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Guía Para Telecomunicaciones De Emergencia 2018

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Guía Para Telecomunicaciones De Emergencia 2018 Índice Índice Prólogo 3 Prólogo a la edición en español 4 Capítulo 1 Introducción a las telecomunicaciones de emergencia 6 Capítulo 2 La relación con las agencias y organismos 10 Capítulo 3 Sistemas y procedimientos de comunicación de agencias y organismos 12 Capítulo 4 El trabajo directo con el público 16 Capítulo 5 Habilidades para las telecomunicaciones de emergencia 20 Capítulo 6 Teoría de redes y sistemas de comunicación de emergencia 26 Capítulo 7 Operación Básica de redes 34 Capítulo 8 Operación de redes de emergencia 37 Capítulo 9 Pautas operativas en una red 43 Capítulo 10 Estación Control de una red de emergencia (ECR) 48 Capítulo 11 Pautas para el operador de la ECR 52 Capítulo 12 El Administrador de Red 59 Capítulo 13 Manejo básico de mensajes 62 Capítulo 14 Sistemas de Comando de Incidentes 66 Capítulo 15 Preparativos para el despliegue 69 Capítulo 16 Opciones de equipamiento de radio 74 Capítulo 17 Activación de una emergencia 84 Capítulo 18 Despliegue, operaciones y cierre 87 Capítulo 19 Operaciones y logística 92 Capítulo 20 Seguridad y supervivencia 99 Capítulo 21 Oportunidades de aprendizaje 106 2 IARU – Guía para Telecomunicaciones de Emergencia Índice Prólogo Uso de esta Guía de Entrenamiento Esta Guía para Telecomunicaciones de Emergencia fue desarrollada con el objetivo de proporcionar a las Sociedades Nacionales que integran la IARU materiales adecuados de capacitación para sus miembros, para la participación en eventos de emergencia. También está pensada para orientar al radioaficionado con poca o ninguna experiencia en el manejo de comunicaciones de emergencia, que desea mejorar su capacidad para intervenir en tales situaciones o simplemente tener una mejor comprensión del proceso. Se alienta a las Sociedades Nacionales de la IARU a distribuir esta guía entre sus integrantes y, de ser necesario, a proporcionar una traducción al idioma utilizado en su propio país. Puede ser utilizada por representantes de la comunidad de comunicaciones de emergencia junto con otros materiales de capacitación, para instruir a los operadores de radio en la teoría básica y la práctica de gestión del tráfico de telecomunicaciones de emergencia. El presente material puede ser reproducido sin editar, por cualquier medio y en cualquier cantidad, con el reconocimiento correspondiente a la Unión Internacional de Radioaficionados (IARU). Unión Internacional de Radio Aficionados (IARU). Septiembre de 2016. 3 IARU – Guía para Telecomunicaciones de Emergencia Índice Prólogo a la edición en español Los radioaficionados y las emergencias Tradicionalmente, el concepto de Comunicaciones de Emergencia ha estado centrado en proveer información desde o hacia el sitio de un evento, principalmente para ayudar a quienes directamente proveen la asistencia. Esta ayuda debe ser dada por radioaficionados debidamente entrenados para aquellos casos en que las comunicaciones normales sean insuficientes, estén saturadas o fuera de servicio. Y esto nos lleva a la cuestión más importante: ¿Cómo canalizar la ayuda que podemos brindar los radioaficionados? Primero, es necesario comprender que toda ayuda dada sin entrenamiento y sin orden convierte al radioaficionado en parte del problema, más que en parte de la solución. No es suficiente poseer una señal distintiva y un equipo de radio para convertirse automáticamente en un operador de Comunicaciones de Emergencia; es necesario capacitarse previamente, interactuar con otros operadores ya capacitados y participar en ejercicios en los que se emplean todas las técnicas posibles antes de poder actuar en una situación real. El secreto para ser un buen Operador de Comunicaciones de Emergencia es: entrenamiento, ejercicio, práctica, más entrenamiento y, fundamentalmente… ACTITUD. La actitud es necesaria para entender que se debe buscar permanentemente superar los conocimientos que se poseen y aceptar estándares de conducta y disciplina; esto significa que se espera mucho más de un operador de Comunicaciones de Emergencia que simplemente conectar un equipo y una antena y transmitir. Hay que saber cómo comunicar adecuada y efectivamente un mensaje, cómo operar en una red dirigida, cómo comportarse ante situaciones anómalas o delicadas, cómo manejar información sensible, conocer y aceptar las propias limitaciones, como así también sacar ventaja de las habilidades. Es importante entender que el conocimiento real que se tenga en materia de Comunicaciones de Emergencia no es, inicialmente, tan importante como la actitud. Ciertamente la habilidad técnica puede permitir hacer un mejor trabajo en cuanto a comunicarse, pero la actitud demostrada determinará sin duda el éxito del esfuerzo. Recordemos que mientras que la Radioafición es un hobby, las Comunicaciones de Emergencia son un compromiso. Compromiso para ayudar a las instituciones y a las personas. Hay que estar dispuesto a llevar a cabo esfuerzos importantes y destinar tiempo a entrenamientos y prácticas, una y otra vez. Puede ser necesario volver sobre cosas que creíamos saber. Hay muchos falsos conceptos alrededor de las Comunicaciones de Emergencia debido a impresiones no basadas en conocimientos y experiencia en el tema; algunos de los principios de operación en este tipo de situaciones difieren sustancialmente de la práctica tradicional de la radioafición. 4 IARU – Guía para Telecomunicaciones de Emergencia Índice Hay que tener siempre presente que en el marco de una emergencia una radio y un radioaficionado no son importantes: lo importante es la emergencia en sí, y podemos ser parte de la solución o parte del problema. No es posible actuar en Comunicaciones de Emergencias sin entrenamiento ni práctica previa. Radio Club Argentino (RCA). Buenos Aires, abril de 2017. 5 IARU – Guía para Telecomunicaciones de Emergencia Índice Capítulo 1 Introducción a las telecomunicaciones de emergencia ¿Qué es una emergencia de comunicación? Una emergencia de comunicación se produce cuando un fallo crítico del sistema pone al público en riesgo. En esta guía, las telecomunicaciones de emergencia también pueden referirse como comunicaciones de emergencia o emcomm. Una amplia variedad de circunstancias puede sobrecargar o dañar los sistemas críticos de comunicación cotidiana. Podría ser una tormenta que derribe líneas telefónicas o torres de radio, un aumento masivo en el uso de un sistema de comunicación que haga que se sobrecargue o la caída de un componente clave con consecuencias generalizadas. Los ejemplos se encuentran fácilmente. Las tormentas violentas y los terremotos pueden destruir las instalaciones de comunicación. Las instalaciones críticas también pueden resultar dañadas en circunstancias "normales": cables subterráneos que se desentierran, incendios en edificios de equipos telefónicos, un accidente automovilístico que derriba un poste clave, sistemas telefónicos de servicios esenciales interrumpidos. Incluso cuando no falla ningún equipo, una emergencia de gran escala como un accidente químico o nuclear puede generar un tráfico de mensajes de tal volumen que supere la capacidad del sistema para manejarlo. Algunas emergencias ocurren en áreas sin sistemas de comunicación, como los incendios forestales. La mayoría de los sistemas de telefonía celular están diseñados para manejar alrededor del 6 al 10% de sus clientes en cualquier momento. Esto funciona bien en situaciones normales y es económico para las empresas. Pero cuando ocurre una crisis, rápidamente se sobrecargan ya que todos (el otro 90%) tratan de hablar a la vez. ¿Qué hace un buen voluntario? Los voluntarios de telecomunicaciones de emergencia provienen de una amplia variedad de ámbitos y con distintas habilidades y experiencia. Los atributos que comparten son el deseo de ayudar a los demás sin beneficio personal de ningún tipo y la capacidad de trabajar en equipo y recibir directivas de otros. Necesitan ser capaces de pensar y actuar rápidamente bajo el estrés y la presión de una emergencia. Usted no puede ayudar a otros cuando está preocupado por aquellos que ama. Su familia siempre debe ser su primera prioridad. Una adecuada preparación personal y familiar le permitirá tener su propia situación bajo control rápidamente, para así poder estar en posición de servir a los demás. ¿Dónde encaja usted? Los radioaficionados han sido un recurso de comunicación en situaciones de emergencia desde que existe la radio. Para las agencias que sirven, los aficionados son sus expertos en comunicación de disponibilidad inmediata. 6 IARU – Guía para Telecomunicaciones de Emergencia Índice Poseen los equipos, habilidades y frecuencias necesarias para crear redes de emergencia en forma expeditiva y eficiente en malas condiciones, autorizados por sus licencias para establecer comunicaciones nacionales e internacionales, todo esto, sin costo para las agencias, sean estas un organismo gubernamental o de mitigación de desastres como la Cruz Roja Internacional. Los radioaficionados pueden ampliar rápidamente su capacidad de comunicación para satisfacer las necesidades crecientes de una emergencia, algo que los sistemas comerciales y de seguridad pública normalmente no pueden hacer. Muchas de estas habilidades son las mismas que se utilizan en sus actividades radiales diarias. Sin embargo, el sólo hecho de poseer radios, frecuencias y habilidades básicas no es suficiente. Ciertas destrezas de comunicación de emergencia son muy diferentes de aquellas que un radioaficionado utiliza en la vida diaria. Las guías como esta ayudan a satisfacer esa necesidad, al igual que los programas de capacitación local y los ejercicios
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