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Factsheet: WATER in HAMILTON

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Factsheet: WATER in HAMILTON Factsheet: WATER IN HAMILTON All life forms are dependent on water to survive. The amount of water available is an important influence on which forms of life can exist in a certain place. Nearly 97% of the world’s water is salty or otherwise undrinkable. Of the 3% available freshwater on Earth, 2% is locked in icecaps and glaciers. Less than 1% of the world’s water is liquid freshwater available for agricultural, residential, manufacturing, community and personal needs. While a person can survive more than a month without food, they can only live a week without water. In New Zealand, we are fortunate to have relatively abundant freshwater due to our high rainfalls. However the availability of this freshwater during summer is not guaranteed as seen by our current climate trend and drought is part of our everyday language now. Water is an important part of our daily activities. At home we use water for drinking, cooking, cleaning, washing ourselves and clothes, flushing the toilet, watering the garden and washing vehicles and houses. In the wider community water is used for fire fighting, irrigating pastures and crops, recreation, sustaining livestock, and in industrial and manufacturing processes. We use water in vast amounts every day! How many of us, when we turn on a tap, think about the long journey that water has made to get to us and the journey it will make as it vanishes down the drain. Do we know enough about the part we play in this journey and understand the effects of our daily activities on the water in our environment? The Waikato River is important because it: Provides habitats for plants and animals. Is a place to swim, fish, boat or just to relax in and enjoy the visual beauty. Is highly treasured by Maori and has important cultural and spiritual significance. Provides the water we use in our homes, schools, offices, businesses, industry and agriculture. Receives treated wastewater from the city. Is used to generate the electricity that powers our lives from the nine hydro power stations built along the river. The Waikato River flows through the middle of the city, joined by a number of streams that flow out of Hamilton’s vast network of gullies. For Hamiltonians the health and well-being of the Waikato River is essential to the quality of our lives. In 2000, Hamilton residents were surveyed to find out what they thought was the most important environmental issue facing the city. The survey showed that people were most concerned about water quality and water pollution. In 2005 water quality was the number one environmental concern for Waikato people. GOOD CLEAN WATER The quality of water also determines the life forms it can support. Water can become contaminated at various stages of the water cycle. As droplets of water pass through the atmosphere they pick up very small air-borne particles, such as fumes from cars and industries and carry them to the earth's surface. On land, water picks up pollutants as it passes through the landscape, over and through soil, which can lead to groundwater, river and lake pollution. On land, pollutants may include dog faeces, farm effluent, agricultural chemicals and fertilisers, run off from roads and are mainly transported into the Waikato River through the stormwater system. Many of these substances can make water unsuitable for drinking, recreational use and unhealthy for plants and animals. While in New Zealand and the Waikato we have an apparent abundance of fresh water we are finally reaching the point many other countries reached a while ago – where we are beginning to realise that we have to worry about how much water we have, how it is used, what is polluting it, and how we better protect our rivers, lakes and streams from what we do on the land. WATER IN HAMILTON THE WATER CYCLE IN HAMILTON Hamilton’s water supply comes from the Waikato River catchment (catchment is the land that slopes from hills and ridges that supplies water to streams and other waterways that go into the river). It starts at the volcanic plateau and ends up at Port Waikato south of Auckland. It includes some water flowing off Ruapehu into Lake Taupo. The Waikato River is New Zealand’s longest river extending 425km from Lake Taupo to Port Waikato on the west coast. The land area draining into the Waikato River covers a huge 14,260km2. Flowing from Lake Taupo through and alongside farms, forests, towns and power stations, the river travels for 16.5km through the city. Interwoven into the natural water cycle is a network of water pipes and drainage systems. These systems have been built so that people can divert water from the natural water cycle for our own use, before returning it to the cycle. The water cycle in Hamilton begins at the Waikato River where water is taken by the Water Treatment Plant, treated so that it is safe to drink, and then piped to the city’s homes, businesses and factories. We use this water in many ways before it disappears down the drain into a network of pipes. These pipes take our wastewater to the Wastewater Treatment Plant where it undergoes a complex series of treatment processes before the treated effluent is discharged back into the Waikato River. The stormwater network is the other part of Hamilton’s water cycle. When it rains, water runs off the city’s roads, car parks, driveways, rooftops and paths and into gutters and stormwater catchpits. This water then travels through a network of stormwater drains and into the nearest natural waterway. HOW DOES IT GET TO OUR TAPS? Water is supplied to our homes and premises through a complex network of pipes, pumps and reservoirs. How the network is made up is defined by expected levels of service relating to quality and volume. CLEAN ENOUGH TO DRINK? Water taken from the Waikato River is screened to remove debris. Suspended particles such as sediments, microorganisms, organic and inorganic material which can cause colour and taste are removed. The water gravitates through sand filters and Granular Activated Carbon filters to absorb organic chemicals. The next barrier in the water treatment process uses Ultra Violet light. Treated water is made safe by the addition of chlorine, which kills any remaining bacteria and viruses. Hamilton City Council adds fluoride to drinking water to approximately 0.75 parts per million in the final water in accordance with Ministry of Health Guidelines for dental health. The river water naturally contains around 0.2 parts per million of fluoride. Lime is added to raise the pH back up to normal levels. The water is now safe for drinking and ready for distribution around the city. For more information visit Hamilton City Council’s Water Supply webpage: Water Supply, Hamilton City Council & Hamilton, New Zealand - City Services and for detailed information on the collection, treatment and distribution process, go to the Hamilton City Council brochure ‘River to Tap’. HOW MUCH WATER DO WE USE AND WHAT DO WE PAY FOR? We use about 50 litres of water per person per day for cooking, drinking and food preparation. We use an additional 200 litres per person per day for toilets, showers, washing and watering the garden. The total per person per day consumption can increase to 700 litres on a peak summer day due primarily to watering gardens and lawns. Water rate charges represent the cost to ensure water is fit to drink and delivery to your home. Hamilton households are charged a flat rate for water based on property value. This means the average household is charged approximately $140 per year, or $2.67 per week for their water supply. Business and commercial water users are metered and charged for actual water used which some consider being a fairer system for residential users. Efficient water use means less water use, less energy use, less household cost, less waste discharged into the wastewater system and less cost for wastewater treatment. Looking at the allocation of Household Water Use in the pie graph above, you can see where water is used and the largest gains in efficient water use can be made. .
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