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THE SYNTHESIS and CHEMISTRY of AZAQUINONES by E

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THE SYNTHESIS and CHEMISTRY of AZAQUINONES by E THE SYNTHESIS AND CHEMISTRY OF AZAQUINONES by E. SHARKEY, B.Sc. irm Thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Edinburgh September. 1972 rv' \ TaT TO MY WIFE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to record.my gratitude to Dr. M.H. Palmer and to Dr. C .W. Greenhaigh. for their advice and encourage- ment throughout the period of this study. My thanks are also due to Mr. R.H. Findlay who worked on some aspects of the material contained herein during the tenure of a Carnegie Scholarship. I would also like to thank the Science Research Council for the award of a C.A.P.S. maintenance grant and the University of Edinburgh and Imperial Chemical IndustrIes Ltd., Dyestuffs Division, for the provision of labdratory facilities. SUMIVIAR This thesis is written in seven chapters; the results are discussed in six chapters and are prefaced by an intro- ductory chapter. The initial object of the project was to synthesise nitrogen heterocyclic analogues of anthraquinone, azaanthra- quinones, and to compare their reactions with those of the corresponding anthraquinones. It was therefore undesirable to use highly substituted compounds but attempts to prepare the parent azaan-bhracences by double cyclisation procedures, using phenylenediamines and -dicarbonyl compounds, met with little success and oxidation of an azaanthracene obtained resulted in degradation of the molecule. The factors affecting the orientation of the cyclisations are discussed and a possible mechanism for the reactions of pyruvic acid with phenylenediamines is proposed. The acylation of pyrroles with phthalic anhydride was investigated but poor yields of the azaanthraquinones were obtained. The reactions were re-investigated using acetic acid as solvent. A possible alternative route to azaanthraquinones using ethylenediarnine and 1,4-naphthoquinone led to an investi- gation of the reactions of 1,4-quinones and bidentate nucleo- philic ligands. It was shown that the initial substitution was at the C=C bond but that the resultant cyclisation was at the carbonyl group. These reactions were extended to sub- stituted anthraquinones and linear, angular and meso cyclisations were observed. The original aim of preparirg azaanthraquinones was pursued via azanaphthoquinones. An interesting chlorination reaction was observed using sodium chlorate and concentrated hydrochloric acid and this reaction was extended to anthra- quinones. A study of the reactions of some of the chlori- nated products with bidentate nucleophilic ligands was also made. The easiest route to azaanthraquinones is by a dipolar addition to 1, 4-naphthoquinones. Benz[f]indazoie-4, 9-dione was methylated and the structures of the products were deter- mined by n.m.r. spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. An attempt was made to correlate the product ratios for alkylation with the a-electron density values on N-i and N-2, as calculated by the CNDO procedure. The application of the CNDO pro- cedure was extended to anthraquinone and substituted anthra- quinones. Electrophilic substitution and the reactions, of the carbonyl groups of benz[f]indazoie -4,9-dione were also studied. CONTENTS Page CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1 1.1 Anthraquinone 2 1.2 Reactions of Anthraquinones 4 1.3 Meso Cyclisation 6 1.4 Heterocyclic Quinones 8 1.5 Techniques 10 CHAPTER TWO Condensation Reactions of B-Dicarbonyl compounds and Phenylenediamines 12 SECTION ONE Introduction 13 2.1 General Object of Investi ation 14 2.2 Reactions proceeding from .-Di carbonyl compounds 14 2.3 Gould-Jacobs Reaction 15 2.4 Pyruvic Acid Condensation Reactions 17 SECTION TWO Results and Discussion 18 2.5 Condensation Reactions of Phenylene- diaxnines and Ethyl Acetoacetate 19 2.6 Cyclisation of the Crotonic Esters 20 2.7 Combes Reaction 22 2.8 Gould-Jacobs Reaction 25 2.9 Condensation Reactions of Pyruvic Acid with Phenylenediamines 28 2.10 Mechanism 32 CHAPTER THREE Acylation of Pyrroles by Phthalic Anhydride 34 SECTION ONE Introduction 35 3.1 Heterocyclic Quinones from the Friedel-Crafts Reaction 36 3.2 Structure of the "Pyrrolene-Phthalides" 36 Page 3.3 Acylation of Pyrrole 37 3.4 Acylation ReactiOns 38 SECTION TWO Results and Discussion 39 3.5 Phthalic Anhydride and Pyrrole 40 3.6 Phthalic Anhydride and N-Methylpyrrole 41 3.7 Acylation of Pyrroles in Acetic Acid 41 CHAPTER FOUR Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of 1,4- Quinones 45 SECTION ONE Introduction 46 4.1 General Object of Investigation 47 4.2 Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution 47 4.3 Substitution Reactions of p-Benzoquinone 48 4.4 Substitution Reactions of 1,4- - Naphthoquinone 50 4.5 Structure of Naphthazarin 52 SECTION TWO Results and Discussion 54 4.6 Benzoquinones and Aminothiols 55 4.7 1,4-Naphthoquinones and Ethylene- diamine 57 4.8 Mechanism 59 4.9 Dimerisation of 6-Hydroxybenzo[f] quinoxaline 60 4.10 1,4-Naphthoquinones and Aminothiols 60 4.11 Naphthazarin and Ethylenediainine 62 4.12 Reactions of Benzo[a]phenazines 64 CHAPTER FIVE Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Anthraquinones 67 SECTION ONE Introduction 68 5.1 General Object of Investigation 69 5.2 Quinizarin 69 5.3 Quinizarin Quinone 70 Page 5.4 Quinizarin Boric Esters 71 5.5 Chioroanthraquinones 72 SECTION TWO Results and Discussion 73 5.6 Quinizarin and Diaminoalkanes 74 5.7 Quinizarin Diboroacetate and Ethylenediamine 75 5.8 Halogenoquinizarins and Diaminoal•kanes 76 5.9 Quinizarin and Aminothiols 83 5.10 Conclusions 86 5.11 Quinizarin and Dithiols 87 5.12 Chioroanthraquinones and Diam'ines 88 CHAPTER SIX Reactions of Sodium Chlorate and Anthraquinones 95 6.1 Reactions of Sodium Chlorate 96 6.2 Extension to Substituted Anthra- quinones 97 6.3 Conclusions 99 6.4 Reactions of 4-Amino-2,2,3-trichloro- 1-keto-1, 2-dehydroanthraquinone 100 CHAPTER SEVEN Reactions of Benz[f]indazole-4,9-dione 103 SECTION ONE Introduction 104 7.1 General Object of Investigation 105 7.2 Dipolar. Addition Reactions of 1,4- Naphthoquinone 105 SECTION TWO Results and Discussion 107 7.3 Structures of the Methylated Benz[f] indazole-4,9--diones 108 7.4 Alkylation of Benz[f]indazole-4,9-dione 115 7.5 Discussion of Results 116 7.6 M.O. Results 117 • 7.7 Nitration of Benz[f]indazole-4,9-dione 122 7.8 Reactions of the Quinone group 123 7.9 Oxidation of the Phenylhydrazones of Benz[f]indazole-4 , 9-dione 126 Page EXPERIMENTAL SECTI ON General notes 129 Phenylenediamines and -Dicarbonyl Compounds 130 Acylation of Pyrroles with Phthalic Anhydride 146 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of 1,4-quinones 151 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Anthraquinones 161 Sodium Chlorate Reactions 179 Reactions of Benz[f]indazoie -4 ,9-dione 186 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTI ON 2 1.1 ANTHRAQUINONE The synthesis of alizarin from anthracene by Graebe and Liebermanri in 18681 and the elucidation of the generic relationship between anthracene, anthraquinone and alizarin by the same investigators, may be said to mark the beginning of a new era in the study of anthraquinone and its deriva- tives. 2 ' 3 Although anthraquinone was prepar d by Laurent by the oxidation of anthracene with nitric acid4 and subse- quently by Fritzsche by oxidation with chromic acid, 5 little interest was attached to this compound until Graebe and Liebermann's paper. This soon led to the technical production of synthetic alizarin and stimulated research to such a marked degree that today we may with propriety speak of an "anthraquinone chemistry". The quinone-like character of anthraquinone was first clearly recognized by Graebe and Liebermann who showed that it bore the same structural relationship to anthracene as benzoquinone did to benzene. 6 The name "anthraquinone" was first proposed by these two investigators. The generally accepted diketo formula (1) for this compound was suggested by Fittig. 7 X-ray examination of anthraquinone crystals has shown that the molecule is planar and has the bond lengths and angles shown in fig. (2). 8 , The areas of selective absorption in the ultra-violet spectrum of anthraquinone are characteristic and the ultra- violet region is not greatly affected by substitution, electron-withdrawing groups having negligible effect. ç:o CH COCL ' oco Ph Ph C 4 3 Electron donating groups show their greatest influence in the visible region, the long wave quinonoid absorption being influenced and bathochromically shifted. The effect is par- ticularly marked with a-substituents, especially if they are chelated to the adjacent carbonyl groups. Consequently the poly -hydroxy and poly a-aminoanthraquinones are highly coloured and provide the chromophore on which many dyes are based. 9 ' 1° Anthraquinone was first prepared synthetically from o-benzoylbenzoic acid by Behr and van Dorp 11 but the funda- mental work of the present synthetic anthraquinone process was done by Friedel and Crafts. 12 In applying their reaction to phthalic acid chloride (3) and benzene, they obtained a reaction product containing two compounds, phthalophenone (4) and anthraquinone. Studying this fundamental reaction further, they observed that when phthalic anhydride was used in place of phthalic acid chloride, the principal reaction product was o-benzoyl benzoic acid. 13 Perkin obtained a 100% conversion of this into anthraquinone by the use of concentrated sulphuric acid. 14 Heller showed that the aluminium chloride does not act catalytically but forms an intermediate compound with the phthalic anhydride and benzene 5 The general production of anthraquinone in the U.K. and Europe is by oxidation of anthracene whereas in the U.S.A. benzoyl benzoic acid is used. This is economically viable because they have cheap sources of aluminium chloride. With the decline of the coal gas industry the long term future of anthracene is in doubt. ri 1.2 REACTIONS OF ANTHRAQUINONES With the exception of nitration, electrophilic sub- stitution reactions proceed with difficulty or not at all, e.g. Friedel-Crafts reactions. Nitration proceeds compara- tively easily with mixed acid at 40-50 0C to give mainly 1- nitroanthraquinone together with a small amount of the s-isomer and several dinitro compounds.
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