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DESARROLLISMO, NEODESARROLLISMO Y PROGRESISMO EN BRASIL: Un Análisis Histórico-Estructural De Los Pactos Político-Económicos

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DESARROLLISMO, NEODESARROLLISMO Y PROGRESISMO EN BRASIL: Un Análisis Histórico-Estructural De Los Pactos Político-Económicos DIVISIÓN DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Y HUMANIDADES TESIS DESARROLLISMO, NEODESARROLLISMO Y PROGRESISMO EN BRASIL: un análisis histórico-estructural de los pactos político-económicos para obtener el grado de DOCTORA EN CIENCIAS SOCIALES Y HUMANIDADES presenta Ivone Cristina de Sá Cavalcante Director Dr. Felipe Victoriano (DCCD UAM-Cuajimalpa) Sínodo Dra. Beatriz Stolowicz Weinberger (Depto. Política y Cultura, UAM-Xochimilco) Dra. Esperanza Isabel Palma Cabrera (Depto. Sociología, UAM-Azcapotzalco) Dra. Monika Ribeiro de Freitas Meireles (Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas-IIEc, UNAM) Ciudad de México, febrero de 2021 A los imprescindibles, aquellos que lucharon y luchan toda la vida. A mis padres, mi inspiración mayor. Índice de Contenido Resumen .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Agradecimientos ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Prefacio.................................................................................................................................................. 11 Introducción .......................................................................................................................................... 14 Marco teórico-metodológico .............................................................................................................. 20 Entre coyuntura y estructura ......................................................................................................... 23 Clases sociales, fracciones de clases y bloque en el poder ........................................................... 24 Burguesías nacionales y burguesías internas ............................................................................... 26 Bloque en el poder y escena política ............................................................................................. 28 El pacto como categoría de análisis .............................................................................................. 30 Presentación de los capítulos ............................................................................................................. 33 Capítulo 1. Independencia comprada, independencia perdida: de colonia a república ................ 37 Introducción ....................................................................................................................................... 37 La vocación primario exportadora y esclavista.................................................................................. 38 Independencia y transición conservadora .......................................................................................... 41 Surgimiento de los militares y sectores medios ............................................................................. 43 Resistencias antiesclavistas ........................................................................................................... 45 La primera república: entre espadas y oligarcas ................................................................................ 47 Industrialización naciente y capital extranjero creciente ................................................................... 51 La problemática de la revolución burguesa en Brasil ........................................................................ 54 Conclusiones ...................................................................................................................................... 59 Capítulo 2. Lo nuevo nace, lo viejo aún resiste: el populismo .......................................................... 61 Introducción ....................................................................................................................................... 61 La era Vargas ..................................................................................................................................... 64 Una revolución pasiva ................................................................................................................... 69 El derrocamiento del Estado Novo y nueva fase del populismo ........................................................ 72 La crisis del populismo ...................................................................................................................... 79 De la economía primario-exportadora a la industrialización dependiente ......................................... 83 Conclusiones ...................................................................................................................................... 91 Capítulo 3. Pra frente Brasil: la dictadura cívico-militar ................................................................. 96 Introducción ....................................................................................................................................... 96 Fase superior del desarrollismo: industrialización, monopolización e internacionalización ............. 97 De los militares para los militares: auge de la Base Industrial de Defensa ............................... 100 La creación de un sistema financiero .......................................................................................... 102 Los programas de desarrollo ...................................................................................................... 105 Empieza la internacionalización de las grandes empresas brasileñas ....................................... 108 Mientras tanto, en el campo ........................................................................................................ 110 Restauración conservadora y desmantelamiento del pacto populista .............................................. 110 El golpe dentro del golpe ............................................................................................................ 113 Crisis del régimen dictatorial y transición hacía la “redemocratización” ........................................ 115 Conclusiones .................................................................................................................................... 118 Capítulo 4. La democracia bajo el autoritarismo del mercado ................................................. 121 Introducción ..................................................................................................................................... 121 Recomposición capitalista y la vía neoliberal .................................................................................. 122 El Estado y la problemática de las clases sociales en la reestructuración capitalista ............... 131 Los límites del proceso de redemocratización ................................................................................. 136 La vía neoliberal en Brasil ............................................................................................................... 139 Seguimos la cartilla ..................................................................................................................... 142 El continuismo monopolista ........................................................................................................ 146 Industria de defensa y neoliberalismo ......................................................................................... 151 Las contrarreformas para las clases populares .......................................................................... 152 Conclusiones .................................................................................................................................... 156 Capítulo 5. Pacto progresista y programa liberal-social: gobiernos nacionales del PT ............... 158 Introducción ..................................................................................................................................... 158 Rebeliones electorales y coyuntura progresista en América Latina ................................................. 160 Ensayos neodesarrollistas ........................................................................................................... 166 Del “riesgo Lula” al “Lula light”: programa progresista y coalición conservadora ........................ 169 Pacto progresista y programa liberal-social ..................................................................................... 185 El nuevo contrato social .............................................................................................................. 186 “Antineoliberalismo” y capital financiero .................................................................................. 198 El ensayo nuevo desarrollista y el pacto con la burguesía interna ............................................. 205 Conclusiones .................................................................................................................................... 216 Capítulo 6. La soberanía nacional al revés: política de financiamiento del BNDES y transnacionales brasileñas ................................................................................................................. 219 Introducción ..................................................................................................................................... 219 BNDES y desarrollo en perspectiva
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