BLANK PAGE Uses of the Participle 286 Uses of the Subjunctive 288 Word Order 290 Longer Sentences 291 Numerals 292 Gerunds and Gerundives 301

Navigation Contents Part One: About the language 262

Nouns 262 Adjectives 264 Comparison of adjectives 266 Adverbs 268 Pronouns 270 Regular verbs 274 Deponent verbs 280 Irregular verbs 282 Uses of the cases 285 BLANK PAGE Uses of the participle 286 Uses of the subjunctive 288 Word order 290 Longer sentences 291 Numerals 292 Gerunds and gerundives 301

Part Two: Vocabulary 293

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1 first second third declension declension declension f. m. m. n. m. m. m. f. f. n. n. n. nominative puella servus faber templum mercātor leō cīvis vōx urbs nōmen tempus mare nominative and vocative (voc. serve) and vocative genitive (of) puellae servī fabrī templī mercātōris leōnis cīvis vōcis urbis nōminis temporis mare genitive (of) dative (to, for) puellae servō fabrō templō mercātōrī leōnī cīvī vōcī urbī nōminī temporī maris dative (to, for) accusative puellam servum fabrum templum mercātōrem leōnem cīvem vōcem urbem nōmen tempus marī accusative ablative (by, with) puellā servō fabrō templō mercātōre leōne cīve vōce urbe nōmine tempore marī ablative (by, with) nominative puellae servī fabrī templa mercātōrēs leōnēs cīvēs vōcēs urbēs nōmina tempora maria nominative and vocative and vocative genitive (of) puellārum servōrum fabrōrum templōrum mercātōrum leōnum cīvium vōcum urbium nōminum temporum marium genitive (of) dative (to, for) puellīs servīs fabrīs templīs mercātōribus leōnibus cīvibus vōcibus urbibus nōminibus temporibus maribus dative (to, for) accusative puellās servōs fabrōs templa mercātōrēs leōnēs cīvēs vōcēs urbēs nōmina tempora maria accusative ablative (by, with) puellīs servīs fabrīs templīs mercātōribus leōnibus cīvibus vōcibus urbibus nōminibus temporibus maribus ablative (by, with) fourth declension fifth declension 2 For the ways in which the different cases are used, see p. 285. m. n. m. f. 3 Notice again the way in which the cases of third declension nouns are formed. In particular, compare the nominative singular of leō, vōx, and nōmen with the genitive singular. Which of these cases is a nominative portus genū diēs rēs better guide to the way the other cases are formed? and vocative Use the Vocabulary on pp. 293‒323 to find the genitive singular of the following nouns; then use genitive (of) portūs genūs diēī reī the tables here to find their ablative singular and plural: dative (to, for) portuī genū diēī reī dux; homō; pēs; difficultās; nox; iter. accusative portum genū diem rem 4 Translate the following pairs of sentences. State the case, number (i.e. singular or plural), and ablative (by, with) portū genū diē rē declension of each noun in boldface. Use the table of nouns to help you. nominative portūs genua diēs rēs a servī nōmina Graeca habēbant. and vocative fēmina pauper erat, sed vītam contentam agēbat. genitive (of) portuum genuum diērum rērum b magnus numerus leōnum in arēnam ruit. dative (to, for) portibus genibus diēbus rēbus lībertus coquum iussit cēnam magnificam parāre. c captīvī, ē carcere ēductī, in pompā incēdēbant. accusative portūs genua diēs rēs imperātor arcum frātrī dēdicāre cōnstituit. ablative (by, with) portibus genibus diēbus rēbus d multitūdō hominum viās urbis complēbat. puella, ānulō dēlectāta, iuvenī grātiās ēgit.

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Adjectives 3 Compare the third declension adjectives in paragraph 2 with the third declension nouns on pp. 262‒263. Notice in particular the different form of the ablative singular.

1 first and second declension 4 With the help of paragraphs 1 and 2 opposite and the table of nouns on pp. 262‒263, find the Latin for the words in italic type in the following sentences:

masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter 1 I took the brave girl to the centurion. nominative bonus bona bonum pulcher pulchra pulchrum 2 He was the son of a good king. and vocative (voc. bone) 3 They were attacked by a huge slave. genitive bonī bonae bonī pulchrī pulchrae pulchrī 4 We visited many beautiful cities. dative bonō bonae bonō pulchrō pulchrae pulchrō 5 The walls of the huge temples were built slowly and carefully. accusative bonum bonam bonum pulchrum pulchram pulchrum 6 The dancing girl had beautiful hands. bonō bonā bonō pulchrō pulchrā pulchrō ablative 5 Translate the following sentences. Then change the words in boldface into the plural. You may have to refer to the Vocabulary at the end of the book. nominative bonī bonae bona pulchrī pulchrae pulchra and vocative a pater parvum fīlium ad arcum Titī dūxit. genitive bonōrum bonārum bonōrum pulchrōrum pulchrārum pulchrōrum b senātor fēminae trīstī auxilium dedit. dative bonīs bonīs bonīs pulchrīs pulchrīs pulchrīs c hostēs, mūrō ingentī dēfēnsī, diū resistēbant. accusative bonōs bonās bona pulchrōs pulchrās pulchra d omnēs audāciam mīlitis Rōmānī laudāvērunt. ablative bonīs bonīs bonīs pulchrīs pulchrīs pulchrīs e cīvēs iuvenī callidō praemium obtulērunt. f senex sapiēns regī nōn crēdidit. 2 third declension

masculine neuter masculine neuter and feminine and feminine nominative fortis forte ingēns ingēns and vocative genitive fortis fortis ingentis ingentis dative fortī fortī ingentī ingentī accusative fortem forte ingentem ingēns ablative fortī fortī ingent-ī/-e ingent-ī/-e nominative fortēs fortia ingentēs ingentia and vocative genitive fortium fortium ingentium ingentium dative fortibus fortibus ingentibus ingentibus accusative fortēs fortia ingentēs ingentia ablative fortibus fortibus ingentibus ingentibus

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Comparison of adjectives 3 Study the forms of the comparative adjective longior (longer) and the superlative adjective longissimus (longest, very long):

1 comparative superlative masculine longus longior longissimus and feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter long longer longest, very long nominative longior longius longissimus longissima longissimum pulcher pulchrior pulcherrimus and vocative (voc. longissime) beautiful more beautiful most beautiful, very beautiful genitive longiōris longiōris longissimī longissimae longissimī fortis fortior fortissimus dative longiōrī longiōrī longissimō longissimae longissimō brave braver bravest, very brave accusative longiōrem longius longissimum longissimam longissimum fēlīx fēlīcior fēlīcissimus ablative longiōre longiōre longissimō longissimā longissimō lucky luckier luckiest, very lucky prūdēns prūdentior prūdentissimus nominative longiōrēs longiōra longissimī longissimae longissima shrewd shrewder shrewdest, very shrewd and vocative facilis facilior facillimus genitive longiōrum longiōrum longissimōrum longissimārum longissimōrum easy easier easiest, very easy dative longiōribus longiōribus longissimīs longissimīs longissimīs longiōrēs longiōra longissimōs longissimās longissima 2 Irregular forms: accusative ablative longiōribus longiōribus longissimīs longissimīs longissimīs bonus melior optimus good better best, very good 4 Compare the endings of longior with those of the third declension nouns mercātor malus peior pessimus and tempus on pp. 262 and 263. Notice in particular the nominative and accusative bad worse worst, very bad forms of the neuter singular. magnus maior maximus big bigger biggest, very big 5 With the help of paragraphs 1‒3 and the table of nouns on pp. 262‒263, find the Latin for the words in italic type in the following sentences: parvus minor minimus small smaller smallest, very small a I have never known a longer day. multus plūs plūrimus b She sent the worst slaves back to the slave dealer. much more most, very much c Better times will come. multī plūrēs plūrimī d The bravest citizens were fighting the front line. many more most, very many e We did not visit the biggest temple, as we had seen a more beautiful temple next to it. f Most girls did not believe the soldiers’ stories.

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Adverbs 6 Comparative forms (of both adjectives and adverbs) are sometimes used with the meaning “too.”

1 Adverbs ending in -ē are connected with 1st and 2nd declension adjectives. medicus tardius advēnit. The doctor arrived too late. (i.e. later than he should have) laetē happily laetus, laeta, laetum happy 7 Superlative forms (of both adjectives and adverbs) are sometimes used with quam, pulchrē beautifully pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum beautiful meaning “as … as possible.”

2 Adverbs ending in --ter are connected with 3rd declension adjectives. quam celerrimē advēnit. He arrived as quickly as possible. fortiter bravely fortis, fortis, forte brave 8 Translate the following examples. audācter boldly audāx, audāx, audāx bold a nēmō rēs meās prūdentius cūrat quam tū. 3 The comparative form of adverbs is the same as the neuter nominative singular of comparative b servus dominō breviter respondit. adjectives. c rēx tōtam īnsulam occupāre perfidē cupit. d Belimicus maiōra praemia audācius postulābat. e quis hanc prōvinciam administrāre melius scit quam Imperātor? laetius more happily laetior, laetior, laetius happier f captīvī ad carcerem reductī sunt, custōdem maximē vituperantēs. fortius more bravely fortior, fortior, fortius braver g hīs iuvenibus quam minimē crēdere dēbēmus. h fūrēs in cubiculum tacitē intrāvērunt, ē cubiculō timidē fūgērunt. 4 The superlative form of adverbs ends in -ē, since superlative adjectives are all 1st and 2nd declension.

laetissimē very happily laetissimus, laetissima, laetissimum very happy fortissimē very bravely fortissimus, fortissima, fortissimum very brave

5 Irregular forms. Compare these adverbial forms with the adjectives on page 266.

bene melius optimē well better best, very good male peius pessimē badly worse worst, very bad magnopere magis maximē greatly more most, very greatly paulum minus minimē little less least, very little multum plūs plūrimum much more most, very much

Prev Page 268 Language Information 269 Language Information Next Page Navigation Pronouns I: ego, tū, nōs, vōs, sē Pronouns II: hic, ille, ipse, is, īdem

1 ego and tū (I, you, etc.) 1 hic (this, these, etc.)

nominative ego tū nōs vōs masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter genitive meī tuī nostrum vestrum nominative hic haec hoc hī hae haec dative mihi tibi nōbīs vōbīs genitive huius huius huius hōrum hārum hōrum accusative mē tē nōs vōs dative huic huic huic hīs hīs hīs ablative mē tē nōbīs vōbīs accusative hunc hanc hoc hōs hās haec hōc hāc hōc hīs hīs hīs 2 sē (herself, himself, itself, themselves, etc.) ablative The various forms of hic can also be used to mean he, she, they, etc.: nominative (no forms) hic tamen nihil dīcere poterat. genitive suī suī He, however, could say nothing. dative sibi sibi 2 ille (that, those, etc.; sometimes used with the meaning he, she, it, etc.) accusative sē sē ablative sē sē 3 Translate the following sentences: masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter nominative ille illa illud illī illae illa a nōs, ā tē monitī, perīculum vītāvimus. genitive illīus illīus illīus illōrum illārum illōrum b captīvī, quod nūlla spēs salūtis erat, sē occīdērunt. dative illī illī illī illīs illīs illīs c vīsne mēcum īre? illum illam illud illōs illās illa d amīcī, quod diūtius manēre nōlēbant, domum sine vōbīs rediērunt. accusative e Salvius, cum ad aulam prōcēderet, multōs servōs sēcum habēbat. ablative illō illā illō illīs illīs illīs f sorōrem rogāvī num stolās novās sibi comparāvisset. 3 ipse (myself, yourself, himself, etc.)

Pick out the pronoun in each sentence and state its case. masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter nominative ipse ipsa ipsum ipsī ipsae ipsa genitive ipsīus ipsīus ipsīus ipsōrum ipsārum ipsōrum dative ipsī ipsī ipsī ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs accusative ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsōs ipsās ipsa ablative ipsō ipsā ipsō ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs

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4 is (he, she, it, etc.) Pronouns III: quī

1 Notice the genitive, dative, and ablative plural of the relative pronoun quī: masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter nominative is ea id eī eae ea genitive eius eius eius eōrum eārum eōrum masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter quī quae quod quī quae quae dative eī eī eī eīs eīs eīs nominative cuius cuius cuius quōrum quārum quōrum accusative eum eam id eōs eās ea genitive cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus ablative eō eā eō eīs eīs eīs dative accusative quem quam quod quōs quās quae The forms of is can also be used to mean that, those, etc.: ablative quō quā quō quibus quibus quibus eā nocte rediit dominus. duōs servōs ēmī, quōrum alter Graecus, alter Aegyptius erat. That night, the master returned. I bought two slaves, one of whom was a Greek, the other an Egyptian. nūntiī, quibus mandāta dedimus, heri discessērunt. 5 From Stage 23 on, you have met various forms of the word īdem, meaning the same: The messengers to whom we gave the instructions departed yesterday. mīlitēs aedificia, ē quibus hostēs fūgerant, celeriter incendērunt. masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter The soldiers quickly set fire to the buildings, from which the enemy had fled. nominative īdem eadem idem eīdem eaedem eadem 2 Notice again the use of quī as a connecting relative to begin a sentence: eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem eōrundem eārundem eōrundem genitive lībertus pecūniam custōdiēbat. quem cum cōnspexissent, fūrēs fūgērunt. dative eīdem eīdem eīdem eīsdem eīsdem eīsdem A freedman was guarding the money. When they had caught sight of him the accusative eundem eandem idem eōsdem eāsdem eadem thieves ran away. ablative eōdem eādem eōdem eīsdem eīsdem eīsdem centuriō “ad carnificēs dūcite!” inquit. quibus verbīs perterritī, captīvī Compare the forms of īdem with is in paragraph 4. clāmāre ac lacrimāre coepērunt. “Take them to the executioners!” said the centurion. Terrified by these words, With the help of the table above, find the Latin for the words in italic type in the the prisoners began to shout and weep. following sentences: 3 Sometimes the relative pronoun is used with forms of the pronoun is: a I heard the same boy again. fēcī id quod iussistī. b The same women were there. I have done that which you ordered. c This is the same man’s house. Or, in more natural English, using the word what to translate both Latin words: d He saw the same girl. e They were seized by the same soldiers. fēcī id quod iussistī. f They always visited the same temple. I have done what you ordered. Further examples: a id quod Salvius in epistulā scrīpsit falsum est. b id quod mihi dīxistī vix intellegere possum. c nūntius ea patefēcit quae apud Britannōs audīverat. d servus tamen, homō ignāvissimus, id quod dominus iusserat omnīnō neglēxit. e ea quae fēcistī ab omnibus laudantur.

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Verbs 4 Translate the following examples: audiēmus; portābit; mittent; aedificābitis; veniam; manēbis. 5 Translate each verb in the list below. Then with the help of paragraph 2 change it Indicative active into the future tense, keeping the same person and number (i.e. 1st person singular, etc.). Then translate again. 1 first second third fourth For example: portāmus (we carry) would become portābimus (we shall carry). conjugation conjugation conjugation conjugation portātis; docēbam; docēbāmus; trahō; audīs; audiēbat. 6 I carry, you I teach, you I drag, you I hear, you first second third fourth carry, etc. teach, etc. drag, etc. hear, etc. conjugation conjugation conjugation conjugation portō doceō trahō audiō portās docēs trahis audīs I (have) I (have) I (have) I (have) portat docet trahit audit carried taught dragged heard portāmus docēmus trahimus audīmus portāvī docuī trāxī audīvī portātis docētis trahitis audītis portāvistī docuistī trāxistī audīvistī portant docent trahunt audiunt portāvit docuit trāxit audīvit portāvimus docuimus trāximus audīvimus I was I was I was I was portāvistis docuistis trāxistis audīvistis carrying teaching dragging hearing portāvērunt docuērunt trāxērunt audīvērunt portābam docēbam trahēbam audiēbam portābās docēbās trahēbās audiēbās I had I had I had I had portābat docēbat trahēbat audiēbat carried taught dragged heard portābāmus docēbāmus trahēbāmus audiēbāmus portāveram docueram trāxeram audīveram portābātis docēbātis trahēbātis audiēbātis portāverās docuerās trāxerās audīverās portābant docēbant trahēbant audiēbant portāverat docuerat trāxerat audīverat portāverāmus docuerāmus trāxerāmus audīverāmus 2 In Stage 33, you met the future tense: portāverātis docuerātis trāxerātis audīverātis portāverant docuerant trāxerant audīverant I shall carry I shall teach I shall drag I shall hear portābō docēbō traham audiam 7 In Stage 33, you met the future perfect tense: portābis docēbis trahēs audiēs I shall have I shall have I shall have I shall have portābit docēbit trahet audiet carried taught dragged heard portābimus docēbimus trahēmus audiēmus portāverō docuerō trāxerō audīverō portābitis docēbitis trahētis audiētis portāveris docueris trāxeris audīveris portābunt docēbunt trahent audient portāverit docuerit trāxerit audīverit Notice again how the first and second conjugations form their future tense in one portāverimus docuerimus trāxerimus audīverimus way, the third and fourth conjugations in another. portāveritis docueritis trāxeritis audīveritis portāverint docuerint trāxerint audīverint 3 In paragraph 2, find the Latin for: The future perfect is often translated by an English present tense: they will carry; we shall drag; you (s.) will teach; I shall hear; you (pl.) will drag; sī effūgerō, iter ad vōs faciam. he will carry. If I escape, I shall make my way to you.

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Indicative passive 4 In Stage 30, you met the perfect and pluperfect tenses of the passive:

1 In Stage 29, you met the following forms of the passive: first second third fourth conjugation conjugation conjugation conjugation first second third fourth conjugation conjugation conjugation conjugation I have been I have been I have been I have been carried, I was taught, I was dragged, I was heard, I was I am (being) I am (being) I am (being) I am (being) carried taught dragged heard carried taught dragged heard portātus sum doctus sum tractus sum audītus sum portor doceor trahor audior portātus es doctus es tractus es audītus es portāris docēris traheris audīris portātus est doctus est tractus est audītus est portātur docētur trahitur audītur portātī sumus doctī sumus tractī sumus audītī sumus portāmur docēmur trahimur audīmur portātī estis doctī estis tractī estis audītī estis portāminī docēminī trahiminī audīminī portātī sunt doctī sunt tractī sunt audītī sunt portantur docentur trahuntur audiuntur I had been I had been I had been I had been I was being I was being I was being I was being carried taught dragged heard carried taught dragged heard portātus eram doctus eram tractus eram audītus eram portābar docēbar trahēbar audiēbar portātus erās doctus erās tractus erās audītus erās portābāris docēbāris trahēbāris audiēbāris portātus erat doctus erat tractus erat audītus erat portābātur docēbātur trahēbātur audiēbātur portātī erāmus doctī erāmus tractī erāmus audītī erāmus portābāmur docēbāmur trahēbāmur audiēbāmur portātī erātis doctī erātis tractī erātis audītī erātis portābāminī docēbāminī trahēbāminī audiēbāminī portātī erant doctī erant tractī erant audītī erant portābantur docēbantur trahēbantur audiēbantur 5 Give the meaning of: 2 Translate each verb, then change it from a singular to plural, so that it means they … instead of s/he or it … Then translate again. audītus eram; portātus erat; portātī sunt; doctus sum; tractus es; portātī erāmus.

audītur; trahēbātur; dūcēbātur; laudātur; custōdiēbātur; dēlētur 6 In paragraph 4, find the Latin for:

3 In Stage 34, you met the future tense of the passive: they had been carried; I have been dragged; you (s.) have been taught; he was carried.

I shall be I shall be I shall be I shall be 7 Notice again that the two tenses in paragraph 4 are formed with perfect passive carried taught dragged heard participles, which change their endings to indicate gender (masculine, feminine, and portābor docēbor trahar audiar neuter) and number (singular and plural). For example: portāberis docēberis trahēris audiēris portābitur docēbitur trahētur audiētur masculine singular puer ā mīlitibus captus est. portābimur docēbimur trahēmur audiēmur neuter singular templum ā mīlitibus captum est. portābiminī docēbiminī trahēminī audiēminī feminine singular urbs ā mīlitibus capta est. portābuntur docēbuntur trahentur audientur feminine plural multae urbēs ā mīlitibus captae sunt. 8 Translate the following examples:

docta est; tractum erat; vocātus sum; custōdītae sunt; missī erāmus; monita erās; ductī sunt; dēlēta sunt.

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4 carrying teaching dragging hearing Subjunctive portāns docēns trahēns audiēns

1 first second third fourth Study the forms of the present participle portāns: conjugation conjugation conjugation conjugation masculine masculine portārem docērem traherem audīrem and feminine neuter and feminine neuter portārēs docērēs traherēs audīrēs nominative portāns portāns portantēs portantia portāret docēret traheret audīret and vocative portārēmus docērēmus traherēmus audīrēmus portantis portantis portantium portantium portārētis docērētis traherētis audīrētis genitive portārent docērent traherent audīrent dative portantī portantī portantibus portantibus accusative portantem portāns portantēs portantia portāvissem docuissem trāxissem audīvissem ablative portantī portantī portantibus portantibus portāvissēs docuissēs trāxissēs audīvissēs The ablative singular of present participles sometimes ends in -e,, e.g. portante, docente. portāvisset docuisset trāxisset audīvisset portāvissēmus docuissēmus trāxissēmus audīvissēmus 5 (having been) (having been) (having been) (having been) portāvissētis docuissētis trāxissētis audīvissētis carried taught dragged heard portāvissent docuissent trāxissent audīvissent portātus doctus tractus audītus 2 For ways in which the subjunctive is used, see pp. 288‒289. Perfect passive participles change their endings in the same way as bonus (shown on p. 264).

For examples of perfect active participles, see Deponent verbs, p. 280. Other forms of the verb 6 about to about to about to about to 1 to carry to teach to drag to hear carry teach drag hear portāre docēre trahere audīre portātūrus doctūrus tractūrus audītūrus Future participles change their endings in the same way as bonus.

2 to be carried to be taught to be dragged to be heard For examples of ways in which participles are used, see pp. 286‒287. portārī docērī trahī audīrī 7 portandus docendus trahendus audiendus Gerundives change their endings in the same way as bonus. 3 carry! teach! drag! hear! Notice again the way in which the gerundive is used: portā docē trahe audī nōbīs audiendum est. mihi amphora portanda est. portāte docēte trahite audīte We must listen. I must carry the wine jar.

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Deponent verbs 2 In Stage 34, you met the future tense of deponent verbs:

cōnābor I shall try loquar I shall speak 1 From Stage 32 on, you have met deponent verbs: cōnāberis you will try loquēris you will speak cōnābitur s/he will try loquētur s/he will speak cōnor I try loquor I speak cōnābimur we shall try loquēmur we shall speak cōnāris you try loqueris you speak cōnābiminī you will try loquēminī you will speak cōnātur s/he tries loquitur s/he speaks cōnābuntur they will try loquentur they will speak cōnāmur we try loquimur we speak cōnāminī you try loquiminī you speak 3 Give the meaning of: cōnantur they try loquuntur they speak cōnātus eram; locūtī sumus; ingressī sumus; ingressus erās; profectus es; cōnābar I was trying loquēbar I was speaking profectī erāmus; secūtī sunt; hortātī erātis. cōnābāris you were trying loquēbāris you were speaking cōnābātur s/he was trying loquēbātur s/he was speaking 4 Translate each word (or pair of words), then change it from plural to singular, so that it cōnābāmur we were trying loquēbāmur we were speaking means he ... instead of they ... . Then translate again. cōnābāminī you were trying loquēbāminī you were speaking cōnābantur they were trying loquēbantur they were speaking loquuntur; cōnātī sunt; profectī sunt; hortantur; sequēbantur; ēgressī erant; cōnātus sum I (have) tried locūtus sum I spoke, I have spoken precābuntur; loquentur. cōnātus es you (have) tried locūtus es you spoke, you have spoken cōnātus est he (has tried) locūtus est he spoke, he has spoken 5 Compare the two verbs in paragraphs 1 and 2 with the passive forms of portō and trahō cōnātī sumus we (have) tried locūtī sumus we spoke, we have spoken listed on pp. 276‒277 above. cōnātī estis you (have) tried locūtī estis you spoke, you have spoken 6 For further practice of deponent verbs, see paragraphs 6‒8 on p. 286. cōnātī sunt they (have) tried locūtī sunt they spoke, they have spoken cōnātus eram I had tried locūtus eram I had spoken cōnātus erās you had tried locūtus erās you had spoken cōnātus erat he had tried locūtus erat he had spoken cōnātī erāmus we had tried locūtī erāmus we had spoken cōnātī erātis you had tried locūtī erātis you had spoken cōnātī erant they had tried locūtī erant they had spoken

cōnātus having tried locūtus having spoken Perfect active participles change their endings in the same way as bonus (shown on p. 264).

cōnāri to try loquī to speak

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Irregular verbs 4 I have I have been I have I (have) I (have) I have been, able, I was gone, wanted brought taken, I was able I went I took Indicative fuī potuī iī voluī tulī cēpī fuistī potuistī iistī voluistī tulistī cēpistī fuit potuit iit voluit tulit cēpit 1 I am I am able I go I want I bring I take fuimus potuimus iimus voluimus tulimus cēpimus sum possum eō volō ferō capiō fuistis potuistis iitis voluistis tulistis cēpistis es potes īs vīs fers capis fuērunt potuērunt iērunt voluērunt tulērunt cēpērunt est potest it vult fert capit sumus possumus īmus volumus ferimus capimus I had I had been I had I had I had I had estis potestis ītis vultis fertis capitis been able gone wanted brought taken sunt possunt eunt volunt ferunt capiunt fueram potueram ieram volueram tulerā, cēperam fuerās potuerās ierās voluerās tulerās cēperās I was I was I was I was I was I was fuerat potuerat ierat voluerat tulerat cēperat able going wanting bringing taking fuerāmus potuerāmus ierāmus voluerāmus tulerāmus cēperāmus eram poteram ībam volēbam ferēbam capiēbam fuerātis potuerātis ierātis voluerātis tulerātis cēperātis erās poterās ībās volēbās ferēbās capiēbās fuerant potuerant ierant voluerant tulerant cēperant erat poterat ībat volēbat ferēbat capiēbat erāmus poterāmus ībāmus volēbāmus ferēbāmus capiēbāmus 5 Study the following passive forms of ferō and capiō: erātis poterātis ībātis volēbātis ferēbātis capiēbātis erant poterant ībant volēbant ferēbant capiēbant fertur s/he is brought capitur s/he is taken feruntur they are brought capiuntur they are taken 2 Study the forms of the future tense: ferēbātur s/he was being brought capiēbātur s/he was being taken I shall I shall be I shall I shall I shall I shall ferēbantur they were being brought capiēbantur they were being taken be able go want bring take erō poterō ībō volam feram capiam lātus sum I have been brought, captus sum I have been taken, eris poterit ībis volēs ferēs capiēs I was brought I was taken erit poterit ībit volet feret capiet lātus es you have been brought, captus es you have been taken, erimus poterimus ībimus volēmus ferēmus capiēmus you were brought you were taken eritis poteritis ībitis volētis ferētis capiētis etc. etc. erunt poterint ībunt volent ferent capient

3 Translate each verb, then change it into the future tense, keeping the same person and lātus eram I had been brought captus eram I had been taken number (i.e. 1st person singular, etc.). Then translate again. lātus erās you had been brought captus erās; you had been taken etc. etc. est; potestis; ībam; vīs; ferunt; capiēbāmus. lātus having been brought captus having been taken

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6 Give the meaning of: Uses of the cases

captus erat; lātī erant; lātī sunt; captī sumus. 1 nominative What would be the Latin for the following? captīvus clāmābat. The prisoner was shouting. he had been brought; he has been taken; we have been brought; they were taken 2 vocative valē, domine! Good-bye, master! Subjunctive 3 genitive essem possem īrem vellem ferrem caperem a māter puerōrum the mother of the boys essēs possēs īrēs vellēs ferrēs caperēs b plūs pecūniae more money esset posset īret vellet ferret caperet c vir maximae virtūtis a man of very great courage essēmus possēmus īrēmus vellēmus ferrēmus caperēmus 4 dative essētis possētis īrētis vellētis ferrētis caperētis a mīlitibus cibum dedimus. We gave food to the soldiers. essent possent īrent vellent ferrent caperent b vestrō candidātō nōn faveō. I do not support your candidate. fuissem potuissem iissem voluissem tulissem cēpissem 5 accusative fuissēs potuissēs iissēs voluissēs tulissēs cēpissēs a pontem trānsiimus. We crossed the bridge. fuisset potuisset iisset voluisset tulisset cēpisset b trēs hōrās labōrābam. I was working for three hours. fuissēmus potuissēmus iissēmus voluissēmus tulissēmus cēpissēmus c per agrōs; ad vīllam through the fields; to the house fuissētis potuissētis iissētis voluissētis tulissētis cēpissētis d in forum into the forum fuissent potuissent iissent voluissent tulissent cēpissent 6 ablative Other forms of the verb a spectāculō attonitus astonished by the sight b senex longā barbā an old man with a long beard esse posse īre velle ferre capere c nōbilī gente nātus born from a noble family to be to be able to go to want to bring to take d quārtō diē revēnit. He came back on the fourth day. e cum amīcīs; ab urbe; in forō with friends; away from the city; in the forum

For examples of ablative absolute phrases, see paragraph 4 on p. 286. 7 Further examples of some of the uses listed above: a Salvius erat vir summae calliditātis. b decimā hōrā ex oppidō contendimus. c uxor Imperātōris, in ātrium ingressa, ancillīs fidēlibus grātiās ēgit. d fabrī, spē praemiī incitātī, arcum ante prīmam lūcem perfēcērunt. e multōs diēs Haterius ē vīllā discēdere recūsāvit. f Salvī, cūr cōnsiliīs meīs obstās? g senātor in lectō manēbat quod nimium cibī cōnsūmpserat. h lēgātus mīlitibus imperāvit ut hostēs hastīs gladiīsque oppugnārent.

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Uses of the participle 5 From Stage 31 on, you have met examples in which a noun and participle in the dative case are placed at the beginning of the sentence:

1 In Unit 3, you saw how a participle changes its endings to agree with the noun it amīcō auxilium petentī multam pecūniam obtulī. describes. To a friend asking for help I offered a lot of money. Or, in more natural English: 2 Notice again some of the various ways in which a participle can be translated: When my friend asked for help I offered him a lot of money. fūrēs, canem cōnspicātī, fūgērunt. The thieves, having caught sight of the dog, ran away. Further examples: When the thieves caught sight of the dog, they ran away. a servō haesitantī Vitellia “intrā!” inquit. On catching sight of the dog, the thieves ran away. b Hateriō haec rogantī Salvius nihil respondit. The thieves ran away because they had caught sight of the dog. c praecōnī regressō senex epistulam trādidit. d puellae prōcēdentī obstābat ingēns multitūdō clientium. 3 Translate the following examples:

a ingēns multitūdō pompam per Viam Sacram prōcēdentem spectābat. b custōdēs puerō lacrimantī nihil dīxērunt. c mīlitēs, ā centuriōnibus iussī, in longīs ōrdinibus stābant. d mercātor amīcōs, ā Graeciā regressōs, ad cēnam sūmptuōsam invītāvit. Pick out the noun and participle pair in each sentence, and say whether it is nominative, accusative, or dative, singular or plural.

4 In Stage 31, you met examples of ablative absolute phrases, consisting of a noun and participle in the ablative case:

bellō cōnfectō, Agricola ad Ītaliam rediit. With the war having been finished, Agricola returned to Italy. Or, in more natural English: When the war had been finished, Agricola returned to Italy, or, After finishing the war, Agricola returned to Italy.

Further examples:

a ponte dēlētō, nēmō flūmen trānsīre poterat. b hīs verbīs audītīs, cīvēs plausērunt. c nāve refectā, mercātor ā Britanniā discessit. d iuvenēs, togīs dēpositīs, balneum intrāvērunt. e latrōnēs, omnibus dormientibus, tabernam incendērunt. f cōnsule ingressō, omnēs senātōrēs surrēxērunt. g fēle absente, mūrēs lūdere solent.

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Uses of the subjunctive 5 result clause

tam perītus erat faber ut omnēs eum laudārent. 1 with cum (meaning when) The craftsman was so skillful that everyone praised him.

Iūdaeī, cum cōnsilium Eleazārī audīvissent, libenter cōnsēnsērunt. 6 Translate the following examples: When the Jews had heard Eleazar’s plan, they willingly agreed. a cīvēs Rōmānī templa vīsitābant ut dīs grātiās agerent. 2 indirect question b cum servī vīnum intulissent, Haterius silentium poposcit. c tanta erat fortitūdō Iūdaeōrum ut perīre potius quam cēdere māllent. cōnsul nesciēbat quis arcum novum aedificāvisset. d nēmō sciēbat utrum Haterius an Salvius rem administrāvisset. The consul did not know who had built the new arch. e uxor mihi persuāsit nē hoc susciperem. mē rogāvērunt num satis pecūniae habērem. f extrā carcerem stābant decem mīlitēs quī captīvōs custōdīrent. They asked me whether I had enough money. In each sentence, give the reason why a subjunctive is being used. From Stage 28 on, you have met the words utrum and an in indirect questions: 7 From Stage 33 on, you have met the subjunctive used with priusquam (meaning incertī erant utrum dux mortuus an vīvus esset. before) and dum (meaning until): They were unsure whether their leader was dead or alive. Myropnous iānuam clausit priusquam mīlitēs intrārent. 3 purpose clause Myropnous shut the door before the soldiers could enter. ad urbem iter fēcimus ut amphitheātrum vīsitārēmus. exspectābam dum amīcus advenīret. We traveled to the city in order to visit the amphitheater. I was waiting until my friend should arrive. In Stage 29, you met purpose clauses used with the relative pronoun quī: Or, in more natural English: I was waiting for my friend to arrive. nūntiōs ēmīsit quī prīncipēs ad aulam arcesserent. He sent out messengers who were to summon the chieftains to the palace. Or, in more natural English: He sent out messengers to summon the chieftains to the palace. From Stage 29 on, you have met purpose clauses used with nē:

centuriō omnēs portās clausit nē captīvī effugerent. The centurion shut all the gates so that the prisoners would not escape. 4 indirect command

Domitiānus Salviō imperāverat ut rēgnum Cogidubnī occupāret. Domitian had ordered Salvius to seize Cogidubnus’ kingdom. From Stage 29 on, you have met indirect commands introduced by nē:

puella agricolam ōrāvit nē equum occīderet. The girl begged the farmer not to kill the horse. Haterius ab amīcīs monitus est nē Salviō cōnfīderet. Haterius was warned by friends not to trust Salvius.

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1 In Unit 1, you met the following word order: 1 Study each sentence and answer the questions that follow it:

dēspērābat senex. The old man was in despair. a postquam Haterius fabrōs, quī labōrābant in āreā, dīmīsit, Salvius Further examples: negōtium agere coepit. Where were the craftsmen working? What did Haterius do to them? What did a fugit Modestus. b revēnērunt mercātōrēs. Salvius then do? Now translate the sentence. 2 From Stage 21 on, you have met the following word order:

dedit signum haruspex. The soothsayer gave the signal. b spectātōrēs, cum candēlābrum aureum ē templō Iūdaeōrum raptum cōnspexissent, iterum iterumque plausērunt. Further examples: What did the spectators catch sight of? From where had it been seized? What a rapuērunt pecūniam fūrēs. b īnspiciēbat mīlitēs Agricola. was the reaction of the spectators? Now translate the sentence. 3 From Stage 23 on, you have met the following word order: c fūr, cum verba centuriōnis audīvisset, tantō metū poenārum affectus ēmīsit Salvius equitēs. Salvius sent out horsemen. est ut pecūniam quam ē tabernā abstulerat, statim abicere cōnstitueret. Further examples: What did the thief hear? How was he affected? What did he decide to do? a tenēbat Cephalus pōculum. b posuērunt cīvēs statuam. Where had the money come from? Now translate the sentence. 4 Further examples of all three types of word order:

a discessit nūntius. d poposcit captīvus lībertātem. 2 Further examples for study and translation: b fēcērunt hostēs impetum. e vexābant mē puerī. c reficiēbat mūrum faber. f periērunt īnfantēs. a ancillae, quod dominam vehementer clāmantem audīvērunt, cubiculum eius quam celerrimē petīvērunt. 5 Study the word order in the following examples: b equitēs adeō pugnāre cupiēbant ut, simulac dux signum dedit, ē portīs castrōrum ērumperent. in hāc prōvinciā in this province c postquam cōnsul hanc sententiam dīxit, Domitiānus servō adstantī ad nostrum patrem to our father imperāvit ut epistulam ab Agricolā nūper missam recitāret. You have also met a different word order: d cum Haterius sōlus domī manēret, Vitellia eum anxia rogāvit cūr mediīs in undīs in the middle of the waves amīcōs clientēsque admittere nōllet. hanc ad tabernam to this shop e quamquam fēminae Simōnem frātrēsque cēlāvērunt nē perīrent, Rōmānī eōs comprehēnsōs ad Ītaliam mīsērunt. Further examples:

a hāc in urbe d omnibus cum legiōnibus b multīs cum mīlitibus e tōtam per noctem c parvum ad oppidum f mediō in flūmine

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I ūnus 1 XVI sēdecim 16 1 Nouns and adjectives are listed as in the Unit 2 Language information section. II duo 2 XVII septendecim 17 2 Prepositions used with the ablative, such as ex, are marked (+ ); those used with the III trēs 3 XVIII duodēvīgintī 18 accusative, such as per, are marked (+ ). IV quattuor 4 XIX ūndēvīgintī 19 V quīnque 5 XX vīgintī 20 3 Most verbs are usually listed in the following way: VI sex 6 XXX trīgintā 30 the 1st person singular of the present tense, e.g. pōnō (I place); VII septem 7 XL quadrāgintā 40 the infinitive, e.g. pōnere (to place); VIII octō 8 L quīnquāgintā 50 the 1st person singular of the perfect tense, e.g. posuī (I placed); IX novem 9 LX sexāgintā 60 the perfect passive participle, e.g. positus (having been placed); X decem 10 LXX septuāgintā 70 the meaning(s), e.g. place. XI ūndecim 11 LXXX octōgintā 80 4 Study the following examples, listed in the way described in paragraph 3. Notice XII duodecim 12 XC nōnāgintā 90 particularly the patterns in which the different conjugations form their principal parts: XIII tredecim 13 C centum 100 1st conjugation XIV quattordecim 14 M mīlle 1000 amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus love, like XV quīndecim 15 MM duo mīlia 2000 laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus praise

2nd conjugation moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus warn praebeō, praebēre, praebuī, praebitus provide

Verbs of the 3rd conjugation form their perfect tense and perfect passive participle in several different ways. Here are some of the ways: claudō, claudere, clausī, clausus shut, close dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus lead frangō, frangere, frēgī, frāctus break 3rd conjugation (“-iō”) faciō, facere, fēcī, factus do, make rapiō, rapere, rapuī, raptus seize 4th conjugation custōdiō, custōdīre, custōdīvī, custōdītus guard impediō, impedīre, impedīvī, impedītus hinder

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adligō, adligāre, adligāvī, 5 Use paragraph 4 to find the meaning of: a adligātus tie amāvī; laudātus; monēre; praebitus; dūxī; frēgī; frāctus; facere; rapiō; custōdīre; 17, 21 ā, ab (+ ) from; by adloquor, adloquī, impedītus. abdūcō, abdūcere, abdūxī, adlocūtus sum speak to, address abductus lead away 6 administrō, administrāre, 6 Deponent verbs (met and explained in Stage 32) are listed in the following way: 10 abeō, abīre, abiī go away administrāvī, abhinc ago administrātus look after, manage the 1st person singular of the present indicative. This always ends in -or, e.g. abhorreō, abhorrēre, admīrātiō, admīrātiōnis, f.admiration cōnor (I try); abhorruī shrink (from) admīror, admīrārī, the present infinitive. This always ends in -ī, e.g. cōnārī (to try); abigō, abigere, abēgī, admīrātus sum admire the 1st person singular of the perfect indicative, e.g. cōnātus sum (I tried); abāctus drive away admittō, admittere, admīsī, the meaning, e.g. try. ablātus see auferre admissus admit, let in absēns, absēns, absēns, adōrō, adōrāre, adōrāvī, So, if the following principal parts are given: gen. absentis absent adōrātus worship loquor, loquī, locūtus sum speak absentia, absentiae, f.absence adstō, adstāre, adstitī stand by 26 5 loquor means I speak, loquī means to speak, locūtus sum means I spoke. abstulī see auferō adsum, adesse, adfuī be here, be present 6 absum, abesse, āfuī be out, be absent, 13 adveniō, advenīre, advēnīarrive 7 Study the following deponent verbs, listed in the way described in paragraph 6: be away adventus, adventūs, m.arrival absurdus, absurda, 32 adversus, adversa, adversumhostile, unfavorable cōnspicor, cōnspicārī, cōnspicātus sum catch sight of absurdum absurd 32 rēs adversae misfortune ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum enter 28 ac and 4 advesperāscit, advesperāscere, lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum fall 25 accidō, accidere, accidīhappen advesperāvit get dark, become dark 10 accipiō, accipere, accēpī, aedificium, aedificiī, n.building Give the meaning of: acceptus accept, take in, receive 16 aedificō, aedificāre, cōnspicor, ingredī, lāpsus sum, ingredior, cōnspicātus sum, lābī. 34 accūsō, accūsāre, accūsāvī, aedificāvī, aedificātus build accūsātus accuse 13 aeger, aegra, aegrum sick, ill 8 Use pages 295‒323 to find the meaning of: āctor, āctōris, m. actor aegrōtus, aegrōtī, m. invalid 4 āctus see agō Aegyptius, Aegyptia, ēgredior, hortātus sum, pollicērī, sequor, minārī, adeptus sum. 3 ad (+ ) to, at Aegyptium Egyptian 9 All words which are given in the Vocabulary checklists for Stages 1‒34 are marked addō, addere, addidī, Aegyptus, Aegyptī, f.Egypt with the number of the relevant stage, e.g. 16. additus add 32 aequus, aequa, aequumfair, calm addūcō, addūcere, addūxī, aequō animō calmly, in a calm adductus lead, lead on, encourage spirit 20 adeō, adīre, adiī approach, go up to aeternus, aeterna, aeternumeternal 27 adeō so much, so greatly Aethiopes, Aethiopum, 22 adeptus, adepta, adeptum having obtained, having m.f.pl. Ethiopians received afferō, afferre, attulī, adlātusbring 5 adest see adsum 30 afficiō, afficere, affēcī, affectusaffect adhibeō, adhibēre, affectus, affecta, affectumaffected, overcome adhibuī, adhibitus use, apply afflīgō, afflīgere, afflīxī, 30 adhūc until now afflīctus afflict, hurt 34 adipīscor, adipīscī, agellus, agellī, m. small plot of land adeptus sum receive, obtain ager, agrī, m. field aditus, aditūs, m. entrance agger, aggeris, m. ramp, mound 21 adiuvō, adiuvāre, adiūvīhelp of earth

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8 agitō, agitāre, agitāvī, amphora, amphorae, f.wine jar 17 āra, ārae, f. altar 18 audeō, audēre dare agitātus chase, hunt amplector, amplectī, arānea, arāneae, f.. spider, spider’s web 5 audiō, audīre, audīvī, agna, agnae, f. lamb amplexus sum embrace arbiter, arbitrī, m. expert, judge audītus hear, listen to 9 agnōscō, agnōscere, amplexus, amplexa, aarbor, arboris, f. tree 26 auferō, auferre, abstulī, agnōvī, agnitus recognize amplexum having embraced arca, arcae, f. strongbox, chest ablātus take away, steal 4 agō, agere, ēgī, āctus do, act amplissimus, amplissima, 20 arcessō, arcessere, arcessīvī, augeō, augēre, auxī, auctusincrease āctum est dē nōbīs it’s all over for us amplissimum very great arcessītus summon, send for 14 aula, aulae, f. palace age! come on! amputō, amputāre, architectus, architectī, m.builder, architect aureus, aurea, aureumgolden, made of gold fābulam agere act in a play amputāvī, amputātus cut off arcus, arcūs, m. arch aureus, aureī, m. gold coin 19 grātiās agere thank, give thanks amulētum, amulētī, n.amulet, lucky charm 27 ardeō, ardēre, arsī burn, be on fire aurīga, aurīgae, m. charioteer negōtium agere do business, work an or ardor, ardōris, m. spirit, enthusiasm auris, auris, f. ear persōnam agere play a part utrum … an whether … or ārea, āreae, f. courtyard, construction 25 autem but vītam agere lead a life 2 ancilla, ancillae, f. slave girl, slave woman site 16 auxilium, auxiliī, n. help 5 agricola, agricolae, m.farmer angelus, angelī, m. angel argenteus, argentea, avāritia, avāritiae, f. greed ālea, āleae, f. dice angulus, angulī, m. corner argenteum made of silver avārus, avārī, m. miser aliquandō sometimes angustus, angusta, arma, armōrum, n.pl. arms, weapons avē atque valē hail and farewell 14, 25 aliquis, aliquid someone, something angustum narrow armārium, armāriī, n.chest, cupboard avia, aviae, f. grandmother aliquid mīrī something 17 animus, animī, m. spirit, soul, mind armō, armāre, armāvī, avidē eagerly extraordinary aequō animō calmly, in a calm armātus arm avis, avis, f. bird 15 alius, alia, aliud other, another, else spirit armātī, armātōrum, m.pl.armed men alius … alius one … another in animō habēre have in mind, intend arrogantia, arrogantiae, f.arrogance, gall b 29 aliī … aliī some … others in animō volvere wonder, turn over in 20 ars, artis, f. art, skill balneum, balneī, n. bath 13 alter, altera, alterum the other, another, a the mind artifex, artificis, m. artist, craftsman barba, barbae, f. beard second, the second 21 annus, annī, m. year as, assis, m. as (small coin) barbarus, barbara, barbarumbarbarian alter … alter one … the other 31 ante (+ ) before, in front of 29 ascendō, ascendere, ascendīclimb, rise barbarus, barbarī, m. barbarian 31 altus, alta, altum high, deep 27 anteā before asinus, asinī, m. ass, donkey Beelzebub, m. Beelzebub, the Devil amārus, amāra, amārumbitter 4 ānulus, ānulī, m. ring aspiciō, aspicere, aspexīlook towards 26 bellum, bellī, n. war ambitiō, ambitiōnis, f.bribery anus, anūs, f. old woman astrologus, astrologī, m.astrologer 26 bellum gerere wage war, campaign 30 ambō, ambae, ambō both anxius, anxia, anxiumanxious 33 at but 17 bene well 5 ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvīwalk aper, aprī, m. boar 5 Athēnae, Athēnārum, f.pl.Athens bene merēns well deserving, āmēns, āmēns, āmēns, 25 aperiō, aperīre, aperuī, Athēnīs at Athens deserving kindness gen. āmentis out of one’s mind, in a apertus open āthlēta, āthlētae, m. athlete optimē very well frenzy apertē openly 28 atque and beneficium, beneficiī, n.act of kindness, favor amīcitia, amīcitiae, f.friendship apodytērium, apodytēriī, n.changing room ātrium, ātriī, n. atrium, reception hall benignē kindly 2 amīcus, amīcī, m. friend 27 appāreō, appārēre, appāruīappear 14 attonitus, attonita, 17 benignus, benigna, 12 āmittō, āmittere, āmīsī, 33 appellō, appellāre, appellāvī, attonitum astonished benignum kind āmissus lose appellātus call, call out to 34 auctor, auctōris, m. creator, originator, bēstia, bēstiae, f. wild animal, beast 19 amō, amāre, amāvī, 17 appropinquō, appropinquāre, person responsible 3 bibō, bibere, bibī drink amātus love, like appropinquāvī (+ ) approach, come near to 34 mē auctōre at my suggestion blanditiae, blanditiārum, 22 amor, amōris, m. love aptus, apta, aptum suitable 24 auctōritās, auctōritātis, f.authority f.pl. flatteries amphitheātrum, 14 apud (+ ) among, at the house of auctus see augeō amphitheātrī, n. amphitheater 15 aqua, aquae, f. water 29 audācia, audāciae, f. boldness, audacity blandus, blanda, blandum flattering, charming, Amphitheātrum FlāviumFlavian Amphitheater Aquae Sūlis, Aquārum Aquae Sulis (modern audācter boldly enticing Sūlis, f.pl. Bath) 24 audāx, audāx, audāx, 16 bonus, bona, bonum good gen. audācis bold, daring

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16 melior, melius better carnifex, carnificis, m.executioner circulus, circulī, m. hoop comitāns, comitāns, melius est it would be better 19 cārus, cāra, cārum dear 21 circum (+ ) around comitāns, gen. comitantis accompanying 5 optimus, optima, optimum very good, excellent, casa, casae, f. small house, cottage 3 circumspectō, commeātus, commeātūs, m.(military) leave best castellum, castellī, n. fort circumspectāre, commemorō, commemorāre, optimus quisque all the best people 25 castra, castrōrum, n.pl.military camp circumspectāvī look around commemorāvī, bracchium, bracchiī, n.arm cāsus, cāsūs, m. misfortune 29 circumveniō, circumvenīre, commemorātus talk about, mention, brevī in a short time catēna, catēnae, f. chain circumvēnī, circumventus surround recall 33 brevis, brevis, breve short, brief caudex, caudicis, m. blockhead, idiot circus, circī, m. circus, stadium commendō, commendāre, breviter briefly caupō, caupōnis, m. innkeeper Circus Maximus Circus Maximus commendāvī, Britannī, Britannōrum, causa, causae, f. reason, cause citharoedus, citharoedī, m.cithara player commendātus recommend m.pl. Britons cautē cautiously 11 cīvis, cīvis, m.f. citizen committō, committere, Britannia, Britanniae, f.Britain caveō, cavēre, cāvī beware clādēs, clādis, f. disaster commīsī, commissus commit, begin Britannicus, Britannica, cecidī see cadō clām secretly, in private 26 commōtus, commōta, Britannicum British 23 cēdō, cēdere, cessī give in, yield 3 clāmō, clāmāre, clāmāvīshout commōtum moved, upset, affected, celebrō, celebrāre, 5 clāmor, clāmōris, m. shout, uproar, racket alarmed, excited, c celebrāvī, celebrātus celebrate 23 clārus, clāra, clārum famous, distinguished distressed, overcome C. = Gāius celer, celeris, celere quick, fast 15 claudō, claudere, clausī, 19 comparō, comparāre, cachinnō, cachinnāre, 9 celeriter quickly, fast clausus shut, close, block, comparāvī, comparātus obtain cachinnāvī laugh, cackle celerrimē very quickly, very fast conclude, complete 12 compleō, complēre, cadō, cadere, cecidī fall quam celerrimē as quickly as possible clēmēns, clēmēns, clēmēns, complēvī, complētus fill caecus, caeca, caecumblind celerrimus, celerrima, gen. clēmentis merciful compluvium, compluviī, n. compluvium (opening in 22 caelum, caelī, n. sky, heaven celerrimum very fast cliēns, clientis, m. client roof of atrium) calceus, calceī, m. shoe cella, cellae, f. cell, sanctuary Cn. = Gnaeus 32 compōnō, compōnere, Calēdonia, Calēdoniae, f.Scotland cellārius, cellāriī, m. (house) steward 18 coepī I began composuī, compositus put together, arrange, calliditās, calliditātis, f.cleverness, shrewdness 26 bellum, bellī, n. war 19 cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvīthink, consider settle, mix, make up 10 callidus, callida, callidumclever, smart 21 cēlō, cēlāre, cēlāvī, cēlātushide rem cōgitāre consider the problem compositus, composita, candēlābrum, candēlābrī, n. lampstand, 2 cēna, cēnae, f. dinner sēcum cōgitāre consider to oneself compositum composed, steady candelabrum 7 cēnō, cēnāre, cēnāvī eat dinner, dine 18 cognōscō, cognōscere, 24 comprehendō, candidātus, candidātī, m.candidate 28 centum a hundred cognōvī, cognitus find out, get to know comprehendere, aspiciō, aspicere, aspexīlook towards centuriō, centuriōnis, m.centurion 25 cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctusforce, compel comprehendī, 1 canis, canis, m. dog; the lowest throw at cēpī see capiō cohors, cohortis, f. cohort comprehēnsus arrest, seize dice cēra, cērae, f. wax, wax tablet colligō, colligere, collēgī, 32 cōnātus, cōnāta, 13 cantō, cantāre, cantāvīsing, chant certāmen, certāminis, n.struggle, contest, fight collēctus gather, collect, cōnātum having tried tībiīs cantāre play on the pipes certē certainly assemble conclāve, conclāvis, n.room capillī, capillōrum, m.pl.hair certō, certāre, certāvī compete collocō, collocāre, concrepō, concrepāre, 11 capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, capture certus, certa, certum certain, infallible collocāvī, collocātus place, put concrepuī snap cōnsilium capere make a plan, have an prō certō habēre know for certain colloquium, colloquiī, n.talk, chat condūcō, condūcere, idea cessī see cēdō colō, colere, coluī, cultus seek favor of, make condūxī, conductus hire Capitōlium, Capitōliī, n.Capitol 13 cēterī, cēterae, cētera the others, the rest friends with 19 cōnficiō, cōnficere, captīva, captīvae, f. (female) prisoner, Chrīstiānī, Chrīstiānōrum, columba, columbae, f.dove, pigeon cōnfēcī, cōnfectus finish captive m.pl. Christians columna, columnae, f.pillar 29 captīvus, captīvī, m. prisoner, captive 2 cibus, cibī, m. food 27 comes, comitis, m.f. comrade, companion 18 caput, capitis, n. head circā (+ ) around cōmiter politely, courteously cōnfectus, cōnfecta, 24 carcer, carceris, m. prison circiter (+ ) about 34 comitor, comitārī, cōnfectum worn out, exhausted, carmen, carminis, n. song comitātus sum accompany overcome

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rem cōnficere finish the job contentiō, contentiōnis, f.argument culīna, culīnae, f. kitchen dēdicātus dedicate 25 cōnfīdō, cōnfīdere (+ )trust, put trust in 10 contentus, contenta, culpō, culpāre, culpāvīblame dēdūcō, dēdūcere, cōnfīsus, cōnfīsa, having trusted, having contentum satisfied culter, cultrī, m. knife dēdūxī, dēductus escort cōnfīsum (+ ) put trust in contineō, continēre, 24 cum (1) when 29 dēfendō, dēfendere, 33 coniciō, conicere, coniēcī, continuī contain 7 cum (2) (+ abl) with dēfendī, dēfēnsus defend coniectus hurl, throw continuus, continua, cumulō, cumulāre, dēfessus, dēfessa, dēfessumexhausted, tired out coniūrātiō, coniūrātiōnis, f.plot, conspiracy continuum continuous, on end cumulāvī, cumulātus heap dēfīgō, dēfīgere, dēfīxī, coniūrō, coniūrāre, 33 contrā (+ acc) (1) against 9 cupiō, cupere, cupīvī want dēfīxus fix coniūrāvī plot, conspire 33 contrā (2) on the other hand 4 cūr? why? dēfīxiō, dēfīxiōnis, f. curse 34 cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sumtry contrārius, contrāria, 23 cūra, cūrae, f. care dēiciō, dēicere, dēiēcī, cōnscendō, cōnscendere, contrārium opposite cūrae esse be a matter of concern dēiectus throw down, throw cōnscendī climb on, embark on, go rēs contrāria the opposite cūria, cūriae, f. senate-house dēiectus, dēiecta, dēiectumdisappointed, downcast on board, mount contumēlia, contumēliae, f.insult, abuse 19 cūrō, cūrāre, cūrāvī take care of, supervise 16 deinde then 16 cōnsentiō, cōnsentīre, convalēscō, convalēscere, 5 currō, currere, cucurrīrun 16 dēlectō, dēlectāre, cōnsēnsī agree convaluī get better, recover currus, currūs, m. chariot dēlectāvī, dēlectātus delight, please cōnsīdō, cōnsīdere, cōnsēdīsit down 11 conveniō, convenīre, cursus, cursūs, m. course, flight 14 dēleō, dēlēre, dēlēvī, dēlētusdestroy 16 cōnsilium, cōnsiliī, n.plan, idea, advice convēnī come together, gather, 12 custōdiō, custōdīre, dēliciae, dēliciārum, f.pl.darling cōnsilium capere. make a plan, have an meet custōdīvī, custōdītus guard dēligō, dēligāre, dēligāvī, idea conversus see convertor custōs, custōdis, m. guard dēligātus bind, tie, tie up, moor 31 cōnsistō, cōnsistere, cōnstitī stand one’s ground, 32 convertō, convertere, 30 dēmittō, dēmittere, stand firm, halt, stop convertī, conversus turn d dēmīsī, dēmissus let down, lower cōnspectus, cōnspectūs, m.sight convertor, convertī, damnō, damnāre, dēmoveō, dēmovēre, 23 cōnspicātus, cōnspicāta, conversus sum turn damnāvī, damnātus condemn dēmōvī, dēmōtus dismiss, move out of cōnspicātum having caught sight of convolvō, convolvere, dare see dō dēmum at last 7 cōnspiciō, cōnspicere, convolvī, convolūtus entangle 11 dē (+ ) from, down from; about tum dēmum then at last, only then cōnspexī, cōnspectus catch sight of 4 coquō, coquere, coxī, 18 dea, deae, f. goddess dēnārius, dēnāriī, m. denarius (a small coin 34 cōnspicor, cōnspicārī, coctus cook 15 dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus owe; ought, should, worth four sesterces) cōnspicātus sum catch sight of 1 coquus, coquī, m. cook must 20 dēnique at last, finally cōnspicuus, cōnspicua, corōna, corōnae, f. garland, wreath Deceanglī, Deceanglōrum, dēns, dentis, m. tooth, tusk cōnspicuum conspicuous, easily seen 28 corpus, corporis, n. body m.pl. Deceangli (a British dēnsus, dēnsa, dēnsumthick 28 cōnstituō, cōnstituere, corrumpō, corrumpere, tribe) 14 cotīdiē every day cōnstituī, cōnstitūtus decide corrūpī, corruptus corrupt 20, 28 decem ten dēnūntiō, dēnūntiāre, cōnsul, cōnsulis, m. consul (highest elected dōnīs corrumpere bribe decet, decēre, decuit be proper dēnūntiāvī, dēnūntiātus denounce, reveal official of Roman 14 cotīdiē every day mē decet I ought dēpellō, dēpellere, dēpulī, government) 33 crās tomorrow 33 dēcidō, dēcidere, dēcidīfall down dēpulsus drive off, push down cōnsulātus, cōnsulātūs, m. the office of consul, 11 crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī decimus, decima, decimumtenth dēpōnō, dēpōnere, dēposuī, consulship (+ ) trust, believe, have faith 22 dēcipiō, dēcipere, dēcēpī, dēpositus put down, take off 30 cōnsulō, cōnsulere, in dēceptus deceive, trick 20 dērīdeō, dērīdēre, dērīsī, cōnsuluī, cōnsultus consult creō, creāre, creāvī, creātusmake, create dēclārō, dēclārāre, dērīsus mock, make fun of 8 cōnsūmō, cōnsūmere, 20 crūdēlis, crūdēlis, crūdēlecruel dēclārāvī, dēclārātus declare, proclaim 33 dēscendō, dēscendere, cōnsūmpsī, cōnsūmptus eat cruentus, cruenta, cruentumbloody, blood-stained 14 decōrus, decōra, decōrumright, proper dēscendī go down, come down contemnō, contemnere, crux, crucis, f. cross dedī see dō 24 dēserō, dēserere, dēseruī, contempsī, contemptus reject, despise 6 cubiculum, cubiculī, n.bedroom dēdicō, dēdicāre, dēdicāvī, dēsertus desert 5 contendō, contendere, cucurrī see currō dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluījump down contendī hurry cui, cuius see quī dēsinō, dēsinere end, cease

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dēsistō, dēsistere, dēstitīstop dīripiō, dīripere, dīripuī, dōnīs corrumpere bribe ēlāpsus, ēlāpsa, ēlāpsumhaving escaped 20 dēspērō, dēspērāre, dīreptus tear apart, ransack 2 dormiō, dormīre, dormīvīsleep ēlegāns, ēlegāns, ēlegāns, dēspērāvī despair, give up 29 dīrus, dīra, dīrum dreadful, awful dubium, dubiī, n. doubt gen. ēlegantis tasteful, elegant dēspiciō, dēspicere, dēspexīlook down 29 dīs see deus 8 dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductuslead ēlegantia, ēlegantiae, f.good taste, elegance dēstinō, dēstināre, 18 discēdō, discēdere, sorte ductus chosen by lot ēliciō, ēlicere, ēlicuī, dēstināvī, dēstinātus intend discessī depart, leave 34 dum while, until ēlicitus lure, entice dēstringō, dēstringere, disciplīna, disciplīnae, f.discipline, orderliness 12, 20, 28 duo, duae, duo two 22 ēligō, ēligere, ēlēgī, ēlēctuschoose dēstrīnxī, dēstrictus draw out, draw (a discipulus, discipulī, m.disciple, follower duodecim twelve ēlūdō, ēlūdere, ēlūdī, sword), pull out discō, discere, didicī learn 21 dūrus, dūra, dūrum harsh, hard ēlūsus slip past, trick, outwit dētestātus see dētestor discordia, discordiae, f.strife 31 dux, ducis, m. leader 9 ēmittō, ēmittere, ēmīsī, dētestor, dētestārī, discrīmen, discrīminis, n.crisis dūxī see dūcō ēmissus throw, send out dētestātus sum curse dissentiō, dissentīre, 6 emō, emere, ēmī, ēmptusbuy dētrahō, dētrahere, dissēnsī disagree, argue e ēmoveō, ēmovēre, ēmōvī, dētrāxī, dētractus pull down dissimulō, dissimulāre, 4 ē, ex (+ ) from, out of ēmōtus move, clear away, 14 deus, deī, m. god dissimulāvī, dissimulātus conceal, hide ea, eā, eam see is remove dī immortālēs! heavens above! distribuō, distribuere, eādem, eandem see īdem ēn! look! Deva, Devae, f. Deva (modern Chester) distribuī, distribūtus distribute eās see is ēn iūstitia! so this is justice! Devae at Deva 17 diū for a long time ēbrius, ēbria, ēbrium drunk ēn Rōmānī! so these are the Devam to Deva diūtius for a longer time 3 ecce! see! look! Romans! dēvorō, dēvorāre, 30 dīves, dīves, dīves, gen. edō, edere, ēdī, ēsus eat 23 enim for dēvorāvī, dēvorātus devour, eat up dīvitis rich efferō, efferre, extulī, ēlātusbring out, carry out 11 eō, īre, iī go dī see deus dītissimus, dītissima, 21 efficiō, efficere, effēcī, obviam īre (+ ) meet, go to meet diabolus, diabolī, m. devil dītissimum very rich effectus carry out, accomplish eō see is 13 dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay 30 dīvitiae, dīvitiārum, f.pl.riches effigiēs, effigiēī, f. image, statue eōdem see īdem dictō, dictāre, dictāvī, dīvus, dīva, dīvum divine effringō, effringere, eōrum, eōs see is dictātus dictate dīxī see dīcō effrēgī, effrāctus break down 12 epistula, epistulae, f. letter 9 diēs, diēī, m. day 9 dō, dare, dedī, datus give 16 effugiō, effugere, effūgīescape ab epistulīs in charge of diēs fēstus, diēī fēstī, m.festival, holiday 25 poenās dare pay the penalty, be 32 effundō, effundere, correspondence 18 diēs nātālis, punished effūdī, effūsus pour out epulae, epulārum, f.pl.dishes, banquet diēī nātālis, m. birthday 26 doceō, docēre, docuī, effūsīs lacrimīs bursting into tears 24 eques, equitis, m. horseman; man of 14 difficilis, difficilis, difficiledifficult doctus teach ēgī see agō equestrian rank difficillimus, difficillima, 20 doctus, docta, doctum educated, learned, 4 ego, meī I, me equitō, equitāre, equitāvīride a horse difficillimum very difficult skillful mēcum with me 15 equus, equī, m. horse difficultās, difficultātis, f.difficulty 28 doleō, dolēre, doluī hurt, be in pain 34 ēgredior, ēgredī, eram see sum diffīsus, diffīsa, diffīsum graviter dolēre be extremely painful ēgressus sum go out ergō therefore (+ ) having distrusted 29 dolor, dolōris, m. grief, pain 24 ēgressus, ēgressa, ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptussnatch, tear digitus, digitī, m. finger dolus, dolī, m. trickery ēgressum having left errō, errāre, errāvī make a mistake 25 dignitās, dignitātis, f. dignity, importance, 14 domina, dominae, f. lady (of the house), 4 ēheu! alas! oh dear! longē errāre make a big mistake honor, prestige mistress eī see is ērubēscō, ērubēscere, ērubuīblush dignus, digna, dignumworthy, appropriate 2 dominus, dominī, m. master (of the house) 33 ēiciō, ēicere, ēiēcī, ēiectusthrow out ērumpō, ērumpere, ērūpī break away, 14 dīligenter carefully 20 domus, domūs, f. home eīs, eius see is break out dīligentia, dīligentiae, f.industry, hard work domī at home eiusmodī of that kind 1 est, estō see sum dīligō, dīligere, dīlēxībe fond of domum redīre return home ēlābor, ēlābī, ēlāpsus sumescape ēsuriō, ēsurīre be hungry dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī, 14 dōnum, dōnī, n. present, gift 3 et and dīmissus send away, dismiss

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33 et … et both … and exstruō, exstruere, 5 fēmina, fēminae, f. woman 10 frāter, frātris, m. brother 15 etiam even, also exstrūxī, exstrūctus build fenestra, fenestrae, f. window fraus, fraudis, f. trick nōn modo … sed etiamnot only … but also exsultō, exsultāre, exsultāvīexult, be triumphant 9 ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus bring, carry frōns, frontis, f. front euge! hurrah!, hurray! exta, extōrum, n.pl. entrails graviter ferre take badly 31 frūmentum, frūmentī, n.grain 8 eum see is extorqueō, extorquēre, 6 ferōciter fiercely 12 frūstrā in vain evangelium, evangeliī, n.good news, gospel extorsī, extortus take by force, extort 8 ferōx, ferōx, ferōx, 33 fuga, fugae, f. escape ēvertō, ēvertere, ēvertī, 25 extrā (+ ) choose gen. ferōcis fierce, ferocious 12 fugiō, fugere, fūgī run away, ēversus overturn extrahō, extrahere, 13 fessus, fessa, fessum tired flee (from) ēvolō, ēvolāre, ēvolāvīfly out extrāxī, extractus drag out, pull out, take 6 festīnō, festīnāre, festīnāvīhurry fugitīvus, fugitīvī, m.fugitive, runaway 4 ex, ē (+ ) from, out of out fēstus, fēsta, fēstum festive, holiday fuī see sum exanimātus, exanimāta, extrēmus, extrēma, diēs fēstus, diēī fēstī, m.holiday fulgeō, fulgēre, fulsī shine, glitter exanimātum unconscious extrēmum furthest fībula, fībulae, f. brooch 22 fundō, fundere, fūdī, fūsuspour 33 excipiō, excipere, excēpī, extrēma pars edge 14 fidēlis, fidēlis, fidēle faithful, loyal 12 fundus, fundī, m. farm exceptus receive extulī see efferō 26 fidēs, fideī, f. loyalty, trustworthiness fūnis, fūnis, m. rope 13 excitō, excitāre, excitāvī, exuō, exuere, exuī, exūtustake off fidem servāre keep a promise, keep fūnus, fūneris, n. funeral excitātus arouse, wake up, faith 6 fūr, fūris, m. thief awaken f fīgō, fīgere, fīxī, fīxusfix, fasten furcifer, furciferī, m. scoundrel, crook 10 exclāmō, exclāmāre, 17 faber, fabrī, m. craftsman, carpenter, figūra, figūrae, f. figure, shape furēns, furēns, furēns, exclāmāvī exclaim, shout workman 1 fīlia, fīliae, f. daughter gen. furentis furious, in a rage excruciō, excruciāre, 5 fābula, fābulae, f. play, story 1 fīlius, fīliī, m. son fūstis, fūstis, m. club, stick excruciāvī, excruciātus torture, torment fābulam agere act in a play factus sum I became exemplum, exemplī, n.example facēs see fax fīxus see fīgō g 3 exeō, exīre, exiī go out 8 facile easily flagrō, flagrāre, flagrāvīblaze garriō, garrīre, garrīvīchatter, gossip exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, 17 facilis, facilis, facile easy 12 flamma, flammae, f. flame garum, garī, n. sauce exercitus exercise facinus, facinoris, n. crime 16 flōs, flōris, m. flower 27 gaudeō, gaudēre be pleased, rejoice exīstimō, exīstimāre, 7 faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do 24 flūmen, flūminis, n. river 34 gaudium, gaudiī, n. joy exīstimāvī, impetum facere charge, make an 19 fluō, fluere, flūxī flow gāza, gāzae, f. treasure exīstimātus think, consider attack 21 fōns, fontis, m. fountain, spring 28 gemitus, gemitūs, m. groan exitium, exitiī, n. ruin, destruction sēditiōnem facere revolt fōrma, fōrmae, f. beauty, shape gemma, gemmae, f. jewel, gem expellō, expellere, expulī, factum, factī, n. deed, achievement 18 fortasse perhaps 30 gēns, gentis, f. family, tribe expulsus drive out Falernus, Falerna, FalernumFalernian 19 forte by chance ubi gentium? where in the world? 25 explicō, explicāre, explicāvī, fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsusdeceive 6 fortis, fortis, forte brave, strong genū, genūs, n. knee explicātus explain falsum, falsī, n. lie 12 fortiter bravely 23 gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuswear explōrātor, explōrātōris, m.scout, spy 26 falsus, falsa, falsum false, untrue, dishonest fortitūdō, fortitūdinis, f.courage 26 bellum gerere wage war, campaign 16 expōnō, expōnere, exposuī, famēs, famis, f. hunger fortūna, fortūnae, f. fortune, luck gladiātor, gladiātōris, m.gladiator expositus unload faucēs, faucium, f.pl. passage, entranceway fortūnātus, fortūnāta, 8 gladius, gladiī, m. sword expugnō, expugnāre, 11 faveō, favēre, fāvī favor, support fortūnātum lucky glōria, glōriae, f. glory expugnāvī, expugnātus storm, take by storm favor, favōris, m. favor forum, forī, n. forum, business center glōriāns, glōriāns, glōriāns, exquīsītus, exquīsīta, fax, facis, f. torch Forum Rōmānum the Roman Forum gen. glōriantis boasting, boastfully exquīsītum special fēcī see faciō fossa, fossae, f. ditch Graecia, Graeciae, f. Greece 3 exspectō, exspectāre, fefellī see fallō fragor, fragōris, m. crash Graecus, Graeca, GraecumGreek exspectāvī, exspectātus wait for fēlīx, fēlīx, fēlīx, gen. fēlīcislucky, happy 34 frangō, frangere, frēgī, grānum, grānī, n. grain exstinguō, exstinguere, frāctus break grātiae, grātiārum, f.pl.thanks exstīnxī, exstīnctus extinguish, put out, destroy

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19 grātiās agere thank, give thanks 33 hīc here, in this place 31 identidem repeatedly impōnō, impōnere, impose, put into, put grātīs free hiems, hiemis, f. winter imposuī, impositus onto grātulāns, grātulāns, hilarē cheerfully iecur, iecoris, n. liver importō, importāre, grātulāns, gen. hinc from here Ierosolyma, Ierosolymae, f.Jerusalem importāvī, importātus import grātulantis congratulating Hispānia, Hispāniae, f.Spain 12 igitur therefore, and so imprecātiō, imprecātiōnis, f.curse grātulātiō, grātulātiōnis, f.congratulation hoc, hōc see hic escape 27 ignārus, ignāra, ignārumnot knowing, unaware impudēns, impudēns, grātulor, grātulārī, 5 hodiē today 8 ignāvus, ignāva, ignāvumcowardly, lazy impudēns, gen. impudentis shameless grātulātus sum congratulate 9 homō, hominis, m. person, man ignis, ignis, m. fire impulī see impellō 21 gravis, gravis, grave heavy, serious homunculus, ignōrō, ignōrāre, ignōrāvīnot know about 1 in (1) (+ ) into, onto 17 graviter heavily, soundly, homunculī, m. little man, pip-squeak 32 ignōscō, ignōscere, (2) (+ ) in, on seriously 23 honor, honōris, m. honor, official position ignōvī (+ ) forgive inānis, inānis, ināne empty, meaningless graviter dolēre be extremely painful honōrō, honōrāre, ignōtus, ignōta, ignōtumunknown 29 incēdō, incēdere, incessīmarch, stride graviter ferre take badly honōrāvī, honōrātus honor iī see eō 27 incendō, incendere, gustō, gustāre, gustāvī, 21 hōra, hōrae, f. hour 9 ille, illa, illud that, he, she incendī, incēnsus burn, set fire to gustātus taste horreum, horreī, n. barn, granary, 19 illūc there, to that place incēnsus, incēnsa, incēnsuminflamed, angered guttur, gutturis, n. throat warehouse hūc illūc here and there, up incertus, incerta, incertumuncertain hortātus see hortor and down incidō, incidere, incidīfall h 34 hortor, hortārī, hortātus sumencourage, urge illūcēscō, illūcēscere, illūxīdawn, grow bright 22 incipiō, incipere, incēpī, 4 habeō, habēre, habuī, 1 hortus, hortī, m. garden imitātus, imitāta, imitātumhaving imitated inceptus begin habitus have hōrum see hic imitor, imitārī, imitātus incitō, incitāre, incitāvī, in animō habēre have in mind, intend 9 hospes, hospitis, m. guest, host sum imitate, mime incitātus urge on, encourage in memoriā habēre keep in mind, 22 hostis, hostis, m.f. enemy immineō, imminēre, inclūsus, inclūsa, inclūsum shut up, imprisoned, remember 17 hūc here, to this place imminuī (+ ) hang over trapped prō certō habēre know for certain hūc illūc here and there, up and immo or rather incurrō, incurrere, incurrī run onto, collide with, prō hostibus habēre consider as enemies down immortālis, immortālis, bump into sermōnem habēre have a conversation, huic, huius see hic joy immortāle immortal inde then talk humilis, humilis, humilelow-born, of low class dī immortālēs! heavens above! indicium, indiciī, n. sign, evidence 10 habitō, habitāre, habitāvīlive humus, humī, f. ground immortālitās, indignus, indigna, indignumunworthy, undeserved hāc, hae, haec see hic 24 humī on the ground immortālitātis, f. immortality induō, induere, induī, haereō, haerēre, haesīstick, cling humum to the ground 23 immōtus, immōta, indūtus put on haesitō, haesitāre, haesitāvīhesitate hunc see hic immōtum still, motionless inest see īnsum hanc see hic impatiēns, impatiēns, īnfāns, īnfantis, m. baby, child haruspex, haruspicis, m.soothsayer i impatiēns, gen. 21 īnfēlīx, īnfēlīx, īnfēlīx, hās see hic 12 iaceō, iacēre, iacuī lie, rest impatientis impatient gen. īnfēlīcis unlucky 19 hasta, hastae, f. spear 23 iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactusethrow 15 impediō, impedīre, 20 īnferō, īnferre, intulī, inlātus bring in, bring on, 34 haud not 22 iactō, iactāre, iactāvī, impedīvī, impedītus delay, hinder bring against 31 haudquāquam not at all iactātus throw impellō, impellere, iniūriam īnferre do an injustice, hauriō, haurīre, hausī, 12 iam now, already impulī, impulsus push, force bring injury haustus drain, drink up iamdūdum for a long time 16 imperātor, imperātōris, m.emperor īnfestus, īnfesta, īnfestumhostile, dangerous hercle! by Hercules! 3 iānua, iānuae, f. door imperium, imperiī, n.empire īnfīgō, īnfīgere, īnfīxī, hērēs, hērēdis, m.f. heir ībam see eō 27 imperō, imperāre, īnfīxus fasten onto 7 heri yesterday 18 ibi there imperāvī (+ ) order, command īnflīgō, īnflīgere, īnflīxī, heus! hey! id see is impetus, impetūs, m. attack īnflīctus inflict 8 hic, haec, hoc this 31 īdem, eadem, idem the same impetum facere charge, make an īnflō, īnflāre, īnflāvī blow attack īnfundō, īnfundere,

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31 īnfūdī, īnfūsus pour into 6 intentē intently iugulum, iugulī, n. throat lectīca, lectīcae, f. sedan-chair, ingenium, ingeniī, n. character 16 inter (+ ) among, between Iuppiter, Iovis, m. Jupiter (god of the sky, carrying-chair 7 ingēns, ingēns, ingēns, inter sē among themselves, greatest of Roman 15 lectus, lectī, m. couch, bed gen. ingentis huge with each other gods) 26 lēgātus, lēgātī, m. commander (of a legion) ingravēscō, ingravēsceregrow worse 24 intereā meanwhile iussī see iubeō 26 legiō, legiōnis, f. legion 34 ingredior, ingredī, 13 interficiō, interficere, 27 iussum, iussī, n. order, instruction lēgō, lēgāre, lēgāvī, lēgātusbequeath ingressus sum enter interfēcī, interfectus kill iūstitia, iūstitiae, f. justice 11 legō, legere, lēgī, lēctusread 22 ingressus, ingressa, interrogō, interrogāre, 22 ingressus, ingressa, lēniō, lēnīre, lēnīvī, lēnītussoothe, calm down ingressum having entered interrogāvī, interrogātus question ingressum having entered lēniter gently iniciō, inicere, iniēcī, interrumpō, interrumpere, ēn iūstitia! so this is justice! 15 lentē slowly iniectus throw in interrūpī, interruptus interrupt iuvat, iuvāre please 3 leō, leōnis, m. lion inimīcitia, inimīcitiae, f.feud, dispute 2 intrō, intrāre, intrāvī enter mē iuvat it pleases me lēx, lēgis, f. law inimīcus, inimīcī, m. enemy intulī see īnferō 5 iuvenis, iuvenis, m. young man 18 libenter gladly 30 iniūria, iniūriae, f. injustice, injury intus inside iuxtā (+ ) next to 10 liber, librī, m. book iniūriam īnferre do an injustice, 10 inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, 11 līberālis, līberālis, līberālegenerous bring injury inventus find l 29 līberī, līberōrum, m.pl.children inlātus see īnferō invicem in turn L. = Lūcius 20 līberō, līberāre, līberāvī, innītor, innītī, innīxus sumlean, rest 11 invītō, invītāre, invītāvī, labefaciō, labefacere, līberātus free, set free innīxus, innīxa, innīxumleaning invītātus invite labefēcī, labefactus weaken 32 lībertās, lībertātis, f. freedom innocēns, innocēns, innocēns, 17 invītus, invīta, invītumunwilling, reluctant lābor, lābī, lāpsus sumfall 6 lībertus, lībertī, m. freedman, ex-slave gen. innocentis innocent iō! hurrah! 32 labor, labōris, m. work līmen, līminis, n. threshold, doorway inopia, inopiae, f. poverty iocus, iocī, m. joke 1 labōrō, labōrāre, labōrāvīwork lingua, linguae, f. tongue 4 inquit says, said Iovis see Iuppiter labrum, labrī, n. lip littera, litterae, f. letter inquam I said 14 ipse, ipsa, ipsum himself, herself, itself 22 lacrima, lacrimae, f. tear līvidus, līvida, līvidumlead-colored īnsānia, īnsāniae, f. insanity 28 īra, īrae, f. anger lacrimīs effūsīs bursting into tears 19 locus, locī, m. place īnsāniō, īnsānīre, īnsānīvībe crazy, be insane 3 īrātus, īrāta, īrātum angry 7 lacrimō, lacrimāre, lacrimāvīcry, weep 23 locūtus, locūta, locūtumhaving spoken īnsānus, īnsāna, īnsānumcrazy, insane īre see eō lacus, lacūs, m. lake longē far īnscrībō, īnscrībere, irrumpō, irrumpere, irrūpīburst in, burst into lacus Asphaltītēs, lacūs longē errāre make a big mistake īnscrīpsī, īnscrīptus write, inscribe is, ea, id he, she, it Asphaltītae the Dead Sea longurius, longuriī, m.pole 27 īnsidiae, īnsidiārum, f.pl.trap, ambush 14 iste, ista, istud that laedō, laedere, laesī, laesusharm longus, longa, longumlong īnsolēns, īnsolēns, īnsolēns, 16 ita in this way laetē happily loquāx, loquāx, loquāx, gen. īnsolentis rude, insolent 13 ita vērō yes 2 laetus, laeta, laetum happy gen. loquācis talkative īnsolenter rudely, insolently Ītalia, Ītaliae, f. Italy lānx, lancis, f. dish 34 loquor, loquī, locūtus sumspeak 9 īnspiciō, īnspicere, īnspexī, 17 itaque and so lāpsus see lābor lūbricus, lūbrica, lūbricumslippery īnspectus look at, inspect, 19 iter, itineris, n. journey, trip, progress latebrae, latebrārum, f.pl.hiding-place lūcem see lūx examine, search 9 iterum again 25 lateō, latēre, latuī lie hidden lūceō, lūcēre, lūxī shine 26 īnstruō, īnstruere, īnstrūxī, 21 iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusorder later, lateris, m. brick lucerna, lucernae, f. lamp īnstrūctus draw up, set up iussū Silvae at Silva’s order Latīnī, Latīnōrum, m.pl. the Latini (early tribe lūdō, lūdere, lūsī play 17 īnsula, īnsulae, f. island; apartment Iūdaeī, Iūdaeōrum, m.pl.Jews in Italy) 33 lūdus, lūdī, m. game building Iūdaeus, Iūdaea, IūdaeumJewish latrō, latrōnis, m. robber lūgeō, lūgēre, lūxī lament, mourn īnsula Tiberīna Tiber Island 4 iūdex, iūdicis, m. judge lātus, lāta, lātum wide 20 lūna, lūnae, f. moon īnsum, inesse, īnfuī be inside iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvī, 2 laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, lutum, lutī, n. mud 7 intellegō, intellegere, iūdicātus judge laudātus praise 18, 29 lūx, lūcis, f. light, daylight intellēxī, intellēctus understand lavō, lavāre, lāvī, lautuswash rem intellegere understand the truth

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14 marītus, marītī, m. husband 28 mīlia thousands mortuus, mortua, m marmor, marmoris, n.marble 11 minimē no; least, very little mortuum dead M. = Marcus Mārs, Mārtis, m. Mars (god of war) 22 minimus see parvus 7 mortuus see morior madidus, madida, madidum soaked through, Masada, Masadae, f. Masada (a fortress in minor see parvus mōs, mōris, m. custom drenched Judea) minor, minārī, minātus sumthreaten mōtus, mōtūs, m. movement magicus, magica, magicummagic massa, massae, f. block 12 mīrābilis, mīrābilis, 33 moveō, movēre, mōvī, magis see magnopere 1 māter, mātris, f. mother mīrābile marvelous, strange, mōtus move magister, magistrī, m.master, foreman mātrimōnium, mātrimōniī, n.marriage wonderful 9 mox soon magistrātus, mātrōna, mātrōnae, f.lady, married woman mīrus, mīra, mīrum extraordinary multitūdō, multitūdinis, f.crowd magistrātūs, m. public official 24 maximē see magnopere aliquid mīrī something multō much magnificē splendidly, 17 maximus see magnus extraordinary multum much magnificently mē see ego misceō, miscēre, miscuī, 5 multus, multa, multummuch magnificus, magnifica, medicāmentum, mixtus mix 5 multī many magnificum splendid, magnificent medicāmentī, n. ointment, medicine, 15 miser, misera, miserum miserable, wretched, 19 plūrimī, plūrimae, 30 magnopere greatly drug sad plūrima very many magis more, rather medicus, medicī, m. doctor ō mē miserum! oh wretched me! plūrimus, plūrima, 24 maximē very greatly, very 9 medius, media, mediummiddle 12 mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend plūrimum very much, most much, most of all 16 melior see bonus 34 modo just, now, only plūris est is worth more 3 magnus, magna, magnumbig, large, great melius est see bonus modo … modo now … now plūs, plūris, n. more maior, maior, maius, memor, memor, memor, nōn modo … sed etiamnot only … but also plūs vīnī more wine gen. maiōris bigger, larger, gen. memoris remembering, mindful 23 modus, modī, m. manner, way, kind mūnītiō, mūnītiōnis, f.defense, fortification greater of 22 quō modō? how? in what way? 11 mūrus, mūrī, m. wall 17 maximus, maxima, memoria, memoriae, f.memory rēs huius modī a thing of this kind mūs, mūris, m.f. mouse maximum very big, very large, in memoriā habēre keep in mind, molestus, molesta, mussitō, mussitāre, very great, greatest remember molestum troublesome mussitāvī murmur Pontifex Maximus Chief Priest mendāx, mendāx, mendāx, molliō, mollīre, mollīvī, mūtātiō, mūtātiōnis, f. posting station, way malignus, maligna, gen. mendācis lying, deceitful mollītus soothe station malignum spiteful mendīcus, mendīcī, m.beggar mollis, mollis, molle soft, gentle 29 mālō, mālle, māluī prefer mēns, mentis, f. mind mōmentum, mōmentī, n.importance n mālim I would prefer 32 mēnsa, mēnsae, f. table 22 moneō, monēre, monuī, nactus, nacta, nactumhaving seized 28 malus, mala, malum evil, bad mēnsis, mēnsis, m. month monitus warn, advise 18 nam for peior, peior, peius, 2 mercātor, mercātōris, m.merchant 12 mōns, montis, m. mountain 7 nārrō, nārrāre, nārrāvī, gen. peiōris worse meritus, merita, 9 maneō, manēre, mānsīremain, stay nārrātus tell, relate 20 pessimus, pessima, meritum well-deserved mora, morae, f. delay rem nārrāre tell the story pessimum very bad, worst 28 metus, metūs, m. fear 21 morbus, morbī, m. illness 34 nāscor, nāscī, nātus sumbe born 23 mandātum, mandātī, n.instruction, order 5 meus, mea, meum my, mine moriēns, moriēns, (diēs) nātālis, (diēī) 28 mandō, mandāre, meī, meōrum, m.pl. my family moriēns, gen. morientis dying nātālis, m. birthday mandāvī, mandātus order, entrust, hand mī Haterī my dear Haterius 34 morior, morī, mortuus sumdie trīgintā annōs nātus thirty years old over mī Quīnte my dear Quintus (eī) moriendum est (he) must die nāsus, nāsī, m. nose 19 māne in the morning mihi see ego moritūrus, moritūra, nātālis, nātālis, nātālenatal 9 maneō, manēre, mānsīremain, stay 18 mīles, mīlitis, m. soldier moritūrum going to die nātū maximus eldest 27 manus, manūs, f. hand; band mīlitō, mīlitāre, mīlitāvībe a soldier moror, morārī, morātus 30 nātus, nāta, nātum born margō, marginis, m. edge 28 mīlle a thousand sum delay 15 nauta, nautae, m. sailor 20 mors, mortis, f. death 16 nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvīsail 3 nāvis, nāvis, f. ship

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31 nē that … not, so that … 20 novem nine occidō, occidere, occidīset ōsculum, ōsculī, n. kiss not 19 nōvī I know occupātus, occupāta, 9 ostendō, ostendere, 32 nē … quidem not even 13 novus, nova, novum new occupātum busy ostendī, ostentus show 32 nec … nec neither … nor 22 nox, noctis, f. night occupō, occupāre, ostentō, ostentāre, 32 nec and not, nor noctū by night occupāvī, occupātus seize, take over ostentāvī, ostentātus show off, display utrum … necne whether … or not 13 nūllus, nūlla, nūllum not any, no occurrō, occurrere, 32 ōtiōsus, ōtiōsa, ōtiōsum at leisure, with time off, 14 necesse necessary 14 num? (1) surely … not? occurrī (+ ) meet idle, on vacation 7 necō, necāre, necāvī, necātuskill 26 num (2) whether 28 octōgintā eighty neglegēns, neglegēns, numerō, numerāre, 20 oculus, oculī, m. eye p neglegēns, gen. neglegentis careless numerāvī, numerātus count 29 ōdī I hate 12 paene nearly, almost 31 neglegō, neglegere, 33 numerus, numerī, m. number odiō sum, odiō esse be hateful pallēscō, pallēscere, palluīgrow pale neglēxī, neglēctus neglect 17 numquam never 9 offerō, offerre, obtulī, pallidus, pallida, pallidumpale 17 negōtium, negōtiī, n. business 11 nunc now oblātus offer pallium, palliī, n. cloak 17 negōtium agere do business, work 10 nūntiō, nūntiāre, oleum, oleī, n. oil pantomīmus, 18 nēmō (acc. nēminem)no one, nobody nūntiāvī, nūntiātus announce 6 ōlim once, some time ago pantomīmī, m. pantomime actor, neque and not, nor 8 nūntius, nūntiī, m. messenger, message, ōmen, ōminis, n. omen dancer 24 neque … neque neither … nor news 30 omnīnō completely parātus, parāta, parātumready, prepared 25 nescio, nescīre, nescīvīnot know 21 nūper recently 7 omnis, omnis, omne all 22 parcō, parcere, pepercī niger, nigra, nigrum black nusquam nowhere omnia all, everything (+ ) spare 7 nihil nothing 28 opēs, opum, f.pl. money, wealth parēns, parentis, m.f. parent nihilōminus nevertheless o oportet, oportēre, oportuitbe right 23 pāreō, pārēre, pāruī (+ )obey 30 nimis too obdormiō, obdormīre, mē oportet I must 7 parō, parāre, parāvī, parātusprepare 23 nimium, nimiī, n. too much obdormīvī fall asleep 21 oppidum, oppidī, n. town 18 pars, partis, f. part 33 nisi except, unless obeō, obīre, obiī (+ )meet, go to meet 32 opprimō, opprimere, extrēma pars edge 30 nōbilis, nōbilis, nōbilenoble, of noble birth obēsus, obēsa, obēsumfat oppressī, oppressus crush, overwhelm in prīmā parte in the forefront nōbīs see nōs obiciō, obicere, obiēcī, 24 oppugnō, oppugnāre, 6 parvus, parva, parvumsmall nocēns, nocēns, nocēns, obiectus present oppugnāvī, oppugnātus attack minor, minor, minus, gen. nocentis guilty oblītus, oblīta, oblītumhaving forgotten 12 optimē see bene gen. minōris less, smaller 27 noceō, nocēre, nocuī obscūrus, obscūra, 5 optimus see bonus 22 minimus, minima, (+ ) hurt obscūrum dark, gloomy optiō, optiōnis, m. optio minimum very little, least noctis see nox obstinātiō, obstinātiōnis, f.stubbornness, obstinacy 30 opus, operis, n. work, construction 24 passus, passa, passumhaving suffered noctū see nox obstinātus, obstināta, ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis, f. speech pāstor, pāstōris, m. shepherd 13 nōlō, nōlle, nōluī not want, refuse obstinātum stubborn orbis, orbis, m. globe 24 patefaciō, patefacere, nōlī, nōlīte do not, don’t 18 obstō, obstāre, obstitī orbis terrārum world patefēcī, patefactus reveal 25 nōmen, nōminis, n. name (+ ) obstruct, block the way ōrdō, ōrdinis, m. row, line 1 pater, patris, m. father 3 nōn not obstupefaciō, obstupefacere, orior, orīrī, ortus sumrise patera, paterae, f. bowl nōndum not yet obstupefēcī, obstupefactus amaze, stun ōrnāmentum, ōrnāmentī, n.ornament, decoration patientia, patientiae, f.patience 16 nōnne? surely? 9 obtulī see offerō ōrnātus, ōrnāta, ōrnātum decorated, elaborately 34 patior, patī, passus sumsuffer, endure 21 nōnnūllī, nōnnūllae, obviam eō, obviam īre, furnished patrōnus, patrōnī, m. patron nōnnūlla some, several obviam iī (+ ) meet, go to meet 23 ōrnō, ōrnāre, ōrnāvī, 17 paucī, paucae, pauca few, a few nōnus, nōna, nōnum ninth occāsiō, occāsiōnis, f.opportunity ōrnātus decorate paulīsper for a short time 10 nōs we, us 28 occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, 31 ōrō, ōrāre, ōrāvī beg paulō/paulum a little 11 noster, nostra, nostrumour occīsus kill ortus see orior 32 pauper, pauper, pauper, 26 nōtus, nōta, nōtum known, well-known, ōs, ōris, n. face gen. pauperis poor famous

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pauper, pauperis, m. a poor man 4 perterritus, perterrita, 29 populus, populī, m. people praesēns, praesēns, praesēns, 30 pavor, pavōris, m. panic perterritum terrified porrō more, gen. praesentis present, ready 10 pāx, pācis, f. peace perturbō, perturbāre, furthermore praesertim especially 4 pecūnia, pecūniae, f. money perturbāvī, perturbātus disturb, alarm 8 porta, portae, f. gate praestō, praestāre, praestitīshow, display pedem see pēs 17 perveniō, pervenīre, porticus, porticūs, f. colonnade praesum, praeesse, peior see malus pervēnī reach, arrive at 3 portō, portāre, portāvī, praefuī (+ ) be in charge of pendeō, pendēre, pependīhang 8 pēs, pedis, m. foot, paw portātus carry praeter (+ ) except 6 per (+ ) through, along pedem referre step back 10 portus, portūs, m. harbor praetereā besides percutiō, percutere, pessimē very badly 19 poscō, poscere, poposcīdemand, ask for praetereō, praeterīre, percussī, percussus strike 20 pessimus see malus 16 positus see pōnō praeteriī pass by, go past perdomitus, perdomita, pestis, pestis, f. pest, rascal possideō, possidēre, praetōriānus, perdomitum conquered petauristārius, possēdī, possessus possess praetōriānī, m. praetorian (member of 16 pereō, perīre, periī die, perish petauristāriī, m. acrobat 13 possum, posse, potuī can, be able emperor’s bodyguard) 29 perficiō, perficere, perfēcī, 15, 18 petō, petere, petīvī, petītus head for, attack; seek, 9 post (+ ) after, behind praetōrius, praetōria, perfectus finish beg for, ask for 18 posteā afterwards praetōrium praetorian perfidia, perfidiae, f. treachery philosopha, philosophae, f.(female) philosopher posterī, posterōrum, m.pl. future generations, ōrnāmenta praetōria honorary praetorship, perfidus, perfida, treacherous, philosophia, philosophiae, f.philosophy posterity honorary rank of perfidum untrustworthy philosophus, philosophī, m.philosopher postīcum, postīcī, n. back gate praetor omnia all, everything pīpiō, pīpiāre, pīpiāvīchirp, peep 6 postquam after, when prāvus, prāva, prāvumevil perfodiō, perfodere, pick (teeth) 11 placet, placēre, placuitplease, suit postrēmō finally, lastly 22 precātus, precāta, precātumhaving prayed (to) perfuga, perfugae, m.deserter 5 plaudō, plaudere, plausī, 16 postrīdiē (on) the next day precēs, precum, f.pl. prayers perīculōsus, perīculōsa, plausus applaud, clap 8 postulō, postulāre, 34 precor, precārī, precātus perīculōsum dangerous plaustrum, plaustrī, n.wagon, cart postulāvī, postulātus demand sum pray (to) 19 perīculum, perīculī, n.danger plausus, plausūs, m. applause 16 posuī see pōnō prēnsō, prēnsāre, periī see pereō 21 plēnus, plēna, plēnumfull potēns, potēns, potēns, prēnsāvī, prēnsātus take hold of, clutch perītē skillfully pluit, pluere, pluit rain gen. potentis powerful pretiōsus, pretiōsa, 25 perītus, perīta, perītumskillful plūrimus see multus potentia, potentiae, f.power pretiōsum expensive, precious permōtus, permōta, 21 plūs, plūris, n. more 33 potestās, potestātis, f.power prīmō at first permōtum alarmed, disturbed pōculum, pōculī, n. cup (often for wine) potius rather prīmum first perpetuus, perpetua, 25 poena, poenae, f. punishment potuī see possum 11 prīmus, prīma, prīmumfirst perpetuum perpetual 25 poenās dare pay the penalty, be 26 praebeō, praebēre, in prīmā parte in the forefront in perpetuum forever punished praebuī, praebitus provide in prīmīs in particular perrumpō, perrumpere, burst through, 4 poēta, poētae, m. poet 27 praeceps, praeceps, 15 prīnceps, prīncipis, m.chief, chieftain perrūpī, perruptus burst in poliō, polīre, polīvī, polītuspolish praeceps, gen. praecipitis headlong, rash prīncipia, prīncipiōrum, n.pl.headquarters persecūtus, persecūta, polliceor, pollicērī, praecipitō, praecipitāre, 29 prius earlier persecūtum having pursued pollicitus sum promise praecipitāvī hurl 34 priusquam before, until persōna, persōnae, f. character polyspaston, polyspastī, n.crane praecō, praecōnis, m.herald, announcer 18 prō (+ ) in front of, for, in persōnam agere play a part pompa, pompae, f. procession praeda, praedae, f. booty, plunder, loot return for perstō, perstāre, perstitīpersist Pompēiānus, Pompēiāna, praedīcō, praedīcere, prō certō habēre know for certain 20 persuādeō, persuādēre, Pompēiānum Pompeian praedīxī, praedictus foretell, predict probus, proba, probumhonest persuāsī (+ ) persuade 16 pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusput, place, put up praeficiō, praeficere, 9 prōcēdō, prōcēdere, prōcessī advance, proceed, step perterreō, perterrēre, 24 pōns, pontis, m. bridge praefēcī, praefectus put in charge forward perterruī, perterritus terrify poposcī see poscō 27 praemium, praemiī, n.prize, reward, profit 34 procul far off praeruptus, praerupta, prōcumbō, prōcumbere, praeruptum sheer, steep prōcubuī fall down

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prōcūrātor, prōcūrātōris, m.manager 9 pulcher, pulchra, quidem indeed recumbō, recumbere, prōditor, prōditōris, m.f.traitor pulchrum beautiful 32 nē … quidem not even recubuī lie down, recline prōdō, prōdere, prōdidī, 6 pulsō, pulsāre, pulsāvī, quiēs, quiētis, f. rest 18 recūsō, recūsāre, recūsāvī, prōditus betray pulsātus hit, knock on, whack, quiēscō, quiēscere, quiēvīrest recūsātus refuse 32 profectus, profecta, punch quiētus, quiēta, quiētumset out 4 reddō, reddere, reddidī, profectum having set out pūmiliō, pūmiliōnis, m.dwarf quīngentī, quīngentae, redditus give back, make 34 proficīscor, proficīscī, 16 pūniō, pūnīre, pūnīvī, quīngenta five hundred 16 redēmptor, redēmptōris, m.contractor, builder profectus sum set out pūnītus punish 20, 28 quīnquāgintā fifty 15 redeō, redīre, rediī return, go back, come 34 prōgredior, prōgredī, pūrgō, pūrgāre, pūrgāvī, 20, 28 quīnque five back prōgressus sum advance, step forward pūrgātus clean quīntus, quīnta, quīntumfifth redeundum est vōbīs you must return 31 prōgressus, prōgressa, pūrus, pūra, pūrum pure, clean, spotless 4 quis? quid? who? what? reditus, reditūs, m. return prōgressum having advanced, pyra, pyrae, f. pyre quid vīs? what do you want? redūcō, redūcere, redūxī, having stepped forward 28 quisquam, reductus lead back prohibeō, prohibēre, q quicquam/quidquam anyone, anything 26 referō, referre, rettulī, prohibuī, prohibitus prevent quā see quī quisque, quaeque, relātus bring back, carry, 11 prōmittō, prōmittere, 20, 28 quadrāgintā forty quidque each one deliver, tell, report prōmīsī, prōmissus promise quae see quī optimus quisque all the best people pedem referre step back prōmoveō, prōmovēre, quaedam see quīdam 18 quō? (1) where? where to? 33 reficiō, reficere, refēcī, prōmōvī, prōmōtus promote 4 quaerō, quaerere, quō (2) see quī refectus repair prōnūntiō, prōnūntiāre, quaesīvī, quaesītus search for, look for, 22 quō modō? how? in what way? 33 rēgīna, rēgīnae, f. queen prōnūntiāvī, inquire 6 quod (1) because Regnensēs, Regnēnsium, prōnūntiātus proclaim, preach 27 quālis, quālis, quāle what sort of quod (2) see quī m.pl. Regnenses (a British 7 prope (+ ) near tālis … quālis such … as 2 quoque also, too tribe) prophēta, prophētae, m.prophet 10, 14 quam (1) how quōs see quī rēgnō, rēgnāre, rēgnāvīreign prōpōnō, prōpōnere, quam celerrimē as quickly as possible 26 quot? how many? 26 rēgnum, rēgnī, n. kingdom prōposuī, prōpositus propose, put forward 10 quam (2) than quotiēns whenever 34 regredior, regredī, prōsiliō, prōsilīre, prōsiluīleap forward, jump quam (3) see quī regressus sum go back, return prōspectus, prōspectūs, m.view 14 quamquam although r 23 regressus, regressa, prōspiciō, prōspicere, quandō when 31 rapiō, rapere, rapuī, raptusseize, grab regressum having returned prōspexī look out 22 quantus, quanta, quantumhow big raptim hastily, quickly relēgō, relēgāre, prōvincia, prōvinciae, f.province 30 quārē? why? ratiō, ratiōnis, f. sum, addition relēgāvī, relēgātus exile 27 proximus, proxima, quārtus, quārta, quārtumfourth ratiōnēs, ratiōnum, f.pl.accounts 20 relinquō, relinquere, proximum nearest, next to 34 quasi as if ratiōnēs subdūcere write up accounts relīquī, relictus leave prūdēns, prūdēns, shrewd, intelligent, 20, 28 quattuor four raucus, rauca, raucumharsh reliquus, reliqua, reliquumremaining prūdēns, gen. prūdentis sensible 14 -que and rē see rēs 6 rem see rēs prūdentia, prūdentiae, f. quendam see quīdam rebellō, rebellāre, rebellāvīrebel, revolt remedium, remediī, n.cure prudence, good sense, 15 quī, quae, quod who, which, what rēbus see rēs remittō, remittere, shrewdness 33 quia because 17 recipiō, recipere, recēpī, remīsī, remissus send back psittacus, psittacī, m. parrot 28 quicquam see quisquam receptus recover, take back repetō, repetere, pūblicus, pūblica, pūblicumpublic quid? see quis? sē recipere recover repetīvī, repetītus claim 5 puella, puellae, f. girl quid vīs? see quis? recitō, recitāre, recitāvī, rēpō, rēpere, rēpsī crawl 8 puer, puerī, m. boy 32 quīdam, quaedam, recitātus recite, read out 6 rēs, reī, f. thing, business, affair pugiō, pugiōnis, m. dagger quoddam one, a certain rē vērā in fact, truly, really 11 pugna, pugnae, f. fight rem administrāre manage the task 8 pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvīfight rem cōgitāre consider the problem

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rem cōnficere finish the job scurrīlis, scurrīlis, scurrīleobscene, dirty serviō, servīre, servīvīserve (as a slave) rem intellegere understand the truth s 13 sē himself, herself, servitūs, servitūtis, f. slavery rem nārrāre tell the story saccārius, saccāriī, m.stevedore, dockworker themselves 10 servō, servāre, servāvī, rem suscipere undertake the task 21 sacer, sacra, sacrum sacred inter sē among themselves, servātus save, protect 32 rēs adversae misfortune 15 sacerdōs, sacerdōtis, m.priest with each other fidem servāre keep a promise, keep rēs contrāria the opposite sacerdōtium, sacerdōtiī, n.priesthood sēcum with him, with her, faith rēs huius modī a matter of this kind sacrificium, sacrificiī, n.offering, sacrifice with them 1 servus, servī, m. slave 17 resistō, resistere, restitī sacrificō, sacrificāre, sēcum cōgitāre consider to oneself sēstertius, sēstertiī, m.sesterce (coin) (+ ) resist sacrificāvī, sacrificātus sacrifice 30 secō, secāre, secuī, sectuscut 8 sēstertium vīciēns two million sesterces respiciō, respicere, respexīlook at, look upon 8 saepe often sēcrētus, sēcrēta, sēcrētumsecret sevērus, sevēra, sevērumsevere, strict 3 respondeō, respondēre, saeviō, saevīre, saeviībe in a rage secundus, secunda, 20, 28 sex six respondī reply 26 saevus, saeva, saevumsavage, cruel secundum second 26 sī if respōnsum, respōnsī, n.answer saltātrīx, saltātrīcis, f.dancing girl secūris, secūris, f. axe sibi see sē resurgō, resurgere, resurrēxīrise again saltō, saltāre, saltāvī dance 32 secūtus, secūta, secūtumhaving followed 28 sīc thus, in this way retineō, retinēre, retinuī, 29 salūs, salūtis, f. safety, health 4 sed but siccō, siccāre, siccāvī, retentus keep, hold back salūtātiō, salūtātiōnis, f.the morning visit 1 sedeō, sedēre, sēdī sit siccātus dry retrō back 2 salūtō, salūtāre, salūtāvī, sēdēs, sēdis, f. seat 20 sīcut like, as rettulī see referō salūtātus greet sēditiō, sēditiōnis, f. rebellion significō, significāre, 9 reveniō, revenīre, revēnīcome back, return 3 salvē! hello! sēditiōnem facere revolt significāvī, significātus mean, indicate revertor, revertī, sānē obviously sella, sellae, f. chair signō, signāre, signāvī, reversus sum turn back, return 8 sanguis, sanguinis, m.blood sēmirutus, sēmiruta, signātus sign, seal revocō, revocāre, sānō, sānāre, sānāvī, sēmirutum rickety 4 signum, signī, n. seal, signal revocāvī, revocātus recall, call back sānātus heal, cure, treat 10 semper always silentium, silentiī, n. silence 14 rēx, rēgis, m. king sānus, sāna, sānum well, healthy 11 senātor, senātōris, m. senator sileō, silēre, siluī be silent rhētor, rhētoris, m. teacher 21 sapiēns, sapiēns, sapiēns, senectus, senectūtis, f.old age 8 silva, silvae, f. woods, forest 3 rīdeō, rīdēre, rīsī laugh, smile gen. sapientis wise 5 senex, senis, m. old man simul at the same time rīdiculus, rīdicula, sapientia, sapientiae, f.wisdom sententia, sententiae, f.opinion 16 simulac, simulatque as soon as rīdiculum ridiculous, silly sarcinae, sarcinārum, f.pl.bags, luggage 12 sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, 34 sine (+ ) without rīpa, rīpae, f. riverbank 4 satis enough sēnsus feel, notice situs, sita, situm situated rīsus, rīsūs, m. smile 30 saxum, saxī, n. rock sepeliō, sepelīre, sepelīvī, 30 sōl, sōlis, m. sun 7 rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātusask scaena, scaenae, f. stage, scene sepultus bury sōlācium, sōlāciī, n. comfort Rōma, Rōmae, f. Rome scālae, scālārum, f.pl.ladders 20, 28 septem seven 18 soleō, solēre be accustomed Rōmae at Rome 25 scelestus, scelesta, septimus, septima, 11 sollicitus, sollicita, Rōmānī, Rōmānōrum, scelestum wicked septimum seventh sollicitum worried, anxious m.pl. Romans 29 scelus, sceleris, n. crime 28 septuāgintā seventy sōlum only ēn Rōmānī! so these are the scīlicet obviously sepulcrum, sepulcrī, n.tomb 31 nōn sōlum … sed etiamnot only … but also Romans! 31 scindō, scindere, scidī, 34 sequor, sequī, secūtus sumfollow 10 sōlus, sōla, sōlum alone, lonely, only, on Rōmānus, Rōmāna, scissus tear, tear up, cut up, sequēns, sequēns, sequēns, one’s own Rōmānum Roman cut open, carve gen. sequentis following solūtus, solūta, solūtumrelaxed rosa, rosae, f. rose 23 scio, scīre, scīvī know serēnus, serēna, serēnumcalm, clear 34 sonitus, sonitūs, m. sound rumpō, rumpere, scrība, scrībae, m. secretary sermō, sermōnis, m. conversation sordidus, sordida, rūpī, ruptus break, split 6 scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, sermōnem habēre have a conversation, sordidum dirty 13 ruō, ruere, ruī rush scrīptus write talk 30 soror, sorōris, f. sister rūpēs, rūpis, f. rock, crag sculpō, sculpere, sculpsī, 25 rūrsus again sculptus sculpt, carve

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sors, sortis, f. lot 6 subitō suddenly orbis terrārum world sorte ductus chosen by lot sublātus see tollō t 7 terreō, terrēre, terruī, territusfrighten spargō, spargere, sparsī, subscrībō, subscrībere, T. = Titus terribilis, terribilis, sparsus scatter subscrīpsī, subscrīptus sign 3 taberna, tabernae, f. store, shop, inn terribile terrible 8 spectāculum, spectāculī, n.show, spectacle subterrāneus, subterrānea, tabernārius, tabernāriī, m. store-owner, tertius, tertia, tertiumthird spectātor, spectātōris, m.spectator subterrāneum underground storekeeper testāmentum, 5 spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, 32 subveniō, subvenīre, tablīnum, tablīnī, n. study testāmentī, n. will spectātus look at, watch subvēnī (+ ) help, come to help tabula, tabulae, f. tablet, writing tablet 25 testis, testis, m.f. witness 29 spernō, spernere, sprēvī, suffīgō, suffīgere, suffīxī, 10 taceō, tacēre, tacuī be silent, be quiet theātrum, theātrī, n. theater sprētus despise, reject suffīxus nail, fasten tacē! shut up! be quiet! thermae, thermārum, f.pl.baths 31 spērō, spērāre, spērāvīhope, expect Sūlis, Sūlis, f. Sulis 7 tacitē quietly, silently Tiberis, Tiberis, m. river Tiber 28 spēs, speī, f. hope 1 sum, esse, fuī be 27 tacitus, tacita, tacitumquiet, silent, in silence tibi see tū spīna, spīnae, f. thorn, toothpick; estō! be! taedet, taedēre, taeduitbe tiring tībia, tībiae, f. pipe central platform of a 16 summus, summa, mē taedet I am tired, I am tībiīs cantāre play on the pipes race course summum highest, greatest, top bored tībīcen, tībīcinis, m. pipe player splendidus, splendida, sūmptuōsē lavishly sportula, sportulae, f.handout tignum, tignī, n. beam splendidum splendid, impressive sūmptuōsus, sūmptuōsa, 23 tālis, tālis, tāle such 12 timeō, timēre, timuī be afraid, fear sportula, sportulae, f.handout sūmptuōsum expensive, lavish, costly tālis … quālis such … as timidē fearfully squālidus, squālida, superbē arrogantly 20 tam so timidus, timida, timidumfearful, frightened squālidum covered with dirt, filthy 20 superbia, superbiae, f.arrogance 7 tamen however 30 timor, timōris, m. fear stābam see stō 31 superbus, superba, tamquam as, like tintinō, tintināre, 8 statim at once superbum arrogant, proud 12 tandem at last tintināvī ring statiō, statiōnis, f. post 6 superō, superāre, tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctustouch titulus, titulī, m. advertisement, slogan, statua, statuae, f. statue superāvī, superātus overcome, overpower tantum only inscription, label statūra, statūrae, f. height superstes, superstitis, m.survivor 27 tantus, tanta, tantum so great, such a great toga, togae, f. toga stēlla, stēllae, f. star 3 surgō, surgere, surrēxīget up, stand up, rise tapēte, tapētis, n. tapestry, wall hanging 16 tollō, tollere, sustulī, sternō, sternere, strāvī, suscipiō, suscipere, tardius too late sublātus raise, lift up, hold up strātus lay low suscēpī, susceptus undertake, take on tardus, tarda, tardum late tormentum, tormentī, n.torture stilus, stilī, m. pen, stick rem suscipere undertake the task taurus, taurī, m. bull torqueō, torquēre, torsī, 5 stō, stāre, stetī stand, lie at anchor 28 suspicātus, suspicāta, tē see tū tortus torture, twist Stōicus, Stōicī, m. Stoic suspicātum having suspected tēctum, tēctī, n. ceiling, roof 19 tot so many stola, stolae, f. (long) dress suspīciō, suspīciōnis, f.suspicion tēgula, tēgulae, f. tile 8 tōtus, tōta, tōtum whole strēnuē hard, energetically suspīciōsus, suspīciōsa, temperāns, temperāns, 9 trādō, trādere, trādidī, strepitus, strepitūs, m.noise, din suspīciōsum suspicious temperāns, gen. temperate, trāditus hand over studium, studiī, n. enthusiasm, zeal 34 suspicor, suspicārī, temperantis self-controlled 13 trahō, trahere, trāxī, tractusdrag stultitia, stultitiae, f. stupidity, foolishness suspicātus sum suspect tempestās, tempestātis, f.storm tranquillē peacefully 11 stultus, stulta, stultumstupid, foolish suspīrium, suspīriī, n.heartthrob 12 templum, templī, n. temple trāns (+ ) across 25 suāvis, suāvis, suāve sweet sustulī see tollō 20 temptō, temptāre, 24 trānseō, trānsīre, trānsiīcross suāviter sweetly susurrō, susurrāre, temptāvī, temptātus try, put to the test trānsfīgō, trānsfīgere, 27 sub (+ or ) under, beneath susurrāvī whisper, mumble 31 tempus, temporis, n. time trānsfīxī, trānsfīxus pierce, stab subdūcō, subdūcere, 10 suus, sua, suum his, her, their, his own tenebrae, tenebrārum, f.pl.darkness trānsiliō, trānsilīre, trānsiluījump through subdūxī, subductus draw up suī, suōrum, m.pl. his men, his family, 15 teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentushold, own tremō, tremere, tremuītremble, shake ratiōnēs subdūcere draw up accounts, their families 12, 20 tergum, tergī, n. back 28 trēs, trēs, tria three write up accounts 12 terra, terrae, f. ground, land tribūnal, tribūnālis, n.platform

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tribūnus, tribūnī, m. tribune usquam anywhere 23 verbum, verbī, n. word 13 vīs see volō trīciēns sēstertium three million sesterces usque ad (+ acc) right up to vereor, verērī, veritus sumfear, be afraid vīsitō, vīsitāre, vīsitāvī, triclīnium, triclīniī, n.dining room 28 ut (+ indic) as versus, versa, versumhaving turned vīsitātus visit 20, 28 trīgintā thirty 26 ut (+ subjunct) that, so that, in order versus, versūs, m. verse, line of poetry 3 vīsus see videō tripodes, tripodum, m.pl.tripods that 16 vertō, vertere, vertī, versusturn 13 vīta, vītae, f. life 24 trīstis, trīstis, trīste sad ūtilis, ūtilis, ūtile useful sē vertere turn around vītam agere lead a life 4 tū, tuī you (singular) 33 utrum whether 24 vērum, vērī, n. truth vitium, vitiī, n. sin tēcum with you (singular) utrum … an whether … or 33 vērus, vēra, vērum true, real 22 vītō, vītāre, vītāvī, vītātusavoid tuba, tubae, f. trumpet utrum … necne whether … or not 33 rē vērā in fact, truly, really 6 vituperō, vituperāre, find fault with, tell off, tubicen, tubicinis, m. trumpeter 10 uxor, uxōris, f. wife 29 vester, vestra, vestrumyour (plural) vituperāvī, vituperātus curse 6 tum then 34 vestīmenta, 19 vīvō, vīvere, vīxī live, be alive tum dēmum then at last, only then v vestīmentōrum, n.pl. clothes 29 vīvus, vīva, vīvum alive, living tunica, tunicae, f. tunic vacuus, vacua, vacuumempty vestrum see vōs 19 vix hardly, scarcely, with 5 turba, turbae, f. crowd vah! ugh! vetus, vetus, vetus, difficulty 22 tūtus, tūta, tūtum safe 7 valdē very much, very gen. veteris old vōbīs see vōs tūtius est it would be safer 11 valē good-bye, farewell 19 vexō, vexāre, vexāvī, vōcem see vōx 6 tuus, tua, tuum your (singular), yours valēdīcō, valēdīcere, vexātus annoy 4 vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, Tyrius, Tyria, Tyrium Tyrian (colored with valēdīxī say good-bye vī see vīs vocātus call dye from city of valtūdō, valētūdinis, f.health 1 via, viae, f. street, way 13 volō, velle, voluī want Tyre) varius, varia, varium different vīciēns sēstertium two million sesterces quid vīs? what do you want? 10 vehementer violently, loudly victī see vincō victī see vincō velim I would like u 31 vehō, vehere, vexī, vectuscarry victī, victōrum, m.pl.the conquered 31 volvō, volvere, volvī, volūtusturn 5, 14 ubi where, when 34 vel or victima, victimae, f. victim in animō volvere wonder, turn over in ubi gentium? where in the world? vel … vel either … or victor, victōris, m. victor, winner the mind 29 ubīque everywhere velim, vellem see volō victōria, victōriae, f. victory 10 vōs you (plural) ulcīscor, ulcīscī, ultus sumtake revenge on vēnālīcius, vēnālīciī, m.slave dealer victus see vincō vōbīscum with you (plural) ūllus, ūlla, ūllum any vēnātiō, vēnātiōnis, f.hunt vīcus, vīcī, m. town, village, 19 vōx, vōcis, f. voice 26 ultimus, ultima, ultimumfurthest, last 6 vēndō, vēndere, vēndidī, settlement 13 vulnerō, vulnerāre, ultiō, ultiōnis, f. revenge vēnditus sell 3 videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee vulnerāvī, vulnerātus wound, injure ululō, ululāre, ululāvīhowl venēnātus, venēnāta, videor, vidērī, vīsus sumseem 20 vulnus, vulneris, n. wound umerus, umerī, m. shoulder venēnātum poisoned vigilō, vigilāre, vigilāvīstay awake 13 vult see volō 23 umquam ever 23 venēnum, venēnī, n. poison 20, 28 vīgintī twenty 31 vultus, vultūs, m. expression, face ūnā cum (+ ) venia, veniae, f. mercy vīlla, vīllae, f. villa, (large) house together with 5 veniō, venīre, vēnī come 31 vinciō, vincīre, vīnxī, 15 unda, undae, f. storm venter, ventris, m. stomach vīnctus bind, tie up 21 unde from where 28 ventus, ventī, m. wind 15 vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus conquer, win, be 31 undique on all sides Venus, Veneris, f. Venus (goddess of victorious 12, 20, 28 ūnus, ūna, ūnum one love); the highest 3 vīnum, vīnī, n. wine urbānus, urbāna, urbānum fashionable, throw at dice 11 vir, virī, m. man sophisticated vēr, vēris, n. spring vīrēs, vīrium, f.pl. strength 5 urbs, urbis, f. city verber, verberis, n. blow virgō, virginis, f. virgin Urbs, Urbis, f. Rome 11 verberō, verberāre, Virginēs Vestālēs Vestal Virgins ursa, ursae, f. bear verberāvī, verberātus strike, beat 22 virtūs, virtūtis, f. courage vīs, f. (. vim) force, violence

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Date Britain Rome and Italy World history World culture Date BC c. 2500 Salisbury Plain inhabited Babylonian/Sumerian civilizations BC c. 3000 c. 2200– Stonehenge built Pharaohs in Egypt c. 3000–332 1300 c. 3000–332 c. 1900 Tin first used in Britain Indo-European migrations Maize cultivation, American SW c. 2000 c. 1450 Wessex invaded from Europe Hammurabi’s Legal Code, c. 1750 Epic of Gilgamesh post 2000 c. 900 Celts move into Britain Minoan civilization at its height, c. 1500 Rig-Veda verses (Hinduism) collected c. 1500 c. 750 Plow introduced into Britain Rome founded (traditional date) 753 Israelite exodus from Egypt Development of Hinduism c. 1450 Kings expelled and Republic begins, 509 Israel and Judah split, c. 922 Phoenician alphabet adapted by Greeks c. 1000–800 post 500 Maiden Castle, Iron Age fort in Britain Duodecim Tabulae, 450 Kush/Meroe kingdom expands Iliad and Odyssey c. 800 4th C Hill forts used by Celts Gauls capture Rome, 390 First Olympic Games 776 c. 330–320 Pytheas, Greek, circumnavigates Britain Rome controls Italy/Punic Wars, 300–200 Solon, Athenian lawgiver, 594 Buddha c. 563–483 c. 300 Druid lore increases in Britain Hannibal crosses the Alps, 218 Confucius 551–479 Rome expands outside Italy, 200–100 Persia invades Egypt and Greece, c. 525–400 Golden Age of Greece 500–400 Gracchi and agrarian reforms, 133–123 Death of Socrates 399 c. 125 Gallo-Belgic coins introduced Cicero, Roman orator (106–43) Conquests of Alexander the Great 335–323 55–54 Julius Caesar invades Britain Museum founded in Alexandria 290 Julius Caesar assassinated, 44 Great Wall of China built c. 221 Augustus becomes emperor, 27 Judas Maccabaeus regains Jerusalem Feast of Hanukkah inaugurated 165 Virgil, author of the Aeneid, 70–19 Adena Serpent Mound, Ohio 2nd C AD 30–41 Cunobelinas, ruler in S.E. (Roman ally) Tiberius becomes emperor, 14 Julius Caesar in Gaul, 58–49 Canal locks exist in China 50 c. 51 Cartimandua, client queen of Brigantes Nero emperor, 54–68 Glassblowing begins in Sidon post 50 Great Fire at Rome/Christians blamed, 6 Cleopatra commits suicide 30 60 Boudica leads Iceni revolt Vespasian emperor, 69–79 Herod rebuilds the Temple, Jerusalem c. 20 c. 75 Fishbourne Palace begun Colosseum begun, c. 72 Roman boundary at Danube, 15 Birth of Jesus c. 4 78–84 Agricola governor in Britain Titus emperor, 79–81 Crucifixion of Jesus AD c. 29 Vesuvius erupts, 79 Britain becomes a Roman province St Peter in Rome 42–67 Tacitus, historian, c. 56–117Domitian St Paul’s missionary journeys 45–67 c. 80 Salvius arrives in Britain emperor, 81–96 Camel introduced into the Sahara 1st C Trajan emperor, 98–117 Sack of Jerusalem and the Temple 70 Hadrian emperor, 117–138 Roman control extends to Scotland 77–85 143–163 Antonine Wall in Scotland Septimius Severus dies in Britain, 211 Paper invented in China c. 100 c. 208 St Alban martyred at Verulamium Constantine tolerates Christianity, 313 c. 56–117 from 367 Picts, Scots, Saxons raid Bible translated into Latin, c. 385 Construction at Teotihuacán begins c. 100 Alaric the Goth sacks Rome, 410 Roman empire at its greatest extent 98–117 410 Rome refuses Britain help against Saxons Last Roman emperor deposed, 476 Hadrian’s Wall in Britain 122–127 “High Kings” of Ireland c. 200–1022 Byzantium renamed Constantinople, 300 Golden Age of Guptan civilization, India c. 320–540 Last ancient Olympic Games 393 Mayan civilization c. 300–1200 Byzantine empire expands 518

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Date Britain Rome and Italy World history World culture Date ? 537 Death of King Arthur Gregory the Great, pope, 590–604 Birth of Muhammad 570 9th–10th C Saxon forts against the Vikings Period of turmoil in Italy, 800–1100 Charlemagne crowned, 800 Arabs adopt Indian numerals c. 771 c. 900 Alfred drives Danes from England Republic of St Mark, Venice, 850 1001 Nights collected in Iraq ante 942 1189–1199 Richard the Lionheart Vikings reach America, c. 1000 Tale of Genji, Japan 1010 12th C Robin Hood legends circulated Norman invasion of England, 1066 Ife-Benin art, Nigeria 1100–1600 Independent government in Rome, 1143– First Crusade, 1096 Classic Pueblo Cliff dwellings 1050–1300 1455 Al-Idrisi, Arab geographer 1100–1166 Marco Polo travels to the East, 1271– Magna Carta, 1215 Arabs use black (gun) powder in a gun 1304 1258 Salisbury Cathedral finished 1295 Genghis Khan, 1162–1227 Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales ante 1400 1346 Battle of Crécy, cannon first used Dante, poet, 1265–1321 Mali empire expands, 1235 1348 Black Death begins Renaissance begins in Italy, c. 1400 Joan of Arc dies, 1431 Gutenberg Bible printed 1456 1485 Henry VII, first Tudor king Botticelli, painter, 1445–1510 Inca empire expands, 1438 Building at Zimbabwe c. 15th C–c. 1750 Leonardo da Vinci, 1452–1519 Turks capture Constantinople, 1453 Vasco da Gama sails to India 1497–1498 1509–1547 Henry VIII Titian, painter, 1489–1576 Moors driven from Spain, 1492 Rebuilding of St Peter’s begins, 1506 Columbus arrives in America, 1492 Michelangelo starts Sistine Chapel Martin Luther writes 95 Theses 1517 1518 Royal College of Physicians founded ceiling, 1508 Cortez conquers Mexico 1519–1522 Rome sacked by German/Spanish troops, Mogul dynasty established Magellan names Pacific Ocean 1520 1536–1540 Dissolution of Monasteries 1527 French settlements in Canada, 1534 Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory 1543 1558–1603 Elizabeth I Spain controls much of Italy, 1530–1796 Turks defeated, Battle of Lepanto, 1571 Shakespeare 1564–1616 1577–1580 Drake circumnavigates the globe Burmese empire at a peak Muskets first used in Japan c. 1580 1588 Defeat of Spanish Armada Fontana rediscovers Pompeii, 1594 Continuing Dutch activity in the East Cervantes publishes Don Quixote 1605 1603 James I, first Stuart king Galileo invents the telescope, 1610 Pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock, 1620 Taj Mahal begun 1632 Bernini, architect and sculptor, 1598– Manchu dynasty, China, 1644–1912 Palace of Versailles begun 1661 1649 Charles I executed 1680 Peter the Great rules Russia, 1682–1725 Newton discovers the Law of Gravity 1682 1649–1659 Cromwellian Protectorate J. S. Bach, composer 1685–1750 1660 Restoration of Charles II Industrial Revolution begins, c. 1760 Mozart, composer 1756–1791 1675 Wren begins St Paul’s Cathedral Wren begins St Paul’s Cathedral Industrial Revolution begins, c. 1760 Mozart, composer 1756–1791 1760–1820 George III US Declaration of Independence Quakers refuse to own slaves 1776 1789 Wilberforce moves to end slave trade French Revolution begins Washington, US President 1789 1795–1821 John Keats, poet Napoleon enters Italy, 1796 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo Bolivar continues struggle, S. America 1815 1796 Smallpox vaccination in England Mexico becomes a republic, 1824 S. B. Anthony, women’s rights advocate 1820–1906 1798 Nelson defeats French at the Nile Verdi, composer, 1813–1901 American Civil War, 1861–1865 Communist manifesto 1848 1833 Factory Act limits child labor in Britain G. Leopardi, poet, dies, 1837 Canada becomes a Dominion French Impressionism begins 1863 Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour, active 1846– Serfdom abolished in Russia, 1861 Mahatma Gandhi 1869–1948 1837–1901 Victoria, queen 1861 Cetewayo, king of the Zulus, 1872 Edison invents phonograph 1877 1844 Railways begin in Britain Victor Emmanuel II, united Italy, 1861 First modern Olympic Games 1896 1846–1849 Irish potato famine Rome, Italy’s capital, 1870 First World War, 1914–1918 Model T Ford constructed 1909 1859 Dickens’ Tale of Two Cities Marconi uses wireless telegraphy, 1896 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, 1918 Bohr theory of the atom 1913 1876 School attendance compulsory US Constitution gives women the vote 1920 1903 Emily Pankhurst leads suffragettes Mussolini controls Italy, 1922–1945 Second World War 1939–1945 1940 Churchill Prime Minister Italy a republic, 1946 United Nations Charter 1945 1946 National Health Act

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