HYPER-MASCULINITY: the Construction of Gender in the Postmodern Novel

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

HYPER-MASCULINITY: the Construction of Gender in the Postmodern Novel HYPER-MASCULINITY: The Construction of Gender in the Postmodern Novel PhD Thesis - Ruth Helyer Department of English Literary & Linguistic Studies University of Newcastle upon Tyne Supervisor - Professor Linda Anderson September 2001 ~NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 201 12638 3 Acknowledgements Numerous friends and colleagues have, in all kinds of ways, helped me to complete this thesis. However, I must specifically thank Linda Anderson for her sensitive and intelligent supervision and her good humour. To Jan Hewitt and Chris Thurgar­ Dawson I am indebted for meticulous proof-reading, and to Clare Bulman for being a great book supplier. Thanks also to John Beck, for his stimulating criticism, and to students too numerous to mention who never fail to inspire me with their questions and comments. Without the grant I was awarded from the Runciman Fund, by the University of Newcastle, I would not have been able to undertake this project. Most importantly, I am forever grateful to Neil, Max, Megan, Pip and George Helyer for their unstinting support in every way, also Jim and Betty Allen. I dedicate the results of the hard work of the last three years to my good friends Nosebag, Scooter and Peri. September 2001. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION p. I SECTION ONE - VINELAND p.31 SECTION TWO - WHITE NOISE p.72 SECTION THREE - UNDERWORLD p.IIS SECTION FOUR - AMERICAN PSYCHO p.162 SECTION FIVE - GLAMORAMA p.208 CONCLUSION p.2S1 BIBLIOGRAPHY p.2S9 ABSTRACT Hyper-Masculinity: The Construction of Gender in the Postmodeln Novel This thesis takes as its subject the superficial nature of the nonnative masculine gender role. To investigate the creation of this role I have attempted to bring some understanding of recent theorisation of the postmodem, and of gendered identity, to readings of selected contemporary fiction. I have chosen to focus on several contemporary American texts. In a bid to avoid essentialising masculinity ever further I attempt to embrace the self-reflexive way in which these novels are written in conjunction with the various postmodernisms posited by Fredric Jameson, Jean-Francois Lyotard, John Frow and Jean Baudrillard. Despite differing in significant ways, these critics all explore the idea of multiple identities. The lack of fixity this mUltiplicity fosters ensures that masculinity as an intrinsic given becomes disputed. 'The dialogues this creates reveal a category that is insecure, mobile and fluctuating, regardless of attempts to present it as otherwise. 'The first novel looked at is 'Thomas Pynchon's Vineland. This narrative encourages the questioning of the 'standard' masculinity adopted in patriarchal society by displaying men vulnerable to Post Traumatic Stress disorder, hysteria and madness, due to the war in Vietnam and governmental law enforcement. Masculinity is portrayed as tentative, provisional and impossible to maintain to society's exactmg requirements. Psychotherapy is shown to confusingly both offer a fixed and stable 'self, whilst also promoting the encouragement of potential multiple other' selves' . Don DeLillo's White Noise continues the search for these 'selves'. Jack Gladney's debilitating fear of death compromises his mental and physical health. His strivings to deal with this, whilst also fulfilling various strands of the desired male stereotype, are explored through life-threatening disasters, usually pre-empted by rapidly developing technology. Jack's career in academia raises questions about the circulation of knowledge and infonnation. Like Vineland, White Noise also examines the role of the family unit as an inherent part of the enforcement of standardised identities. 'The Family', both in its domestic fonnat and via its more violent reincarnation as The Mafia, plays a vital role in all of these texts. Within DeLillo's Underworld (Section Three), the protagonist's therapy brings him away from the influence of The Mob, transfoITIling him from murderer to upstanding citizen. His career in Waste Management provides a metaphor for the text's exploration of the manner in which abject matter is expulsed as part of a bid to confonn to societal requirements. I draw upon Julia Kristeva's work on abjection in this section. The ritualistic nature of what is discarded and what revered is further explored in the fourth novel, Bret Easton Ellis's Alnerican Psycho. This text offers an extreme picture of the potential results of stereotypical containment, with a protagonist who is determined to hyper-confonn. Patrick Bateman not only espouses the thorough commodification of society, he also strives to exceed every stipulation pertaining to r consummate maSCUlinity. Bret Easton Ellis's Glmnormna, provides the material for the final chapter, it offers a chilling portrayal of surface-obsessed society. Mediated images of celebrities provide role models for the characters' identity fonnation. Postmodemity's purported lack of depth is eAl'lored in the light ofBaudrillard's theories. The potentialities of the cybernetic post-human are raised and discussed via the theorisation of Lyotard and Donna Haroway. The texts were selected for their usefulness in demonstrating a developing notion that rather than forming a new or extended sense of masculinity, men are acknowledging a growing awareness of the self-conscious, perfonnative, indeed 'hyper', nature of any masculine identity. Contemporary films and television programmes are examined alongside the novels. INTRODUCTION 'The more I learn about the world, the more I feel we are fed a bunch of crud about who we are supposed to be.' 1 I intend to investigate the nonnative masculine gender role by reading contemporary fiction through an understanding of recent theoretical debate about gendered identity and the postmodem. Rather than accepting what had largely passed as a 'naturalised' masculinity, much recent fiction suggests it is an insecure construction in need of investigation. Alert to the dangers of further enforcing boundaries whilst discussing, even contesting, them I will explore texts selected for their self-reflexive properties and ability to question the limits, boundaries, targets and ideals that identify men. My sources include novels by Don DeLillo, Thomas Pynchon and Bret Easton Ellis. These texts, which intersect but also challenge each other, provide a series of localised narratives, offering insight into the ways in which masculine identities are fonned, reproduced and undercut and the ways that the illusion of an enduring gendered self is created.2 I have chosen narratives which celebrate the refusal of borderlines, yet present hyper-masculine characters tom between upsetting the status quo and confonning to it. The men in these novels display the inadequacy of . stereotypes whilst also admitting that the concept of individuality is flawed and not sustainable. Fiction potentially provides a sit~ where restrictive societal 'nonns' such as a standardised masculinity may be enforced. Tania Modleski discusses the complicity of some writing in the creation of an approved way of living. She points out the 1 difficulties involved in entering into any narrative, a place she deems a fictional 'world': A world .. .in which the very notion of a stable "identity" functions as part of an oppressive ideology, the regressive, falsely reassuring qualities of narrative were condemned precisely because they lulled us into complacency, suturing us into a spurious sense of identity and wholeness.3 Rather than aiding social conditioning, however, literature can also provide an arena in which to scrutinise it. Instead of replacing one defunct narrative with an equally invalid alternative, the novels discussed below all display the insecurity of masculinity without offering a replacement. Instead they display an emergent male self-consciousness, formed by men's growing awareness of the performative nature of their role. The male body is depicted in these narratives as one that is in crisis; disintegrating, abject, traumatised and hystericised. These are novels with the potential to be more interesting than the theories applied to them, as their characters act out what the theorists struggle to describe, and facilitate a focusing on gender relations which said theorists avoid. Postmodern theory generally fails to confront its own impact on normative gender constructions, as commented on by E Ann Kaplan in the introduction to Postmodernism & its Discontents. Kaplan, in her useful summary, points out that Arthur Kroker, David Cook, Fredric Jameson, Jean Baudrillard, Andreas Huyssen and others all fail to address 'the important implications of postmodemism for gender issues,.4 The characters within these novels offer vignettes of contemporary life which in many ways translate the chaos of existing within the postmodern present in a more lucid manner than the majority of postmodern theorists. The fluid and manifold nature of postmodernisms erodes the underpinning of established rules by pointing out the constructed constitution of such rules, whilst adhering to them in a mocking, self-aware way. This has profound implications for 2 the construction of a masculine stereotype as no alternative way of functioning is suggested. Understandings of what postmodernism represents or explains vary considerably. For the purposes of this study, I have chosen to look at seminal essays by Fredric Jameson, Jean-Francois Lyotard, John Frow and Jean Baudrillard, writers who offer differing explanations, even identities, for the postmodern condition. The Marxist critic, Fredric Jameson, describes
Recommended publications
  • Reading the Body in Bret Easton Ellis's American Psycho (1991): Confusing Signs and Signifiers
    Reading the Body in Bret Easton Ellis’s American Psycho (1991) David Roche To cite this version: David Roche. Reading the Body in Bret Easton Ellis’s American Psycho (1991): Confusing Signs and Signifiers. Groupe de Recherches Anglo-Américaines de Tours, Groupe de recherches anglo-américaines de Tours, Université de Tours, 1984-2008, 2009, 5 (1), pp.124-38. halshs-00451731 HAL Id: halshs-00451731 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00451731 Submitted on 6 Sep 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 124 GRAAT On-Line issue #5.1 October 2009 Reading the Body in Bret Easton Ellis's American Psycho (1991): Confusing Signs and Signifiers David Roche Université de Bourgogne In Ellis’s scandalous end-of-the-eighties novel American Psycho , the tale of Patrick Bateman—a Wall Street yuppie who claims to be a part-time psychopath— the body is first conceived of as a visible surface which must conform to the norms of the yuppies’ etiquette. I use the word “etiquette,” which Patrick uses (231) and which I oppose to the word “ethics” which suggests moral depth, to stretch how superficial the yuppie’s concerns are and to underline, notably, that the yuppie’s sense of self is limited to his social self, his public appearance, his self-image, which I relate to D.
    [Show full text]
  • Bret Easton Ellis's Glamorama and Jay Mcinerney's Model
    Fashion Glamor and Mass-Mediated Reality: Bret Easton Ellis’s Glamorama and Jay McInerney’s Model Behaviour By Sofia Ouzounoglou A Dissertation to the Department of American Literature and Culture, School of English, Faculty of Philosophy of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki November 2013 i TABLE of CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………………...ii ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................iii INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE: Reconstructing Reality in Bret Easton Ellis’s Glamorama (1998) 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..15 1.1 “Victor Who?”: Image Re-enactment and the Media Manipulation of the Self……..19 1.2 Reading a Novel Or Watching a Movie?.....................................................................39 CHAPTER TWO: Revisiting Reality in Jay McInerney’s Model Behaviour (1998) 2. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..53 2.1 Media Dominance and Youth Entrapment…………………………………………...57 2.2 Inset Scenarios and Media Constructedness……………………………………........70 EPILOGUE………………………………………………………………………………...........80 WORKS CITED………………………………………………………………………………...91 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE……………………………………………………………………....94 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This M.A. thesis has been an interesting challenge as I set off
    [Show full text]
  • Reviews Contents
    TEXT Vol 25 No 1 (April 2021) Reviews contents • Donna Lee Brien, Craig Batty, Elizabeth Ellison, Alison Owens (eds), The Doctoral Experience: Student Stories from the Creative Arts and Humanities review by Simon-Peter Telford page 2 • Sally Breen, Ravi Shankar, Tim Tomlinson (eds), Meridian: The APWT/Drunken Boat Anthology of New Writing. review by Stephanie Green page 5 • George Saunders, A Swim in a Pond in the Rain (In Which Four Dead Russians Give Us a Masterclass In Writing and Life) review by Michael Kitson page 9 • Tarshia L. Stanley (ed), Approaches to Teaching the Works of Octavia E. Butler review by Jennifer Ngo page 17 • Linda Weste, Inside the Verse Novel: Writers on Writing review by Sarah Pearce page 20 • Antonia Pont, You will not know in advance what you’ll feel and Alice Allan, The Empty Show review by Gabrielle Everall page 26 • Aidan Coleman, Mount Sumptuous and Thuy On, Turbulence review by Carolyn Booth page 34 • Linda Adair, The Unintended Consequences of the Shattering review by Moya Costello page 39 • Mags Webster, Nothing to Declare and Ella Jeffery, Dead Bolt review by Dominic Symes page 43 • Steve Brock, Live at Mr Jake’s review by Dominic Symes page 49 • Helen Garner, One Day I’ll Remember This: Diaries 1987–1995 review by Moya Costello page 54 • Reinhard Hennig, Anna-Karin Jonasson, Peter Degerman (eds), Nordic Narratives of Nature and the Environment review by Simon-Peter Telford page 59 • Indigo Perry, Darkfall review by Gemma Nisbet page 63 TEXT review Brien et al (eds) The Doctoral Experience TEXT Journal of writing and writing courses ISSN: 1327-9556 | https://www.textjournal.com.au/ TEXT review The doctor will see you now review by Simon-Peter Telford Donna Lee Brien, Craig Batty, Elizabeth Ellison, Alison Owens (eds) The Doctoral Experience: Student Stories from the Creative Arts and Humanities Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 9783030181994 253pp AUD38.50 Why hadn’t this book fallen into my lap sooner? This will be a question many PhD candidates will be asking themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodization in the Bret Easton Ellis Decades
    The Privilege of Contemporary Life: Periodization in the Bret Easton Ellis Decades Theodore Martin Only the Utopian future is a place of truth in this sense, and the privilege of contemporary life and of the present lies not in its possession, but at best in the rigorous judgment it may be felt to pass on us. — Fredric Jameson, “Marxism and Historicism” He’s helping de!ne the decade, baby. — Bret Easton Ellis, Glamorama Presents and Absence Is it possible to orient the un!nished present in history? The widen- ing net of globalization and the consequent fragmentation of everyday life have made it increasingly dif!cult, as Fredric Jameson observes, to grasp the historical signi!cance of the present: “The sense people have of themselves and their own moment of history may ultimately have noth- ing whatsoever to do with its reality.”1 But it seems equally likely that this inaccurate or even impossible self-presentation has been there all along, not only under the global diffusion of postmodernity but for as long as we have divided history into past, present, and future. The ability to organize historical events into a narrative of successive epochs or ages — a process of historical retrospection generally called periodization — seems logically unavailable to the present: in the immediacy or the embeddedness of the day-to-day, there is no place from which to make the external, totalizing judgment of history. “The present,” Jameson explains, “is not yet a historical period: it ought not to be able to name 1 Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism; or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Dur- ham, NC: Duke University Press, "##$), "%$.
    [Show full text]
  • Sympathy for the Devil: Volatile Masculinities in Recent German and American Literatures
    Sympathy for the Devil: Volatile Masculinities in Recent German and American Literatures by Mary L. Knight Department of German Duke University Date:_____March 1, 2011______ Approved: ___________________________ William Collins Donahue, Supervisor ___________________________ Matthew Cohen ___________________________ Jochen Vogt ___________________________ Jakob Norberg Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of German in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 ABSTRACT Sympathy for the Devil: Volatile Masculinities in Recent German and American Literatures by Mary L. Knight Department of German Duke University Date:_____March 1, 2011_______ Approved: ___________________________ William Collins Donahue, Supervisor ___________________________ Matthew Cohen ___________________________ Jochen Vogt ___________________________ Jakob Norberg An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of German in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright by Mary L. Knight 2011 Abstract This study investigates how an ambivalence surrounding men and masculinity has been expressed and exploited in Pop literature since the late 1980s, focusing on works by German-speaking authors Christian Kracht and Benjamin Lebert and American author Bret Easton Ellis. I compare works from the United States with German and Swiss novels in an attempt to reveal the scope – as well as the national particularities – of these troubled gender identities and what it means in the context of recent debates about a “crisis” in masculinity in Western societies. My comparative work will also highlight the ways in which these particular literatures and cultures intersect, invade, and influence each other. In this examination, I demonstrate the complexity and success of the critical projects subsumed in the works of three authors too often underestimated by intellectual communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Its Worst Christmas in Years 5 Holiday Sales Strategie
    JIMMY IVINE ON U2, YOUTUBE AND WHEN TO EXPECT DRE DAY >P.16 BRANDY'S BIG COMEBACK >P.37 DR PEPPER'S GUNS N' ROSES PROMOTION GOES FLAT >P.6 COMMON'S `MIND' GAMES >P.38 WHAT THE MUSIC BIZ CAN LEARN FROM OBAMA >P.8 EXPERIENCE THE BUZZ BLACKEST FR Why Physical Retail Expects Its Worst Christmas In Years DECEMBER 6, 2008 www.billboard.com PLUS. www.billboard.biz US $6.99 CAN $8.99 UK £5.50 Fore SCII 3 -DIGIT 907 The Season's Digital i EENCTCC 000/004 120193NBB /CB /9AMAR10 001 A04 Look Next Year's Hit II1I11II111I11I1II111_111_111_1111111111111111111111 A At 0012 MONTY GRBBNLY i A 3740 ELM AVE 000880 5 Holiday Sales Strategie LONG BEACH CA 90807 -3402 www.americanradiohistory.com LOEB& LOEB LLP PPESENTS B J music& money S Y M P O S I U M March 5, 2009 St. Regis, New York City CONNECT WITH THE DEALMAKERS DRIVING THE MUSIC BUSINESS Now in its 8th year, this one -day event brings TOPICS INCLUDE: together the best minds from the music, legal, Investing in Online Music Start -Ups financial and Wall Street communities for an in -depth Working with Consumer Brands examination of the financial realities with which the Trends in Venture Capital and Private Equity music industry is contending. Mobile Music Applications Music Publishing M &A Join Billboard and today's most important entertainment Behind the Scenes: Case Studies executives for compelling keynote interviews, informative panel sessions, networking receptions and more. CONFIRMED SPEAKERS: Roger Faxon, Chairman /CEO, EMI Music Publishing Scott Sperling, Co- President, Thomas H.
    [Show full text]
  • A Retrospective Reading of Glamorama's (1998) Reception1
    Re1•ista de Estudios Norteamerica11os. 11. º JO (2004), pp. 47 - 56 WHEN CONTEXT HIDES CONTENT: A RETROSPECTIVE READING OF GLAMORAMA'S (1998) RECEPTION1 SONIA B AELO ALLUÉ Universidad de Zaragoza This essay aims at studying the reception of Glamorama (1998), the Iatest novel to date of Bret Easton Ellis, one of the most controversial contemporary US authors. The analysis of this reception and its conclusions goes well beyond the specific case of a single author and constitutes, rather, a reflection of a cultural trend that usually takes place in the reception of literary works. This study delves into a series of questions: do contemporary authors' public personae play an important role in the way their works are interpreted? Is there an obsession with considering a literary work in relation to previous works of the same author? Do reviews of literary works deal with literary merit/demerit at ali? These are questions that pop up as we analyze the type of immediate reviews that the publication of Glamorama brought forth in the media, especially newspapers and magazines. The study of this reception will be used as basis to answer these introductory questions and to examine the role that context plays in the reception of literary works. The fact that these questions arise may support the belief that literary texts cannot be studied on their own anymore. As Tony Bennett claims, when analyzing a literary work one has to take into account «that everything which has been written about it, everything which has been collected on it, becomes attached to it - like shells on a rock by the seashore forming a whole incrustation» (1982: 3) (Klinger 107).
    [Show full text]
  • Glamorama Free
    FREE GLAMORAMA PDF Bret Easton Ellis | 496 pages | 01 Apr 2011 | Pan MacMillan | 9780330536318 | English | London, United Kingdom Glamorama - IMDb Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Want to Read saving…. Want to Read Currently Reading Read. Other editions. Enlarge cover. Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Open Preview See a Problem? Glamorama if other :. Thanks for telling us about the problem. Return to Glamorama Page. Preview — Glamorama by Bret Easton Ellis. Glamorama by Bret Easton Ellis. The author of American Psycho and Less Than Glamorama continues to shock and haunt Glamorama with his incisive and brilliant dissection of the modern world. In his most ambitious and gripping book yet, Bret Easton Ellis takes our celebrity obsessed culture and increases the volume exponentially. Set in 90s Manhattan, Victor Ward, a model with perfect abs and all the right friends, is s The author of American Psycho and Less Than Zero continues to shock and haunt us with his incisive and brilliant dissection Glamorama the modern world. Set in 90s Manhattan, Victor Ward, a model with perfect abs and Glamorama the right friends, is seen and photographed everywhere, even in places he hasn't been and with people he doesn't know. He's living with one beautiful model and having an affair with another onthe eve of opening the trendiest nightclub in New York City history. And now it's time Glamorama move to the next stage. But the future he gets is not the one he had in mind. With the same deft satire and savage wit he has brought to Glamorama other fiction, Bret Glamorama gets beyond the facade and Glamorama us, unsparingly, to what we always feared was behind it.
    [Show full text]
  • Fandango Portobello
    Mongrel Media Presents THE CANYONS FILM FESTIVALS 2013 VENICE INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL 100 MIN / U.S.A. / COLOR / 2012 / ENGLISH Distribution Publicity Bonne Smith Star PR 1028 Queen Street West Tel: 416-488-4436 Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M6J 1H6 Fax: 416-488-8438 Tel: 416-516-9775 Fax: 416-516-0651 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] www.mongrelmedia.com High res stills may be downloaded from http://www.mongrelmedia.com/press.html SYNOPSIS Notorious writer Bret Easton Ellis (American Psycho) and acclaimed director Paul Schrader (writer of Taxi Driver and director of American Gigolo) join forces for this explicitly erotic thriller about youth, glamour, sex and surveillance. Manipulative and scheming young movie producer Christian (adult film star James Deen) makes films to keep his trust fund intact, while his actress girlfriend and bored plaything, Tara (Lindsay Lohan), hides a passionate affair with an actor from her past. When Christian becomes aware of Tara's infidelity, the young Angelenos are thrust into a violent, sexually- charged tour through the dark side of human nature. THE CANYONS BIOS BRAXTON POPE Braxton Pope is feature film and television producer who maintained a production deal with Lionsgate. Pope recently produced The Canyons written by Bret Easton Ellis, directed by Paul Schrader and starring Lindsay Lohan. The film generated national press because of the innovative way in which it was financed and produced and was the subject of a lengthy cover story in the New York Times Magazine. It will be released theatrically by IFC and was selected by the Venice Film Festival.
    [Show full text]
  • Young Adults in the Urban Consumer Society of the 1980S in Janowitz
    The Self in Trouble: Young Adults in the Urban Consumer Society of the 1980s in Janowitz, Ellis, and McInerney Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie in der Fakultät für Philologie der RUHR-UNIVERSITÄT BOCHUM vorgelegt von GREGOR WEIBELS-BALTHAUS Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Fakultät für Philologie der Ruhr-Universität Bochum Referent: Prof. Dr. David Galloway Koreferentin: Prof. Dr. Kornelia Freitag Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 11. Mai 2005 Danksagungen Ich bedanke mich für die Promotionsförderung, die ich von der Konrad- Adenauer-Stiftung (Institut für Begabtenförderung) erhalten habe. Meinem Lehrer, Herrn Prof. Dr. David Galloway, gilt mein besonderer Dank für seine kompetente Unterstützung und für sein nicht erlahmendes Wohlwollen, das er mir und meinem Projekt allzeit entgegenbrachte. Vielfache Anregungen erhielt ich von Edward de Vries, Michael Wüstenfeld und Doerthe Wagelaar. Meiner Frau, Dr. med. Bettina Balthaus, danke ich in Liebe für ihre Hilfe und für ihr Verständnis, das sie auch dann noch aufbrachte, wenn niemand sonst mehr verstand. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 8 1.1 A Literary-Commercial Phenomenon 8 1.2 The Authors and Their Works 14 1.3 Relevant Criticism 18 1.4 The Guiding Questions 23 2 The Rise and Demise of the Self 27 2.1 The Rise of the Imperial Self of Modernity 28 2.1.1 From the Origins to the Modernist Self 28 2.1.2 The Emergence of the Inner-directed Character in America 31 2.1.2.1 The Puritan Heritage 33 2.1.2.2 The Legacy of the Frontier 36 2.2 The Self on the Retreat
    [Show full text]
  • DISAPPEAR HERE Violence After Generation X
    · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · DISAPPEAR HERE Violence after Generation X Naomi Mandel THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS / COLUMBUS All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. Copyright © 2015 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mandel, Naomi, 1969– author. Disappear here : violence after Generation X / Naomi Mandel. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8142-1286-8 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Violence in literature. 2. Violence—United States—20th century. 3. Generation X— United States—20th century. I. Title. PN56.V53M36 2015 809'.933552—dc23 2015010172 Cover design by Janna Thompson-Chordas Text design by Juliet Williams Type set in Adobe Sabon Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. Cover image: Young woman with knife behind foil. © Bernd Friedel/Westend61/Corbis. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48-1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. To Erik with love and x x x All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. contents · · · · · · · · · List of Illustrations vi Acknowledgments vii introduction The Middle Children of History 1 one Why X Now? Crossing Out and Marking the Spot 9 two Nevermind: An X Critique of Violence 41 three The Game That Moves: Bret Easton Ellis, 1985–2010 79 four Something Empty in the Sky: 9/11 after X 111 five Not Yes or No: Fact, Fiction, Fidelity in Jonathan Safran Foer 150 six I Am Jack’s Revolution: Fight Club, Hacking, Violence after X 178 conclusion X Out 210 Works Cited 227 Index 243 All Rights Reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • American Impotence: Narratives of National Manhood in Postwar U.S
    American Impotence: Narratives of National Manhood in Postwar U.S. Literature by Colin Loughran A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of English University of Toronto © Copyright by Colin Loughran (2011) American Impotence: Narratives of National Manhood in Postwar U.S. Literature Colin Loughran Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of English University of Toronto 2011 Abstract ―American Impotence‖ investigates a continuity between literary representations of masculinity and considerations of national identity in the works of five postwar novelists. In particular, I illustrate the manner in which Ralph Ellison‘s Invisible Man, John Updike‘s Couples, Robert Coover‘s The Public Burning, Joan Didion‘s Democracy and The Last Thing He Wanted, and Bret Easton Ellis‘s American Psycho challenge the patterns of daily life through which a single figure is imagined to be the essential agent of American polity: namely, the self-made individualist, characterized by manly virtues like dominance, aggression, ambition, mastery, vitality, and virility. More specifically, this project examines the manner in which the iconicity of men helps sustain a narrative of ―imperilled masculinity‖ that at once privileges an impossible identity, situated in the representative nucleus of postwar democracy, and forecloses other modalities of political life. Observing the full meaning of the word ―potency,‖ I elucidate the interrelationships between narrative forms, masculine norms, and democratic
    [Show full text]