Development of Fluorescent Biosensors and Inhibitors to Probe and Target CDK4/Cyclin D in Melanoma Camille Prevel

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Development of Fluorescent Biosensors and Inhibitors to Probe and Target CDK4/Cyclin D in Melanoma Camille Prevel Development of fluorescent biosensors and inhibitors to probe and target CDK4/cyclin D in melanoma Camille Prevel To cite this version: Camille Prevel. Development of fluorescent biosensors and inhibitors to probe and target CDK4/cyclin D in melanoma. Human health and pathology. Université Montpellier, 2015. English. NNT : 2015MONT3505. tel-01317945 HAL Id: tel-01317945 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01317945 Submitted on 19 May 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Délivré par l’ UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTPELLIER Préparée au sein de l’école doctorale SCIENCES CHIMIQUES ET BIOLOGIQUES POUR LA SANTÉ Et de l’unité de recherche INSTITUT DES BIOMOLÉCULES MAX MOUSSERON Spécialité : Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Présentée par CAMILLE PRÉVEL DÉVELOPPEMENT DE BIOSENSEURS FLUORESCENTS ET D’INHIBITEURS POUR SUIVRE ET CIBLER CDK4/CYCLINE D DANS LE MÉLANOME Soutenue le 11 Décembre 2015 devant le jury composé de Madame May MORRIS, DR2, IBMM Directrice de thèse Madame Florence MAHUTEAU-BETZER, CR1, Institut Curie Rapporteur Monsieur Lluis FAJAS COLL, Professeur, UNIL Rapporteur Madame Céline GONGORA, DR2, IRCM Examinateur Monsieur Frédéric BIHEL, CR1, UMR7200 CNRS/UdS Examinateur CDK/cyclins play a central role in coordinating cell cycle progression, and in sustaining proliferation of cancer cells, thereby constituting established cancer biomarkers and attractive pharmacological targets. In particular, CDK4/cyclin D, which is responsible for coordinating cell cycle progression through G1 into S phase, is a relevant target in several cancers including melanoma, associated with mutation of CDK4, cyclin D, p16 INK4a and pRb. As there are no sensitive and direct approaches to probe CDK4/cyclin D activity in physiological and pathological conditions, the first goal of my thesis has consisted in engineering a fluorescent biosensor to probe this kinase in vitro and in cellulo. Once characterized and validated in vitro, the biosensor was applied to detect CDK4/cyclin D alterations in biopsies from human skin and melanoma xenografts in fluorescence- based activity assays, and in living cancer cells by fluorescence microscopy and timelapse imaging. Moreover, only few inhibitors are currently available to target CDK4/cyclin D and most of them bind the ATP pocket. As such, the second major goal of my thesis project has consisted in identifying non-ATP competitive inhibitors, either through rational design of peptides or by screening small molecule libraries. To this aim, two fluorescent biosensors were engineered which discriminate compounds that target the interface between CDK4 and cyclin D, or that perturb the conformational dynamics of CDK4, respectively, from ATP- pocket binding compounds. Fluorescence-based screening assays performed with these biosensors lead to identification of hits, which were validated and characterized in vitro and in cell proliferation assays, and which constitute promising candidates for selective chemotherapy in melanoma. Key words : CDK4/cyclin D, melanoma, fluorescent biosensor, diagnostic assay, inhibitors, HTS Les CDK/cyclines jouent un rôle majeur dans la progression du cycle cellulaire et dans le maintien de la prolifération des cellules cancéreuses, constituant ainsi des biomarqueurs clés et des cibles pharmacologiques attractives. Plus particulièrement, l’activité de CDK4/cycline D, kinase responsable de la progression de la phase G1 et de la transition G1/S, est dérégulée dans de nombreux cancers dont le mélanome. Cette hyperactivation est associée à des mutations, à l’ amplification ou à la surexpression de CDK4, cycline D, p16 INK4a ou encore pRb. Comme aucune approche sensible et directe n’existe pour évaluer l’activité de CDK4/cycline D dans des conditions physiologiques et pathologiques, le premier objectif de ma thèse a consisté à développer un biosenseur fluorescent permettant d’étudier cette kinase in vitro et in cellulo. Une fois caractérisé et validé in vitro, le biosenseur a été appliqué à la détection d’altérations de CDK4/cycline D dans des biopsies de peau humaine et de xénogreffes de mélanome dans des essais fluorescents d’activité kinase , ainsi que dans des cellules cancéreuses vivantes par microscopie de fluorescence et vidéo microscopie. Par ailleurs, peu d’inhibiteurs sont actuellement disponibles pour inhiber CDK4/cycline D et la plupart d’ent re eux ciblent la poche de fixation de l’ATP. C’est pourquoi le second objectif de ma thèse a consisté à identifier des inhibiteurs non compétitifs de l’ATP, soit par élaboration rationnelle de peptides, soit par criblage de petites molécules. A cette fin, deux biosenseurs fluorescents ont été développés qui permettent d’identifier soit des composés ciblant l’interface entre CDK4 et cycline D , soit des inhibiteurs allostériques capables de perturber la dynamique conformationnelle de CDK4. Des essais de criblage par fluorescence réalisés avec ces biosenseurs ont conduit à l’identification de touches qui ont été validées et caractérisées in vitro et dans des essais de prolifération cellulaire, et qui constituent des candidats prometteurs pour une chimiothérapie sélective du mélanome. Mots clés : CDK4/cycline D, mélanome, biosenseur fluorescent, diagnostic, inhibiteurs, HTS A mes parents Remerciements J’aimerais remercier le Professeur Jean Martinez de m’avoir accueilli au sein de l’ IBMM et d’ avoir accepté de co-diriger ma thèse. Je remercie le Dr Florence Mahuteau et le Pr Lluis Fajas de m’avoir fait l’honneur d’accepter d’évaluer mon travail de thèse. Je remercie également les Drs Céline Gongora et Frédéric Bihel d’avoir accepté d’examiner ce travail. Je remercie chaleureusement ma directrice de thèse, le Dr May Morris. Merci de m’avoir donné la possibilité d’apprendre la biologie et merci de m’avoir fait confiance pendant trois ans. Merci de m’avoir fait profiter de ton expertise scientifique, merci pour tous tes conseils, ton so utien et ton écoute. J’aimerais ensui te remercier tous mes collègues du CRBM/CPBS/IGMM où j’ai commencé ma thèse et de l’IBMM où je l’ai terminée. J’ai passé trois ans entourée de gens formidables et grâce à vous, l’aventure a été belle et inoubliable! Me rci aux thésards et post-docs pour toutes ces soirées et ces sorties. Mention spéciale à François, Nabila, Marion, Ngoc, Sarah, Ilaria, Davide, Mattias, Karidia, Sophie, Eric, Mathy, Daouda, Monia, Naïma, Baptiste, Clément B., Clément S., Lubo, Jérémy C., Laurent, Dominique, Saïd, Loïc, Thibault, Jérémie N., Joseph, Carmen, Morgane, Coline, Cindy, Salomé et Léa. Merci aux filles de la culture cell : Marion, Audrey, Salomé, Coline, Cécile et Carmen ! J’aimerais remercier tout particulièrement mes partenaires de course à pied: Ngoc, Sarah, Daouda, Eric, Marion, Clément et Baptiste. Un grand merci à mon équipe, Marion, Morgan, Carmen, Juan Antonio, Ngoc, Inès, Jacques, Axelle, Elvira et Céline . J’ai eu beaucoup de chance d’être entourée de collègues comme vous . Un remerciement particulier à Ngoc, pour tout ce que tu m’as appris au labo et pour tout ce qu’on a partagé en dehors. Merci Morgan, pour ton aide et ta gentillesse, et bravo : tu as réussi à me supporter du début à la fin de ma thèse ! Marion, merci pour tout, pour ton énergie, ta bonne humeur et ton soutien sans faille, heureusement que tu étais là !! Merci Carmen de m’avoir fait partager ton expérience post-doc et merci surtout pour toutes tes ondes positives ! Juan Antonio, merci de nous avoir apporté un peu d’Espagne au labo ! François, mon frère, tu fais partie des plus belles rencontres que j’ai eu la chance de faire pendant ma thèse. Merci pour tous ces bons moments : la Jacqueline, les soirées, les restos et les trucs bizarres et insolites que tu aimes tant ! Nabila, ma complice de début de thèse, ma voisine de Vert-Bois, j’ai été ravie de vivre cette aventure avec toi. J’aimerais remercier Julie Bayle pour sa gentillesse, sa disponibilité et tous ses précieux conseils concernant l’après -thèse. Je tiens à remercier Véronique Josserand et Julien Vollaire pour les manips in vivo . Je remercie également Nicolas Floquet pour les expériences de docking. Je remercie aussi Pauline Henri et Laurent Meunier de nous avoir fourni les biopsies de peau, pour leur expertise, leur aide et leur gentillesse. Merci à la plateforme MRI et plus particulièrement à Virginie, Sylvain et Simon pour la microscopie. Je n’oublie pas Julien, pour ce magnifique screen et pour tous les bons moments passés devant le robot ! Je s ouhaite remercier Bruno Maurel, le roi du bricolage, d’avoir toujours été là pour nous sauver de situations parfois un peu catastrophiques. Je remercie les équipes de Muriel Amblard, de Marcel Garcia et de Jean-Louis Banères pour leur gentillesse et pour nous avoir si souvent dépannés en matériels ou produits. J’aimerais remercier Jocelyne Gauthier, Muriel Fitoussi et Sylvie Corneille pour leur aide administrative et leur réactivité. Je remercie mes parents, parce que vous êtes parfaits et parce que sans vous tout cela n’aurait pas été possible. Merci à mes deux sœurs adorées, Pauline et Gaëlle, d’être toujours à mes côtés. Merci à toute ma famille, de Villers, de Villedieu, de Vire, d’Anisy, du Mans, de Nantes et de Chandigon. Merci à ma deuxième famille : Christian, Martine, Marion et Nico. J’ai de la chance d’être si bien entourée. Je souhaite remercier mes copines d’école d’ingé, parce que chaque WE passé avec vous est magique ! Mention spéciale à Caro qui m’a supportée et soutenue pendant ces trois ann ées ! Merci à mes amis de longue date : Mathilde, Guillaume et Charles.
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