THE LAND AND THE BLACKBERRY: Aspects of the History of the Hereheretau and Kahaatureia Blocks with special reference to Hereheretau Station and the Maori Soldiers' Fund Katherine Orr-Nimmo 7 April 1998 TABLE OF CONTENTS THE AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABBREVIATIONS MAPS: FIGURE 1 LOCATION MAP FIGURE 2 GENERAL BLOCK MAP FIGURE 3 EARLY SUBDIVISIONS OF THE HEREHERETAUBLOCK FIGURE 4 CLEARING ON HEREHERETAU No.2 AND HEREHERETAU No. 2A, c1918 FIGURE 5 THE AREA OF HEREHERETAU STATION IN ITS FIRST FOUR DECADES FIGURE 6 CHANGES TO THE AREA OF HEREHERETAU STATION IN THE 1960s AND 1970s CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Two Purposes of this Project 1 1.2 Some Aspects of the Wider History of the Wairoa Area 2 1.3 Some Geographical Snapshots 5 CHAPTER 2: HEREHERETAU AND THE TEN OWNER RULE 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 The Runanga Movement and the first Hereheretau Committee 8 2.3 The Early Native Land Acts 9 2.4 The 1868 Hereheretau Hearing 13 2.5 Events Surrounding the 1868 Hearing 14 2.6 Leases and Sales in the Hereheretau Block, 1868-1887 19 2.7 The Partitioning of the Hereheretau Block 20 2.8 The Repartitioning of the Hereheretau Block 23 2.9 The Partitioning of Hereheretau B 25 2.10 Hereheretau B and the Equitable Owners Act 1886 26 2.11 Hereheretau and the Native Land Court Act 1894 27 2.12 The Ten Owner Rule and the Court of Appeal 30 2.13 The Ten Owner Rule and the Appellate Court 31 2.14 The Determination of Relative Interests in Hereheretau B 35 2.15 The Repartitioning of Hereheretau B 37 2.16 Some Later Petitions 38 2.16 Conclusion 39 CHAPTER 3: HEREHERETAU NO 2 AND KAHAATUREIA HEARINGS AND REHEARINGS 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 Native Land Legislation and Native Committees 43 3.3 Native Committees and the Kahaatureia Dispute 44 3.4 The Native Land Court and the Opoho and Nuhaka No 2 Blocks 46 3.5 The Hearing of Kahaatureia and Hereheretau No 2 48 3.5.1 The 1888 Hearing of Kahaatureia 48 3.5.2 The 1888 Hearing of Hereheretau No 2 55 3.6 The Rehearing of Kahaatureia and Hereheretau No 2 58 3.6.1 The Rehearing of Kahaatureia 58 3.6.2 The Rehearing of Hereheretau No 2 61 3.7 The Determination of Relative Interests in Hereheretau No 2A, Hereheretau No 2 and Kahaatureia A 63 3.8 Survey Charges in Hereheretau No 2 and Kahaatureia 64 3.9 The Subdivision of Kahaatureia and Survey Charges 65 3.10 Crown Purchases in Kahaatureia Subdivisions 65 3.11 The Partitioning of Hereheretau No 2 and Hereheretau No 2A 66 3.12 The Rehearing of Relative Interests in Hereheretau No 2 and Hereheretau No 2A 68 3.13 Conclusion 72 CHAPTER 4: CROWN AND PRIVATE TRANSACTIONS circa 1905-1920 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Maori Land Legislation 75 4.3 Some Private Alienations in Kahaatureia and Kahaatureia A 77 4.4 Private Alienations and Crown Purchases in Hereheretau B 79 Table 4.1 Status of Hereheretau B as at April 1917 84 4.5 Initial Interest in Crown Purchases in Hereheretau No 2 and Hereheretau No 2A 92 4.5.1 The Crown Purchase of Hereheretau No 2A 94 4.5.2 The Maori Soldiers' Fund and Initial Crown Purchases in Hereheretau No 2 99 4.6 Conclusion 106 CHAPTER 5: THE MAORI SOLDIERS' FUND TO 1925 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 The Ideas behind the Creation of the Maori Soldiers' Fund 109 5.3 The Creation and Fund-raising of the Maori Soldiers' Fund 112 5.4 The Early Farming Activities of the Fund 117 5.4.1. Hoata Station 117 5.4.2 The Leasing and Farming of Hoia and Hereheretau Stations 120 5.5 The Trustees and the Disposition of the Maori Soldiers' Fund 126 5.6 Conclusion 127 CHAPTER 6: THE MAORI SOLDIERS' FUND AND HEREHERETAU STATION, 1925-1946 6.1 Introduction 128 6.2 The Transfer of the Maori Soldiers' Fund to the Native Trustee 128 6.3 The Maori Soldiers' Fund and Hereheretau Station under the Native Trustee, 1925-1934 130 6.4 The Maori Soldiers' Fund and Hereheretau Station 133 under the Native Trustee, 1935-1946 6.5 Conclusion 134 Table 6.1 Profit and Loss on Hereheretau Station 1925-1946 136 CHAPTER 7: HEREHERETAU STATION 1946-1996 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 Development of Hereheretau Station 1946-1996 137 Table 7.1 Profit/Loss and Sheep and Cattle Numbers on Hereheretau Station, 1947-1996 139 7.3 The Proposal To Settle Maori Returned Servicemen on Hereheretau Station 142 7.4 The Purchase of the Station from the Crown 146 7.5 The Purchase and Sale of Land for Hereheretau Station 147 7.6 Conclusion 155 CHAPTER 8: THE MAORI SOLDIERS' FUND 1952-1996 8.1 Introduction 156 8.2 The Beginning of Grants by the Maori Soldiers' Fund 156 8.3 The Maori Soldiers Trust Act 1957 161 8.4 Grants for Educational Purposes 163 8.5 Hardship, Funeral and Special Grants 164 Table 8.1 Funeral, Hardship and Special Grants 165 8.6 Debate about the Future of the Maori Soldiers' Fund to the mid-1980s 168 8.7 Debate on the Future of the Maori Soldiers' Fund from the mid-1980s 171 8.8 Trust Expenditure since the Death of the Last Veteran 177 8.9 Conclusion 178 CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION 180 BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 APPENDIX 1 DIRECTION COMMISSIONING RESEARCH APPENDIX 2 SOME SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS Minutes in Hereheretau Case 1868 A 1 Ko Te Whakataunga Tenei 0 Te Whakawa Mo Opoho A 6 Judgement for Opoho [1881] (translation of A 6) A 7 Renata Kawepo to Fenton 11 June 1881 (Maori) A 9 (English) A10 Judgment in Hereheretau No 2-Kahaatureia Hearing 1888 All Judgment in Hereheretau No 2-Kahaatureia Rehearing 1890 A17 1917 Petition to Native Minister regarding Hereheretau B2 A32 1917 Petition to Native Minister regarding Hereheretau B5 A37 Te Tahua Moni Ma Nga Hoia Maori (Heni Materoa) A41 Translation of A41, pp 1-9 (Piripi Walker) A53 THE AUTHOR Tena koutou. My name is Katherine Orr-Nimmo. I am a Pakeha of Scottish, Irish and English descent. My family live in Wellington. I have a B.Sc.(Hons) in Economics from the University of Canterbury, completed in 1977. From the University of Oxford I have a D.Phi1 in Modem History and a B.A.(Hons) in Theology, both completed in 1983. I am an Anglican priest. Between 1986 and 1995, I worked in parish ministry and as an industrial chaplain. I also contributed entries to volumes one and two of The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Between 1995 and 1997, I worked on a report for Crown Forestry Rental Trust on the East Coast Maori Trust. I have been a research officer at the Waitangi Tribunal since April1997. I began work on this report in August 1997. As well as doing research, I am also responsible for facilitating claims for the East Coast area above Poverty Bay. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks to the following for provision of information and archives: the staff of the National Office and the Gisborne Office of the Maori Trustee; the staff of the Tairawhiti Maori Land Court, Gisborne; the staff of National Archives, Wellington; the staff of the Head Office of LINZ; and the staff of the Alexander Turnbull Library. My thanks to Sir Henare Ngata, Lewis Moeau, Graham Butterworth and Nolan & Skeet, Gisborne, for providing information about possible sources for this project. My thanks to colleagues at the Waitangi Tribunal Division of the Department of Courts for advice and encouragement. ABBREVIATIONS AJHR Appendix to the Journals, House of Representatives c circa (about) fol(s) folio(s) ibid ibidem (in the same book, etc) loc cit loco citato (in the passage already cited - same page) MA Maori Affairs MB Minute Book NA National Archives NLC Native Land Court NZLR New Zealand Law Reports NZPD New Zealand Parliamentary Debates op cit opere citato (in the work already quoted) pages(s) p,pp section(s) (of an Act) s, ss Wai Waitangi Tribunal claim N. Harris - Apr t 998 ~~ lake Waikaremoana Boy LOCALITY MAP o IOkm I I I I I I I ! ! ! ! i i o 6miles Kahuitara SH.2 Opoho Stm WAIROA/NUHAKA REGION FIGURE I LOCATION MAP N. Harris - Apr 1998 Mangapoike o 5km I I I i o 3miles Blocks in bold type - Kahuitara Nuhaka Tutuotekaha No.2 Tukemokihi Kahuitara TeWhakaki * Also 'Mangatieke' FIGURE 2 GENERAL BLOCK MAP from Native Land Court minute books co o, o, 0 5km - I I L. .Q. I i ...: 0 3miles ~ L. L. 0 J: :i Hereheretau A Lake Whakaki ~=~SH.2 Source: Adapted from map in AADS W3562, Box 312, Bundle 685, LS 2211984. File closed December ~ 1924, National Archives, Wellington FIGURE 3 EARLY SUBDIVISIONS OF THE HEREHERETAU BLOCK N. Harris - Apr 1998 a Skm I I 3miles / ! ,. ...., ... "'.,.,-'>.- ..• ,..., ..•. ,., .. \ ~\ Bush ~ \, I CLYDE. - S.D. S.D. /I E R £ 1/ £\ R E T,4 u .\ . ~ Here-h erda u N~ 2. ~ I opoiH, Clyde &. NI.I~DS: \ Propos",d Raads showh fh';s ____ _ Source: MA - MLP I, 1913/89, National Archives, Wellington FIGURE 4 CLEARING ON HEREHERETAU No.2 AND HEREHERETAU No. 2A, c 1918 co 0 Skm '"~ I I <;. I I 0 3miles ~ .", t :r:" Z Original Station r:::z::::a - 2D - 2A2 Relinquish - 2A2 - pt 2D Source: Adapted from map in AADS W3562, Box 312, Bundle 685, LS 22/1984. File closed December 1924, National Archives, Wellington FIGURE 5 : THE AREA OF HEREHERETAU STATION IN ITS FIRST FOUR DECADES 'g J:" i Transferred to Tangiwai Station Ltd 38 Kahaatureia, Sections 4 & 5 5 38 J 2C2D4CI Lucky's o, 5km Paddock SOLD - Lucky's Paddock Pt 2D ~ - Pt 2D transferred to Tangiwai FREEHOLD ACQUIRED - Kahaatureia 3B, ESSS] - Sections 4 & 5, Block XVI, Opoiti Survey District.