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(Dinler Tarihi) Anabilim Dali Papa T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ (DİNLER TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI PAPANIN YANILMAZLIĞI DOKTRİNİ Doktora Tezi Mürsel ÖZALP ANKARA - 2015 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ (DİNLER TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI PAPANIN YANILMAZLIĞI DOKTRİNİ Doktora Tezi Mürsel ÖZALP Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Ali İsra GÜNGÖR ANKARA - 2015 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE Bu belge ile bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu beyan ederim. Bu kural ve ilkelerin gereği olarak, çalışmada bana ait olmayan tüm veri, düşünce ve sonuçları andığımı ve kaynağını gösterdiğimi ayrıca beyan ederim. (05.02.2015). Tezi Hazırlayan Öğrencinin Adı ve Soyadı Mürsel ÖZALP İmzası ………………………… İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER……………………………………………………………………..II ÖNSÖZ……………………………………………………………………………..VI KISALTMALAR………………………………………………………………...VIII GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 1 1. ARAŞTIRMA HAKKINDA GENEL BİLGİ ...................................................... 1 1.1. Araştırmanın Önemi ve Sınırları ........................................................................... 1 1.2. Metodoloji ve Kaynaklar....................................................................................... 3 2. DİNİ VE SİYASİ BİR YAPI OLARAK PAPALIK VE PAPA ......................... 4 2.1. Papalık ve Papa Kavramları Hakkında Genel Bilgi .............................................. 5 2.2. Papalığın Teşekkülü .............................................................................................. 8 2.3. Papalık-Katoliklik Özdeşliği ............................................................................... 13 I. BÖLÜM PAPALIK OTORİTESİNİN TARİHSEL SEYRİ ................................................ 16 1. GEÇ ANTİKÇAĞDA PAPALIK ....................................................................... 17 1.1. Petrus’un Kürsüsü ............................................................................................... 18 1.2. Hıristiyanlığın Devlet Dini Olması ..................................................................... 22 1.3. Kutsal Makam ..................................................................................................... 25 1.4. Büyük Leo ve Kilisenin Dini-Dünyevi Güç Ġddiası ............................................ 26 2. ORTAÇAĞDA PAPALIK .................................................................................. 28 2.1. Batı Roma’nın Yıkılışı ve Papalığın Otorite Boşluğunu Doldurması ................. 29 II 2.2. Gelasien Düalizm ................................................................................................ 31 2.3. Büyük Gregory .................................................................................................... 33 2.4. Kutsal Roma Cermen Ġmparatorluğu .................................................................. 34 2.5. Doğu-Batı (Ortodoks-Katolik) Ayrılığı .............................................................. 35 2.6. VII. Gregory ve Dünyevi Ġktidar (Dictatus Papae) ............................................ 38 2.7. Papalık Otoritesinin Zirvesi ................................................................................ 42 2.8. Konsiliyarizm ...................................................................................................... 48 3. REFORMASYON DÖNEMİNDE PAPALIK………………………………...51 3.1 Ana Bünyeden Ġkinci Kopuş: Protestan Reformu ................................................ 51 3.2. Papalığın Kendisini Koruma Refleksi: Karşı Reform ......................................... 56 3.3. Konsiller ve Papalık Otoritesi ............................................................................. 59 II. BÖLÜM PAPANIN YANILMAZLIĞI DOKTRİNİN TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ ............... 66 1. YANILMAZLIK DOKTRİNİ HAKKINDA GENEL BİLGİ ......................... 67 1.1. Yanılmazlığın Tanımı ve Kapsamı ..................................................................... 68 1.2. Kilisenin Korunmuşluğu ile Papanın Yanılmazlığı Arasındaki Ġlişki ................ 71 2. PAPANIN YANILMAZLIĞI DOKTRİNİNİN DOĞUŞU .............................. 75 2.1. Peter Olivi ve Papanın Yanılmazlığı ................................................................... 75 2.2. Papa XXII. John ve Fransisken Öğretilerin Kınanması ...................................... 78 3. PAPANIN YANILMAZLIĞI DOKTRİNİNİN GELİŞMESİ ......................... 80 4. PAPALIK KARŞITI VE TARAFTARI AKIMLAR: GALLİKANİZM VE ULTRAMONTANİZM ........................................................................................... 85 4.1. Gallikanizm ......................................................................................................... 86 4.2. Ultramontanizm................................................................................................... 90 5. I. VATİKAN KONSİLİ ÖNCESİ SİYASİ VE DİNİ GELİŞMELER ............ 96 III 5.1. Liberal Bir Papa: IX. Pius ................................................................................... 97 5.2. Ġtalyan Birliği (Risorgimento) Hareketi .............................................................. 99 5.3. Meryem’in Asli Günahtan Korunmuşluğu: Immaculate Conception ............... 101 5.4. Liberalizme Meydan Okuma: Hatalar Manzumesi ........................................... 105 6. I. VATİKAN KONSİLİ VE YANILMAZLIK DOKTRİNİNİN KABULÜ . 108 6.1. Konsil Çağrısı ve Konsilin Amacı .................................................................... 108 6.2. Konsil Gündemine Ġlk Tepkiler ........................................................................ 111 6.3. Konsilin Açılışı ................................................................................................. 116 6.4. Konsilde Yanılmazlık Karşıtları ve Savunucuları ............................................. 118 6.4.1. Yanılmazlık Karşıtları: Inopportunistler ........................................................ 119 6.4.2. Yanılmazlık Savunucuları: Infallibilistler ...................................................... 122 6.5. Konsil Oturumları: Müzakere ve Tartışmalar ................................................... 125 6.6. Son Oylama ve Yanılmazlık Doktrininin Kabulü ............................................. 136 7. I. VATİKAN KONSİLİ SONRASI GELİŞMELER ...................................... 138 7.1. Ġtalya’nın Roma’yı Ġşgali .................................................................................. 139 7.2. Konsil Kararlarına Katılım ............................................................................... 140 7.3. Döllinger ve Eski Katolikler Kilisesi ................................................................ 142 7.4. Konsilin Meşruiyeti Tartışmaları ...................................................................... 145 III. BÖLÜM I. VATİKAN KONSİLİ SONRASI YANILMAZLIK DOKTRİNİ .................. 148 1. II. VATİKAN KONSİLİ VE YANILMAZLIK YETKİSİNİN GENİŞLETİLMESİ ............................................................................................... 149 1.1. II. Vatikan Konsili’ne Etki Eden Teologlar ve Yanılmazlık Anlayışları .......... 153 1.1.1. John Henry Newman ve Vicdan Hürriyeti ..................................................... 153 1.1.2. Yves Congar ve Kolektif Çalışma ................................................................. 157 IV 1.1.3. Hans Küng ve Kilisenin Korunmuşluğu ........................................................ 159 2. YANILMAZLIK DOKTRİNİNE FARKLI YAKLAŞIMLAR ..................... 167 3. YANILMAZLIĞIN KRİTERLERİ VE YANILMAZLIK YETKİSİNİN KULLANIMI .......................................................................................................... 171 3.1. Yanılmazlığın Kriterleri .................................................................................... 172 3.2. Yanılmazlık Yetkisinin Kullanımı .................................................................... 181 3.3. Yanılmazlığın Diğer Çeşidi: Kilisenin Öğreti Otoritesi (Magisterium) ........... 185 4. PAPANIN YANILMAZLIĞI DOKTRİNİ VE DİĞER KİLİSELERDEKİ YANSIMALARI ..................................................................................................... 189 4.1. Ortodoks Kiliselerinin Yanılmazlık Doktrinine Yaklaşımları .......................... 191 4.2. Protestan Kiliselerinin Yanılmazlık Doktrinine Yaklaşımları .......................... 196 4.3. Yanılmazlık Doktrini ve Diğer Kiliselerle Ġlişkiler .......................................... 202 SONUÇ .................................................................................................................... 206 KAYNAKÇA .......................................................................................................... 210 ÖZET ....................................................................................................................... 236 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ 237 V ÖNSÖZ Ġnanca müteallik konularda Tanrısal bir murâkabe ile “hatadan korunmuşluk” ve “hataya düşmeme” olarak tarif edilen yanılmazlık anlayışı, bütün dinlerde yaşanan hakiki, saf îtikadın temsilcisi iddiasındaki ortodoksi ve ana akımdan sapan öteki; heresi kavgasıyla da birebir ilişkili teolojik, aynı zamanda politik ve felsefî çok eski bir kavramdır. 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