SBU CSE508: Anonymity
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Cryptocurrency: the Economics of Money and Selected Policy Issues
Cryptocurrency: The Economics of Money and Selected Policy Issues Updated April 9, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45427 SUMMARY R45427 Cryptocurrency: The Economics of Money and April 9, 2020 Selected Policy Issues David W. Perkins Cryptocurrencies are digital money in electronic payment systems that generally do not require Specialist in government backing or the involvement of an intermediary, such as a bank. Instead, users of the Macroeconomic Policy system validate payments using certain protocols. Since the 2008 invention of the first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies have proliferated. In recent years, they experienced a rapid increase and subsequent decrease in value. One estimate found that, as of March 2020, there were more than 5,100 different cryptocurrencies worth about $231 billion. Given this rapid growth and volatility, cryptocurrencies have drawn the attention of the public and policymakers. A particularly notable feature of cryptocurrencies is their potential to act as an alternative form of money. Historically, money has either had intrinsic value or derived value from government decree. Using money electronically generally has involved using the private ledgers and systems of at least one trusted intermediary. Cryptocurrencies, by contrast, generally employ user agreement, a network of users, and cryptographic protocols to achieve valid transfers of value. Cryptocurrency users typically use a pseudonymous address to identify each other and a passcode or private key to make changes to a public ledger in order to transfer value between accounts. Other computers in the network validate these transfers. Through this use of blockchain technology, cryptocurrency systems protect their public ledgers of accounts against manipulation, so that users can only send cryptocurrency to which they have access, thus allowing users to make valid transfers without a centralized, trusted intermediary. -
MEMO. Nº. 52/2017 – SCOM
00100.096648/2017-00 MEMO. nº. 52/2017 – SCOM Brasília, 21 de junho de 2017 A Sua Excelência a Senhora SENADORA REGINA SOUSA Assunto: Ideia Legislativa nº. 76.334 Senhora Presidente, Nos termos do parágrafo único do art. 6º da Resolução do Senado Federal nº. 19 de 2015, encaminho a Vossa Excelência a Ideia Legislativa nº. 76.334, sob o título de “Criminalização Da Apologia Ao Comunismo”, que alcançou, no período de 09/06/2017 a 20/06/2017, apoiamento superior a 20.000 manifestações individuais, conforme a ficha informativa em anexo. Respeitosamente, Dirceu Vieira Machado Filho Diretor da Secretaria de Comissões Senado Federal – Praça dos Três Poderes – CEP 70.165-900 – Brasília DF ARQUIVO ASSINADO DIGITALMENTE. CÓDIGO DE VERIFICAÇÃO: CE7C06D2001B6231. CONSULTE EM http://www.senado.gov.br/sigadweb/v.aspx. 00100.096648/2017-00 ANEXO AO MEMORANDO Nº. 52/2017 – SCOM - FICHA INFORMATIVA E RELAÇÃO DE APOIADORES - Senado Federal – Praça dos Três Poderes – CEP 70.165-900 – Brasília DF ARQUIVO ASSINADO DIGITALMENTE. CÓDIGO DE VERIFICAÇÃO: CE7C06D2001B6231. CONSULTE EM http://www.senado.gov.br/sigadweb/v.aspx. 00100.096648/2017-00 Ideia Legislativa nº. 76.334 TÍTULO Criminalização Da Apologia Ao Comunismo DESCRIÇÃO Assim como a Lei já prevê o "Crime de Divulgação do Nazismo", a apologia ao COMUNISMO e seus símbolos tem que ser proibidos no Brasil, como já acontece cada vez mais em diversos países, pois essa ideologia genocida causou males muito piores à Humanidade, massacrando mais de 100 milhões de inocentes! (sic) MAIS DETALHES O art. 20 da Lei 7.716/89 estabeleceu o "Crime de Divulgação do Nazismo": "§1º - Fabricar, comercializar, distribuir ou veicular, símbolos, emblemas, ornamentos, distintivos ou propaganda que utilizem a cruz suástica ou gamada, para fins de divulgação do nazismo. -
Are Cookie Banners Indeed Compliant with the Law? Cristiana Santos, Nataliia Bielova, Célestin Matte
Are cookie banners indeed compliant with the law? Cristiana Santos, Nataliia Bielova, Célestin Matte To cite this version: Cristiana Santos, Nataliia Bielova, Célestin Matte. Are cookie banners indeed compliant with the law?: Deciphering EU legal requirements on consent and technical means to verify compli- ance of cookie banners. Technology and Regulation, Tilburg University, 2020, 2020, pp.91-135. 10.26116/TECHREG.2020.009. hal-02875447v2 HAL Id: hal-02875447 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-02875447v2 Submitted on 23 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Are cookie banners indeed compliant with the law? Deciphering EU legal requirements on consent and technical means to verify compliance of cookie banners Cristiana Santos, Nataliia Bielova, Célestin Matte Inria, France [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract In this paper, we describe how cookie banners, as a consent mechanism in web applications, should be designed and implemented to be compliant with the ePrivacy Directive and the GDPR, defining 22 legal requirements. While some are provided by legal sources, others result from the domain expertise of computer scientists. We perform a technical assessment of whether technical (with computer science tools), manual (with a human operator) or user studies verification is needed. -
Indicators of Compromise Associated with Onepercent Group Ransomware
TLP: WHITE The following information is being provided by the FBI, with no guarantees or 23 AUG 2021 warranties, for potential use at the sole discretion of recipients in order to protect against cyber threats. This data is provided to help cyber security Alert Number professionals and system administrators guard against the persistent malicious CU-000149-MW actions of cyber actors. This FLASH was coordinated with DHS-CISA. WE NEED YOUR HELP! This FLASH has been released TLP: WHITE. Subject to standard copyright rules, If you find any of TLP: WHITE information may be distributed without restriction. these indicators on your networks, or have related Indicators of Compromise Associated with OnePercent information, please contact Group Ransomware www.fbi.gov/con Summary tact-us/field- offices The FBI has learned of a cyber-criminal group who self identifies as the *Note: By reporting “OnePercent Group” and who have used Cobalt Strike to perpetuate any related ransomware attacks against US companies since November 2020. OnePercent information to the Group actors compromise victims through a phishing email in which an FBI, you are assisting in sharing attachment is opened by the user. The attachment’s macros infect the system information that with the IcedID1 banking trojan. IcedID downloads additional software to include allows the FBI to track malicious Cobalt Strike. Cobalt Strike moves laterally in the network, primarily with actors and PowerShell remoting. coordinate with private industry OnePercent Group actors encrypt the data and exfiltrate it from the victims’ and the United systems. The actors contact the victims via telephone and email, threatening to States Government to prevent future release the stolen data through The Onion Router (TOR) network and clearnet, intrusions and unless a ransom is paid in virtual currency. -
CSCI-UA.9480 Introduction to Computer Security
CSCI-UA.9480 Introduction to Computer Security Session 2.3 Designing Secure Network Systems Prof. Nadim Kobeissi Goals of today’s class. A look into some secure network systems: ● WireGuard: a modern VPN. ● A critical look at ProtonMail, a secure email service. WireGuard is an example of a well-designed secure network application. ProtonMail is an example of a badly designed network application. CSCI-UA.9480: Introduction to Computer Security – Nadim Kobeissi 2 WireGuard Following slides are by Jason A. 2.3a Donenfeld, author of WireGuard. CSCI-UA.9480: Introduction to Computer Security – Nadim Kobeissi 3 What is WireGuard? ▪ Layer 3 secure network tunnel for IPv4 and IPv6. ▪ Opinionated. Only layer 3! ▪ Designed for the Linux kernel ▪ Slower cross platform implementations also. ▪ UDP-based. Punches through firewalls. ▪ Modern conservative cryptographic principles. ▪ Emphasis on simplicity and auditability. ▪ Authentication model similar to SSH’s authenticated_keys. ▪ Replacement for OpenVPN and IPsec. ▪ Grew out of a stealth rootkit project. ▪ Techniques desired for stealth are equally as useful for tunnel defensive measures. Security Design Principle 1: Easily Auditable OpenVPN Linux XFRM StrongSwan SoftEther WireGuard 116,730 LoC 119,363 LoC 405,894 LoC 329,853 LoC 3,771 LoC Plus OpenSSL! Plus StrongSwan! Plus XFRM! Less is more. Security Design Principle 1: Easily Auditable WireGuard 3,771 LoC IPsec SoftEther OpenVPN (XFRM+StrongSwan) 329,853 LoC 119,363 419,792 LoC LoC Security Design Principle 2: Simplicity of Interface ▪ WireGuard presents a normal network interface: # ip link add wg0 type wireguard # ip address add 192.168.3.2/24 dev wg0 # ip route add default via wg0 # ifconfig wg0 … # iptables –A INPUT -i wg0 … /etc/hosts.{allow,deny}, bind(), … ▪ Everything that ordinarily builds on top of network interfaces – like eth0 or wlan0 – can build on top of wg0. -
Data Ethics (Former Journalist)
DATAETHICS Nanna H Bach Pia Thomassen Pernille Tranberg Lili The Lazy Cocker Advisor in data ethics (former journalist) Author of 6 books incl FAKE IT (2012) and DataEthics - The New Competitive Advantage (2016) Co-founder of the ThinkDoTank DataEthics.eu Pernille Tranberg Privacy Tech findx.com adblockfast Cliqz FakeNameGenerator.com disconnect.me Hushfile startpage.com Protonmail wire.com IBVPN.COM TOR OPERA Consumers/Citizens ➤ 7 of 10 worried about their data ➤ Have started to ACT on their worry. E.g. w adblockers, 1 of 3 Europeans lie about their data (the younger the better) ➤ We trust the regulated and distrust those tracking us: social media, search, news ➤ We understand the value of our data and want control ➤ Convenience rules! But there is a creepiness limit Sources: datatilsynet.no Eurobarometer on DataProtection 2015, Symantec State of Privacy 2015, Erhvervsstyrelsen/IDA 2015 , Ctrl-Shift Sept 2016, Danmarks Statistik 2017, McKinsey Comscore Jan 2017 We are with data where we were with the environment in the beginning of 1960s The New Green digital mistrust Political & Commercial Manipulation Price discrimination or differentiaton Pay-as-you-behave ➤ Not based on solidarity or for the better of society ➤ It gives the employer or insurance company a lot of power over individuals who is responsible? Government ➤ enforce the law Companies & Institutions ➤ promote the new market ➤ create digital trust with data for privacy tech and data ethics ethics ➤ give customers control over ➤ be a role model own data shared responsibility ➤ Innovate w Privacy by Design Individuals ➤ digital selfdefense ➤ demand it from gov ➤ chose ethical alternatives Definition DATA ETHICS is responsible and sustainable use of personal data. -
Cybersecurity-The Silk Road Market
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Open Educational Resources Hostos Community College 2020 Cybersecurity-The Silk Road Market Amy J. Ramson CUNY Hostos Community College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/ho_oers/7 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] CYBERSECURITY: SILK ROAD MARKET These slides describe an account of how the Department of JusEce through the FBI and DEA successfully brought the mastermind, Ross Ulbricht, behind the DARK WEB drug bazaar, SILK ROAD, to jusEce Silk Road Professor Amy Ramson, Esq. This OER material was produced as a result of the PIT-UN network Challenge Grant – New America Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License Ulbricht-head of the Silk Road market Ø Ross Ulbricht was born on March 27, 1984 Ø Ulbricht created the Silk Road website in 2011 Ø Ulbricht earned millions of dollars in profits from the commissions collected on purchases Ø Around January 2012, he adopted the username Dread Pirate Roberts referring to the pirate in the popular novel and film The Princess Bride that is passed to whom ever was wearing the mask Ø In order to assure users that posts from by DPR were his own, DPR authenEcated his posts using an electronic signature known as a PGP key. Ø See explanaon of PGP key signature authenEcaon on next slide PGP electronic signature authenEcaon Ø When sending digital signatures, PGP uses an algorithm that generates a hash (a mathemacal summary) which is encrypted with the sender's private key Ø The receiver uses the sender's public key to decrypt the hash code. -
The Legal Status and Regulation of Bitcoin in Australia
The University of Notre Dame Australia ResearchOnline@ND Theses 2017 Future digital money: The legal status and regulation of bitcoin in Australia Chinelle van der Westhuizen Follow this and additional works at: https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses Part of the Law Commons COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. Publication Details van der Westhuizen, C. (2017). Future digital money: The legal status and regulation of bitcoin in Australia (Master of Laws (Thesis)). University of Notre Dame Australia. https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses/160 This dissertation/thesis is brought to you by ResearchOnline@ND. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of ResearchOnline@ND. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Notre Dame Australia School of Law FUTURE DIGITAL MONEY: THE LEGAL STATUS AND REGULATION OF BITCOIN IN AUSTRALIA Chinelle van der Westhuizen LLB, LLM (University of Pretoria) This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Laws by Research 2017 DECLARATION This thesis does not, to the best of my knowledge, contain previously published or written material by another person except where due reference is made in the text, or any material previously submitted for a degree in any higher degree institution. _________________________________ Chinelle van der Westhuizen _________________________________ Date i ACKNOWLDEGEMENTS First and foremost, I thank God for his abundant love and goodness throughout this research period and for Blessing me with the talents to endure such a challenging research project. -
Bitcoin and the Uniform Commercial Code Jeanne L
University of Miami Law School Institutional Repository University of Miami Business Law Review 6-1-2016 Bitcoin and the Uniform Commercial Code Jeanne L. Schroeder Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umblr Part of the Banking and Finance Law Commons, and the Commercial Law Commons Recommended Citation Jeanne L. Schroeder, Bitcoin and the Uniform Commercial Code, 24 U. Miami Bus. L. Rev. 1 (2016) Available at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umblr/vol24/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Miami Business Law Review by an authorized administrator of Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bitcoin and the Uniform Commercial Code Jeanne L. Schroeder* Much of the discussion of bitcoin in the popular press has concentrated on its status as a currency. Putting aside a vocal minority of radical libertarians and anarchists, however, many bitcoin enthusiasts are concentrating on how its underlying technology – the blockchain – can be put to use for wide variety of uses. For example, economists at the Fed and other central banks have suggested that they should encourage the evolution of bitcoin’s blockchain protocol which might allow financial transactions to clear much efficiently than under our current systems. As such, it also holds out the possibility of becoming that holy grail of commerce – a payment system that would eliminate or minimize the roles of third party intermediaries. In addition, the NASDAQ and a number of issuers are experimenting with using the blockchain to record the issuing and trading of investments securities. -
How Did Dread Pirate Roberts Acquire and Protect His Bitcoin Wealth?
How Did Dread Pirate Roberts Acquire and Protect His Bitcoin Wealth? Dorit Ron and Adi Shamir Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel {dorit.ron,adi.shamir}@weizmann.ac.il Abstract. The Bitcoin scheme is one of the most popular and talked about alternative payment schemes. It was conceived in 2008 by the mysterious Satoshi Nakamoto, whose real identity remains unknown even though his bitcoin holdings are believed to be worth several hundred million dollars. One of the most active parts of the Bitcoin ecosystem was the Silk Road marketplace, in which highly illegal substances and services were traded. It was run by another mysterious person who called himself Dread Pirate Roberts (DPR), whose bitcoin holdings are also estimated to be worth hundreds of millions of dollars at today's exchange rate. On October 1-st 2013, the FBI arrested a 29 year old person named Ross William Ulbricht, claiming that he is DPR, and seizing a small fraction of his bitcoin wealth. In this paper we use the publicly available record to trace the evolution of his holdings in order to find how he acquired and how he tried to hide them from the authorities. For example, we show that all his income from the months of May, June and September 2013, along with numerous other amounts, were not seized by the FBI. One of the most surprising discoveries we made during our analysis was the existence of a recent substantial transfer (which was worth more than 60,000 dollars when made on March 20-th 2013, and close to a million dollars at today's exchange rate) which may link these two mysterious figures. -
United States District Court Southern District of New York ------X
Case 1:14-cr-00068-KBF Document 21 Filed 03/29/14 Page 1 of 64 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK ------------------------------------------------------X UNITED STATES OF AMERICA : 14 Cr. 68 (KBF) - against - : (Electronically Filed) ROSS ULBRICHT, : Defendant. : ------------------------------------------------------X MEMORANDUM OF LAW IN SUPPORT OF DEFENDANT ROSS ULBRICHT’S PRE-TRIAL MOTIONS CHALLENGING THE FACE OF THE INDICTMENT JOSHUA L. DRATEL JOSHUA L. DRATEL, P.C. 29 Broadway, Suite 1412 New York, New York 10006 (212) 732-0707 Attorneys for Defendant Ross Ulbricht – Of Counsel – Joshua L. Dratel Lindsay A. Lewis Whitney Schlimbach Case 1:14-cr-00068-KBF Document 21 Filed 03/29/14 Page 2 of 64 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents.. i Table of Authorities. iv INTRODUCTION. 1 STATEMENT OF FACTS. 3 ARGUMENT POINT I COUNTS ONE, TWO, AND THREE SHOULD BE DISMISSED BECAUSE THE CONDUCT CHARGED THEREIN AGAINST MR. ULBRICHT DOES NOT STATE AN OFFENSE UNDER THE ENUMERATED STATUTES AND BECAUSE EVEN IF THE CONDUCT DID STATE AN OFFENSE, THOSE STATUTES WOULD BE UNCONSTITUTIONALLY VAGUE AS APPLIED IN THIS CASE. 6 A. The Applicable Law Regarding Challenges to the Sufficiency of an Indictment.. 7 B. The Statutes Cited In Counts One, Two, and Three Do Not Cover the Conduct Alleged Against Mr. Ulbricht.. 9 1. Count One: The Controlled Substances Trafficking Conspiracy. 9 2. Count Two: The Continuing Criminal Enterprise. 13 a. Count Two Fails to Allege Sufficiently That Mr. Ulbricht Occupied a “Position of Organizer, a Supervisory Position, and a Position of Management” Necessary to a CCE Violation.. 14 b. Count Two Fails to Enumerate the Requisite Predicate Series of Violations Necessary to a Violation of 21 U.S.C. -
Lessons from Others for Future U.S. Army Operations in and Through the Information Environment CASE STUDIES
C O R P O R A T I O N Lessons from Others for Future U.S. Army Operations in and Through the Information Environment CASE STUDIES Christopher Paul, Colin P. Clarke, Michael Schwille, Jakub P. Hlávka, Michael A. Brown, Steven S. Davenport, Isaac R. Porche III, Joel Harding For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1925z2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9997-6 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2018 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover photos (clockwise from top left): Giorgio Montersino via Flickr (CC BY-SA 2.0); U.S. Air Force photo by Airman 1st Class Adawn Kelsey; U.S. Air Force photo by Tech Sgt John Gordinier; U.S. Air National Guard photo by Master Sgt Andrew J. Moseley; Russian Ministry of Defence (CC BY 4.0); North Korean national media Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous.