Status of Women from National Minorities in the Serbian Higher Education System – Focus on Women from the Hungarian National Minority
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University of Novi Sad Association of Centres for Interdisciplinary And Multidisciplinary Studies and Research – ACIMSI PhD in Gender Studies Status of women from national minorities in the Serbian higher education system – Focus on women from the Hungarian national minority PhD thesis Mentor: prof. dr Andrea Pető Candidate: Karolina Lendák-Kabók Novi Sad, 2019 University of Novi Sad Univerzitet u Novom Sadu Asocijacija centara za interdisciplinarne i multidisciplinarne studije i istraživanja – ACIMSI Ključna dokumentacijska informacija Redni broj: RBR Identifikacioni broj: IBR Tip dokumentacije: Monografska dokumentacija TD Tip zapisa: Tekstualni štampani materijal TZ Vrsta rada (dipl., mag., Doktorska disertacija dokt.): VR Ime i prezime autora: Karolina Lendák - Kabók AU Mentor (titula, ime, Prof. dr Andrea Pető, redovna profesorka prezime, zvanje): MN Naslov rada: Položaj žena iz nacionalnih manjina u sistemu visokog NR obrazovanja Srbije – osvrt na žene iz mađarske nacionalne manjine Jezik publikacije: engleski JP Jezik izvoda: srp. / eng. JI Zemlja publikovanja: Republika Srbija ZP Uže geografsko AP Vojvodina područje: UGP Godina: 2019 GO Izdavač: Autorski reprint IZ Mesto i adresa: Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1 MA Fizički opis rada: (13 poglavlja / 369 stranica / 1 grafikon / 45 tabela / 211 FO referenci / 6 priloga) Naučna oblast: Rodne studije NO 1 Naučna disciplina: Rodne studije Sociologija ND Predmetna odrednica, jezik, rod, etnicitet, identitet, maturanti/kinje u srednjoj školi, ključne reči: studenti/kinje, nastavno osoblje, visokoobrazovni sistem PO Srbije, mađarska, slovačka i rumunka nacionalna manjina, većinski narod (srpski), intersekcionalnost, rod u akademiji, žene u STEM UDK Čuva se: Centralna biblioteka Univerziteta u Novom ČU Sadu Važna napomena: Nema. VN Izvod: Primarni cilj istraživanja je identifikacija i i analiza prepreka IZ u sistemu visokog obrazovanja tokom studiranja i izgradnje karijere u akademskoj zajednici žena iz nacionalnih zajednica sa posebnim osvrtom na žene iz mađarske nacionalne zajednice. Sekundarni cilj je analiza nesvesne i svesne rodne pristrasnosti prema ženama etničkih manjina u toku izgradnje akademske karijere i pri dosezanju visokih pozicija unutar akademije. Tercijarni cilj istraživanja je podizanje svesti o tome, kako je potražnja za ljudskim resursima na tržištu rada u oblasti tehničkih nauka značajna i da je stoga potrebno usmeriti veći broj žena ka tim oblastima. Istraživanje je sprovedeno pomoću 2192 popunjena upitnika i 45 polu- strukturirana intervjua. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da jezik, koji je u intersekciji sa rodom, nacionalnošću i klasom, rezultira novim konceptom nejednakosti. Takođe je dokazano da su žene nedovoljno zastupljene u tehničkim oblastima, što je najvećim delom moguće pripisati rodnim stereotipima. Konačno, utvrđeno je da su žene manje motivisane da dosegnu visoke pozicije od muškaraca u sistemu visokog školstva. Autorka predlaže skup mera za rešavanje i/ili ublažavanje identifikovanih izazova, npr. dekonstrukcija rodnih stereotipa pomoću unapređenih nastavnih materijala u osnovnim i srednjim školama, prilađen program učenja srpskog jezika za učenike iz etničkih manjina sa ciljem izbegavanja jezičke barijere na početku studija; odnosno osnivanje centra za istraživanje statusa i izazova zajednica etničkih manjina. Datum prihvatanja 05. mart 2015.godine teme od strane NN veća: DP Datum odbrane: DO 2 Članovi komisije: predsednik: (ime i prezime / titula / član: zvanje / naziv član: organizacije / status) član: KO član: 3 University of Novi Sad ACIMSI Keyword documentation Accession number: ANO Identification number: INO Document type: Monograph documentation DT Type of record: Textual printed material TR Contents code: CC Author: Karolina Lendák-Kabók AU Mentor: Prof. dr Andrea Pető MN Title: Status of women from national minorities in the Serbian TI higher education system – Focus on women from the Hungarian national minority Language of text: English LT Language of abstract: eng. / srp. LA Country of Republic of Serbia publication: CP Locality of Autonomous Province of Vojvodina publication: LP Publication year: 2019 PY Publisher: Author’s reprint PU Publication place: Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1 PP Physical description: (13 chapters / 369 pages / 1 graph / 45 tables / 211 references PD / 6 appendixes) Scientific field Gender studies SF Scientific discipline Gender studies SD 4 Subject, Key words language, gender, ethnicity, identity, high school graduates, SKW students, teaching staff, higher education system of Serbia, Hungarian, Slovak and Romanian national minorities, majority people (Serbian), intersectionality, gender in the academia, women in STEM UC Holding data: HD Note: N Abstract: The primary objective of this research was to identify and AB analyse the challenges faced by ethnic minority students while studying and building an academic career in the higher education system of Serbia. The secondary objective was to analyse the unconscious and conscious gender biases towards ethnic minority women, when building their academic careers and in reaching decision-making position in academia. The tertiary objective of was to raise awareness about the increased demand for human resources in the technical fields and that therefore more women should be steered towards the studying engineering. The research was conducted based on 2192 filled in questionnaires and 45 semi-structured interviews. The research results showed that language, intersecting with gender, ethnicity and class result in a new inequality concept. It was shown that women are under-represented in technical fields, which has its roots in gender stereotypes. Finally, it was shown that women are less motivated to reach higher positions in the Serbian higher education system than men. The author proposes a set of policy recommendations for solving/mitigating the identified challenges, e.g. de- construction of gender stereotypes via improved teaching aids in elementary and high schools, optimised Serbian language teaching to eliminate the language difficulty faced at the start of their higher education; as well as the founding of an ethnic minority research centre, which would research the challenges faced by ethnic minority communities. Accepted on Scientific March 5th, 2015. Board on: AS Defended: DE Thesis Defend Board: president: DB member: member: member: member: 5 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor professor Andrea Pető for guiding me through my PhD research project and for being a very demanding and fair PhD supervisor. I am truly grateful to prof. Pető for providing me the possibility to widen my knowledge and to do my literature review at the Central European University’s (CEU) excellent library in Budapest. Prof. Pető encouraged me to go beyond my own boundaries, to do my best and to believe in myself. I am very grateful to professor emeritus Svenka Savić, who introduced me to Prof. Andrea Pető, and who was supporting me all the way through my PhD studies and thesis writing phase. Without prof. Savić my life would have taken a very different course. I am truly grateful to professor Vladislava Gordić Petković, whos upported me in the final phase of my PhD and acted as my co-mentor. She was more than supportive as a Coordinator of the Center of Gender Studies, as through her recommendation letters she supported me in my research expeditions abroad. Last but not least, I am very blessed for having a wonderful family. My husband Associate professor Imre Lendák was more than supportive and helped me with my research. His patience and constant encouragement were priceless. My parents, Ida Kabók and József Kabók, were the ones who persuaded me to enrol PhD studies in the first place and they were more than supportive from the first day on. I am so grateful to them for taking care of our children when I was doing my research work. In the end, I am so happy to have three wonderful children: Petra (7.5 years), Franciska (4) and Imre jr. (2.5) who are the most adorable persons in the world. I apologize to them for being absent, when I had to travel to attend conferences and research missions, as well as for not being with them while I was writing papers and my PhD thesis. I hope that one day they will appreciate my effort and they will be proud of their mother’s achievement. I am dedicating this PhD thesis to my children, but also to all mothers in the world with young children writing their dissertations. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................7 Table of contents ....................................................................................................................8 List of tables ......................................................................................................................... 15 Table of figures .................................................................................................................... 18 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 19 1.1 Language as a performative metaphor for (in)equality ............................................ 20 1.2 Women in academia – women from national minority communities ....................... 22 1.3 Women in STEM ................................................................................................... 23 1.4 Document