DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1957-58. II. THE HUMAN HEAD IN INSULAR PAGAN CELTIC RELIGION. BY ANNE BOSS, PH.D., F.S.A.ScoT. INTRODUCTION. A Scottish Tricephalos said to come from Sutherland. Throug generosite hth Trusteee th Dice f yo th f kso Institute , Kilmarnock, importann a t carved hea kina t hithertf do dno o recorded from Scotlans dha been addeNationae th o dt lonlr Museum.fo g d beeha nt I exhibite1 e th n di Institute's museu earln a onle s mya th yfontd recor s provenancan , it f do e is '' Sutherlandshire.'' This head, 4-7 ins. high and 5-4 by 5 ins. broad, is shaped like a ball, truncated top and bottom. The top is hollowed into a conical cup about 3 ins. across and 2-6 ins. deep. The base is slightly concave. Three faces have been carved roun e sidesdth . Rounded incisions about J—. widin J e d abou an deptn i t. h^in outline three pair f eyeso s , chin droopingd san , triangular moustaches, whil lina e e continuous roun e stondth e indicates mouthse th . Broader lines -were use indicato dt innee eth r curvee th f o s cheeks and the sides of the drop-shaped noses. Between the faces there are similarly incised crosses, equal-armed, abou ins2 t . overall excep r onefo t , now damaged, abou. higin h1 t wit verha y uncertain horizontal strokt eno more than \ in. long. The ston granites ei , speckled black, whit pinkd ean . Mis . MacDonalsH d of the Geological Survey and Museum, South Kensington, has kindly examined it. She describes it as a medium-grained microline-granite and notes thavers i t yi t simila specimeno t r f biotito s e microline-granite from Norway. It does not resemble English or Irish granites in their collection, nor according to Miss MacDonald and Dr J. Phemister of the Survey's Scottish officet i Scottish s i lattee , Th r. doe t thinno s k tha a naturat l errati f Norwegiaco n granite woul foune db Sutherlandn i d . Some other continental origin is also possible as the Survey's collection of granites is not exhaustive. Unless the Sutherland provenance is incorrect, one may speculate whether the head was brought to Scotland by fugitives from the Romans, for a date 1 Acquire Johr M . Clarke nS y db , sometime F.S.A.Scot, fro ma Glasgo w antique shop before th e First World War. E HUMATH N HEA PAGAN DI N CELTIC RELIGION1 1 . about the turn of the Christian era is possible for it, or whether possibly t i retaine s significancit d e sufficientl ye broughb lon o t g e t th ove y b r Norsemen.1 Scope of the Study. appearance Th thif eo s tricephalo pertinenr fo y s openwa t e questionsth s as to its place in archaeological chronology, its function and its artistic relationships. Alone, it can tell us little. Its three faces imply a religious significanc somf eo crossee eth sort d san , which tak place eth earf eo s would lead to the conclusion that the religion in question was Christianity. The drooping triangular moustaches are a typically Celtic feature, familiar to us from numerous example a TenL f eo s metalwor d certaikan n Bomano- British religious representations. This three-faced head divorced fros mit proper context can thus yield little specific information. It so happens, however, tha pagan i t n Celtic religious representative tradition attesten i , d Celtic social custom and in early Welsh and Irish written sources, the head figures naturalistically, or in bi- or tricephalic form, as an independent entity to a striking degree; to such an extent that it is possible from an examinatio more somf no th f eeo outstanding examples placo ,t e this Scottish tricephalos fairly confidentl originas it n yi l artisti religioud can s orbit. It is proposed to concentrate the following investigation of head symbolism on the evidence from Britain and Ireland. The Gaulish material is more plentiful, but the major examples have been discussed recently by Lambrechts, d aparan 2 t froe mth f o drawin o tw gr o attentio e on o t n continental monument r comparativfo s e t purposesproposeno s i o t t i d, study theo concludet mthin d i le s e context,ar mainle W . y froe mth Gaulish evidence, that the head was the bodily member which was especially venerate Celtse th y ,db tha heae regardes th t dwa seae they f dth b o tms a soule th centre vitae th ,th f le o essence , symboli regenerative th f co e forces of life. We have evidence from classical sources, fully substantiated by early insular vernacular tradition, that the head was prized by the Celts as a war trophy. The fact that severed heads were impaled on stakes about their dwellings and temples implies that they had a dual significance for their owners, i.e. as irrefutable evidence of military prowess, and as amulets. 1 I am indebted to Mr E. B. K. Stevenson, Keeper of the National Museum of Antiquities for these3 kinr detailfo d d permissiosan publiso nt heade hth . 2 Lambrechts, Pierre, L' Exaltation Tetea l e d dans Penstea l danst e I'Art des Celtes, Bruges, 1954. " When they depart from battle they han heade gth f theio s r enemies fro e neckmth f thei o s r horse3 s . and nail the spectacle to the entrances of their homes." Strabo IV, 4, 5. (Loeb n, 247). "The heads of enemies of high repute, however, they used .to embalm in cedar oil and exhibit to strangers, and they would not deign to give them back even for a ransom of an equal weight of gold. ..." Strabo. 12 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , 1957-58. The apotropaic significance of the human head is fully attested by the enigmatic antefixa from Caerleon, Silchester, Dorcheste d Towcesteran r , where sculpted heads, or representations of heads in relief must have been quite common numerous a , s mould fragmentd san antefixf so a show.1 Their appearanc sucn eo h objects would serv streso et s their amuletic function. The frequency with which the head figures on Gallo-Roman religious monuments, both in the round and in relief, is sufficient to substantiate its religious connotatio givo t Gauln ni esatisfactord a an , y corpu evidencf o s e for insular comparison. The striking tricephalic heads from the territory of the Remi in particular illustrate the reverence accorded to the head. Here the deity is symbolised by an enormous bearded tricephalos, having a leaf-crown usualld an , y equated wit classicae hth l Mercury.2 These particu- lar representations would seem to testify to the concept of some autochthonous deity as a head alone, the head sufficing for the total being, the vital part, embued with the power of the whole. somn I e respects e studth , Celtif yo c religio evidences na d from Gauls i , facilitate wealte th y actuaf dhb o l religious representation classicay b d san l references which, although few in number, do contain some information which can help to guide the investigator through the pitfalls of interpretatio Romana. In Britain considerably less material evidence is available, and thi discouragingls si y scattere heterogeneoud dan mucd t seemingli s an f ho y unrelated large Th e. corpu f earlo s y Iris Welsd han h text hela n sca o pt certain extent, but only when the archaeological evidence has been examined and classified. A study of the confused corpus of religious representations d epigraphicaan l material does, however, indicate certain patternd an s tendencies which t uniquno f i ,Celtio et c religious idio temperamentd man , are distinguished by the emphasis laid upon them. One of these recurrent and predominant themes is the human head. It would, of course, have been possible to study the Scottish head from e pointh f vieo t f tricephaliwo c deitie generaln i s , s feli bii t i t that such representations and the concept that underlies them are but a single mani- festation of a more general cult of the head, and it -was thought more satis- "When their enemies fall they cut off their headsand fasten them about the necks of their horse. s and carry them off as booty, singing a paean over them and striking up a song of victory, and these first fruits of battle they fasten by nails upon their houses . the heads of their most distinguished enemies they embalm in cedar-oi carefulld an l y preserv chesa thesd n ei an t e they exhibi strangerso t , gravely maintaining that in exchang thir efo s head someon theif eo rhimself n ancestorsma e ,th refuser o , e dth offer of a great sum of money. And some men among them we are told, boast that they have not accepted an equal weight of gold for the head they show. ..." Diodorus. (Loeb in, 173). " The consuls . got no report of the disaster till some Gallic horsemen came in sight, with heads hanging at their horses' breasts or fixed on their lances, and singing their customary song of triumph." . (Loe11 , 459), Liv26 b IV , .yX 1 P. 28 ff. EsperandieuV 2 , Emile, Becueil General des Bos-Reliefs Statues t Busiese Gauledea l Romaine,, V pis. 3651, 3652, 3655, 3656, 3657, 3762, et seq. E HUMATH N HEA PAGAN DI N CELTIC RELIGION3 1 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bells in Roman Britain
    The sound of magic? Bells in Roman Britain Article Accepted Version Eckardt, H. and Williams, S. (2018) The sound of magic? Bells in Roman Britain. Britannia, 49. pp. 179-210. ISSN 0068-113X doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X18000028 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75441/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X18000028 Publisher: Cambridge University Press All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online The Sound of Magic? Bells in Roman Britain By HELLA ECKARDT and SANDIE WILLIAMS ABSTRACT Bells are recorded in many published excavation reports from Roman sites, but there has been no previous study of the British material. This paper explores the significance of bells in the Roman world from both a ritual and functional perspective. We create a first typology of Romano-British bells, provide an understanding of their chronology and examine any spatial and social differences in their use. Special attention is paid to bells from funerary or ritual contexts in order to explore the symbolic significance of these small objects. Bells from other parts of the Roman world are considered to provide comparisons with those from Roman Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1 Damona
    Appendix 1 Damona Gallia Belgica Inscriptions 1. Bourbonne-les-Bains Deo Apol|lini Boruoni | et Damonae. | C(aius) Daminius | Ferox, ciuis | Lingonus, ex | uoto. « To the god Apollo Boruo and to Damona. Caius Daminius Ferox, Lingo citizen, after a vow. » Ivory marble stele, damaged on the bottom left side. Height: 15.7 cm, width: 12.6 cm. CIL XIII, 5911 = ILing 200 = D 4656 According to ILing, this text proves that Boruo is assimilated to Apollo. For the nomen Daminius: Schulze 1966: 240 and Solin-Salomies 1994: 66. For the Latin cognomen, Ferox: Kajanto 1965: 267 and Solin-Salomies 1994: 331. The dedicant had the tria nomina of a Roman citizen and at the same time, he said that he was a lingo citizen. According to ILing, that double citizenship was nothing but normal. Date: c. 2nd century AD. 2. Bourbonne-les-Bains Boruoni et [Da]|monae. C(aius) Ia[…]|[…]nius Ro|manus, (L)in|g(onus), pro salu|te Cocillae | fil(iae), ex uoto. « To Boruo and to Damona. Caius Ia…nius Romanus, Lingo, (made this monument) for his daughter Cocilla’s sake, after a vow.» Grey oolithic limestone stele. Height: 38 cm, width at the bottom: 50 cm, depth: 13 cm. CIL XIII, 5916 = ILing 203 According to ILing, a hesitation is possible between Iatinus and Latinus for the nomina. For these nomina: Schulze 1966: 176 et 522, and Solin-Salomies 1994: p. 95 and 102. The father Romanus had a Latin cognomen: Kajanto 1965: p. 182 and Solin-Salomies 1994: 392. Cocilla, the daughter, had a cognomen that could be Latin or Celtic.
    [Show full text]
  • BRI 51 1 Shorter-Contributions 307..387
    318 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS An Early Roman Fort at Thirkleby, North Yorkshire By MARTIN MILLETT and RICHARD BRICKSTOCK ABSTRACT This paper reports the discovery through aerial photography of a Roman fort at Thirkleby, near Thirsk in North Yorkshire. It appears to have two structural phases, and surface finds indicate that it dates from the Flavian period. The significance of its location on the intersection of routes north–south along the edge of the Vale of York and east–west connecting Malton and Aldborough is discussed in the context of Roman annexation of the North. Keywords: Thirkleby; Roman fort; Roman roads; Yorkshire INTRODUCTION The unusually dry conditions in northern England in the summer of 2018 produced a substantial crop of new sites discovered through aerial photography. By chance, the Google Earth satellite image coverage for parts of Yorkshire has been updated with a set of images taken on 1 July 2018, during the drought. Amongst the numerous sites revealed in this imagery – often in areas where crop-marks are rarely visible – is a previously unknown Roman fort (FIG.1).1 The site (SE 4718 7728) lies just to the west of the modern A19, on the southern side of the Thirkleby beck at its confluence with the Carr Dike stream, about 6 km south-east of Thirsk. It is situated on level ground at a height of about 32 m above sea level on the southern edge of the flood plain of the beck, which is clearly visible on the aerial images. A further narrow relict stream bed runs beside it to the south-east.
    [Show full text]
  • Research News Issue 15
    NEWSLETTER OF THE ENGLISH HERITAGE RESEARCH DEPARTMENT Inside this issue... RESEARCH Introduction ...............................2 NEW DISCOVERIES AND INTERPRETATIONS NEWS Photo finish for England’s highest racecourse ...................3 Aldborough in focus: air photographic analysis and © English Heritage mapping of the Roman town of Isurium Brigantium ...........6 Recent work at Marden Henge, Wiltshire .................... 10 Manningham: an historic area assessment of a Bradford suburb .................... 14 DEVELOPING METHODOLOGIES English Heritage Coastal Estate Risk Assessment ....... 18 UNDERSTANDING PLACES Understanding place ............ 20 Celebrating People & Place: guidance on commemorative plaques .................................... 22 NOTES & NEWS ................. 23 RESEARCH DEPARTMENT REPORTS LIST ....................... 27 3D lidar model showing possible racecourse on Alston Common, Cumbria – see story page 3 NEW PUBLICATIONS ......... 28 NUMBER 15 AUTUMN 2010 ISSN 1750-2446 This issue of Research News is published soon after the Government’s Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) announcement, which for English Heritage means a cut of 32% to our grant in aid over the next four years from 1st April 2011. On a more positive note the Government sees a continuing role for English Heritage and values the independent expert advice it provides. Research Department staff make an important contribution to the organisation’s expertise. Applied research will continue to be an important part of the role of English Heritage and from April 2011 it will be integrated with our designation, planning and advice functions as part of the National Heritage Protection Plan (NHPP). The Plan, published on our website on the 7th December 2010, will focus our research effort and other activities on those heritage assets that are both significant and under threat. In response to the CSR and the NHPP Research News will, from 2011, be published twice rather than three times a year, and focus on reporting on the range of research activities contributing to the Plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47–410
    no nonsense Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47–410 – interpretation ltd interpretation Contract number 1446 May 2011 no nonsense–interpretation ltd 27 Lyth Hill Road Bayston Hill Shrewsbury SY3 0EW www.nononsense-interpretation.co.uk Cadw would like to thank Richard Brewer, Research Keeper of Roman Archaeology, Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, for his insight, help and support throughout the writing of this plan. Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47-410 Cadw 2011 no nonsense-interpretation ltd 2 Contents 1. Roman conquest, occupation and settlement of Wales AD 47410 .............................................. 5 1.1 Relationship to other plans under the HTP............................................................................. 5 1.2 Linking our Roman assets ....................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Sites not in Wales .................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Criteria for the selection of sites in this plan .......................................................................... 9 2. Why read this plan? ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Aim what we want to achieve ........................................................................................... 10 2.2 Objectives.............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lullingstone Roman Villa. a Teacher's Handbook.[Revised]
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 445 970 SO 031 609 AUTHOR Watson, lain TITLE Lullingstone Roman Villa. A Teacher's Handbook. [Revised]. ISBN ISBN-1-85074-684-2 PUB DATE 1998-00-00 NOTE 44p. AVAILABLE FROM English Heritage, Education Service, 23 Savile Row, London W1X lAB, England; Tel: 020 7973 3000; Fax: 020 7973 3443; E-mail: [email protected]; Web site: (www.english-heritage.org.uk/). PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Archaeology; Foreign Countries; Heritage Education; *Historic Sites; Historical Interpretation; Learning Activities; Secondary Education IDENTIFIERS *England (Kent); English History; Mosaics; *Roman Architecture; Roman Civilization; Roman Empire; Site Visits; Timelines ABSTRACT Lullingstone, in Kent, England, is a Roman villa which was in use for almost the whole period of the Roman occupation of Britain during the fourth century A.D. Throughout this teacher's handbook, emphasis is placed on the archaeological evidence for conclusions about the use of the site, and there are suggested activities to help students understand the techniques and methods of archaeology. The handbook shows how the site relates to its environment in a geographical context and suggests how its mosaics and wall paintings can be used as stimuli for creative work, either written or artistic. It states that the evidence for building techniques can also be examined in the light of the technology curriculum, using the Roman builder activity sheet. The handbook consists of the following sections:
    [Show full text]
  • Differential Grain Use on the Titelberg, Luxembourg
    ]. Ethnobiol. 2(1): 79-88 May 1982 DIFFERENTIAL GRAIN USE ON THE TITELBERG, LUXEMBOURG RALPH M. ROWLETT and ANNE L. PRICE Department ofAnthropology, University ofMissouri-Columbia Columbia, MO. 65211 MARIA HOPF Emeritus Curator of Ethnobotany, Romisch-Germanische Zentral Museum Mainz Federal Republic of Germany ABSTRACT.-The "Titelberg," Luxembourg, is an Iron Age hillfort which was occupied from La Tene II (ca. 200 B.C.) until the end of the Roman Empire in northern Gaul (ca. A.D. 400). Prior to the Iron Age there was also a Neolithic use of the mountain top in the third millenium B.C. From the Iron Age until its abandonment, the Titelberg was mainly populated by Celtic folk, apparently of the Treveri tribal chiefdom. Carbonized cereal grains have been recovered from most levels. At the emplacement excavated by the Uni­ versity of Missouri, there were a stratified series of mint foundries. From the late Neolithic comes a small variety of wheat, while oats appear as early as the hearths of La Tene II. From the Dalles Floor phase, after the Roman conquest, barley is the most frequently encountered grain. Bread wheat does not make a strong appearance until the late fourth century, when either the last inhabitants of the Titelberg or immigrating Franks left the most recent feature to be excavated. Although the remains are found in the context of a continuing cultural tradition, the particular combinations of cereals recovered change with either major shifts in cultural trajectory or the appearance of intrusive cultures nearby. These changes seem not necessarily "caused" simply by either overt introductions or the prestige of the intrusive culture, but as a way to adjust to other factors, such as taxation, political status, and meat supply.
    [Show full text]
  • A Modern History of Britain's Roman Mosaic Pavements
    Spectacle and Display: A Modern History of Britain’s Roman Mosaic Pavements Michael Dawson Archaeopress Roman Archaeology 79 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-831-2 ISBN 978-1-78969-832-9 (e-Pdf) © Michael Dawson and Archaeopress 2021 Front cover image: Mosaic art or craft? Reading Museum, wall hung mosaic floor from House 1, Insula XIV, Silchester, juxtaposed with pottery by the Aldermaston potter Alan Gaiger-Smith. Back cover image: Mosaic as spectacle. Verulamium Museum, 2007. The triclinium pavement, wall mounted and studio lit for effect, Insula II, Building 1 in Verulamium 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents List of figures.................................................................................................................................................iii Preface ............................................................................................................................................................v 1 Mosaics Make a Site ..................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Histoire Des Collections Numismatiques Et Des Institutions Vouées À La Numismatique
    25 Histoire des collections numismatiques et des institutions vouÉes À la numismatique Igor Van den Vonder and Guido Creemers tHe COINs AND MEDALs COLLECTION oF tHe GALLO-ROMAN MUSEUM IN TONGEREN (BELGIUM) the coin and medal collection of the Gallo-roman museum in tongeren is the former coin and medal cabinet (Munt- en Penningkabinet) of the Province of limburg. it is an important collection, comprising over 30,000 coins and exonumia. the collection reflects the coins produced and in circulation in the region from antiquity to the 19th century and is unique because many were excavated locally. When the coin and medal cabinet was established in 1985, the province’s own collection consisted of the collections belonging to the royal limburg Historical and antiquarian society (Koninklijk Limburgs Geschied- en Oud- heidkundig Genootschap) and the barons Philippe de schaetzen and armand de schaetzen de schaetzenhoff. these form the core of the collection, to- gether with the collection of the former small seminary of sint-truiden, on loan from the diocese of Hasselt. With the acquisition of several private collections, the coin and medal cabinet achieved its target of 10,000 items. an active collecting policy was implemented and the collection soon doubled in size, largely thanks to gifts. Furthermore, Belgium’s royal court made over Prince charles’ personal collection to the coin and medal cabinet as a long-term loan. systematic efforts were also made to acquire the coin hoards found in the region. at the end of the last century the Province of limburg decided to fully integrate the coin and medal cabinet into the archaeological collection of the Gallo-roman museum.
    [Show full text]
  • Lucan's Natural Questions: Landscape and Geography in the Bellum Civile Laura Zientek a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulf
    Lucan’s Natural Questions: Landscape and Geography in the Bellum Civile Laura Zientek A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2014 Reading Committee: Catherine Connors, Chair Alain Gowing Stephen Hinds Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Classics © Copyright 2014 Laura Zientek University of Washington Abstract Lucan’s Natural Questions: Landscape and Geography in the Bellum Civile Laura Zientek Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Catherine Connors Department of Classics This dissertation is an analysis of the role of landscape and the natural world in Lucan’s Bellum Civile. I investigate digressions and excurses on mountains, rivers, and certain myths associated aetiologically with the land, and demonstrate how Stoic physics and cosmology – in particular the concepts of cosmic (dis)order, collapse, and conflagration – play a role in the way Lucan writes about the landscape in the context of a civil war poem. Building on previous analyses of the Bellum Civile that provide background on its literary context (Ahl, 1976), on Lucan’s poetic technique (Masters, 1992), and on landscape in Roman literature (Spencer, 2010), I approach Lucan’s depiction of the natural world by focusing on the mutual effect of humanity and landscape on each other. Thus, hardships posed by the land against characters like Caesar and Cato, gloomy and threatening atmospheres, and dangerous or unusual weather phenomena all have places in my study. I also explore how Lucan’s landscapes engage with the tropes of the locus amoenus or horridus (Schiesaro, 2006) and elements of the sublime (Day, 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Isurium Brigantum
    Isurium Brigantum an archaeological survey of Roman Aldborough The authors and publisher wish to thank the following individuals and organisations for their help with this Isurium Brigantum publication: Historic England an archaeological survey of Roman Aldborough Society of Antiquaries of London Thriplow Charitable Trust Faculty of Classics and the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge Chris and Jan Martins Rose Ferraby and Martin Millett with contributions by Jason Lucas, James Lyall, Jess Ogden, Dominic Powlesland, Lieven Verdonck and Lacey Wallace Research Report of the Society of Antiquaries of London No. 81 For RWS Norfolk ‒ RF Contents First published 2020 by The Society of Antiquaries of London Burlington House List of figures vii Piccadilly Preface x London W1J 0BE Acknowledgements xi Summary xii www.sal.org.uk Résumé xiii © The Society of Antiquaries of London 2020 Zusammenfassung xiv Notes on referencing and archives xv ISBN: 978 0 8543 1301 3 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background to this study 1 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data 1.2 Geographical setting 2 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the 1.3 Historical background 2 Library of Congress, Washington DC 1.4 Previous inferences on urban origins 6 The moral rights of Rose Ferraby, Martin Millett, Jason Lucas, 1.5 Textual evidence 7 James Lyall, Jess Ogden, Dominic Powlesland, Lieven 1.6 History of the town 7 Verdonck and Lacey Wallace to be identified as the authors of 1.7 Previous archaeological work 8 this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes for the Teacher: Chapter 3 De Romanis Has Been Designed for a Selective Approach
    Notes for the teacher: Chapter 3 de Romanis has been designed for a selective approach. Students need to learn the new vocabulary and grammar from each chapter’s Core Language section, but teachers should select a suitable combination of introductory and practice material to suit the time available and the needs of their students. INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL The notes which follow aim to highlight areas of interest within the theme for each chapter; teachers are encouraged to be selective in accordance with the age and interest of their classes. Overview Chapter 3 introduces gods who were particularly important to the Romans, and highlights the specifically Roman beliefs about some of the main Olympian gods. Roman worship of Jupiter, Venus and Mars is explained, including the role of their temples in important public events and spaces. The household gods, Vesta, Lares and Penates, are introduced next, followed by Janus and then personified deities such as Fortuna. The concept of deification, and specifically the deification of Romulus (Quirinus) and Julius Caesar, follows. Finally, Sulis Minerva and Minerva Belisama are given as examples of the Roman readiness to combine their religion with those of conquered territories. How to begin For all chapters, it is beneficial to read and discuss the introduction in overview before beginning the Core Language material: students will find the Latin sentences and stories more interesting (and more accessible) if they are already familiar with the context behind them. The PowerPoint slides available online might be helpful for teachers keen to offer a compressed introduction; in addition the worksheets (also available online) will direct students’ attention to the most important details in the introduction.
    [Show full text]