ir meanc rhac the preceding vowel got a long vowel pronunciation (as in "made"). If no "e" on the end of the word it got a shore vowel pronunciation (as in "mad") or broad (as in "drama"). Now all such words as "daca " gee t h e " a" (as 1n. " ace ") sound on t he preced mg' vowe 1 (wor d s sue h as " gaI a," ere. ) , I can see "drama" as rhe nexr to join che trend. t I wish some "librarian-minded person" would rake on rhe job of researching the dace and publica­ tion of chis lncernacional Botanical Congress in Vienna (?) some rime before 1953. T he article should be in the iris literature somewhere between 1955 and 1965. Here's co more exact communications! Irus DISTRIBUTION IN C ANADA -Jean Wirc- [Notes from Flora ofCanada, part 2, National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada, author Homer Scoggans, 19781

This publication lists che following species of Iris as being native in Canada: /. /acusrri.J (sourhern Ontario), /. prismarica (Nova Scotia), /. missouriensis (southwesrern Alberta), /. setosa (Alaska-Yukon, coast of eastern Quebec, sourhern Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia), /. brevicauli.s (southern Oncario), /. versicolor (Manitoba co southern Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia), /. virginica (southern Ontario and southwestern Quebec). The following are listed as escaped from cultivation and persisting: /. germanica, I. sibirica, [ pseuda­ corus. B. de Vries ( Can. Field-Nat. 80 (3), 1966), 9uoted as follows concerning distribution of Iris mi.s­ souriensis, ... "cites four stations in British Columbia ac which the plane was obviously introduced (Prince George, Quick Station, Adin, and Bennett), the first two being on a railway line, the plane having prob­ ably been brought in co the lase two by early miners and settlers." He notes that "Tremendous 9uanticies of rhizomes were used in the days of herbal remedies and quack medicines." I versicolorwas reported by J. M. Macoun in 1913, as introduced with cranberry planrs from the ease as Ucluelec, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. {ft would be interesting ro know whether this managed to persist-}GWJ A hybrid wirh /. virginica (presumably its var. shrevei; x robusta And.) is reported from souchern Ontario by Soper (1949). The typical form has bluish or purplish petals, , and stigmas. Forma alboc£rulea Rosseau (the petals and pecaloid stigmas white, bur rhe pecaloid sepals bluish or purplish as in the typical form) is known from che type localicy, Anricosci Island, eastern Quebec. Forma murrayana Fern. (petals, sepals, and stigmas white; type from near che mouth of the Salmonier River, Newfoundland) is known from Ontario, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Ancicosri Island is in che gulfof Sc. Lawrence. Among che variations of/. setosa listed are two from the easrern phase which would be of horticultural inceresc if they still exisc-forma pallidiflora Fern. wich flowers white or whitish, from eastern Quebec (Rimouski Co. and Magdalen Island) and Newfoundland (Flower Cove); and f zonalis Eames with leaves banded transversely in white or yellow, from the same pares of eastern Quebec and Bay Sc. George, Newfoundland. JEAN WITT'S WATERCOLORS

Jean Wier is a boranisr. gardener, and anise who has made a permanent record wirh brush and pen of some of her most beautiful and rare irises. All rhe paintings were made from life of irises raised in rhe Seartle area. Mrs. Wire's skerches and drawings have appeared in SIGNA, The \'Vorld of /rim and ocher publications. T he full sec of watercolors consists of twelve pages with a coral of fifteen different irises and is printed in full color on heavy non-yellowing paper ready for framing. Page size is 8V2 x II inches and is backed by heavy cardboard for shipping. The secs of prints are priced ac $ro.oo each, postpaid. For overseas airmail add $2.00 (US) for each copy. Make check or money order payable co SIGNA and send co: SIGNA, 2087 Curris Drive, Penngrove. CA 94951. SEED EXCHANGE

While enjoying the current bloom season, members are urged co remember to save or collect seeds, and co make self-pollinacions where required, in order co ensure char the seed exchange will once again be successful. Seeds should be cleaned, labeled clearly, and sent co our Seed Exchange director, Constance Hansen, ac 1931 NW 33rd, Lincoln City, OR 97367. Reports on the results obtained from earlier seed exchange distributions should also be sent to Constance. ARTICLES REQUESTED

Articles, photographs, and arcwork by members are needed for future issues of SIG NA. Suggestions of copies and of articles from ocher publications for reprint consideration are also needed. If clippings or copies are sent, they should be identified clearly and completely by source: name and dace of publica­ tion, volume and page numbers, author, publisher, and address of publisher. Materials from ocher publications will be reprinted only when rhey are in che public domain or permission may be obtained from che copyright: holders. While copyrighr law has changed considerably in recent years, the simplest cesc which can be applied safely is whether the material was published over seventy-five years ago. If so, it is probably in the public domain. If not, it is probably covered by copyright and permission must be sought before it can be reproduced. This is a gross over-simplification, but a reasonable starting point. Materials should be forwarded to Louis Fry, 4 Renata Court, Novato, CA 94947. Those using com­ puters may also send 3½" diskettes; ir would help if che crearing program and platform were indicared. Electronic submissions may be sent co 70262,3457 on CompuServe, co EIIEff on America Online, or co Louis Fry on BMUG or DTP Exchange II bulletin boards. Ordinary hand-written articles are equally welcomed. INTERNATIONAL CHECKLIST

Beginning on page 1767 will be found the concluding installment of che Iris section of che Internacional Checklist for Hyacinths and MisceJlaneous Bulbs. Forwarded by Alan McMunrie, chis section of the 1991 checklist of the Royal General Bulb Growers Association was reprinted in part in the Fall, 1991 issue of SIGNA. The previous installment covered the sections Oncocyclus, Regelia, and Scorpiris Uuno), and che Regelio-cyclus hybrids. This issue's installment covers Reticulata, Xiphium species, English Irises, Spanish Irises, Ducch Irises, and, under Miscellaneous Irises, . Because of che appearance in the preceding SIGNA, the material was not reformatted and is presented here as received, with slight adjustments for page dimensions and page numbering. 1766 Editorial An apology and an introduction seem appropriate here. First, the apology: the appearance of this issue of SIG NA disappoints me. I'll continue to work to improve that. It is important to maintain some of the publication's identity and some sense of continuity; it is also important that the editor find a way to combine that identity with his own personal preferences in style and typography. When the editor attempts to serve also as untrained surrogate graphic designer, it may take some time for the combina­ tion to evolve satisfactorily. Please bear with me; I promise to learn from this issue's mistakes. I have the pleasure of knowing a few of the people most involved with SIG NA, bur as yet only a few. Others I know, or am coming co know, through correspondence. Yet it is probable chat I will never be privileged to meet most of you, so I will introduce myself now. My wife, Caroline, and I live in a bedroom community in the northern pare of Marin County, less chan thirty miles north of San Francisco, and somewhat less than chat south of Penngrove. Together, we have operated che seed exchange program for the Society for Pacific Coast Native Irises for the past few years, she doing most of che hand-pollination while I do most of the packaging and shipping; we enlist the help of our daughter and her husband on occasion for seed-collecting in the wild. We have a rela­ tively modest collection of several hundred irises, seemingly now doomed by the cost of keeping computer software upgraded to remain a modest collection. One of the benefits of living where we do is chat we are able to grow almost anything we are willing to give water. So, our collection ranges from the hardier species (Ii. tenax, innominata, astrachanica, pumi/a,, setosa, and some regelia species and hybrids) to things from warmer climates (arilbreds, PCN's, Louisianas, laevigacas, Sino-Siberians) and che more challenging oncocydi, as well as a collection of native, South African, and Mediterranean bulbs. Some Brodiea, Dichelostemma, and l macrosiphon came with che native poison oak, while we have added some Calochortus. This is crowded onto a bit under two-thirds of an acre on a low hilltop, sharing space with several mature oaks, a hundred or so old ("her­ itage") roses and several fruit trees. We even grow some TB's and their smaller kin. I commute co San Francisco co work as a technical consultant, having been in che data processing field since 1959 (starting just prior co beginning college, which obviously had co be at night most of the rime). My interest in journalism and typography came naturally; my late father was a printer, and I edited both the junior high school and high school papers before beginning as a journalism major in col­ lege. I am as much a type devotee as a lover of words; finally the advent of the Macintosh computer has made ic possible for me to attempt to do again all che things which were so much more difficult when type was case of metal. So far, ic is only an expensive hobby, as my data processing career is in che area of larger mainframe computers and I rarely have che opportunity co use desktop publishing cools at work. Caroline remains at home, tending the garden and making many of our crosses. By training, she is an artist. As it has evolved, she now spends most of her time in che garden and I spend most of mine in front of a computer. In addition to SIGNA, I also edit the newsletter of che Aril Society Internacional. Now you know what there is co know. As much as I have always loved to write, I have found satis­ faction in presenting the choughrs of others in, hopefully, an attractive or at lease legible form. So I hope that chis space will nor always contain my words. When I feel the need to say something, I'll do so, but I would prefer co use chis space for something more interesting than reports on our baccles wich weeds. Colophon This publication was produced on a Macintosh computer using Quark XPress document composition software. Typefaces are from the Adobe Garamond family; the inline capitals on the cover and drop caps are Cascellar, from Monotype Typography. Fleurons are from the Adobe Caslon family. The swan and book ornaments and the engraved script on the inside cover are from David Rakowski of Insect Bytes. Maps, wich che exception of the one reprinted from che BIS Year Book, are by MicroMaps Software and are in EPS format, modified as required in a PostScript drawing program. Artwork was electronically scanned and imported into Quark XPress after any dean-up. Traditional paste-up was used for the Internacional Checklist conclusion; the BIS map was done as a PMT because of the fine lines. 1767 IRIS From The International Checklist for Hyacinths and Miscellaneous Bulbs (Cont.)

SUBGENUS HERMODACTYLOIDES {RETICULATA)

bakerana Foster, SE Turkey, N Iraq, W Iran, intr. by M. 'G.P. Baker' Amasia, intr. by G.P. Baker, about Leichtlin, 1889; standards wisteria-blue (CC 92a), falls to 1909; standards moorish-blue (CC 93c,d), falls the top regular striped dauphin's-blue (CC 90), with a moorish-blue (CC 93b), blotch spotted whitish on broad, dark violet edge (CC 89a), blotch spotted mimosa­ moorish-blue with a small yellow vein. yellow on dauphin-violet ground, leaves almost cylindric, late winter-spring flowering; very much like reticulata 'Lady Beatrix Stanley' Lady Beatrix Stanley, about Bieb. (2n =20) F.C.C.-B.C. 1897 1930; flowers uniform moorish-blue (CC 9'.Jb,c), blotch feathered white with yellow vein. (2n = 17) danfordiae (Baker) Boiss., amasiana Bornm., bornmulleri A.M.-R.H.S. 1977 Hausskn., crociformis Freyn, Turkey, intr. by Mrs. Danford, 1876; flowers bright yellow, sweet scented, var major Grey, NE Turkey, intr. by Tubergen; blade of falls with a deep yellow or orange central ridge, flowers clear gentian-blue, falls with white spots, surrounded by sparse green spots, February flowering. March flowering. (2n = 16) (2n=27. 28)* F.C.C.-Amsterdam 1891, F.C.C.-R.H.S. 1891 'Reine Immacul~e· W. Blom, 1953; standards gentian-blue (42/2), falls hyacinth-blue (40/l) on white 'Frank Elder' (histrioides (G. Wilson) S.Arnott var ground, yellow st.ripe, lighter colored than var major major Grey x winogradowii Fomin) H.F.D. Elder; Grey. A.M.-R.H.S. 1958, F.C.C.-B.C. 1972 flowers large, rounded, blue with subtle infusion of yellow-green, spotted blue on the falls, sporadically with var sopheoensis (Foster) Dykes, reticulata M. Bieb. pure blue, crest yellow. A.M.-R.H.S. 1978 var sophenensis Foster, sophenensis Foster, CE Turkey (near Elazig), 1884; flowers deep violet blue, histrio H.G. Reichb., S Turkey, S to Syria and Lebanon, with relatively little spotting, February-March intr. by H.G. Reichenbach, 1872; flowers 6-8 cm in flowering. diameter, blue-lilac, white blotch veined purple, center yelJow, standards pale blue, leaves to 30 cm at flowering hyrcaoa Grossh., W Caspian Sea area; flowers very time, later to 60 cm, early spring flowering. (2n=20) clear pale blue, with hardly any veining or spotting, F.C.C.-R.H.S. 1888 narrow bright yellow ridge, bulb nearly spherical, producing many bulblets, February-March flowering; histrio H.G. Reichb., var aintabensis hort., Turkey, very much like reticulata M.Bieb. flowers smaller, standards french-blue (43/2), falls blue spotted white, in center a yellow midrib and darker blue 'Katharine Hodgkin' (histrioides (G. Wilson) S. spots, leaves at flowering time less advanced than the Arnott var major Grey x winogradowii Fomin) E. B. type, early spring flowering. (2n=20) F.C.C.-R.H.S. Anderson; standards bluish green, veins greenish blue, 1931 falls yellowish green, blotch yellow edged greenish, veins state-blue. A.M.-R.H.S. 1969, F.C.C.-R.H.S. histrioides (G. Wilson) S. Arnott cultivars and varieties: 1972

'Angel's Tears' Walter Blom & Son, 1974; standards pamphylica Hedge, S Turkey, 1956; standards pale french-blue (CC 97a), falls gentian-blue (CC 94c), blue, lower part green spotted with purple, falls much blotch bluish veined on whitish ground with a small darker purplish with suffusion of brown and olive, yellow vein. centre of falls with long yellowish crest. (2n=20)

'George' (bistrioides var major Grey x reticulata M. reticulata M. Bieb. N & S Turkey, NE Iraq, N & W Bieb. 'J.S. Dijt') P.B. van Eeden, 1973; standards Iran, Caucasus, 1808; flowers solitary, campanula-violet' plum-purple (CC 79c) falls somewhat darker veined (CC 82), blue or purple with buttercup-yellow central dark purple, blotch yellow on whitish ground, striped blotch, early spring flowering. (2n= 18, 20) A.G.M.­ purple. A.M.-B.C. 1974, F.C.C.-B.C. 1976 R.H.S. 1925. Cultivars and hybrids:

'Blue Veil' Tubergen, 1955; standards bluebird-blue (CC 94b), falls somewhat darker, bridge bluebird­ *McMurtrie would add 2n= 18 1989 Johnson & Mathew. blue, blotch white with yellow midrib, flowers large. Apparently present knowledge would indicate the usual A.M.-B.C. 1968 form of Danfordiae is 3n=27, a triploid form IRIS From The International Checklist for Hyacinths and Miscellaneous Bulbs (Cont.)

'Cantab' E.A. Bowles, 1914; flowers flax-blue 'Michael' P.B. van Eedeo, 1973; standards daupllin's­ (642/2), lighter tips, yellow blotch and white rimmed. violet (CC 90a), falls plum-purple (CC 79c), veined A.M.-R.H.S. 1914, F.C.C.-R.H.S. 1918 A.M.-8.C. bronze-green, blotch ivory white, spotted purple. 1928 'Natascba' (reticulata 'Cantab' x reticulata ·clairette' (reticulata x bakerana Foster) Tubergen: 'Cantab') P .B. van Eeden, 1973; standards ivory standards sky-blue and dark purple, falls tigered. white, falls ivory white, veined green with golden (2o=20) A.M.-B.C. 1953 yellow blotch.

'Ernest' ('Cantab' seedling) P.B. van Eeden, 1973; 'Pauline' (bakerana Foster seedling) Tubergen; standards moorish-blue (CC 93c) falls veined bronze­ flowers peturua-violet, falls dark purple, white blotch green on methyl-violet (CC 88b) ground, blotch variegated blue. A.M.-B.C. 1953, A.M.-R.H.S. 1979 orange-yellow oo whitish ground and spotted violet. 'Purple Gem' (bakerana Foster seedling) Tubergen; 'Gordon' (bakerana Foster x reticulata 'Cantab') standards pansy-violet (033), falls plum-purple (934), P.B. van Eeden, 1971; standards lobelia-blue (CC blotch purple on white ground. 9 lb) falls violet (CC86a), blotch cadmium-orange (CC 23a) oo whitish ground, slightly striped blue. A.M.- 'Royal Blue' Miss A.L. Hutley; flowers deep purple, 8.C. 1974 velvety gloss, blotch golden yellow tigered. A.M.­ R.H.S. 1936, A.M.-B.C. 1944 'Harmony' (ret.iculata x bistrioides (G. Wilson) S. Arnon var major Grey) Tubergen; standards bluebird­ var sophenensis Foster see bistrioides (G. Wilson) S. blue (042/1), falls royal-blue with yellow, white Arnott var sopbenensis (Foster) Dykes rimmed blotch. A.M.-B.C. 1953, F.C.C.-B.C. 1956 'Spring Time' (retkulata x bakerana Foster) 'Hercules' (bistrioides (G. Wilson) S. Armott x Tubergen, 1950; standards bluebird-blue (042/1), falls ret.iculata). A. van den Berg Gz.n.; flowers velvet­ acorute-violet (937) tipped white, purple spots and purple, orange blotch. A.M.-B.C. 1933 yellow midrib.

'Ida' P.B. van Eeden, 1973; standards lobelia-blue 'Violet Beauty' (reticulata x bistrioides (G. Wilson) (CC 91a,b), falls pale lobelia-blue, veined green, S. Arnott var major Grey) Tubergen; flowers uniform blotch pale yellow on whitish ground and slightly dark purple, blade broader than the type. (2n= l8) spotted blue. A.M.-B.C. 1953, A.M.-R.H.S. l983

'Jeannine' Tubergen, 1958; standards methyl-violet 'Wentworth' Miss A. L. Hutley; flowers pansy­ (CC 88a), falls somewhat darker, blotch orange with violet, yellow central stripe. A.M.-B.C. 1889 white patches, striped violet, sweet scented. A.M.­ B.C. 1966 vartanii Foster, Israel, 1885; flowers greyish lilac to white, smelling of almonds, blade of falls with darker 'Joyce' (reticulata x bi.strioides (G. Wilson) S. Arnott veins and a pale yellow central ridge, autumn-winter var major Grey) Tubergen; falls deep sky-blue, blotch flowering. (2n=20) yellow tigered greyish brown A.M.-B.C. 1943, F.C.C.-B.C. 1944 vartanii Foster var alba Dykes, Flowers white. (2n=20)

'J.S. Dijt' J.S. Dijt; flowers purple (834/2), falls winogradowii Fomin, Traoscaucasus, coll. by P.F. reddish purple. A.M.-B.C. 1938, A.M.-R.H.S. 1981 Winogradow, about 1914; flowers uruform soft yellow, blade of falls with an orange central ridge, surrounded by green spots, early spring flowering. (2n= 16) A.M.­ R.H.S. 1935 IRIS From The International Checklist for Hyacinths and Miscellaneous Bulbs (Cont.)

XIPHIUM SPECIES

boissieri Henriq., diversifolia Merino, N Portugal; purple­ tingitana Boiss. & Reuter, xiphi um Desf., N Africa, violet with orange blotch, beard on the falls, June Morocco; flowers 1-3, pale to deep blue, blade of falls flowering. (2n=36) A.M.-R.H.S. 1934 with a central orange-yellow ridge, late winter-spring flowering. filifolia Bois, S Spain; flowers purple-blue with orange blotch, June flowering. (2n=32, 34) A.M.-R.H.S. 1915 tingitana Boiss. & Reuter var fontanesii (Godron) Maire. Plant more slender, flowers later, deeper violet-blue than type.

ENGLISH IRISES {latifolia) latifolia (Miller) Voss anglica Steudel, English Iris, 'King of the Blues' Barr & Sons, 1898; flowers dark xiphioides Ehrh. NW Spain & Pyrenees, 1568; flowers 2 blue. in each set of bracts, violet blue, fall with a central yellow patch, summer flowering. Cultivars: 'Ma.mfield' G. Meijer; flowers purple, dark blue blotch with white stripe. A.M.-B.C. 1926 'Aristocrat' W. Hey, 1972; standards aster-violet (CC87d) with darker stripes, falls methyl-violet (CC 'Menelik' J.G. Eldering; flowers dark purple. 88c) with darker blotches, blotch white, veined yellow, towards center fading into small violet stripes, 'Mont Blanc' About 1883; flowers white, faintly ridge aster-violet (CC 87d). shaded lilac, with narrow midrib.

'Delft Blue' J.G. Eldering; flowers dull blue, 'Queen of the Blues' G. van Diermen, about 1920; standards darker. standards indigo-blue, falls purple-blue. A.M.-B.C. 1920 'Duchess of York' Barr & Sons, 1928; flowers purple. r770

IRIS From The International Checklist for Hyacinths and Miscellaneous Bulbs (Cont.)

SPANISH IRISES (xiphium} xiphium L. hispanica hort. , Spanish Iris Spain, 1564; 'King of the Yellows' About 1908; flowers golden flowers 1 or 2, blue or violet, occasion.ally white, yellow, yellow. bronze or bicolored, blade of falls with orange or yellow blotch, leaves grayish green, spring~arly summer 'Koningin Wilhebnina' xiplrium 'Queen Wilhelmina' flowering. (2n= 34) Cultivars and varieties: H. van Velsen; flowers white with deep yellow blotches, early flowering. F.C.C.-B.C. 1908 'Afterglow' N.P.A. van Eeden; flowers campanula­ violet (37), falls citron-green (763), golden yellow var lusitanica Ker Gawler /usitanica Ker Gawler blotch. T.G.A.-B.C. 1957 Porrugal, flowers yellow or bronze

var battandieri Foster, bartandieri Foster Morocco, var praecox Dykes filifolia hort. non Boiss, praecox Algeria; flowers white with an orange ridge on the Dykes Flowers large, early flowering; ancestors of falls. the Dutch Irises. (2n =34)

'Blue River' N.P.A. van Eeden; standards dauphin's­ 'Prins Hendrik 'Prince Henry' P. Bijvoet, about violet (039), falls gentian-blue (42). T.G.A.-B.C. 1913; standards brownish purple, falls bronze-brown, 1957, A.M.-B.C. 1957 yellow blotch. A.M.-B.C. 1913

'Cajanus' About 1890; flowers canary-yellow, 'Recnnnaisance' About 1842; standards purple, falls orange blotch. (2n=31) bronzy, orange blotch.

'Canary Bird' N.P.A. van Eeden; flowers golden 'Sulphur Beauty' About 1927; standards white, falls yellow, frilled petals. pale yellow.

'Frederika' N.P.A. van Eeden; flowers ivory white, 'Sulphur Standard' N.P.A. van Eeden; standards small golden yellow blotch. T .G.A.-B.C. 1957, grayish white with yellow stripe, falls sulphur-yellow A.M.-B.C. 1957 (1/1) with deep yellow blotch. T.G.A.-B.C. 1957

'Gipsy Girl' N.P.A. van Eeden; standards brown, 'Summertime' N.P.A. van Eeden; flowers white, shaded plum-purple (934), falls yellowish bronze. veined veronica-violet (939/ l), falls canary-yellow T.G.A.-B.C. 1957, A.M.-B.C. 1957 (2/1) grey-margined. T.G.A.-B.C. 1957, A.M.-B.C. 1957 'Hercules' Barr & Sons, 1877; standards purple-blue, shaded bronze with orange blotch. var taitii Foster taitii Foster S Portugal, Spain; flowers clear pale blue, late May flowering. 'Indian Chier N.P.A. van Eeden; standards brown, shaded plum-purple (934), yellow blotch. T.G.A.­ 'Thunderbolt' About 1904; flowers violet-bronze. B.C. 1957, A.M.-B.C. 1957 'Yellow Pearl' N.P.A. van Eeden; standards aureolin 'King of the Whites' L 'Innocence· About 1906; (3/1), falls buttercup-yellow (5/1) with indian-yellow flowers white. A.M.-R.H.S. 1907 blotch.

Miscellaneous irises soogarica Schrenk C & E Asia; flowers 5-7 cm in diameter, up to 6 in each set of bracts, grayish lavender-blue, spotted and veined darker, standards 6.5 cm or more, late spring flowering. 1771 m.JS From The International Checklist for Hyacinths and Miscellaneous Bulbs (Cont.)

DUTCH IRISES

Dutch Iris group, ho/landica anon., Tubergen, about blue (CC 94d), blotch buttercup-yellow (CC 16c/d), 1891; hybrids of xiphium L. var praecox Dykes x bridge violet. tingitana Boiss. & Reuter x xiphium L. var lusitanica Ker Gawler, early flowering. Cultivars: 'Benny' Yodfat Aowerbulb Nurseries, intr. by W. Moolenaar & Son, 1981; standard transparent white 'Adonis' J. Eckhart Jr., intr. by P. Nijssen, 1973; with vague bluish glow, flag light primrose-yellow standards violet-purple (CC 77a), falls violet (CC (CC 4d), blotch lemon-yellow, style-lobe ivory white, 86a/b), blotch aureolin edged purple, bridge violet­ somewhat bluish, bridge ivory white with blue glow purple (CC77b). T.G.A.-B.C. 1974, A.M.-B.C. 1974 along edge.

'Amber Beauty' De Graaff Bros., 1953; standards 'Bleu Aimable' (sport of 'Ideal') P.C. de Geus, empire-yellow (603/1), falls darker yellow with deep 1983; standard wisteria-blue (CC 94d), flag gentian­ yellow blotch. T.G.A.-B.C. 1959, A.M.-B.C. 1959 blue (CC 94d) veined lobelia-blue, blotch small, lemon-yellow, style-lobe lobelia-blue (CC 9 lb), bridge 'Angel's Wings' De Vries Bros.; standards yellowish dauphin's violet; (CC 90c) with pale blue edge. white, falls dresden-yellow (64/2), orange blotch. T.G.A.-B.C. 1956, A.M.-B.C. 1956 'Blue Beauty' Grakon, 1973; standards dauphin's violet; (CC 90) falls veined violet on gentian-blue 'Animato' ('White Superior' x 'Marquette') Nie. (CC94c) ground, blotch aureolin on primrose-yellow Reus, 1976; standard white, flag primrose-yellow (CC ground. A.M.-B.C. 1974, T.G.A.-B.C. 1975 4c/d), blotch dark indian-yellow on lighter ground, style-lobe ivory white, bridge whitish mimosa-yellow 'Blue Bird' (sport of 'Ideal') C.N. Koomen, 1963; (CC 8c), outside bridge green with narrow yellow standards hyacinth-blue (CC 91a), falls lobelia-blue edge. T .G.A.-B.C. 1977 (CC 91b), blotch buttercup-yellow (CC 16c), bridge hyacinth-blue (CC 9 la). 'Apollo' (B) (' Angel's Wings' x tetraploid 'Wedgwood') G.D. Hommes, 1971; standards white, 'Blue Champion' J. Heere; standards violet, falls tinted blue, falls primrose-yellow (CC 4c), blotch lobelia-blue. A.M.-B.C. 1941, T.G.A.-B.C. 1942, buttercup-yellow (CC 15a), bridge white with F.C.C.-B.C. 1945 somewhat blue. T.G.A.-B.C. 1972, A.M.-B.C. 1972 'Blue Diamond' (B) (sport of 'Ideal') Koomen Bros., 'Artist' ('Yellow Triumph' x 'Purple Sensation') H. 1975; standards dark victoria-violet (CC 89c), falls J. Wentink, 1982; standard methyl-violet (CC 85a), veined dauphin's-violet (CC 90c) on flax-blue ground, veined violet-purple, flag grey-yellow tinted on' dull blotch lemon-yellow, bridge dauphin's-violet, edged blue ground, tall lemon-yellow vein, bridge methyl­ paler (2n=33). T.G.A.-B.C. 1975 violet (CC85c) with violet veins along edge, style-lobe greyish yellow (CC 160b). T.G.A.-B.C. 1982 'Blue Elegance' (B) ('Imperator' x 'Purple Sensation') H. I. Wentink, 1981; standard bright 'Arturo Toscanini' D. van Buggenum, 1952; violet-purple (CC 77a), flag moorish-blue (CC 93c) standards pale flax-blue (42/3), somewhat pale yellow with darker vein, short broad orange blotch, bridge edged, falls dresden-yellow (64), blotch indian-yellow violet (CC 86c) style-lobe methyl-violet. T.G.A.­ (6). B.C. 1981

'Aviateur' J. de Goede Sz.; standards methyl-violet, Blue Favourite' (seedling of 'Purple Sensation') H. falls gentian-blue with yellow blotch. A.M.-B.C. J. Wentink, 1981; standard deep bishop's violet 1939, T.G.A.-B.C. 1940 (CC8la), edged campanula-violet (CC 82c), with velvet glow, broad yellow blotch with black edged, 'Azure Beauty' (seedling of 'H.C. van Vliee) De bridge dauphin's violet (CC 90c) with darker midrib, Graaff Bros., 1947; standards hyacinth-blue (40/1), style-lobe moorish-blue (CC 93b/d). T .G.A.-B.C. falls french-blue (43/2), narrow yellow blotch. 1981 T.G.A.-B.C. 1958 'Blue Giant' J. Eckhart; standards victoria-blue 'Bellevue' (sport of 'Imperator') J. Bruin, 1958; (738/2), falls lobelia-blue (41), blotch canary-yellow standards campanula-violet (CC 82a/d), falls bluebird- 1772 IRIS From The International Checklist for Hyacinths and Miscellaneous Bulbs (Cont.)

(2). T.G.A.-B.C. 1957, A.M.-B.C. 1957, F.C.C.­ 'Carmen' (sport of 'Purple Sensation') N.B . de B.C. 1958, A.M.-R.H.S. 1959 Jong, 1985; standard sea-lavender-violet (CC 85d), veined spectrum-violet, tlag transparent white with 'Blue Baze' E. Armstrong, 1983; standard and flag delicate wisteria-blue veins, lemon-yellow blotch, blue, small orange blotch on falls. style-lobe tinted mineral-violet (CC 84d), with spectrum-violet edge, bridge violet-purple (CC 77b) 'Blue Heaven' (sport of 'Ideal') Knijn Bros., 1986; with bluish white edge and violet vein. standard dauphin's violet (CC 90b), flag veined moorish-blue (CC 93c), large buttercup-yellow blotch 'Casablaoc.a' (B) (('Purple Sensation' x 'White (CC 15a), style-lobe wisteria-blue (CC 92a/b), bridge Perfection') x tingitana Boiss. & Reuter) I.V.T., dauphin's violet (CC 90d). 1986; standard white, flag white with narrow indian­ yellow blotch (CC 15b), bridge whitish, style-lobe 'Blue Magic' (' Wbit.e Perfection' x tingitana Boiss. white. T.G.A.-B.C. 1986 & Reuter var fontanesii (Godron)) Maire P. Aker, 1959; standards campanula-violet (CC 82), blotch 'Cornelia' De Graaff Bros., 1921; standards aureolin (CC 12), falls deep heliotrope. bluebird-blue (042/2), falls ivory-white, narrow blotch buttercup-yellow (5). T.G.A.-B.C. 1959 'Blue Pearl' (B) (seedling of 'Purple Sensation') HJ. Wentink, 1982; standard aster-violet (CC 90c), flag Cote d' A.zur' Jan Heere, intr. by Tb. Apeldoorn, victoria-violet (CC 89b), short, black-edged, aureolin 1973; standards wisteria-blue (CC 92b), on french­ blotch, bridge dauphin's violet (CC 90c), style-lobe blue ground, falls ivory-white on pale blue ground, wisteria-blue, edged violet. T.G.A.-B.C. 1982 blotch aureolin (CC 12a), bridge wisteria-blue (CC 92c). T.G.A.-B.C. 1973 'Blue Sail' (sport of 'Ideal') J. & C. Reus Bros., 1982; standard dauphin's violet (CC 90a) flag moorish 'Covent Garden' D. Van Buggenum; standards blue (CC 93b), with narrow aureolin vein, bridge canary-yellow (2), falls indian-yellow (6/1). T.G.A.­ violet (CC 86c), style-lobe wisteria-blue (CC 92a/c) B.C. 1955, A.M.-B.C. 1955 T.G.A.-B.C. 1982 'Cream Beauty' G. Aten, 1987; standard ivory 'Blue Triumpbator' J. Eckhart; standards white, flag whitish with broad cadmium-orange blotch campanula-violet, falls gentian-blue with yellow (CC 24a), flag ivory white, bridge ivory white veined blotch. T.G.A.-B.C. 1939, A.M.-B.C. 1939, F.C.C.­ mimosa-yellow (CC 9b), outside green-yellow (CC B.C. 1942, F.A.-B.C. 1943 150b) with narrow white edge, changing into saffron- . yellow blotch on pale primrose-yellow ground. 'Bronze Melody' De Graaff Bros., 1956; standards garnet-brown (00918/2) shaded violet-blue, edged 'Crown Jewel' (B) ('Jeanne d'Arc' x 'Yellow bronze, falls bronze veined brown, blotch saffron­ Queen') H.J. Wentick, 1981; standard dresden-yellow yellow, bridge yellow with purple vein. T.G.A.-B.C. (CC Sb), flag bright canary-yellow (CC9b), with a 1961, A.M.-B.C. 1961 short tangerine vein, bridge mimosa-yellow (CC 8a). style-lobe bright canary-yellow (CC 9b). T.G.A.­ 'Bronze Perfection' ('White Perfection' x 'Purple B.C. 1981 Sensation') H.C. van Waveren, 1977; standard dull spectrum-violet (CC 83c) on bronze-yellow ground, 'Deep River' (B) ('Sapphire Beauty' x tingitana flag light bronze-yellow (CC 153d), blotch buttercup­ Boiss. & Reuter) I.V.T., 1986; standard methyl-violet yellow (CC 15a), style-lobe bronze-brown tinted (CC 88a), flag veined moorish blue (CC 93 b/c) broad somewhat yellow, bridge bronze-brown (CC 199d) saffron-yellow blotch (CC 21a) with a small white with darker midrib. T.G.A.-B.C. 1978 edge, style-Jobe veined moorish-blue, bridge dauphin's violet (CC 90b). T.G.A.-B.C. 1986 'Bronze Queen' J. de Goede Sz; standards brooze­ green, falls amber-yellow. T.G.A.-B.C. 1944, A.M.­ 'Dominator' (sport of'Wedgwood') Jb. Kersten, intr. B.C. 1944 by J. de Wit, 1948; standards Jobelia-blue (41 /1), falls pale gentian-blue (42/2), yellow blotch. (2n=31) 'Canary Beauty' G. Aten, 1980; standard bright lemon-yellow (CC 13b), flag lemon-yellow (CC 14a) 'Duchy Blue' Rosewaine E.H.S., 1983; standard with tangerine midrib (CC 24a), style-Jobe lemon­ violet (CC 82d), flag violet (CC 91d). yellow (CC 43b), bridge buttercup-yellow (CC 15b). 1773 IRIS From The International Checklist for Hvacinths and MiscelJaneous Bulbs (Cont.)

'Elegant Beauty' De Graaff Bros., 1956; standards 'Golden Giant' ('Golden Giant' x 'Goudstuk') P. hyacinth-blue (40/2), falls tlax-blue (642/2), blotch Nijssen, 1971; standards chrome-yellow (CC 15c,d, aureolin (3), bridge wisteria-blue (640/1). T .G.A.· falls indian-yellow (CC 17b), blotch tangerine-orange B.C. 1961 (CC 24b), bridge chinese-orange (CC 16b).

'Exception' Jan Heere, intr. by Th. Apeldoorn, 1973; 'Golden Harvest' D. van Buggenum; flowers golden standards dauphin's-violet (CC 90b). edged greenish yellow, shaded orange, standards lighter. A.M.-B.C. yellow, falls sulphur-yellow (CC 6a), blotch cadmium­ 1937, T.G.A.-B.C. 1940 orange (CC 23a), bridge dauphin's-violet (190d). T.G.A.-B.C. 1973 'Grace' P. Nijssen, 197 l; standards wisteria-blue (CC 92d), falls primrose-yellow (CC4c), blotch 'Exotic Beauty' (seedling of 'White Perfection') indian-yellow (CC 17a), bridge wisteria-blue (CC Grakon, 1970; standards french-blue (CC 97c), falls 92d). T.G.A.-B.C. 1971 aureolin (CC 12a) with a small cadmium-orange blotch, bridge barium-yellow (CC lOc). T.G.A.-B.C. 'Gwen Donnell' E. Armstrong, 1985; standard and 1971, A.M.-B.C. 1973, F.C.C.-B.C. 1971 flag bright orange (CC 17a), with deeper blaze on falls. 'Extase' H.J. Wentink, 1985; standard mineral-violet (CC 77a), flag deep bishop's-violet (CC 81c) with 'Harmony' J. de Goede Sz.; standards pale violet, short, narrow lemon-yellow (CC 14a/c) blotch on falls bronze-yellow, orange blotch. A.M.-B.C. 1943 purple-violet ground, style-lobe violet-purple with campanula-violet blotch, bridge violet-purple, edged 'Harry Hylkema' (B) ('H.C. van Vliet' x tiogitana plum-purple, with darker vein. Boiss & Reuter) I.V.T., intr. by P. Nijssen & Sons, 1978; standard aster-violet (CC 87a/b), flag bright 'Frans Hals' J. Clemens, 1974; standards dauphin's­ moorish-blue (CC93b) with short lemon-yellow violet (CC 90b), falls violet, with aureolin blotch on midrib, style-lobe veined moorish-blue (CC 93c) to bronze-green ground. lobelia-blue (CC91), bridge violet (CC86c), outside yellow-green with broad violet edge. T.G.A. -B.C. 'Fresco' H. J. Wentick, 1985; standard dull violet 1978 (CC 77a), flag bright violet-purple (Cc 80a) with short buttercup-yellow vein (CC 15a), style-lobe violet­ 'H.C. van Vliet' (' Van Vliet') De Graaff Bros.; purple (CC 77a), bridge violet-purple (CC 77a/b), flowers dark violet-blue, falls grey-blue, orange veined darker. blotch. A.M.-B.C. 1931 , F.C.C.-B.C. 1934

'Georg Friedrich Handel' D. van Buggenum, 1953; 'Highdown' F.C. Stem; standards hyacinth-blue standards ivory white, falls creamy white with indian­ (40), falls flax-blue (642), patch lemon-yellow, style­ yellow blotch. T.G.A.-B.C. 1960, A.M.-B.C. 1960 branches broad, tips recurving, near moorish-blue (739/1). A.M.-R.H.S. 1953 'Gipsy Beauty' G. Aten, 1975; standard methyl-violet (CC 88a), flag dull greenish grey (CC 195c) to 'Hildegarde' ('Imperator' x tingitana Boiss. & wisteria-blue (CC 92c), style-lobe lobelia-blue, blotch Reuter) H.S. van Waveren, 1939; standards lobelia­ lemon-yellow, edged paler, bridge dauphin's violet. blue (CC 91b), falls flax-blue (CC 95 c/d), blotch T.G.A.-B.C. 1975, A.M.-B.C. 1977 indian-yellow (6). T.G.A.-B.C. 1959, A.M.-B.C. 1960 'Giuseppe Verdi' D. Van Buggenum, 1952; standards ivory white, falls creamy white with indian-yellow 'Holland's Glorie' D. van Buggenum, 1952; blotch. T.G.A.-B.C. 1959, A.M.-B.C. 1959 standards tinted very pale porcelain-blue, falls creamy white, with small indian-yellow blotch, large flower. 'Gold and Silver' J. de Goede Sz.; standards T.G.A.-B.C. 1959, A.M.-B.C. 1959 creamy, falls lemon-yellow (4) with orange blotch. 'Huchtenburg' Tubergen; flowers white, falls yellow 'Golden Beauty' Grakon, 1974; flowers aureolin (CC with orange blotch. l2b), falls lemon-yellow (CC 14b), blotch cadmium­ orange (CC 23a), bridge lemon-yellow. T.G.A.-B.C. 'Ideal' (sport of 'Wedgewood') Se!. by C.N. 1974, A.M.-B.C. 1974 Koomen, intr. by G. Hommes, 1956; standards lobelia-blue (41/1), falls bluebird-blue (042/1), yellow 1774 IRIS From The International Checklist for Hyacinths and Miscellaneous Bulbs (Cont.)

blotch. T.G.A.-B.C. 1959, A.M.-B.C. 1959, F.C.C.- 'Lemon Queen' J. de Goede Sz.; standards pale 8 .C. 1968 sulphur-yellow, falls canary-yellow. A.M.-B.C. 1940, F.C.C.-B.C. 1941 Imperator' Tubergen, intr. by Arn. Bijvoet; flowers indigo-blue, orange blotch. A.M.-8.C. 1915, 'Lilac Beauty' G. Aten, 1976; standard methyl-violet T.G.A.-B.C. 1916, F.C.C.-B.C. 1918, F.A.-B.C. (CC 85b), flag lobelia-blue (CC 9 lc), style-Jobe aster­ 1921, A.M.-R.H.S. 1931 violet (CC 87d), blotch buttercup-yellow (CC 15a), bridge methyl-violet (CC 88c/d), outside aster-violet 'Jeanne d'Arc' 'Joan of Arc' J. Heere; flowers with broad greenish vein. T.G.A.-B.C. 1976, A.M.­ large, creamy-white, dark yellow blotch. A.M.-B.C. B.C. 1977 1944, T.G.A.-B.C. 1944, F.C.C.-8.C. 1945, A.M.­ R.H.S. 1948 'Lilac Queen' De Graaff Bros.; standards lavender­ blue, falls ivory white with yellow stripe. A.M.-B.C. 'Johann Strauss' D. van Buggenum, 1952; standards 1944 flax-blue (642/1), falls creamy white with large deep aureolin blotch (5/1). A.M.-B.C. 1959, T.G.A.-B.C. 'Ludwig von Beethoven' D. van Buggenum; 1959 standards soft greyish blue, falls canary-yellow (2/1), blotch butercup-yellow (5). 'Joseph Haydn' D. van Buggenum, 1952; standards greyish white, falls aureolin (3/1), large buttercup­ 'Madonna' N. Botman & Son, 1988; standard ivory yellow blotch. A.M.-B.C. 1959, T.G.A.-8.C. 1959 white (CC 155c) with small dresden-yellow vein (CC5) on lower half, flag ivory white with lemon­ 'Juliette' P. Nijs.sen, 1975; standards bluish white, yellow blotch (CC 13a), bridge methyl-violet (CC falls dresden-yellow (CC 5b), blotch indian-yellow 85a), style-lobe ivory white. (CC 17b), bridge mimosa-yellow. 'Mahogany Beauty' Grakon, 1972; standards bronzy 'King Mauve' J. de Goede Sz.; standards campanula­ brown (CC 199a), glowing violet-blue to the edge, violet, falls greyish blue, yellow blotch. A.M.-8.C. striped on canary-yellow ground, falls lemon-yellow 1939 translucent bronzy, blotch indian-yellow (CC 17c), bridge bronzy. T.G.A.-B.C. 1972, A.M.-B.C. 1973 'Lady Derby' D. van Buggenum; standards flax-blue (642/2-1), falls steel-grey with yellow stripe. A.M.­ 'Marina' E. Armstrong, 1983; standard and flag pale B.C. 1938 blue (CC 92c), small signal orange blotch.

'Lavender Beauty' De GraaffBros., 1952; standards 'Marquette' D. van Buggenum; standards creamy dauphin's-violet (039/1), falls french-blue (43/3), white, falls primrose-yellow with orange blotch. narrow yellow blotch. T.G.A.-B.C. 1960, A.M.-B.C. T.G.A.-8.C. 1939, A.M.-B.C. 1955 1961 'Mary Armstrong' E. Armstrong, 1983; standard 'Lemon Baby' A. Zeeman, 1955; standards pale yellow (CC !Ob), flag orange (CC 14a). chartreuse-green (CC Id), slightly tinged blue, falls can.ary-yellow (CC To), blotch indian-yellow (CC 'Mauve Beauty' DeGraaff Bros.; standards mauve 17a), bridge empire-yellow (CC lla). (537), falls sea-blue (043), darker veined, flowers large. T.G.A.-B.C. 1960, A.M.-F.C.C.-1960 'Lemon Beauty' Grakon, 1972; standards ivory white with small pale yellow vein, falls primrose­ 'Mauve Giant' De Graaff Bros., 1953 ; standards yellow (CC 3a), blotch indian-yellow to canary­ violet (36/2), falls pale mauve (537/1), narow yellow yellow, bridge mimosa-yellow, edged white. A.M.­ stripe on creamy white ground. T.G.A. -8.C. 1958, B.C. 1973, T.G.A.-8 .C. 1973 A.M.-B.C. 1959

'Lemon Champion' ('Texas Gold' x 'Lemon 'Mauve Prof. Blaauw' (sport of 'Prof. Blaauw') Queen') P. Nijssen; standards greenish white, falls Hommes Ltd, 1978, intr. by C. Gorter; standard sulphur-yellow (1), blotch lemon-yellow (4), bridge wisteria-blue (CC 92b), veined darker, short narrow mimosa-yellow (603). A.M.-B.C. 1968, T.G.A.-B.C. lemon-yellow vein, style-lobe wisteria-blue, bridge 1968 methyl-violet (CC 85a) with dauphin's-violet midrib, 1775 IRIS From The International Checklist for Hyacinths and Miscellaneous Bulbs (Cont.)

outside primrose-yellow (CC20) with broad methyl­ yellow (CC 3d), broad saffron-yellow blotch on violet edge. T.G.A.-B.C. 1978 canary-yellow ground, style-lobe striped bluish white, bridge french-blue, striped bluish white. 'Mauve Queen' J. de Goede Sz.; standards malva­ violet, falls pearl-grey with narrow yellow blotch. 'Pastel Princess' E. Armstrong, 1983; flag very pale A.M.-B.C. 1942 yellow (CC 12d) with orange blaze, standard creamy white (CC 155c) with pale blue infusion (Cc 92c) at 'Melody' P. de Jager, 1952; standards sulphur-white, base. falls lemon-yellow with orange blotch. T.G.A.-B.C. 1957, A.M.-B.C. 1957 'Paris' (B) I.V.T., 1988, intr. by H.J.A. Rooyakkers; standard moorish-blue (CC93c) with 'Mercedes' (sport of 'Blue Magic') N. Botman & darker veins, bridge moorish-blue (CC 93b) with Sons, 1988; standard wisteria-blue to dauphin's violet purple-violet (CC77a) edges, style-lobe moorish-blue (CC 92a/90d) with dauphin's violet veins, bridge (CC 93 b/c), flag moorish-blue (CC 93b) veined dark dauphin's violet (CC 92a) with somewhat transparent victoria-violet (CC 89b) with indian-yellow (CC 17b) edges, style-lobe wisteria-blue (CC 92a), with blotch suffused with cornflower-blue (CC 96c) on dauphin's violet veins and lemon-yellow spot (CC paler ground. T.G.A.-B.C. 1988 13a), outer flag wisteria-blue to daup4in's violet with green-yellow vein ending in primrose-yellow blotch. 'Panna's Violet' H.S. van Waveren, 1966; standards spectrum-vio_let (CC 82a), falls wisteria-blue (CC 'Mercury' (' Angel~s Wings' x tetraploid 92b), blotch aureolin, bridge amethyst-violet (CC 'Wedgwood') G.D. Hommes, 1971; standards pale 84a). lobelia-blue with white, falls primrose-yellow (CC 4b), blotch aureolin, bridge white with somewhat lobelia­ 'Peter Nason' De Graaff Bros.; standards iodigo­ blue. blue, falls steel-blue with iodian-yellow stripe. A.M.­ B.C. 1944 'Mogol' Le Mogol' J. de Goede Sz.; standards violet, falls bronze-brown with orange tips. T.G.A.­ 'Pickwick' (sport of 'Blue Magic') J .J. Buis & Soos, B.C. 1944 1988; standard ivory white (CC 155c) heavily spotted dauphin's-violet (CC 90b) bridge methyl-violet 'National Velvet' De Graaff Bros.; flowers velvety (CC85a), style-lobe ivory white, spotted dauphin's purple, blotch orange-yellow. violet, flag ivory white, spotted dauphin's violet with lemon-yellow (CC 13a) blotch, outer flag ivory white, 'New York' I.V.T., 1988, intr. by H.J.A. heavily spotted dauphin's-violet (CC 90a) with Rooyakkers; standard dauphin's violet (CC 90b) with primrose-yellow vein (CC 2b). darker victoria-violet stripes (CC 89b), bridge dauphin's violet (CC 90b) edged mineral-violet 'Prestwick' P. Nijssen; standards white, falls lemon­ (CC84d), with amethyst-purple glow, style-lobe yellow. moorish-blue (CC 93c), flag moorish-blue (CC 93c) . with darker veins, narrow small indian-yellow blotch 'Pride or Holland' D. van Buggenum; standards (CC 17b/c), outer falls moorish-blue (CC93b) with lemon-yellow, falls deep golden yellow, flowers large. green-yellow vein (CC 154c) and small primrose­ A.M.-B.C. 1944 yellc;>w blotch (CC 4b). T.G.A.-B.C. 1988 'Prinses Irene' J, DeGoede Sz.; standards creamy 'Orange Beauty' De GraaffBros.; standards chrome­ white, falls saffron-yellow (7) with golden-orange yellow (605), falls saffron-yellow (7). T.G.A.-B.C. blotch. A.M.-B.C. 1942, T.G.A.~B.C. 1947 1957, A.M.-B.C. 1957 'Professor Blaauw' ('White Perfection' x tingitana 'Oriental Beauty' De Graaff Bros., 1950; standards Boiss. & Reuter var fontanesii (Godron) Maire) H. S. wisteria-blue (640/1), to the edge flax-blue (642/1), van Waveren; flowers gentian-blue, narrow yellow falls uranium-green, somewhat bronze, blotch aureolin stripe, early flowering. A.M.-B.C. 1949, T.G.A.­ (3). T.G.A.-B.C. 1960, A.M.-B.C. 1960, F.C.C.­ B.C. 1950 B.C. 1961 'Professor Blaauw Special' 'Blue Star' (sport of 'Otzi Fisher' Hommes Ltd., 1987; standard french­ 'Professor Blaauw') J. Ruyter, 1979; standard blue (CC 97c) on whitish ground, flag primrose- victoria-violet (CC 89b/c/), flag moorish-blue (CC 1776

IRIS Fr om The International Checklist for Hyacinths and Miscellaneous Bulbs (Cont.)

93a), style-lobe somewhat paler, narrow lemon-yellow 'Royal Yellow' D. van Buggenum; standards blotch, bridge moorish-blue (CC93), glowing violet. buttercup-yellow, falls sunflower-yellow. A.M.-B.C. 1949 'Purple Beauty' De Graaff Bros., 1953; standards dauphin's-violet (039), falls dark bluebird-blue 'Rusty Beauty' (('Sapphire Beauty' x •Amber (042/1). T.G.A.-B.C. 1959, A.M.-B.C. 1959 Beauty') x 'Oriental Beauty') G. Aten, 1987; standard brown-yellow (CC 16 la) veined violet, flag 'Purple Champion' De Graaff Bros.; standards buttercup-yellow (CC 5a), veined purplish, narrow hyacinth-blue (40/1), falls wisteria-blue (640/1) with aureolin blotch (CC 12), style-lobe pale brown-yellow, iodian-yellow blotch. T.G.A.-B.C. 1959 , A.M.-B.C. bridge brown-yellow (CC 161b). 1959 'Saffron Beauty' De GraaffBros.; standards bronze­ 'Purple Jacket' H.J. Wentink, 1985; standard bright yellow, falls buttercup-yellow (5), shaded orange. plum-purple (CC 79c), flag spectrum-violet (CC 82a), T.G.A.-B.C. 1957, A.M.-B.C. 1957 style-lobe plum-purple (CC 79b) with violet glow, bridge violet-purple to spectrum-violet, short aureolin 'Sapphire Beauty' De Graaff Bros., 1953; standards vein on moorish-blue tinted ground. T.G.A.-B.C. victoria-violet (738/2), falls bluebird-blue (042) with 1988 dark yellow stripe T.G.A.-B.C. 1958, A.M.-B.C. 1959 'Purple Sensation' H. S. van Waveren, 1952; tlowers violet-purple (733), yellow marking, edged 'Saturnus' (B) ('Lilac Queen x tetraploid gentian-blue (42). 'Wedgewood') G.D. Hommes, 1971; standards whitish lobelia-blue (CC 91b), falls ivory white, 'Purple Rain' P. J. Nijssen, 1987; standard dark blotch aureolin, bridge white with somewhat blue. spectrum-violet (CC 83a), flag ruby-red (CC 59b) with T.G.A.-B.C. 1972, A.M.-B.C. 1972 narrow saffron-yellow blotch (CC 21a), style-lobe plum-purple (CC 79c), bridge violet-purple (CC 77b). 'Saxe Blue' G. Heere; flowers amethyst-blue with purple gloss, yellow blotch. T.G.A.-B.C. 1944, 'Rock Pehler' P. Nijssen, 1969; standards veined A.M.-B.C. 1944, F.C.C.-B.C. 1946 bronze-yellow (CC 153d), falls lemon-yellow (CC 14b), veined bronzy, blotch indian-yellow (CC 17b), 'SchiphoP P. Nijssen, 1975; standards ivory white bridge bronzy violet. with narrow greenish yellow vein, falls dresden­ yellow (CC 5a), upper fall feathered yellow on ivory 'Roma' I.V.T., intr. by H.J.A. Rooyakkers, 1988; white ground, blotch indian-yellow (CC 17b), bridge standard dark victoria-violet (CC 89c/d), bridge darker greenish white, edged slightly yellow. with methyl-violet (CC 88a) glow, edged aster-violet (CC 87b), style-lobe dark victoria-violet (CC 89c/d) 'Silver Dale' E. Armstrong, 1983; standard pale blue with darker vein, large buttercup-yellow blotch (CC (CC 92c) flag wide, reflexed, pale blue (CC 92c) with 15b), suffused with cornflower-blue glow, outer flag narrow orange blotch. dark victoria-violet (CC 89c) veined greenish yellow (CC 154b), and a small primrose-yellow blotch (CC 'Silvery Beauty' De Graaff Bros., 1953; standards 4<.l). T.G.A.-B.C. 1988 flax-blue (642/3), falls creamy white, narrow yellow blotch. T.G.A.-B.C. 1958, A.M.-B.C. 1959 'Romano' (B) P.J. Nijssen, 1986; standard light wisteria-blue (CC 92a) edged wisteria-blue (CC 92c) 'Sky Beauty' Grakon, 1975; standards veined flag bronze-yellow, blotch indian-yellow (CC 17a), moorish-blue (CC 93c/d) on paler ground, falls bridge wisteria-blue. french-blue (CC 97d) veined somewhat darker, blotch lemon-yellow (CC 14a), bridge wisteria-blue (CC 'Rosai·io' (B) P .J. Nijssen, 1986; standard aster­ 92a,c). T.G.A.-B.C. 1975, A.M.-B.C. 1977 violet ground (CC 87d), flag bronze-yellow on aster­ violet ground (CC 87d) with a buttercup-yellow 'Splendid' P. Nijssen, 1969; standards wisteria-blue blotch, bridge pale violet-purple (CC 77d). T.G.A.­ (CC 92c), falls dresden-yellow (CC 5a), veined B.C. 1986 greenish, blotch indian-yellow (CC 17b), bridge wisteria-blue (CC 92d). 1777 IRIS From The International Checklist for Hyacinths and Miscellaneous Bulbs (Cont.)

'Sunburst' De GraaffBros.; standards canary-yellow suffused with blue glow on paler ground. T.G.A.· (2/l), falls aureolin (3), blotch buttercup-yellow (5), B.C. 1988 bridge aureolin (3/1). 'Toreador' (sport of 'lmperator') C.N. Koomen. 'SuMy Guernsey' C.B. Blampied, intr. by Bergman 1949; standards deep violet (36), falls bluebird-blue Bros., 1950; standards lemon-yellow (4/1), falls small, (042), yellow blotch, T.G.A.-B.C. 1959, A.M.-B.C. lemon-yellow with indian-yellow (6) blotch, flowers 1960, F.C.C.-B.C. 1967 small. T.G.A. -B.C. 1960, A.M.-B.C. 1961 'Vada' (B) ('White Perfection' x tingitana Boiss. & 'Sunrise' P. Nijssen, 1971; standards lemon-yellow Reuter) I.V.T., intr. by H.J.A. Rooyakkers, 1980; (CC 14b), falls indian-yelow (CC 17a), blotch standard wisteria-blue (CC92a) with moorish blue yellowish orange, bridge pale golden-yellow (CC 15c). vein, flag gentian-blue (CC 94c), with indian-yellow T.G.A.-B.C. 1972, A.M.-B.C. 1974, F.C.C.-B.C. blotch (CC17b) on ivory white ground, style-lobe 1975 wisteria-blue (CC 92b), bridge wisteria-blue (CC92c) with moorish-blue veins,. 'Sunshine' D. van Buggenum; flowers buttercup­ yellow, darker blotch. 'Van Everdiogen' Tubergen; standards pearly white, falls yellow with dark yellow blotch. F.C.C.-B.C. 'Surprise' (B) P .J. Nijssen, 1983; standard ivory 1912, A.M.-R.H.S. 1931 white (CC 155) with feathered primrose-yellow vein (CC 4b), flag sulphur-yelow changing into dresden 'Vanguard' ('Angel's Wings' x tetraploid yellow edges (CC 5), broad bright cadmium-orange 'Wedgewood') G.D. Hammes, 1971; standards white, blotch, style-lobe feathered dresden-yellow, on whitish falls primrose-yellow (CC 4a), blotch aureolin, bridge ground, bridge barium-yellow (CC 10b), edged ivory white slightly tinted blue. white (CC 155) 'Velvet Beauty' De Graaff Bros., 1954; standards 'Symphony' ('White Superior' x 'Marquette') P. violet, falls victoria-violet (738/1), blotch aureolin (3), Nijssen; standards ivory, veined yellow, falls canary­ bridge methyl-violet (39/1). T.G.A.-B.C. 1962 yellow (2/1), blotch indian-yellow (6), bridge mimosa­ yellow (602) edged white. T .G.A.-B.C. 1968, A.M.­ 'Viscount' E. Armstrong, 1983; standard bright blue B.C. 1968 (CC 96b), flag reflexed, dark blue (CC 95) with orange blaze (CC 2la/b). 'Telstar' (B) G.D. Hommes, 1971; standards dauphin's dauphin's-violet (CC 90a), falls moorish­ 'Wakamurasaki' (tingitana Boiss. & Reuter var blue (CC 93b) with a small aureolin blotch, bridge fontanesii (Godron) Maire x 'Kinpo') IGyoji Iwaya, purple-violet (CC 86d). 1958; standards dauphin's-violet (CC 93a/b), falls moorish-blue (CC 93b) with small lemon-yellow 'Tender Beauty' De Graaff Bros.; standards blotch, bridge methyl-violet (CC 88d). veronica-violet (36), falls greyish violet, indian-yelJow blotch. T.G.A.-B.C. 1959, A.M.-B.C. 1961 'Wedgwood' De Graaff Bros., sel. and named by Lowe-Shawyer & van Waveren, 1921; standards 'Texas Gold' D. van Buggenum; flowers chrome­ lobelia-blue (41/1), fal ls flax-blue (642/1), yellow yellow, blotch orange. A.M.-B.C. 1951 blotch. (2n=31) A.M.-B.C. 1925, A.M.-R.H.S. 1925, F.C.C.-R.H.S. 1927 'Tinfoil' (tingitana Boiss. & Reuter x filifolia Boiss.) Collingwood Ingram, 1958; flowers dark purple with 'White Beauty' De Graaff Bros., 1953; standards conspicuous spot on falls. ivory, lilac gloss, falls with deep yellow blotch. A.M.-B.C. 1947, A.M.-B.C. 1958 'Tokio' (B) I.V.T., 1988, intr. by H.J.A. Rooyakkers; standard dauphin's violet (CC 190a/b) 'White Bell' (sport of 'White Wedgewood') Yodfat veined darker victoria-violet (CC 89c), bridge purple­ Flowerbulb Nurseries, intr. by W. Moolenaar & Son, violet (CC 86a/b) to dark victoria-violet (CC 89c/d) 198 L; standard ivory white with broad cadmium­ with vague dull spectrum-violet (CC 83c) edges, style­ orange vein on canary-yellow ground, flag bluish lobe moorish-blue (CC 93b), flag victoria-violet (CC white, bridge ivory white, style-lobe white. 89c) veined ~arker, blotch lemon-yellow (CC 14a) 1778 IRIS From The International Checklist for Hvacinths and Miscellaneous Bulbs (Cont.)

'White Bridge' (sport of 'Prof. Blaauw') H.J .A. 'William J. Eckhart' ('Blue Giant' x 'Purple Rooyakkers, l 983; standard transparent white, flag Sensation')J. EckhartJr., intr. byP. Nijssen, 1971; transparent white with bright indian-yellow narrow standards imperial-purple (CC 78b), falls violet (CC mark, style-lobe ivory white, bridge cream-white. 86a) with small aureolin blotch, bridge purple-violet. (2n=34) T.G.A.-B.C. 1972, A.M.-B.C. 1972 , 'White Cloud' (B) (sport of 'Professor Blaauw') F.C.C.-B.C. 1976 H.J.A. Rooyakkers, 1979; standard white with lobelia­ blue midrib (CC 94a), flag white with narrow indian­ 'Wolfgang Amedeus Mozart' D. van Buggeoum; yellow blotch (CC 17). standards flax-blue (642/2), falls creamy white, buttercup-yellow blotch. T.G.A.-B.C. 1960, A.M.­ 'White Elegance' De Graaff Bros., 1952; standards B.C. 1961 ivory white, narrow, falls with indian-yellow stripe (6). T.G.A.-B.C. 1962 'Yellow Beauty' De Graaff Bros., 1953; standards canary-yellow (2), falls aureolin (3). T.G.A.-B.C. 'White Excelsior' De Graaff Bros.; flowers white, 1957, A.M.-B.C. 1958, F.C.C.-B.C. 1961 with yelJow blotch. (2n=34) A.M.-B.C. 1920, F.C.C.-B.C. 1921, A.M.-R.H.S. 1921 'Yellow Giant' H. J. Wentink, 1985; standard primrose-yellow (CC 4c), veined somewhat darker, 'White Giant' (B) (('Purple Sensation' x 'White flag sulphur-yellow (CC 6b) with cadmium-orange Pe.rfectioo) x tingitana Boiss & Reuter) I.V.T., 1986; vein on aureolin ground, style-lobe spotted lemon­ flowers large, standard white, flag white with narrow yellow on primrose-yellow ground, bridge mimosa­ chinese-yellow blotch (CC 16a), bridge white with yellow (CC Sa). T.G.A.-B.C. 1985 cream suffusion, style-lobe white. T.G.A.-B.C. 1986 'Yellow Queen' De Graaff Bros.; flowers golden 'White Perfection' De Graaf Bros.; flowers white yellow, orange blotch. (2n=33) A.M.-B.C. 1921, with yellow stripe. T.C.A.-B.C. 1944, A.M.-B.C. F.C.C.-B.C. 1930 1944, F.C.C.-1945 'Yellow Rosella' (B) P. Nijssen, 1967; standards 'White Superior' De GraaffBros.; flowers white with dresden-yellow (CC Sd), falls buttercup-yellow (CC yellow stripe. A.M.-B.C. 1934, F.C.C.-1935 12a), blotch saffron-yellow (CC 2la), bridge mimosa­ yellow (CC 8a). (2n=32) T.G.A.-B.C. 1971, A.M.­ 'White van Vliet' (sport of 'H.C. van Vliet') Sel. by B.C. 1974, F.C.C.-B.C. 1976 De Graaff Bros.; standards grayish white with violet gloss, falls ivory white, blotch deep golden-yellow. 'Yellow Triumph' D. van Buggenum, intr. by J. A.M.-B.C. 1951 Heere; standards aureolin (3/l), falls lemon-yellow, blotch deep yellow. T .G.A.-B.C. 1960, A.M.-B.C. 'White Wedgewood' (sport of 'Wedgewood') Sel. by 1961 G. Hommes, 1961; standards creamy white, shaded bluish, falls somewhat greenish white, blotch buttercup-yellow (5/ 1). (2n =31)