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Planetary Nebula Associations with Star Clusters in the Andromeda Galaxy Yasmine Kahvaz [email protected]

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Planetary Nebula Associations with Star Clusters in the Andromeda Galaxy Yasmine Kahvaz Kahvaz@Marshall.Edu Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 2016 Planetary Nebula Associations with Star Clusters in the Andromeda Galaxy Yasmine Kahvaz [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Stars, Interstellar Medium and the Galaxy Commons Recommended Citation Kahvaz, Yasmine, "Planetary Nebula Associations with Star Clusters in the Andromeda Galaxy" (2016). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. 1052. http://mds.marshall.edu/etd/1052 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. PLANETARY NEBULA ASSOCIATIONS WITH STAR CLUSTERS IN THE ANDROMEDA GALAXY A thesis submitted to the Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Physical and Applied Science in Physics by Yasmine Kahvaz Approved by Dr. Timothy Hamilton, Committee Chairperson Dr. Maria Babiuc Hamilton Dr. Ralph Oberly Marshall University Dec 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Timothy Hamilton at Shawnee State University, for his guidance, advice and support for all the aspects of this project. My committee, including Dr. Timothy Hamilton, Dr. Maria Babiuc Hamilton, and Dr. Ralph Oberly, provided a review of this thesis. This research has made use of the following databases: The Local Group Survey (low- ell.edu/users/massey/lgsurvey.html) and the PHAT Survey (archive.stsci.edu/prepds/phat/). I would also like to thank the entire faculty of the Physics Department of Marshall University for being there for me every step of the way through my undergrad and graduate degree years. iii CONTENTS ListofFigures..................................................................... vi ListofTables...................................................................... vii Abstract.......................................................................... ix Chapter1 THEINTRODUCTION ................................................ 1 1.1 Background .............................................................. 1 1.2 Analyzing Stars With the Hertzprung-Russell Diagram . 2 1.3 OverviewofStellarEvolution............................................... 3 1.4 Planetary Nebula Formation . 5 1.5 Associations Between Planetary Nebulae and Star Clusters . 6 1.6 Previous Searches for Planetary Nebula—Cluster Associations . 6 Chapter2 DATASETS .......................................................... 10 2.1 LocalGroupSurvey ....................................................... 10 2.2 Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury . 10 Chapter3 Methods.............................................................. 14 3.1 ObjectIdentification....................................................... 14 3.1.1 Distinguishing PNe From Stars . 14 3.1.2 FindingStellarClusters .............................................. 16 3.2 Photometry .............................................................. 17 3.2.1 F475W-[OIII] magnitude relation . 20 3.2.2 ChanceAlignments .................................................. 21 Chapter4 RESULTS ............................................................ 23 4.1 Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function . 23 4.2 PN609 .................................................................. 23 4.3 PN457 .................................................................. 26 iv Chapter 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION . 33 5.1 Discussion................................................................ 33 5.1.1 PN609............................................................. 34 5.1.2 PN457............................................................. 34 5.2 FutureWork.............................................................. 36 5.3 Conclusions............................................................... 36 Appendix A LIST OF PN CANDIDATES FOUND IN M31 . 38 Appendix B TABLE OF PN PARAMETERS . 59 Appendix C Letter from Institutional Research Board . 73 References ........................................................................ 74 Vita.............................................................................. 76 v LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Hertzprung-Russell diagram of a star cluster . 3 1.2 H-R diagram of PN progenitor star evolution . 9 2.1 Overall area of M31 covered by the Local Group Survey . 11 2.2 Linear relationship between m5007 and F475W magnitudes . 13 3.1 Area of M31 covered by the Local Group Survey images . 15 3.2 PNcandidatedistributioninM31 ............................................ 17 3.3 PHAT survey layout of the 23 image bricks on M31 . 18 4.1 The luminosity function of the PNe candidate catalog . 24 4.2 TheluminosityfunctionofPNemodule ....................................... 24 4.3 The logarithmic luminosity function of PNe candidate catalog . 25 4.4 The logarithmic luminosity function of PNe module. 25 4.5 PHAT view broad-band of PN609 and its cluster . 26 4.6 LGS emission-line view of PN 609 . 27 4.7 Color-mag diagram of region around PN 609 . 28 4.8 PN609andcluster......................................................... 29 4.9 PN 609 and cluster in F475W filter of PHAT image. 29 4.10 PN 457 in LGS images . 30 4.11 PN 457 and clusters in PHAT images . 31 4.12 Color-mag diagram for PN 457 . 32 5.1 Distribution of open clusters in only 6 fields of M31 . 35 vi LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Local Group Survey Images Used in Making of Color Images . 16 3.2 PHAT Survey Images Used to Find PN/OC Association Candidates . 22 4.1 PN/OC Association Candidates . 23 4.2 PN609 Parameters . 26 4.3 PN457 Parameters . 27 A.1 PNCandidateCoordinates .................................................. 39 A.1 PNCandidateCoordinates .................................................. 40 A.1 PNCandidateCoordinates .................................................. 41 A.1 PNCandidateCoordinates .................................................. 42 A.1 PNCandidateCoordinates .................................................. 43 A.1 PNCandidateCoordinates .................................................. 44 A.1 PNCandidateCoordinates .................................................. 45 A.1 PNCandidateCoordinates .................................................. 46 A.1 PNCandidateCoordinates .................................................. 47 A.1 PNCandidateCoordinates .................................................. 48 A.2 PNCandidateDescriptions.................................................. 49 A.2 PNCandidateDescriptions.................................................. 50 A.2 PNCandidateDescriptions.................................................. 51 A.2 PNCandidateDescriptions.................................................. 52 A.2 PNCandidateDescriptions.................................................. 53 A.2 PNCandidateDescriptions.................................................. 54 A.2 PNCandidateDescriptions.................................................. 55 A.2 PNCandidateDescriptions.................................................. 56 A.2 PNCandidateDescriptions.................................................. 57 A.2 PNCandidateDescriptions.................................................. 58 vii B.1 PNCandidatePhotometry .................................................. 60 B.1 PNCandidatePhotometry .................................................. 61 B.1 PNCandidatePhotometry .................................................. 62 B.1 PNCandidatePhotometry .................................................. 63 B.1 PNCandidatePhotometry .................................................. 64 B.1 PNCandidatePhotometry .................................................. 65 B.1 PNCandidatePhotometry .................................................. 66 B.1 PNCandidatePhotometry .................................................. 67 B.1 PNCandidatePhotometry .................................................. 68 B.1 PNCandidatePhotometry .................................................. 69 B.1 PNCandidatePhotometry .................................................. 70 B.1 PNCandidatePhotometry .................................................. 71 B.1 PNCandidatePhotometry .................................................. 72 viii ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to find planetary nebulae (PNe) and star cluster associations in the Andromeda galaxy (M31). To identify PNe in M31, a red-green-blue image is obtained using 3 emission line filters of H↵, λ5007A˚ [OIII], and λλ6717, 6731A˚ [SII], using images from the Local Group Survey. By completing a visual search of the RGB images, 477 PN candidates are iden- tified. In order to find star clusters associated with the PN candidates, an RGB image is made using the Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury survey. Filter F814W is used as red and filter F475W is used as both the green and blue colors. Two PN/open cluster (OC) association candidates appear to be the best cases to focus on. In one of the cases, the PN candidates is not confirmed as a true PN. In the other case, the PN appears to be confirmed as a true PN and so there is a good chance that PN/OC association is true for this case. ix CHAPTER 1 THE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background A planetary nebula (PN) is a gas cloud, often a spherical shell, ejected from the outer layers of an evolved star as its core is transforming into a white dwarf. Ultraviolet light from the
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