Inventory of Angiosperm Diversity in Iswardi Proshova of Pabna District, Bangladesh

ANALYSISANALYSIS ARTICLE Vol. 1 4, 2018

DISCOVERY ISSN 2278–5485 EISSN 2278–5477

Science

☼ Toma Rani Roy, Mahbubur Rahman AHM

Plant Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life and Earth Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

☼Corresponding Author: *Professor, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life and Earth Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Phone: 880 721 751485, Mobile: 88 01714657224

Article History Received: 13 February 2018 Accepted: 29 March 2018 Published: April 2018

Citation Toma Rani Roy, Mahbubur Rahman AHM. Inventory of Angiosperm Diversity in Iswardi Proshova of Pabna District, Bangladesh. Discovery Science, 2018, 14, 9-22

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ABSTRACT Inventory of angiosperm diversity in Iswardi Proshova of Pabna district, Bangladesh was carried out from January 2017 to

December 2017. An extensive floristic survey an angiosperms and collection have been made throughout the study area. A total of

9 207 species belonging to 169 genera under 74 families were recorded. Habit analysis shows that herbs, shrubs, climbers and trees are represented by 37.20%, 17.88%, 13.52% and 31.40% species, respectively. Distribution of angiosperm plant species in the Page

ANALYSIS ARTICLE families shows variation. The family Cucurbitaceae is represented by 13 species. Asteraceae is represented by 11 species. Fabaceae is represented by 10 species. Each of Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae and Poaceae is represented by 9 species. Amaranthaceae is represented by 8 species. A single species is represented by 38 families while 2 to 7 species is represented by 29 families. The following species are found rarely distributed in the study area Abroma augusta L., Aphanamixis polystachya Wall., Asparagus racemosus L., Bixa orellana L., Baccaurea ramiflora Lour., Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennel., Celosia cristata L., Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume., Diospyros montana Roxb., Dillenia indica L., Enhydra fluctuans Lour., Garcinia cowa Roxb., Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC., Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers., Paederia foetida L., Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels, Rumex vesicarius L., Syzygium samarangense Merr. & Perry, Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. and Vitis quadrangularis Wall. For each species botanical name, local name, habit, phenology, abundance, and family were recorded.

Keywords: Assessment, Angiosperm taxa, Iswardi Proshova, Pabna, Bangladesh

1. INTRODUCTION The flowering plants (angiosperms), also known as Angiospermae Lindl or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies (derived characteristics). These characteristics include flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. Etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure; they are fruiting plants, although more commonly referred to as flowering plants. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from gymnosperms around 245-202 million years ago, and the first flowering plants known to exist are from 160 million years ago. They diversified enormously during the Lower Cretaceous and became widespread around 120 million years ago, but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only around 60-100 million years ago (Lindley, 1830). The angiosperms provide valuable pharmaceuticals. With the exception of antibiotics, almost all medicinal either are derived directly from compounds produced by angiosperms or, if synthesized, were originally discovered in angiosperms. This includes some vitamins (e.g., vitamin C, originally extracted from fruits); aspirin, originally from the bark of willows (Salix; Salicaceae); narcotics (e.g., opium and its derivatives from the opium poppy. Papaver somniferum; Papaveraceae); and quinine from Cinchona (Rubiaceae) bark. Sonic angiosperm compounds that are highly toxic to humans have proved to be effective in the treatment of certain forms of cancer, such as acute leukemia (vincristine from the Madagascar periwincle, Catharanthus roseus; Apocynaceae), and of heart problems (digitalis from foxglove, Digitalis purpurea; Plantaginaceae). Muscle relaxants derived from curare (Strychnos toxifera; Loganiaceae) are used during open-heart surgery (Naik, 2003). Over the last few decades several attempts have been made on the floristic studies in Bangladesh, particularly in the forest and protected areas (Khan and Afza, 1968; Khan and Banu, 1972; Khan and Hassan, 1984; Rahman and Hassan, 1995; Uddin et al., 2013; Khan and Huq, 2001; Uddin and Hassan, 2010; Tutul et al., 2010; Arefin et al., 2011; Uddin and Hassan, 2012). Studies on angiosperm flora in different Zilla and Upazillas of Bangladesh are limited (Islam et al., 2009; Rahman et al., 2013; Moniruzzaman et al., 2012; Rahman and Alam, 2013), however, there has been no floristic study in Ishwardi Pouroshova of Pabna district, Bangladesh.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area: Ishwardi upazila (Pabna district) area 246.90 sq km, located in between 24°03' and 24°15' north latitudes and in between 89°00' and 89°11' east longitudes. It is bounded by Lalpur and Baraigram upazilas on the north, Kushtia sadar and Mirpur (Kushtia) upazilas and the ganges river on the south, Pabna sadar and Atgharia upazilas on the east, Bheramara upazila and Ganges river on the west. Soil texure was determined by hydrometer method and soil PH was measured in a 1:2.5. Soil water suspension measured by glass clatrode PH meter. This is the best soil for the growth of various plants. The study area has tropical monsoon climate. It is characterized hot humid summers and generally mild winters and rainfall. The summer season was commerce early in the March with the cessation of the Northerly wind. The winter season (November-January) which is cool and little rainfall; summer season (June-October) which is warm and no rainfall. The maximum monthly temperature can reach up to 37.78°C during April and minimum monthly temperature 7.78°C during January (BPC, 2001).

Methodology: The work is based on fresh materials collected during twenty three visits to Ishwardi Pouroshova, Pabna, Bangladesh from January 2017 to December 2017 to cover the seasonal variations. The visits covered all types of habitats, particular river bank, 10 slope, village grove, fruit gardens and roadsides of the study area. Each trip lasted for eight days. Plant parts with either flower of Page fruits collected using traditional herbarium techniques to make voucher specimens for documentation. Field identification of the

ANALYSIS ARTICLE collected specimens was confirmed comparing with herbarium specimens Rajshahi University Herbarium. In some cases, standard literature such as Hooker (1877), Prain (1903), and Ahmed et al. (2008-2009) were consulted for identification purpose. For update nomenclature Pasha and Uddin (2013) and Huq (1986) were also consulted. The specimens are deposited in the Herbarium, Department of Botany, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh for future reference.

MAP OF THE STUDY AREA 11

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Natural vegetation of the study area

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Field Observations

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Herbarium Preparations in Plant Taxonomy Laboratory

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Inventory of angiosperm diversity of Ishwardi Pouroshova of Pabna district, Bangladesh has been analyzed by conducting twenty

three field trips in various seasons during January 2017 to December 2017. A total of 207 species belonging to 169 genera under 74 14 families were recorded. Of these, Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledones) is represented by 177 species under 141 genera and 61 families

Page while Liliopsida (Monocotyledones) is represented by 30 species under 28 genera and 13 families. Habit analysis shows that herbs,

ANALYSIS ARTICLE shrubs, climbers and trees are represented by 77, 37, 28 and 65 species, respectively (Table 1). Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Moraceae, Malvaceae, Mimosaceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae and Solanaceae are the dominant families with high species diversity. For each species botanical name, local name, habit, flowering and fruiting time, plant population, voucher number and family were provided (Table 1). Distribution of angiosperm plant species in the families shows variation. The family Cucurbitaceae is represented by 13 species. Asteraceae is represented by 11 species. Fabaceae is represented by 10 species. Each of Euhorbiaceae, Solanaceae and Poaceae is represented by 9 species. Amaranthaceae is represented by 8 species. A single species is represented by 38 families while 2 to 7 species is represented by 29 families (Table 1). Out of 207 species, 22.22% species was very common, 71.50% was common, 4.34% was rare and 1.94% was very rare species in the study area (Figure, 2). Based on this study, a preliminary list of angiosperm diversity at Ishwardi Pouroshova of Pabna district, Bangladesh conducted during January 2017 to December 2017. A total of 207 species belonging to 169 genera under 74 families were recorded (Table 1). The collected information is comparable with the result of other studies in Bangladesh. A total of 243 species belonging to 195 genera under 95 families were recorded in Khagrachhari district (Islam et al., 2009). A total of 374 species belonging to 264 genera under 84 families were recorded in Lawachara National Park (Uddin and Hassan, 2010). A total of 153 species belonging to 120 genera under 52 families were recorded in Runctia Sal Forest (Tutul et al., 2010). A total of 245 species belonged to 183 genera and 72 families are documented in Habiganj district (Arefin et al., 2011). A total of 425 species belonging to 321 genera 108 families are recorded in Rajshahi district (Rahman, 2013). A total of 302 species belonging to 243 genera 84 families are recorded in Bangladesh Police Academy, Rajshahi (Rahman et al., 2014).

Table 1 Assessment of Angiosperm Taxa in Iswardi Pouroshova of Pabna District, Bangladesh

Sl. Botanical name Local name Family name Habit Abundance Phenology No. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) 1. Dherosh Malvaceae Herb VC Feb-Apr Moench. 2. Abroma augusta L. Ulat kambal Sterculiaceae Shrub Vul June -Oct Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex 3. Akas moni Mimosaceae Tree VC Jan-Dec Benth. 4. Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Khair Mimosaceae Tree C Apr–Aug 5. Acacia nilotica L. Babla Mimosaceae Tree C Apr–Aug 6. Acalypha indica L. Mukta jhuri Euphorbiaceae Herb V C June–Der 7. Achyranthes aspera L. Apang Amaranthaceae Herb V C Jan-Dec 8. Adhatoda vasica Ness. Basok Acanthaceae Shurb C Jan-Dec 9. Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Bel Rutaceae Tree C Apr-Aug 10. Albizia lucida (Roxb.) Benth. Silkoroi Mimosaceae Tree C Jan-Dec 11. Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Koroi Mimosaceae Tree C May-Dec 12. Alium cepa L. Piyaj Liliaceae Herb C Feb-Apr 13. Alium sativum L. Rosun Liliaceae Herb C Feb-Apr 14. Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott. Man kachhu Araceae Herb C Aug –Oct 15. Aloe indica (L.) Burm. f. Ghrita kumari Aloeaceae Herb C Jan-Dec 16. Alternanthera sessilis R.Br. Chanshi Amaranthaceae Herb V C Jan-Dec 17. Amaranthus blitum L. Datashak Amaranthaceae Herb V C Jan-Dec 18. Amaranthus lividus Roxb. Gobra notey Amaranthaceae Herb VC Jan-Dec 19. Amaranthus spinosus L. Katanotey Amaranthaceae Herb V C Jan-Dec 20. Amaranthus tricolor L. Lalshak Amaranthaceae Herb V C Jan-Dec 21. Amaranthus viridis L. Shaknoty Amaranthaceae Herb VC Jan-Dec

Amorphophallus campanulatus 22. Olkachu Araceae Herb C Jan-Dec (Roxb.) Bl. ex. Decne.

15 Andrographis paniculata Wall ex

23. Kalamegh Acanthaceae Herb C Jan-Mar Page Ness.

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24. Annona squamosa L. Aata Annonaceae Tree C Mar-July Anthocephalus chinensis (Lamk.) 25. Kodom Rubiaceae Tree C May-July Rich. ex Walp 26. Aphanamixis polystachya Wall. Pitraaj Meliaceae Tree V C Feb-April 27. Areca catechu L. Shupari Arecaceae Tree VC Jan-Dec 28. Argemone mexicana L. Sheyalkata Papaveraceae Herb VC Feb-May 29. Artocarpus lacucha Roxb. Dewa Moraceae Tree R Apr- June 30. Asparagus racemosus L. Shotomuli Liliaceae Climber C Jan-Dec 31. Averrhoa carambola L. Kamranga Oxalidaceae Tree C Sep– Jan 32. Azadirachta indica J. Juss. Nim Meliaceae Tree VC Mar-May 33. Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Lotkon Euphorbiaceae Tree C June-Aug 34. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennel. Brammishak Scrophulariaceae Herb R June-Aug 35. Bambusa tulda Roxb. Tollabans Poaceae Tree C Jan-Dec 36. Basella alba L. Puishak Basellaceae Climber V C Nov-Feb 37. Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Chalkumra Cucurbitaceae Climber C May -Sep 38. Bixa orellana L. Jafran Bixaceae Tree R Aug-Nov 39. Boerhaavia repens L. Punarnava Nyctaginaceae Climber C Jan-Dec 40. Bombax ceiba L. Shimul Bombacaceae Tree C Feb- Apr 41. Borassus flabellifer L. Taal Arecaceae Tree C Taal 42. Bouganvillea spectabilis Willd. Baganbilash Nyctaginaceae Climber C Jan-Dec 43. Brassica napus L. Sarisha Brassicaceae Herb C Mar-Ma 44. Brassica oleracea L. var. botrydis Phulkapi Brassicaceae Herb C Dec-Feb 45. Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata Badhakopi Brassicaceae Herb C Dec-Feb 46. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurzt Pathorkuchi Crassulaceae Herb C Nov- Jan 47. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kunt. Palas Fabaceae Tree C Feb–Apr 48. Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. Krishnachura Caesalpinaceae Shrub C Sep– Nov 49. Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill. Arhor daal Fabaceae Shrub C Dec– Mar 50. Calotropis procera R.Br. Akondo Asclepiadaceae Shrub C Jan-Dec 51. Canna indica L. Kalaboti Cannaceae Herb VC Jan-Dec 52. Capsicum frutescens L. Morich Solanaceae Herb C Jan-Dec 53. Carica papaya L. Pepe Caricaceae Tree VC Jan-Dec 54. Carissa carandas (L.) K.Schum Karomcha Apocynaceae Herb C Jan-Dec 55. Cassia fistula L. Badorlathi Caesalpinaceae Tree C Mar-Apr 56. Catharanthus roseus (L.) L. Noyontara Apocynaceae Herb C Jan-Dec 57. Celosia cristata L. Morogful Amaranthaceae Herb C Jan-Dec 58. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Thankuni Apiaceae Herb C Jan-Dec 59. Cestrum nocturnum L. Hasnahena Solanaceae Shrub C Jan-Dec 60. Chenopodium album L. Bothua Chenopodiaceae Herb C Jan-Dec 61. Chrysonthemum coronarium L. Chandromollika Asteraceae Shrub C Dec-Feb 62. Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Premkata Poaceae Herb VC Jan-Dec Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) 63. Tejpata Lauraceae Tree R Feb-July T. Nees & Eberm 64. Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Turmuz Cucurbitaceae Climber C July-Aug 65. Citrus aurantifolia L. Lebu Rutaceae Tree VC Mar-Sep 66. Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck Jambura Rutaceae Tree C Feb-Apr 67. Citrus limon (L.) Brum.f. Goralebu Rutaceae Shrub C June-Dec

68. Clerodendrum viscosum L. Bhat Verbenaceae Shrub VC Jan-May 69. Clitoria tarnetea L. Oporajita Fabaceae Climber C June-Dec 16

70. Coccinia cordifolia (L.) Cogn Telakucha Cucurbitaceae Climber C Jan-Dec Page

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71. Cocos nucifera L. Daab Arecaceae Tree VC Jan-Dec 72. Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume. Patabahar Euphorbiaceae Shrub VC Jan-Dec 73. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Kochu Araceae Herb VC June-Dec 74. Corchorus capsularis L. Deshipat Tiliaceae Shrub V C Mar- June 75. Coriandrum sativum L. Dhonepata Apiaceae Herb C Dec-Feb 76. Croton bonplandium Baill Croton Euphorbiaceae Herb VC Jan-Dec 77. Cucumis melo L. Bangi Cucurbitaceae Climber C Mar -July 78. Cucumis sativus L. Sosha Cucurbitaceae Climber VC Apr- Sep 79. Cucurbita maxima Duch. Mistikumra Cucurbitaceae Climber VC Mar- Aug 80. Cucurbita pepo DC. Mistikumra Cucurbitaceae Climber VC Mar-Aug 81. Curcuma longa L. Holud Zingiberacea Herb C Mar-Oct 82. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Shornolota Cuscutaceae Climber C Aug-Dec 83. Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume. Boroapang Amaranthaceae Herb R Sep- Nov 84. Dahlia hybrid L. Dahlia Asteraceae Herb C Jan-Dec 85. Dalbergia sissoo Thumb. Sishu Fabaceae Tree C Mar-May 86. Datura metel L. Dhutura Solanaceae Shrub C Jan-Aug 87. Daucus carota L Gajor Apiaceae Herb C Jan-Dec 88. Dillenia indica L. Chalta Dilleniaceae Tree R May -Oct 89. Diospyros montana Roxb. Bangab Ebenaceae Tree Vul May - Jul 90. Diospyros peregrina (Gaertn.) Gur. Gab Ebenaceae Tree C May - Jul 91. Diospyros philippensis (Des.) Gur. Bilatigab Ebenaceae Tree C May - Jul 92. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Kalokesh Asteraceae Herb C Jan-Dec 93. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms Kachuripana Pontederiaceae Herb C Jan-Dec 94. Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb. Jolpai Elaeocarpaceae Tree C Mar-June 95. Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Helencha Asteraceae Herb C Nov-Feb 96. Eucalyptus citrodora Hook. Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Tree C Jan-Dec 97. Euphorbia hirta L. Dudhiya Euphorbiaceae Herb VC Jan-Dec 98. Feronia elephantum (L.)Sw Kothbel Rutaceae Tree C Feb-Aug 99. Ficus benghalensis L. Bot Moraceae Tree C May- Jul 100. Ficus hispida L.f. Khoksha Moraceae Tree VC Apr- Aug 101. Ficus pumila L. Lota dumor Moraceae Climber C May -Oct 102. Ficus racemosa L. Jagdumur Moraceae Tree C Mar-May 103. Ficus religiosa L. Pakur Moraceae Tree C July- Oct 104. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Gondhoraj Rubiaceae Shrub C Mar-May 105. Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC Gimashak Molluginaceae Herb C Jan-Dec 106. Glycosmis pentaphylla Retz. Ashshaora Rutaceae Shrub VC Apr- Oct 107. Garcinia cowa Roxb. Kaw tree Clusiaceae Tree 108. Helianthus annuus L. Surjomukhi Asteraceae Herb VC Jan-Dec 109. Heliotropium indicum L. Hatishur Boraginaceae Herb VC Jan-Dec 110. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Joba Malvaceae Shrub VC Jan-Dec 111. Impatiens balsamina Thumb. Dopati Balsaminaceae Herb C Mar-Aug 112. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Kalmishak Convolvulaceae Climber C Jan-Oct 113. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamk. Mistialu Convolvulaceae Climber C Jan-Dec 114. Ipomoea fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) Dholkalmi Convolvulaceae Shrub C Jan-Dec 115. Ixora coccinia L. Rongon Rubiaceae Shrub C Jan-Dec 116. Jasminum pubescens Willd. Beli Oleaceae Shrub C Jan-Dec

117. Jatropha curcas L. Jamalgota Euphorbiaceae Shrub C May –Oct 118. Jussiaea repens L. Kesardam Onagraceae Herb C Jan-Dec 17

119. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Thumb. Pathorkuchi Crassulaceae Herb C Nov- Jan Page

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120. Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet. Shim Fabaceae Climber C Nov– Feb 121. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Lau Cucurbitaceae Climber VC Feb- Apr 122. Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr Jiga Anacardiaceae Tree C Mar-Apr 123. Lantana camara L. Choita Verbenaceae Shrub VC Jan-Dec 124. Lathyrus hirsutus L. Bon kheshari Fabaceae Herb C Jan- Mar 125. Lathyrus sativus L. Kheshari Fabaceae Herb C Jan– Mar 126. Lawsonia alba L. Mehedi Lythraceae Shrub C Jun-Oct 127. Lemna perpusilla Torr. Khudipana Lemnaceae Herb C Jan-Dec 128. Lens culinaris Medik. Musur Fabaceae Herb C Jan-Dec 129. Litchi chinensis Sonn. Lichu Sapindaceae Tree C Apr-May 130. Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. Pepulte Lauraceae Shrub R Mar- Sep 131. Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. Jhinga Cucurbitaceae Climber C Apr– Sep Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) 132. Tometo Solanaceae Herb VC Jan-Dec Karsten 133. Mangifera indica L. Aam Anacardiaceae Tree VC Jan-April 134. Manilkara achras (Mill.) Sofeda Sapotaceae Tree C Jan-Dec 135. Melia sempervirens Sw. Ghoraneem Meliaceae Tree C Mar-May 136. Michelia champaka L. Champa Magnoliaceae Tree R Mar- Ma 137. Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) Roxb. Asamlata Asteraceae Climber C Jan-Dec 138. Mimosa pudica L. Lojjaboti Mimosaceae Herb C Sep –Nov 139. Mimusops elengi L. Bokul Sapotaceae Tree C Mar–Apr Sondha 140. Mirabilis jalapa L. Nyctaginaceae Herb C Jan-Dec maloti 141. Momordica carantia L. Korola Cucurbitaceae Climber C Ma– Aug 142. Momordica dioica Roxb. Kakrol Cucurbitaceae Climber C July-Dec 143. Moringa oleifera Lamk. Sojna Moringaceae Tree VC Jan–May 144. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Kamini Rutaceae Shrub C Mar-Oct 145. Musa sapientum L. Kola Musaceae Shrub VC Jan-Dec 146. Najas graminea Delile. Najas Najadaceae Herb C Jan-Dec 147. Nerium indicum Mill. Korobi Apocynaceae Shrub C Jan-May 148. Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. Bontamak Solanaceae Herb C Mar- Nov 149. Nyctanthes arbortristis L. Sheuli Verbenaceae Tree C Oct– Feb 150. Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f. Shapla Nymphaeaceae Herb C Jun-Aug 151. Ocimum basilicum L. Babuitulsi Lamiaceae Shrub C Jan-Dec 152. Ocimum sanctum L. Tulsi Lamiaceae Shrub C Jan-Dec 153. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. Gohur Poaceae Herb VC Jan-Dec 154. Oryza sativa L. Dhan Poaceae Herb VC July-Sep Gandha 155. Paederia foetida L. Rubiaceae Climber C Jan-Dec bhaduli 156. Peperomia pellucid Kunth. Peperomia Piperaceae Herb C Jan-Dec 157. Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Khejur Arecaceae Tree VC Dec-May 158. Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Horiphal Euphorbiaceae Tree C Jan-Dec 159. Phyllanthus emblica L. Amloki Euphorbiaceae Tree C Mar-May 160. Physalis minima L. Kopalfotka Solanaceae Herb C Jan-Dec 161. Pistia stratiotes L. Pistia Araceae Herb C Jan-Dec 162. Polyalthia longifolia Benth & Hook Debdaru Annonaceae Tree C Mar- Oct

163. Portulaca oleracea L. Baranunia Portulacaceae Herb C May- July 164. Portulaca quadrifida L. Chotonunia Portulacaceae Herb C Jan-Dec 18

165. Psidium guajava L. Peyara Myrtaceae Tree Jan-Dec Page

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166. Punica granatum L. Dalim Punicaceae Shrub C Jan-Aug 167. Quisqualis indica L. Madhabilata Combretaceae Shrub C Jan-Dec 168. Raphanus sativus L. Mula Brassicaceae Herb C Jan-Mar 169. Rauvolfia serpentine (L.) Benth. Sarpagandha Apocynaceae Shrub C Jan-Dec 170. Rosa centifolia L. Golap Rosaceae Shrub C Jan-Dec 171. Rumex maritimus L. Bon Palong Polygonaceae Herb C July-Aug Chuka 172. Rumex vesicarius L. Polygonaceae Herb C July-Aug palong 173. Saccharum officinarum L. Aakh Poaceae Shrub VC Jan-Dec 174. Saccharum spontaneum L. Kash Poaceae Shrub C June-July 175. Scirpus grossus L. Kesur Cyperaceae Climber C Jan-Dec 176. Sesamum indicum L. Til Pedaliaceae Herb C Feb-June 177. Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. Kaon Poaceae Herb C 178. Solanum filisifolium Ort. Titbegun Solanaceae Shrub C Jan-Dec 179. Solanum indicum L. Phutki Solanaceae Herb C Oct – Feb 180. Solanum melongena L. Begun Solanaceae Shrub C Oct-Feb 181. Solanum tuberosum L. Gol-alu Solanaceae Herb C Oct– Feb 182. Sonchus asper L. Ban Palang Asteraceae Herb C Jan-Dec 183. Spondius purpurea L Bilatiaamra Anacardiaceae Tree Vul Mar-July 184. Swietenia mahagoni (L.)Jacq. Mehogoni Meliaceae Tree C Apr-Sep 185. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. Jam Myrtaceae Tree VC Mar-Apr 186. Syzygium fruticosum (Roxb.) DC Khudijam Myrtaceae Tree C Mar-Apr Syzygium samarangenseMerr. & 187. Jamrul Myrtaceae Tree C Feb-Mar Perr Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq.) 188. Togor Apocynaceae Shrub R Apr-Sept Willd. 189. Tagetes patula L. Gendaphul Asteraceae Herb C Nov- Feb 190. Tamarindus indica L. Tetul Caesalpinaceae Tree C Jan –May 191. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC) Arjun Combretaceae Tree C Apr-July 192. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Bohera Combretaceae Tree C Oct-Nov 193. Terminalia chebula Retz Haritaki Combretaceae Tree C May-June 194. Thevetia peruviana Pers. Haldekorobi Apocynaceae Tree C Jan-Dec 195. Trewia polycarpa Benth. Pitali Euphorbiacea Tree C Jan-Dec 196. Trichosanthes anguina L. Chichinga Cucurbitaceae Climber C Apr– Jun 197. Trichosanthes dioica Roxb Potol Cucurbitaceae Climber C Apr– Aug 198. Tridax procumbens L. Tridhara Asteraceae Herb VC Jan-Dec 199. Triticum aestivum L. Gom Poaceae Herb VC Jan-Dec 200. Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper Mashkalai Fabaceae Herb C Nov-Jan 201. Vigna sinensis (L.) Endl. Borbote Fabaceae Climber C Apr-Jun 202. Vitis quadrangularis Wall. Harjora Vitaceae Climber C June-Janu 203. Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Kesraj Asteraceae Herb R Jan-Dec 204. Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. Kesraj Asteraceae Herb C Jan-Dec 205. Zea mays L. Vutta Poaceae Herb C Mar-May 206. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Ada Zingiberaceae Herb C Mar-Aug 207. Zizyphus mauritiana Mill. Boroi Rhamnaceae Tree VC Sep-Jan Jan = January, Feb = February, Mar = March, Apr = April, Ma = May, Jun = June , Jul = July, Aug = August, Sep = September,

Oct = October, Nov = November, Dec = December, Clim = Climber, VC = Very Common, C = Common, Vul = Vulnerable species , R = Rare 19

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31.40% 37.20% Herb Shurb Climber Tree

13.52%

17.88%

Figure 1 Recorded plant habit in the study area

4.34% 1.94%

22.22%

Very common Common Rare Very rare

71.50%

Figure 2 Recorded status of occurrence in the study area

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Important Plant Species

TRR-101 TRR-102 TRR-103 TRR-104

A B C D

TRR-105 TRR-106 TRR-107 TRR-108

E F G H

TRR-109 TRR-110 TRR-111 TRR-112

I J K L

TRR-113 TRR-114 TRR-115 TRR-116

M N O P

TRR-117 TRR-118 TRR-119 TRR-120

Q R S T

A: Baceaurea ramiflora Lour.; B: Croton bonplandium Baill.; C: Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume.; D: Euphorbia helioscopia L.; E. Jatropha curcas L.; F: Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels.; G: Phyllanthus emblica L.; H: Trewia polycarpa Benth.; I: Zizyphus mauritiana Mill.; J: Vitis quadrangularis Wall.; K: Litchi chinensis Sonn.; L: Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.; M: Mangifera indica L.; N: Spondius pinnata (L.f.) Kurz.; O: Spondius purpurea L.; P: Aphanamixis polystachya Wall.; Q: Azadirachta indica J. Nat.; R: Melia sempervirens Sw.; S: Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq ; T: Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.

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ANALYSIS ARTICLE

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