Food for Thought. Curriculum Projects Developed by 1998 Seminar Participants

Home , Alpana, Bori (food), Jalebi, List of allergens, Madhavrao Scindia, Marwari Bhojnalaya

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AUTHOR Tiede, Lynn M. TITLE Food for Thought. Curriculum Projects Developed by 1998 Seminar Participants. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminars Abroad 1998 (India). INSTITUTION Center for International Education (ED), Washington, DC. SPONS AGENCY United States Educational Foundation in India. PUB DATE 1998-00-00 NOTE 302p.; Document contains many pages reproduced from serials and newspapers. The quality of reproduction is often poor and text is occasionally cropped. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC13 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Area Studies; Cultural Background; *Cultural Context; Curriculum Development; Developing Nations; *Eating Habits; *Food; Foreign Countries; Global Education; Secondary Education; Social Studies; Student Educational Objectives IDENTIFIERS Fulbright Hays Seminars Abroad Program; *India

ABSTRACT While leaders in India have been slower than other non-Western nations to encourage the sales of Western fast food products, signs of these foods are present in larger cities like Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras. This unit of study is a series of lessons designed to introduce junior high school or high school students to various aspects of the culture, religion, history, economy, and political structures of India. The unit's lessons, however, center around food as a method of introducing the particular objective. Pointing out that Indians, as they meet the continuing challenges of feeding nearly 1 billion people, can learn from U.S. mistakes in "modernizing" their diets and attitudes towards food. The unit's materials seek to help children to begin learning these lessons. The lessons can be given individually or collectively as part of a unit. Some lessons may need two days to complete. Following an introduction, lessons are: (1) "Indian Food: Lesson Plans and Supplementary Materials"; (2) "Indian Food Customs: Lesson Plans and Supplementary Materials"; (3) "Meeting the Basic Needs: Problems and Success--Lesson Plans and Supplementary Materials"; (4) "Religion and Food: Lesson Plans and Supplementary Materials"; and (5) "Traditional and Modern Diets: Lesson Plans and Supplementary Materials." Each lesson contains an objective/aim for the student, materials needed, vocabulary, motivation strategy, and additional teaching strategies. A 65-item bibliography is also included. (BT)

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Food for Thought. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminars Abroad 1998 (India)

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction 2. Indian Food- Lessons Plans and Supplementary materials 3. Indian Food Customs-Lessons Plans and Supplementary materials 4. Meeting the Basic Needs: Problems and Success - Lessons Plans and Supplementary materials 5. Religion and Food - Lessons Plans and Supplementary materials 6. Traditional and Modern Diets -Lessons Plans and Supplementary materials 7. Bibliography

4 FOOD FOR THOUGHT Introduction

The American diet has changed drastically since the early 1900's. At this point in American history, family farming was beginning to be replaced by large industrial farms. Foods were being processed and preserved with new technologies for ease of transport to and storage at stores in the growing cities. Business people of the early 20th century realized there was lots of money to be made by manufacturing salty and sugary foods with catchy names. Salty and sugar sweetened foods create cravings for more of these foods. People would buy lots of these products, sending more profits to businesses. At that time there were no studies on the effects of these foods on the human body, environmental effects, or ethical standards, so businesses could earn profits without concern for health hazards, cruelty to animals, and the poisoning of the environment that resulted from the production of these new foods.

These business people and early city dwellers could not imagine the deadly combination of these dietary changes and the reduced physical activity of city life. Citizens of the 1990's are beginning to fully appreciate the health problems such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes hypertension, and obesity that many doctors directly link to the changes that came about in our diet and activity levels over the last 90 years. Americans replaced a diet centered around healthy home grown vegetables and fruits, and whole grains, for one laden with salt, sugar, fat, and animal products, especially in the form of processed junk foods. They replaced an active life of raising their own foods with one of driving to fast food restaurants and mega food supermarkets where they could purchase the unhealthy foods in ever-increasing quantities.

Today, despite what nutritionists and doctors have discovered, Americans and many other Westerners continue to let advertising and convenience rather than healthfulness of foods determine what they choose to eat. Those who are responding to the warnings and returning to a diet similar to our farming ancestors tend to be the affluent who have more access to this information. They have the time and money to spend on exercise programs, and to purchase foods from health stores.

This is ironic for in the 1900's it was the more affluent city dwellers in first world countries who could afford the new processed treats. The poor citizens and those from rural communities in this country and in non-western third world cultures continued to eat healthier low fat, vegetable, fruit, and grain based diets. Now, however, many non- westerners,including Indian's, seek to adopt the diets of the Western cultures as signs of status --the harmful diets based on coke, McDonald's hamburgers, and candy bars. These people and the poor in Western societies remain more unaware of the health risks of modes diets and convinced of the adequacy and glamour of eating certain processed junk foods. Furthermore, the economic conditions and social structures in American society sometimes make these junk foods cheaper than fresh foods in neighborhoods where the poor often live. The stresses of life for the impoverished in America also make exercise regimes practically impossible. Health clubs are lacking in these communities as well.

5 While leaders in India have been slower than other non-western nations to encourage the sales of Western fast and junk food products, signs of these foods are present in larger cities like Deli, Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras. India seems, however, to be at a crucial turning point. For now the majority of its citizens remain farmers with active lives and healthy vegetarian diets.But will the nation follow the same path as America as it heads toward the 21st Century? Or can India learn from the West's mistaken "modern" diet and maintain her traditional diet that simultaneously encourages a reverence for life and the environment?

The Lessons

The following is a series of lessons designed to introduce junior high school or high school students to various aspects of the culture, religion, history, economic, and political structures of India. Elements of tradition and modernity can be clearly viewed in all of these areas of Indian culture.

All of the following lessons, however, center around food as a method of introducing the particular objective. Increasing numbers of Americans are concerned with healthier diets, diseases and eating disorders caused by modern diets, animal rights, world hunger, pesticide usage, and the environmental degradation caused by modern farming techniques. This suggests that attention to the role food production and diet play in one's life is crucial. India's traditions can remind Americans of healthier habits and reverence for food, the environment, and animals. Likewise Indian's can learn from America's mistakes in "modernizing" our diets and attitudes toward food as they meet the continuing challenges of feeding nearly 1 billion people. The following curriculum materials seek to help children, begin learning these lessons.

The lessons can be given individually or collectively as part of a unit. Some lessons may need two days to complete depending on individual teacher's time per class period. Some visual and hands on materials will not be possible to reproduce, as they were obtained in India during the Fulbright visit. However, substitutions have been suggested when possible

.Additional supplemental news articles or background information are also included when possible, although they may not be directly referred to in the lesson plan. All material included is intended for student research purposes only. They are provided as samples of materials students might use. Individual teachers should use resources available to them. Large scale reproduction of text should be done only with permission of text publishers. Bibliography

Aaron, J. Frommer's 96: India from $45 a Day. New York : MacMillan, 1996.

The Amul Story and other literature. Anand: The Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union Ltd., 1998.

"Ayurveda," Glossary NY Naturally. Winter - Spring, 1998.

Bacon, P. The World Past and Present. Chicago: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich, 1991.

Baril, L. " Diets Can Be Deadly," New York Daily News, 1994.

Bearak, B. "Sacred Cows are Wily Too; Just Try Catching One," The New York Times. October 21, 1998.

Becker, D. Food for Thought, part II.Bronx Council for Environmental Quality, Summer/ Fall, 1994.

"Blood Spill in England Raises Mad Cow Fears," The New York Times. Sept. 5, 1998.

Brown, L. State of the World. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1994.

"Choosing Your Daily Diet, " Humane Education Committee of New York City, resource material.

"City to Host Mango Festival from July 10," Express News Service, July 8, 1998.

"Contaminated water claims 7 lives", The Times of New Dehli. August 6, 1998.

Contractor, B. " Handi-fuls of Delight ," The Tai Magazine. First Quarter, 1998. 94-96.

Das, P. "Vegetarianism and Food for Life," Hare Krishna, Food for Life. Nov 1996.

Dasgupta, P. "Keep your Cool." The Sunday Statesman, 2 August 1998, p.2.

Dugger, C. "India's Hottest Political Issue: The Price of Onions." The New York Times. October 12, 1998.

"Europe, Russia to Boost Rice Exports," News India Times. August 21, 1998: p. 42. FARM Resource Materials. Farme Animal Reform Movement, PO Box 30654, Bethesda, MD 20824.

Fumento, M. " Why we need a new war on Weight," USA Weekend. Sept 12-14, 1997.

Gandhi, M.K. India of My Dreams. Ahmedabad: Navajvan Publishing Housse, 1947.

George, N. "Feeding scheme to continue in Kalahandi," The Indian Express. July 9, 1998.

"The Green Revolution," Grolier Interactive Inc. USA, 1997.

"Hinduism," The World Book Encyclopedia 1998 Edition. Chicago: World Book, Inc. 9: 235-237.

Hobson, W. The Classic 1000 Indian Recipes.London: St. Edmundsbury Press, 1994.

"India." The World Book Encyclopedia of People and Places. Chicago: World Book, Inc. 1996. Vol. 3:618-629.

"K.L. Sharma's Diet jolts Delhi BJP," The Times of India. July 1998.

"K .L. Sharma plans fast to put pressure on Dlhi Govt. departments," The Times of India. July 1998.

Madan, J. "Creme de la creme," The Sunday Review. July 5, 1998.

Margolin, S. "Healthy Minutes," The Resident. March 25-31,1998.

Menon, N.C. "US dilutes curbs as farm lobby tuns the screw," The Hindustan Times. July 1998.

"MP CM, farmers in thousands court arrest," The Times of India. July 4, 1998.

"M-P farmers," The Times of India. July, 1998.

Nanda, S. Cultural Anthropology. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1987.

Neergaard, L. "A Problem from farm to Table," Wisconsin State Journal. May 31, 1998. "Opposition Corners Govt on price rise," The Times of India, July 7, 1998.

Pagdi, G. "Oh God, is that me?" The Sunday Review. August 2, 1998.

PETA Resource Materials. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, 501 Front St. Norfolk, VA, 23510.

"Plan to fight spectre of starvation deaths in Kalahandi," The Times of India, July 1998.

Prakash, S. The Story of Swaraiva. New Dehli: National Book Trust, 1973.

"Price War: Ration shops quoting market rates to be shut." Mid-day. July 15, 1998.

"Promising durum wheat for Karnataka," The Times of India. July 1998.

Renou, L. Great Religions of Modern Man: Hinduism. New York: Washington Square Press, 1961.

"Rice Traders Plan to Boost Sales," News India Times. August 21, 1998: 42.

Sachdev, R. "The Colour of Death," The Times of India. July 1998.

Sahgal, B. and V. Merchant. "Should we put plastic in the bag?" The Sunday Times of India. July 19, 1998.

"The Scoop on Sugar," New York Teacher. March 7, 1994.

"Sharma must ask for Govt's dismissal," The Times of India. July 7, 1998.

"Sharma on 'protest diet', " The Hindustan Times. July 8, 1998.

Shedde, M. "Pots and Bellies," The Tai Magazine. First Quarter, 1998. 82-90.

Singh, R. "Frontier Cuisine Comes of Age", The Times of India, July 1998, p.1.

Singh, S. "IIHR developing disease-resistant vegetables, crops," The Times of India. July 1998.

"Sky-rocketing prices anger Delhiites," The Times of India, July 5, 1998.

Smothers, R. "Slopping the Hogs, the Assembly-Line Way." The New York Times.

9 "State to Strictly Enforce Cow Slaughter Ban," The Times of India. July 18, 1998.

"Sugar Shocker," Let's Live. March 1998.

Sundar, P. "Spice Exports Drop Sharply," News India Times. August 21, 1998: 42.

"The Ten Worst Additives," Nutrition Action Health letter. June 1991.

"The Ten Most Important Foods to Buy Organic," E magazine, Sept. / Oct 1997.

"Terminator gene threatens food security in India," The Asian Age. July 20, 1998.

Upadhyaya, K. "The Meaning of Rakshabandhan," The Times of India, August 6, 1998

USEFI. Guide Bood to Your Visit to India. New Delhi: USEFI, 1998.

Wallbank, T.W., Schrier, A., Weaver,D., and P. Guitierrez. History and Life. Oakland:

Scott, Foresman, and Co., 1980.

The World: Past and Present, Activity Book. Chicago: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich, 1991.

"World's Youth Facing Western Maladies," The New York Times. September 24, 1995.

"Your Life with ayurvedic herbs," Let's Live. June 1998: 41-43.

i0 Food for Thought Lynn Tiede Fulbright 1998Curriculum Project

Indian Food Customs

Objective / Aim: For social studies students to describe various customs and unusual traditions related to food, locate particular regions where they are popular in India, and identify them in practice with the help of photos. Students will then list particular American customs that may be similar or seem unusual to Indians or other foreigners and to describe values of the Indian people that can be seen through their food customs.

Materials: 1. List of customs and region in Indian from which it comes.

2. Map of India, with correlating numbers to customs listed on worksheet.

3. Newspaper cone, Indian lunch box,pottery cups, and leave plates *(Teachers can substitute clay plant pots, large leaves from any tree, and can make newspaper cones from any newspaper. Photos are also included).

4. Pictures of various customs (when and where possible).

Vocabulary : dhabbas, bhel-puri, value, Kolam, Rakshabandhan

Motivation: Show students large leaf plates Er bowls, metal Indian lunch box, (or zeroxed photo of it) pottery cups, and newspaper "cones". Ask them what they think the items were used for, noting that they can be commonly found on the streets of India. After several minutes, tell students their uses and show photos of these items being used.

1. Leaf plates, used to serve food on. 2. pottery cups, disposable tea cups for street vendors 3. newspaper cones, used to sell street snacks such as dried nuts, beans, Er grains called bhel -purl, especially in Bombay. 4. metal container lunch box

Explain that there are other customs and traditions in India related to food that are very different from what is done in our nation.

Do Now / Strategies: Distribute list of customs and maps. Direct students to read through customs as a group and search for places where this is practiced if it is not a nationwide custom. Direct students to look at corresponding pictures when possible and try to find the photo that matches with the custom. Let students work on these activities individually for 10-15 minutes and then go over and discuss the material with them as they correct their answers. Discussion should highlight different values the customs indicate are present in Indian culture.Suggest such items as respect for nature (reuse of newspapers, recycling of leaves and pottery, not wearing shoes in kitchen,leaving rice powder for animals,), reverence for religion (offerings to gods of foods and in rice powder designs)reverence for other humans (pressing rice to forehead when arriving at a home, offering food to guests, to brother on holiday, delivery of home cooked food in dhabbas) not wasting foods and seeing cooking as sacred endeavor (not entering or wearing shoes in kitchen), using only right hand to eat, placing water on right side), lack of clean water (children bringing water to school). After discussing the various customs, ask students to write on chart whether there is a comparable custom in America.. Then below on this worksheet, ask students to list customs we have involving food that might seem strange to Indians or other foreigners.

Evaluation: Students will write a short reaction explaining five customs they found to be the most different or interesting. Ask them to write what these customs have taught them about Indian people and their attitudes toward food.

12 Indian Food Customs

1. You will be shown four items. Write on your paper how you believe these itemsare used. Then, while your teacher is discussing their actual uses, write this informationon your paper as well.

How I believe item is Used Actual Use a. leaves b. newspaper cone c. metal canister d. pottery cups

2. You have been given a map and the following list of customs related to food in India. Se( if you can locate the city where that custom takes placeon your map if a city name is given. Then see if you can match the custom to the picture of that customon the following pages. Write the number of the custom next to the picture where it is illustrated.

1. taking off shoes when entering kitchen and not entering kitchen at all ina traditional Hindu home 2. offering food and pressing rice to forehead to guest visiting your homeor business 3. Bombay -dabbas -lunch delivery system 4. placing water on right of plate when eating a meal, not left 5. eating with right hand only, not left, and traditionally without forks,spoons, and knives 6. Madras Kolam / Rangoli-making rice grain designs in front of house for offering to the gods for thanks. Allowing animals to eat rice powder. 7. North India -Rakshabandhan offering sweets to brother on day of recognition and (all over India) offering sweets at any celebration to friends and family 8. bringing water to school 9. Delhi mango festival in July to display mangoes and emphasize cultural traditions around the mango. India produces 55 % of the world's mangoes. 10. offering sweets to gods at templesparticularly to Ganesh and during Diwali festival

3. What values do you think these customs illustrate are very important to Indian people?

13 4. For all the customs described above list whether there is a comparable custom present in America. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i.

5. Are there any customs related to food in America that might seem different to an Indian, or any foreignor? Try to think of at least 5. For each custom you describe write down what values or aspects of American culture the customs teach. a. b.

C. r d.

1 ei Vocabulary dabbas lunches packed in cylinders delivered to the working people of Bombay from their homes in outlying areas. *so, mite-cod si /wade..s bhel-puri -a street snack often served in newspaper cones made by cereals, chutney, and spices together

Kolam- rice powder designs placed at the entrance of a home

Rangolidesigns at the entrance of a home or business

Rakshabandhan a holiday where sisters honor brothers and ask for their protection by tying a small bracelet on their wrist and often giving them sweets to show their appreciation. valuea belief or practice that is most important to a person or group of people

Diwalifestival of lights in October( November. Homes and businesses are lighted and gifts of sweets offered to the goddess Lakshmi. Sweets are exchanged between friends and families.

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22 Ian Custo O First, a couple of hand moves. Shakinghands is not a common habit in India. For the Indian greeting, "namaste," hands arepressed together as in prayer and lifted to the chin level (higher if the person is of greatimportance, but never mind the tiny formalities). There is somehandshaking mainly among men when greeting foreigners. By all means, tryto master the arc of eatingwith your fingersbut right hand only, pleaseat thetable." India is a modest country, so public displaysof affection are not considered good manners. (Smooching is eventaboo on the silver screen.) Modesty is always in style: Indian women cover their legs and arms.Foreigners who wish to avoid unwanted stares and unwelcomeattention do the same. Buy a salwar kamiz (tunics and trou- sers)they're smart, comfortable, andmodest. Indians are very hospitable. They life. are also very curiousabout people they meet and ask in great detail about your It's not an inquisition, just their way ofgetting to know you. Shoes are removed at religious sites (you can wear yoursocks, but clean, cool marble floors are a feet treat). Rangoli are goodluck designs on thresholds to homes and occasionally public buildings Steptiver'sthem or around them, not ort them. If invited to a traditionalHinauThoM*4dci not go into the kitchen. Finally, don't worry They'll laugh it off' O coo much about agaffe or two. Indians are supremely tolerant. and so can you.

From. Fv/ktytt s7/,'de scokp.20 Hospitality in IndianHomes which is both generous andsincere. You will often Indians are knownfor their hospitality; Except in modern Indian friendly, eager tobe helpful and curious. find Indians extremely want to entertain, they to invite others tocasual meals. If friends homes, itis not customary Visits to homes however arewelcome. Care must be may invite you to arestaurant instead. with your hands to impose on generoushosts. You may try eating taken neither to offend nor , right hand for eating. ,, the Indian fashion.Indians use only the among westernized alcoholic beverages inIndia is not common except The social use of alcoholic drinks in Indiansociety. Indians Indians. You are obligatedneither to offer nor accept drink. Intoxication willnot be tolerated. are however tolerantif you choose to vegetarian Indian guest for a mealwhether he and his wife are Ascertain when inviting an vegetables. Some vegetarians Vegetarian means no meat,fish, or fowl - only or non-vegetarian. food). Non-vegetarian meansmeat, fish, fowl and eat no eggs (not evenin pudding or baked do not eat beef. eggs. Muslims donot eat pork; Hindus

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There are restaurants all over India where you can get good food at budget prices. Some of these restaurants specialize in Western and Continental fare, others in Chinese cuisine. In some top hotels, you'll find expensive French, Italian, Japanese,

and Thai restaurants in appropriately evocative settings. Once in a while you'll rina Middle Eastern and Mexican cuisine. But the reason to go to India is to sample the tremendously varied Indian fare. These days a number of top hoteliers and restaurateurs have gone regional, digging deep into India's rich culinary history to find authentic dishes to serve in stylish surroundings. It's worth a splurge or two (S20 to $60 for two) to try some of the rarely prepared recipes. They might be cuisines of the old newabs cooked in casseroles and crowned by crusts, or unusual fish or vegetarian preparations in delicious sauces fragrant with subtle herbs and spices. Among the simplest of all Indian eateries is the dhaba, meaning roadside village cafe. somewhat akin to the U.S. truck stop cafe. And while the old legend is not necessarily true that in America truckers know the best wayside places to eat. in India they insist it is positively so"For authentic North Indian food, go to a dhaba," visiro:s are often told. But there are dhabas and then there are dhabas; the authentic. whether as truck stops or in city lanes, are hardly hygienic. But now in some major cities dhaba-visiting is much easier; they've brought the dhabas to people like you and me in the guise of restaurants that strive to create authentic truck stop atmosphere and typical foods safely prepared, and I've mentioned them in the chapters that follow. In most restaurants, you will be served by gracious waiters (bearers) at tables with plates and gleaming flatware. In traditional restaurants, you will get the same efficient service, but instead of plates there will be a banana leaf or a thali (a brass, stainless- steel, or bell-metal platter) to hold all your foods. Porcelain plates, which contain bone ash, are not acceptable to orthodox Hindus. Banana leaves are further washed with water at the tablea step you may wish to forgo if you are concerned about the waterbefore foods are placed on it.' On dulls, litde metal bowls called katoris hold portions of each of your foods vegetable mixtures, or meat, fish, or chicken curry, dal (lentils), raita (yogurt with chopped vegetables), achar (pickles), and papads (cracker bread) will be placed around the outer rim, while the center is crowned with a snowy mound of rice or wheat purls or both. Traditionally, there were rules about theplacement of dishes, but these have been relaxed over the years. Water, however, is placed to the left, not the right, and is the traditional drink with an Indian meal. Order it bottled or boiled, if in doubt. Beer and wine are not served with these Indian meals, but in sophisticated restaurants you can order them. After washing your hands at the tap, you eat the food with the fingers of your right hand only, which is quite an art in itself. The best technique is to take a little of the diY food such as rice or bread and use it to scoop up the less solid foods like curry or dal. You might also pour some dal on your rice tomake a workable combination. In the north of India, only the tips of the fingers are used; in the south, more ofthe hand is employed, including the palm. In the western region, wheat is eaten before the rice is served, although it's hardly necessary for you to worry about regionaltech- niques. Your main concern will be CO eat as neatly as possible without getting your meal all over yourself.

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aifirar-49.tug EXPRESSIONS IN LINES ett7 -Atiftt Fgti,46AR7 7111 3t3tttcto In this educational package, the Centre t" alt 3T 4- mil, <=4-11cHcb aif presents a small collection of itivzit Tr 7w ftwr 64.<14 floor designs. The purpose is to inspire -mil =IAair TerardTff school teachers and students trrrt si-trid aTT-4 artaim 4144tg to make creative expression a part of their daily life and to sharethe 79-1 t I joy of decorative floor designs which have been passedon from Frk ftftr- r generation to generation. Rfb,listt'0-d atr4R 64-Hi ART) flit*F1'- (.4141wircit\Judi k6ti.t)t "Efet 3iTTTZf4ctait1 A variety of techniques are prevalent ilctt wlar % I 7ffdq for making the designs.Gener- 4 7w f4s.111,b

The design is made with dry whitechalk or lime powder or witha net mixture- of rice powder and limeas in south India. Lime acts as a disinfectant and keeps ants and termitesaway. It is used both for its utility and for creating beautiful lines. Thebrightness and purity of the white colour on a clean groundor wall are also part of the symbolism of the entire design. Since all the componentsare of natural material, the colours do not stain the floorandcan be easily erased.

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~~/lakeil 40 GA POk!5, 3?"le THE TIMES OF INDIA,NEW DELHI~~

INNER SPACE Discourses on religion andPhilosophy The meaningof Rakshabandhan We observe Friendship Day and Valentine'sDay, indulge in merry making andcommercialisation. But their spirit mustn't be lost. However, days oftreater significance such as MotheesDay and FatheesDay-are rintlitilhe limelight] But we do have our own specialdays widi'myth and tradition behind them. An example fromnorth 'India IrRakshabandhan which falls on August .8th this :: ankiiiijilitenittiiiAVing year: It hascnnic:toibe offs rfed daylpkbrothtts and titaletionns .. -. Dr Lokesh Chandra, director of die' InfernationalMadlinyOf Indian Culture, says, "Ralcshabandhan(from .,thOatillint toot raksh meaning to protect) incontemporary prit*e.ls a siiiii5ified thread, or raVa,. tied by a sister ing his protection: Accordingon her brotheearight Wrist, seek7 to mythology, when Lord Indravfas fighting demons or asura4 his wifetied a rakhi asibiswii.04 Brahma Kumari §huklasays, "It was becaUSefof the pOwer of goddess Indrani's rakhi that thegods won the day'? - . :. The Book of Hindu Festivals (UBSPublishers) says, "Raksha- bandhan 'falls in the month ofShravan on Purnima or the day the full moon, according to the of Vikram Sam vat. Accordingto the Christian calendar, this festival fallseither in July or August. Dr Chandra continues,"In ancientHindu India, the royal chap- lain used to tie this threadon the wrist of the king, and all those present in the court including sudras(meaning those who tend cattle). In Buddhist countries suchas Cambodia and Thailand, monks tie Such a thread on the king'swrist. The sister-brother tom took shape in the medieval period cus- sions." because of foreign inva- The History of Dharmasastra(Oriental Research institute, Pune) says the thread is to be tiedon the afternoon of Purnima. In the Konkan and Malabar regions,the Muslims and Parsis offer floWeis and coconuts to thesea." The Encyclopaedia of IndianCulture (Sterling Publishers) "A Rakhi could be sent by says, a maiden to any person addressedas a brother, but in times ofgrave danger it implied immediate help. Mughal emperor Humayunreceived a rakhi fromqueen Karna- vati of Chittor when her kingdomwas invaded, and rushed to her rescue from Bengal (but perhapswas too late to help). Akbar and Jehangir also accepted this practice." . . . The Classical Dictionary of India(Oriental Publishers) Men- tions Colonel Tod's annals ofRajasthan, and the "delicate relationship that this bond established cavaliers of Rajasthan.r between the fair sex andlhe , Brahma Kumari Shukla adds,"Alexander had receiveda rakhi from king Puru (or Porus') wife,Brahmin priests tie rakhis wrists of their yajmans or on the patrons. But who can offer blanketpro- tection except incorporeal God?Meditate on Him through Rajyoga." (Dr Chandra is a PhD in Vedic Studies lands). from Utrecht, the Nether- Kshemendra Upadhyaya

~~EST COPY AVM Ls'LE I-, 38 City to host mangofestival from July 10 EXPRESS NEWS SERVICE NEW DELHI, JULY 8~~

MORE than 550 varieties of mangoes from various parts of the country and abroad would be on display during the three-day 10th Mango Festival which will begin in the Capital from July 10. Addressing a press conference today, Delhi Tourism and Labour Minister S.P. Ratawal said that the high-point of the festival this year would be the emphasis on the cultural traditions revolving around mangoes. This would include folk tales on mangoes (Kisse Aam Ke) by Kissago, folk songs on mangoes by `Kajri', singers from UP and Bihar and a mushaira on mangoes. The festival will also have a culinary contest in which chefs of all the five-star hotels in the city would participate. The chefs would cook on the spot and share the recipes of various mango preparations. The special international stall at the Talkatora stadium would have participants from Pakistan, Mexico, Guatemala, Brazil and some other South American countries. Ratawal added that there would be special stall where farmers can get information on the latest research on growing mangoes. Mang) saplings will be made available to their at nominal prices to encourage farmers to grow mangoes. Pointing out that India was the biggest mango-growing country in the world, Ratawal said that it accounted for about 55 per cent of the total production. Out of the 1,100 sub - varieties of about 41 varieties of mangoes, more than 1,000 were grown in the country.

~~EST COPYAVABLABLE~~

39 . Pongal. ,es'or4 limo/01 Sit 'e In Madurai, Thanjavur, can see an extraordinary bullfight and Tiruchirapalli. There are special foods, where money is tied to the Adventure Travel 25 and . hornsin some of placesthe animals you and young boys pull it off. March throwsHoli.bolizes Very colored tarnishing spirited. water Mainly the old and powder on each other and everythingand beginning the newwearcelebrated your oldest in the north. It's the time when everyone in sight. It sym- clothes. June August toCart see Festival. them When the gods go on off down "Main Street." includes a great "snake" boat racetheir through summer holiday, thousands go to Puri the October/November Dussehra.lagoons.Onam. Kerala's In the harvest fall (October festival; or November), commemorates the destruction of evil by good. It the killing of the bustlingDurgaup:differsdemon Giant Puja,fromKing city. effigies place and RavanaIn Kulu,pandals toare place.by gods Rama (displays) For are andexample,paraded symbolizes on in stuffed with firecrackers and set off. In of traditional scenes bring out the best in specialDelhi palanquins the evil king with literally gets blown Calcutta it's called musical accom- the goddessflickeringDiwali..Verypaniment.scorns of oilthose prosperity, lamps pretty. that (although areEvery not. Lakshmi, reputedly comes to call on lighted homesGifts house,are exchanged; village,the public andmountains public buildings building.,islitof sweets,sometimes mostly; usewith.tinx electricity). Theand December Pushkar.silver-wrapped,ited folk A dancing.fair inappear Rajasthan, in the in November, bazaars:' where there is camel racing and spir-adorned gods from Srirangam's Vaikunta/Ekadasi.Christmas.TempleisIn carriedGoa in andTiruchirapalli. Gift-giving out Kerala, traditionally. Procession where goes on thereof almostbeautifully are largeeverywhere, even among numbers of Christians, the celebration non-Christians. 66 Delhi: Where the Tour Begins .W4h 4V7iNe Seeing the City 67 Sain'sMarketaThere Sweet are Houseovhere Rscountless 25 (834) snack scooter stalls inricksha Delhi, butride a great array of sweetsSnacking and savory in dishes Delhi for the some of the best,from head Connaught Placeand Bhim to Bengali 9,'409 spicyfrom treat. plates, which are not thoroughly washed.) For a few paise you can have a real saie.e/s- (lentilsRsoflike fruit, 45 jewelsand ($1.50) nuts, grains in glassor per seasoned vegetables) generouscases. Settlewith helping,and tamarind) into gulab and slightly a booth and enjoy desserts such as halwajamun (made (cheese balls in rosewater syrup) for less expensive snacks such are displayed as chaat MargPasandDelhi, (Tr stop (meaning 3260376), for refreshment "as where youAfter ownerlike a it"),bargainingat SanjayDelhi's opposite Kapur only session Golcha istea-tasting Delhi's Cinema,at Chandni only tea 15tea Netaji parlor,Chowk,taster. Subhash Choose Aap or any Ki time you're in Old tocustomersetables 10:30pm. or queue:meat) upand for. puffy Anotherhours purls. so famousprized During and equally good are gifts from this shoe. OpenDiwali daily when 7:30am giving.sweetsand samosas (turnovers filled with is a tradition, veg- deliciouslytasting,havefrom 20to cancheckdifferent different sip the and kinds label with tell. of to badamYour tea. make Isown Kashmiri itsure, from taste but Assam, budskahwa Kapur, will Darjeeling, (almond-and-spice with tell youyears you'rethe of Nilgiri experience onto flavored Hills? something You'din tea), tea motorizedBhim Sain's. ricksha in ConnaughtIf you've got a couple dollars and you're area for a 3-kilometer rideRs 20 (664) sweet shop, Nathus, is directly across from in the mood for a little nibble, grab or Rs 25 a finest.ofIcedor teawhen Tea forMany you Holiday.sipping herbalsample or You teas, giftingthe can fragrantsuch laterget as a on. Darjeelingcupchamomile Teas of tea can clonalor and run a neatly mint, upleaves to aredone-up$10 and available per buds 100drawstring that gramsas well.go intoforpacket Open thean geouslythe(834)to best rich knownthe sweet. Anjlika of the Pastry manyFeeling confectioners Shop like a innosh in the center of town? Go to Shah Jahan Road, Ajamul Khan Market, Karol Bagh,here for a piping hot purl notor an far outra- from among shop.andMonday1:45pm, sold throughat 2:30Cottage to Saturday 5:45pm. Industries Teas10am Emporium carrying to 2pm, the (2:30 Janpath) Sancha to 6pm; andlabel tea ITDC's are service, packaged duty-free 10:30am by airportthis toshop RspeoplecartThe 20 Tajnear to make Mahal Rsthe 30 aUnion and point(604 The Serviceto stop$1)Claridges here Commission. wheneverHotels, Most people you can get a lot chaat (grains, lentils with spices) and and stop at the chaat walla'sthey're (snack in the seller's)neighborhood. For about nearby know it, and many strawberry(13. 3324373), tart iswhere or a daintyan entireFor cheese Westernpleasant chocolate sandwich pastries refreshment truffle costs or cake finger Rs incosts 20the sandwiches, (664). centerRs 220 of ($7.33), trytown, Wenger's, it'sand hard a A-16 to beat Connaught tea or coffee Place in littleBombay'sprobably individual a favoritechat throwaway with snack, theThe other bhel-puri mostbowls popular (puffed snack sellers stalls customers. made of bananaoutside leaves. the Indian (Do Oil Building features rice, spiced grains, chutney), served not eat them gardenwithRs assorted 50 at (1.66) the sandwichesImperial to 150 ($3)Hotel, anddepending Janpath cakes on('r what3325332).the Tea you Terrace order. It's pricey, in the though, cool and around leafy 1;7 ai 'or d i/ro 42 LP' ESTCOPYAVABLABLE 43

152 The Tantra.s 153 Q. he Tantric "Full Initiation" C-crenwny, According lu the Kuala School \ : a solemn declaration forHe the should removal ask ofpermission all obstacles of the and spiritual for the Preceptor; then make declareperformIn the three themselves it in ages' all secrecy, this as such,riteWhen and was and, thethus a whethergreatKali attained ageb secret; in Liberation. prevails,the men night then the or thefollowersused day, to of Kula rite' should attainmentheightclothes andand of measuringlongjewels, life,He andThe shouldprosperity, oneinvite guru and dohimshould honourstrength, to performthen to make and the the good guru,with rite. health. earthby presenting him with a half cubits either way in a an altar four fingers in mantra,dofGaneAashould all obstacles. openly withNyasa' offerings,be Addingon initiated. the sixThe. successivelyaccording parts Guru of the toshould, six hisbody long ability should the vowels dayfor be the beforetoperformed, theremoval Mula the initiation, worship shouldlinespictures,beautiful of belamps flags, roomscented fedfruits, painted with withThe and ghee burning roomwithleaves, to reddispelshould andcamphor, earth, stringsall have traces etc., incense-sticks,aof beautiful ofsmalldecorated darkness, bells. ceiling-cloth, with andand lighted with tatedandnoose,eyes, after upon. a doing thelarge elephant-goad, thebelly, three holding-Meditate breath-exercises and in onthe his Gari6a sign lotus-hands oflet as blessing.-1.His Ganektfof the the colour be medi- of vermilion, having three conch, the great drawpowderedofincense, the circlepeacock, and and called ornamented coloured and ThenSarvato-bhadra. mirrors, yellow,each with etc., person fans, red, and fly-whisks,black, shouldthen white,he performshould the and tail withdark feathersthe rice,bluerite preparatory to 7-head- shines theMilkredadornedeirpliaids;-his 'young is raiment, adOrried Moon.with and theWithchecks He hiscoils hasthe body are ofjarthe constantly theisof head smeared wineKing of which ofthe Lathed withservants. King it scentedholds: in of wine He On isointments. His dressedhis body fore- inis beAfterpurifymental either the the worship, of Five-ElementsFive-Elements gold or according silver have withor copperto thebeen his formula own orpurified, earth, ritual, previously shouldthe and jar, then,be whichmentioned. placed should must on worshipped.shouldwith mental be worshipped. offerings,Having andAt the then thus end, the meditated the protective Lotus-seat upon powers itself Ganekt, ofshould the he seat should be be worshipped andonsmearedthe fill it. circle. the jarwith It with should curd, wineHe and be shouldor washedthen water athen vermilionfrom with recite some the three mark Weapon-formulaholy timesshouldplace, the be lettersplaced and of the alphabet, withdivinepreliminaryfood, off(Iings and knowledge wornan)y of ceremony, the hivewith 71\,trditatingAfter, - theand Elements Five-Elements. thethen worshipper entertain on(wine, Ganea meat, Thethe should once Kaulas nextfish, again, perform day, parched) versed hehaving shouldthe in be worshipped aordinary leafypiece branch of pure gold. water,of a Fig-tree,The and mercifulthen etc. throw guru into should the jar then nine place over the mouth of the jar gems or a or with hisawaybathedmakethe birth. sesamum-seednine and a Then,mark Planets,performed likehaving as theand alsohis lowerworshipped gold ordinary the forhalf sixteen the of daily Brahma,destructionan divine ellipse. duties, Mothers,Visnu, he should Siva, lie giveshouldand of all sins from worshipworshippingtwocopper, pieces orof Sivaearthenof Sakti cloth and the plattershouldVisnuHe cloth should it withshouldbe should tied thenfruits beto be ofplacethe andwhite. neck sundried on ofthe the leafy rice.jar. branchesWhen Then a red colour, and in the a gold, silver, 45 EST COPY VA A BLE 410.9 Dll711/ rppui spo0 s,vmui

~~s-atm) pro7 ,a-arlArm, qsaun9 pio7 Food for Thought Lynn Tiede Fulbright 1998 CurriculumProject~~

Indian Food Objective / Aim: For social studies students to list and describe various typical foods of India and to list characteristics of the Indian people which can be inferred based on this investigation of Indian foods and cooking.

Materials: 1. Samples of Indian food.Depending on school restrictions and availability teachers can bring simple samples of various Indians foods such as nan, papadum, paratha, chapati, dal, seasoned rice, vegetable curries, pickles, and desserts such as halwa or typical Indian dry snacks. These can be purchased at Indian groceries, many health food stores, or restaurants or prepared (recipes are included).

~~2. Class copies of a sample restaurant menu~~

~~3. Samples of Indian spices and common ingredients (see attached list).~~

~~4. Cookbook recipes and food articles~~

Vocabulary: vegetarian, non-vegetarian, thali, continental, croissant, fettuccini, canneloni, aerated, buffet, a la carte, kebab, pomfret, ragout, muesli, names of Indian food dishes and spices (see attached list)

Motivation:Students will come into class. Food will be covered under a front table. Depending on resources, food might be arranged in traditional thali style. Discussion will begin by telling class that in today's lesson the class will be traveling to India to learn about the foods people eat. Have students guess what they think might be some Indian foods and suggest that some foods are similar to ours. Indian music could be played during sampling time.

Do Now ( Strategies :1. After several minutes of guessing, distribute a copy of the menu and vocabulary list. Allow students to read it on their own and ask them to listall foods that they see which are similar to ours. Ask them also to list foods that they are not familiar with. Then ask them to pick out different foods that they might like to taste.

2.Distribute small samples of food for tasting. Encourage but don't force students to eat a sample of all items. Explain that this is part of the experience of visiting another country. Have them write names of foods they are sampling and short reactions about eating the food while doing so. Discuss vegetarian and non-vegetarian items defining the vocabulary, and emphasizing that many people are vegetarians in India.

3. Distribute lists of explanations of-foods, ingredients, and spices common in Indian cooking. Pass around egg cartons filled with small samples of some spices. Tell students what spices and ingredients gave certain foods they tasted their particular flavor. Students should be listing names of spices and writing small descriptions and reactions to flavors. Explain that use of spices and ingredients differs from region to region in Indian and that India provides many of these spices to other countries throughout the world.

~~3 4. Ask students to write questions they have about Indian food after having tasted it and to write down what they have learned about Indian people and India based on their foods.~~

~~A discussion of both topics should follow. If students have not noted certain qualities the teacher can list on the board such items as :~~

There are vegetarians and non-vegetarians in India. The people enjoy spicy foods. People have much variety in the types of food they eat. Certain foods that people in America eat are the same as Indian foods. (specific foods should be named). People take lots of time preparing foods.

~~Questions students have about Indian food should be recorded and discussed as time permits.~~

Evaluation: Students will be asked to write a diary entry, pretending they visited an Indian home and were served an Indian dinner. They should tell what they ate and explain what they enjoyed and did not enjoy about the meal. Students should be asked to use a minimun of 10 new vocabulary words. They should also summarize what they learned about their "host" from the food they served and any questions the meal might have brought to their mind about Indian people,

~~50 Indian Foods~~

~~1. Make a list of foods you think Indian people eat.~~

2. As you read the menu from an Indian restaurant and hotel, make two lists. One should be of foods you are familiar with or eat yourself. The other should be of foods you have never tasted or known about.

~~Similar Foods New Foods~~

~~3. As you taste some foods. list their names, describe them, and tell what you experience while eating them. Name of Food Description Reaction~~

~~51 4. As you look at and smell the spices and common ingredients, name them and write a description of them. Then tell which foods you tasted had this spice in them.~~

~~Name of Spice Description Foods Used In~~

~~5. What have you learned about Indian people based on this lesson?~~

~~6. What questions do you still have about Indian food?~~

~~59 Vocabulary~~

~~1. vegetarian-a person who eats a diet made up chiefly of vegetables, grains, fruits, nuts, seeds, and occassionally dairy products such as milk and cheese.~~

~~2. non - vegetarian - a person who eats the above diet with the addition of meat beef, lamb chicken, pork, fish, eggs, and dairy products.~~

3. thalia metal plate on which a type of Indian meal is served. Small portions of many types of food are served in small metal bowls on the plates in a circle, with rice and / or cooked wheat in the center.

~~4. continental something which comes from Europe~~

~~5. croissanta rich crescent shaped roll made of pastry dough~~

~~6. fettuccini- narrow strips of pasta~~

~~7. canneloni -an Italian pasta dish of large stuffed macaroni that is baked and served with a tomato or cream sauce~~

~~8. aerated- carbonated (similar to soda water)~~

~~9. buffet a meal at which guests serve themselves from various dishes displayed on a table or sideboard.~~

~~10. a'la carte ordering with a menu with a separate price for each food dish~~

~~11. kebaba dish of small pieces of meat roasted on skewers~~

~~12. Pomfret -a type of fish~~

~~13. ragout -a thick spicy stew of meat and vegetables~~

~~14. mueslia cereal dish made usually of oatmeal, seeds, dried fruits, and nuts~~

~~53 rift cit?.of'/1,4 Glossary Z110081.5~~

follow, we have used the English terms To makethe recipes accessible and easy to for ingredients.Some Indian terms have become anglicised, however, by common use, and youwill already be familiar with many of those that do appear. Also, if you are shoppingfor ingredients in Indian food stores, you may find thischecklist of Indian names useful.You will find different spellings of translated Indian names on many products.

Grains and Lentils Barley jo Papaya papita Blackyeye beans lobhiya Peaches aaru Chick peas kabuli channa Pears nashpati Corn maki Pineapple ananas Cornflour maki ka atta Pomegranate annar Red kidney beans rajma dal Flour maida Milk Products Flour, gram basin Paneer Indian cheese Flour, millet bajre ka atta Khoyal solidified milk Lentil, red dal Lentil, whole black mah ki dal Lentil, whole green sabat moong ki Nuts hari dal Almond badam Mung beans moong dal Cashew nuts kaju Peas, pink split masoor dal Coconut nariel Peas, yellow split arhar dal Groundnut (peanut) moong-phali Semolina sooji Pistachio pista Vermicelli seviya Spicing and Flavouring Ingredients Fruit Aniseed saunf Apple seb Asafoetida hing Apricot khubani Bay leaf tej patta Banana kela Cardamom, black bari elaichi Fig anjeer Cardamom, green choti elaichi Grapes angoor Chilli mirch Guava amrud Chilli, green hari mairch Mango aam Chili, red lal mirch Orange santra Cinnamon dal chini

5i Cauliflower gobhi Clove laung Celery leaves ajwain ka patta Coriander (cilantro) dhaniya leaves hara Colocasia arbi Coriander (cilantro) Courgette taroi dhaniya Cucumber khira Cumin jeera Curry leaves meedi neemki patti Gourd, bitter karela Gourd, ridge taroi Fenugreek methi Fenugreek leaves methi ka patta Gourd, snack chichinda Mushroom kukar moote orkhumb Garlic lahsun Onion pyaz Ginger adrak Ginger, dry sondh Okra bhindi Peas matar Jaggery (treacle) gur Pepper (bell), green paharimirch Mace javitri Mango powder amchoor or bari mirch Mint hara pudeena Nutmeg jaiphal Potato aloo Onion seeds pyaj ke beej Pumpkin kaddu Oregano seeds ajwain Radish mooli Parsley ajmood ka patta Spinach palak Pomegranate seeds anardana Turnip shalgam Poppy seeds khus-khus Tomato tamatar Raisin/sultana kismish Yam suran Rose water gulab water Saffron kesar Sesame seeds til Tamarind imli Turmeric haldi or haldar Tymol seeds ajwain Vinegar sirka

~~Vegetables Aubergine (eggplant) bengun or baingan Beans sem Beans, French fansi Beetroot (red beet) chuquander Bitter gourd karela Cabbage bandh gobhi Carrot gazar~~

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~~55 4 an Seasoningixt gyres askeci es~~

vegetables cookedin a casserole of meat,poultry or basically a Garam masalaliterally means A curry is spices in a paste. spices to masala - acombination of and grinding avariety of dried and it is madeby roasting lies in the careful 'hot spice', basic art ofIndian cooking flavours. The in the flavourof foods. achieve different to yieldsubtle variations blending ofdifferent spices home will alwayshave at least two or shelves of anysouth Indian of dais and The kitchen podis. Madefrom a variety three instantpowders called mixed with riceand ghee. make a quickinstant meal cooking. seasonings, they are animportant spicein Indian Chilies - bothfresh and dried - the seeds if youprefer a milder the hottest part,so remove oil from the The seeds are after preparingchillies as the flavour. Alwayswash your handsmouth, lips or eyes. if you touch your ingredients, such chili will sting the preparationof other basic This sectionalso includes in the recipes. making your astamarind, for use Indian cuisine, soit is worth Yoghurt is usedextensively in long-life milk, be sterilized, soit is easier to use own. Themilk must first brought to theboil then Fresh milkshould be tablespoonful to which isalready sterile. made the firstbatch, save a allowed to cool.Once you have second one. it in a muslin start the by curdlingmilk and leaving Paneer is Indiancheese, made off the whey. cloth (cheesecloth)to strain

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58 S mbars sambars are the first course in anysouth Indian meal. They Thick and fiery rice and a vegetable accompani- are servedsteaming hot with plain cooked ment. Almost anyvegetable can be used in a sambar. The tart tamarind juice, besides having acooling effect, has the unique property of preserving the vitamins of thevegetables cooked in it. Sambar powder can be bought ready- made in an Indianfood store, or you can make your own from the recipes on pages 14 and15.

Basic Sambar Serves 4 75 g/3 oz/1/2 cup red lentils 15 m1/1 tbsp oil 5 m1/1 tsp mustard seeds o 2.5 m1/1/2 tsp asafoetida 2.5 ml/1/2 tsp fenugreek seeds 2.5 m1/1/2 tsp cumin seeds I dried red chilli. halvede2-3 curry leaves o 2 green chillies. halved 225 g/8 oz mixed vegetables, cubed (radish, onion, potato, aubergine (eggplant), courgette (zucchini), green (bell) pepper etc.) 30 m1/2 tbsp tamarind juice 250 mli8 fl ozil cup water 15 m1/1 tbsp Sambar Powder 2 (page 15) 2.5 ml/1/2 tsp ground turmeric o salto15 m1/1 tbsp rice flour (optional) 30 ml/2 tbsp water (optional)o15 m1/1 tbsp chopped fresh coriander (cilantro) Cook the lentils in boiling water for simmer over a low heat until the about 1 hour until tender then drain vegetables are tender. Stir in the and set aside. Heat the oil and fry the cooked lentils and simmer for 5 mustard seeds, asafoetida, fenugreek minutes. If the sambar needs to be and cumin seeds, red chilli and curry thickened, blend the rice flour with leaves until the mustard seeds start the water, stir it into the pan and sim- crackling. Add the green chillies and mer for a further few minutes. Gar- vegetables and fry for 2 minutes. Add nish with coriander and serve hot the tamarind juice, water, sambar with rice. powder, turmeric and salt, cover and

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5? Seafood fish dishes are morepopular on the coasts of Indiawhere Notsurprisingly, The fish purchasedin India are very different seafood Isreadily available. have been adapted to suit available elsewhere,so these recipes from those fish dishes are oftencooked in mustard oil. Fish species. Bengali this retains the maxi- Westerncooked with skin,bones and head intact, as are often and flavour. mumnutritional value

Serves 4-6 Fish Curry cloves 2 onions, cut intochunks 4 large garlic vinegar 2.5 cm/1 in ginger root,chopped 50 ml/ 2 fl oz, 31/2 fl oz wine cm/2 in pieces o 90 ml, 6tbsp oil 500 gf 18 oz cod orhaddock fillets, cut into 5 Sauce: GO ml /4 tbsp oil 5 m1/1 tsp mustard seeds 1 onion, finely chopped4 cloves4 peppercorns 1.5 cm;'/ in cinnamonstick 2 bay leaves 1 black cardamom pod 5 m1/1 tsp ground roasted cumin5 ml '1 tsp ground turmeric 2.5 ml/1/2 tsp ground red chilli salt225 g/8 oz canned tomatoes 150 m1/1/4 pt /2 cup natural (plain) yoghurt 15 m1/1 tbsp sugar 200 ml /7 fl oz/scant 1 cup water Garnish: 2.5 m1/1/2 tsp garam masala chopped 15 m1/1 tbsp chopped fresh coriander (cilantro) 1 small green chilli, absorbed. Add the yoghurtand sugar Puree the garlic, onions, ginger and and cook again until all theliquid has wine vinegar to a smooth paste in a been absorbed and the oil appearson blender or food processor. Marinate the surface. Add the water,bring to the fish in half the paste for 30 low heat minutes. Reserve the other half for the the boil then simmer over a for 5 minutes. sauce. fry the Make the sauce while the fish is Meanwhile, heat the oil and fish over a medium heat for15 minutes marinating. Heat the oil in a heavy- until light brown, turning onceor based pan and fry the mustard seeds and place until they start crackling. Add the twice. Remove from the pan onion and whole spices and fry until on a serving dish.Pour the sauce over the fish, sprinkle withthe garnish golden brown. Mix in the reserved chapatis, paste and fry for a few minutes until ingredients and serve hot with golden brown. Stir in the ground rice, dal, raita and a beanand potato spices and salt then the tomatoes and dish. cook until all the liquid has been

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58 Since many Indians are vegetarian, cows are not farmed for beef in India. is not eaten by Muslims. reason,HindusIndianalso have cuisine. thenas a areligious cow's'mother' It is usedmilk significance, because byis used.the Muslim when However, so beef a community. mother is notthere as cannot arepopular The some cowfeed as interesting isother a considered baby meataill beti for bi TherePork,However, are whichfew thereIndian was are a introduced by Portuguese settlers few pork recipes,dishes such that as use pork as it Pork Goan Portuguese-style Spicy in India. Serves 8 4 cloves300Marinatedrecipes, ml./1/2 garlic, and pt/11/4 youcrushedBeef can cups aalso 5natural m1/1 adapt (plain)tsp some ground yoghurt traditional cumin a 2.5 lambcm:1 inrecipes, ginger ifroot, minced you choost Serves4 Coorgi15121.5 onionsm1/1 kg/3 Pork tbsplb a pork 250 cumin aml 30 /8 seeds fl a dried red chilies, ground(cilantro)oz/1 cup waterseeds a 10 ml/2 tsp peppercorns 5 m1/1 tsp ground turmeric 450305 m1/2 m1/1g/1 lb tbsp tsp beef, groundchopped cubed cardamom afresh 45 m1/3 coriander a tbsp 5 ml/1 oil(cilantro) atsp 2 groundcloves a salt cloves salt3015 ml m1/1 /2 tbsp tbsp white coriander wine vinegar a 4 boiled potatoes. quartered coriander 250pinch2 onions,nil /8 of fl ground oz/1sliced cup acinnamon 2water green chilies,a 5 m1/1 chopped tsp dried fenugreek leaves withCutpan.stand the the Slice pork for ground 1510into minutesof small chillies.the onions pieces then Leave place and add to and mix in a to theandseeds,andfurther cumin stir seasonpeppercorns into 15 seeds, minutes. the to taste pan.turmeric, and Add withSimmer wine the salt. potatoei Simmervinegar fore leavederlic,Mix cumin,and the to salt,yoghurtmarinate cardamom, spread with overnight. over the cloves, the ginger, meat corian- gar-and water,seconds.namonuntil cover golden. Addand and fenugreek the simmerAdd meat, the forandmarinade chillies, about fry forafen 144 cla and theuntilboil, pork thecover with meat theand is water. simmercooked.Grind Bring for the to1 remaining onions hourwith the vegetables,until heated papadums through. Serveand rice. hot id 44 Aniseed300they m1/1/2 darken. Beef pt;11/4 Add thecups Heatonions natural the and (plain)oil fryand yoghurt fry the o doves 2.5 cm:1 until in ginger hours until the meat is tender. root, ground. Serves Sundia9003015 g/2 mlm1/1 lb/2 pork,tbsp oilgroundchopped or ghee coriander a o5 10m1/1 m1/2 (cilantro) tsp tsp poppy a ground turmeric 10 m112 tsp chili powderseeds Serves 4505 m111cloves g/1 tsplb garlic, beef, ground crushed cubed cinnamon a a 45 5 m1/1ml /3 tbsptsp ground oil cardamom a 2 cloves, ground a 3 large onions, sliced juice26100 onions,bulbs g/4 of 3garlic,oz/2/3 choppedlemons cupchopped a reda salt 2.5 lentils a cm/1 1oil coconut, afor in2 deep-fryingcardamomginger grated (shredded) root, chopped pods Mix2.55 m1/115 m1/1/4 15m1/1 tspm1/1 tsptbspground tbspground chopped ofcoriander theturmeric yoghurtfresh (cilantro) coriander with (cilantro) a salt and pepper a 5 m1,11 tsp ground anise the remaining ingredients except the meric,Place the coriander pork in aand pan chilli with powderthe tur- ed.damom Add separately these to theuntil meatand seas05lightlybn316 witl andnamonthe ginger,leave and to cloves,garlic, marinate rubcardamom,Heat for into the 2 hours.the oil meat andcin- fry the onions until yoghurtuntilandfresh simmer the corianderand meat add gently is to tender.into the for meat.the aboutGarnish remalnlag Cover 1 hourwith and 5 9 meat is tender. Remove the meat and cover.andshredgently pour Bring it. for inHeat about tojust thea littleenough45 boil minutes oil and orwater simmer ghee until to andthe Serveovershapetasteremaining awith hotintolow salt.with ingredientsheatballs. Mixpapadums, until nicely b.ront;gi Deep-fry in together Tice wely; itt lightlyaside.golden. Add brownedRemove the fromonmeat all the andsides. fry Mix until all pan and set a vegetablecoriander dish.and serve hot with rice fry the poppy seeds, lentils and car- 130 curry sauce. BEST COPY AVAILABLE 114 GO oultry is considered moreof a delicacy than in theWest. cookery, chicken This helps to mature the in Indian skinned andmarinated before cooking. It Isusually Chicken dishes are atreat because in Indiathey are spicesthoroughly. expensive. Serves 6-8 Chicken Anniversary (plain) yoghurt Marinade: 150ml, pt/2/3 cup natural wine xinegar o 4cloves garlic 45 m1/3 tbsp chopped o 1 onion,coarsely chopped 23 cm/1 in gingerroot, coarsely masala chilli (optional)5 mlrl tsp garam I small green 1 tsp ground turmeric S m1/1 tsp groundroasted cumin o 5 ml. 23 ml/1/2 tsp groundred chilli salt with a fork I medium chicken.skinned and pricked 30 ml /2 tbsp ghee. melted (shredded) coconut Filling: 30 m1/2 tbsp ghee90 ml 6 tbsp desiccated ISO g/5 oz Khoya (page 19) 150 g/5 oz/1 cup raisins 50 g/2 oz, 1/2 cup cashewnuts, halved SO g/2 ozi1/2 cup blanched almonds,halved SO g/2 oz, 1/2 cup walnuts, chopped 30 m1/2 tbsp sugar 23 m1/1/2 tsp ground cardamom 23 ml/1/2 tsp saffron soaked in 15 rnliltbsp warm milk 13 ml,"' /4 tsp ground cinnamon 1.5 ml 't4 tsp ground mace nutmeg 15 m1/1/4 tsp ground mixed spice 1.5 m1/1/4 tsp grated root, coarselychopped Sauce: 2 cloves garlic, crushed 1.5 cm/1/2 in ginger 60 ml /4 tbsp oil 1 large onion, chopped 45 ml 3 tbsp water o masala IS m1/1 tbsp ground coriander (cilantro) 5 m1/1 tsp garam 2 3 m1/1/2 tsp ground red chilli 2.5 ml ;'tsp ground turmeric salt 15 m1/1 tbsp lemon juice 200 ml. 7 fl oz scant 1 cup water place it on a bakingdish so that the blend the marinade ingredients to a skewers rest on thedish and the chic- smooth paste in a blender or food ken is lifted up. Placeany remaining Processor. Rub the marinade over the marinade in a panand fry off the chicken inside and out and leave to liquid over a highheat. Pour it over marinate for 2 hours. over the melted Push 2 skewers into the chicken and the chicken and pour

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BESTCOPYAVALABLE Veget bles and Vegetarian Dishes hi India, alarge number of people are vegetarian, and Indian soil produces lovely differentvarieties of vegetables. Also, everyone likes to eat a lot of vegetables as itis often too hot to eat meat and meat can be very expensive to buy. There istherefore a vast range of vegetable and vegetarian cooking throughout all the regions, giving ample scope for vegetarian cooking, or wing vegetabledishes with meat courses. Many of the dishes in the Dais chapter are alsovegetarian. Apple Curry Serves 4-6 small cooking (tart) apples a oil for deep-frying 'TS° m111/4 pt/2/3 cup oil or ghee a 5 m1/1 tsp cumin seeds '2 medium onions, chopped a 4 cloves a 4 peppercorns cm/1 in cinnamon stick a 1 black cardamom pod 4 large garlic cloves, chopped a 2.5 cm/1 in ginger root, coarsely chopped 450 m1/3/4 pt/2 cups water 25 g/1 oz /' /4 cup poppy seeds, finely ground 75 g/3 oz/1/4 cup desiccated (shredded) coconut, ground io tsp ground coriander (cilantro) e 5 m1/1 tsp ground turmeric 25 m1/1/2 tsp ground red chillia 2.5 ml/1/2 tsp garam masala Mit 400 g/14 oz canned tomatoes, chopped o 15 m1/1 tbsp lemon juice Garnish: 2.5 ml/1/2 tspgaram masala IS mI /l tbsp choppedfresh coriander (cilantro) a 1 small green chilli, chopped NI the applesand remove the pips Add the coconut and fry for a further ad core witha sharp knife. Prick the few minutes until golden brown. Stir apples all over with a fork then deep- inthe coriander, turmeric,chilli, by in hotoil until golden brown. garam masala, salt and tomatoes and Drain andreserve. fry untilall the liquid has been Heat theoil or ghee in a large heavy- absorbed and the oil appears on the hatedpan and fry the cumin seeds surface of the mixture. Add 45 ml/ 44 lightly browned. onion Add I chopped 3 tbsp of water and fry until itis and the cloves,peppercorns, absorbed. Repeat this twice, then add tiunon and cardamonand fry gen- the remaining water and the lemon ver a mediumheat until golden juice. Bring to the boil, cover and sim- Blend theremaining onion, mer gently for 3 minutes. Pour the ibe garlic,ginger and 30 m1/2 tbsp of sauce into a serving dish and top with INer toa smooth paste ina blender the fried apples. Sprinkle over the "odrocessor. Stir into the pan garnish ingredients and serve hot fry8"Ty tor 5 minutes.Add the poppy with rice and a potato or bean dish. andfryfor 2 minutes.

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EST COPY AVAILABLE Curried Mushrooms,Potatoes and Peas Serves 6 45 ml /3 tbsp oil 1 onion, sliced4 cloves garlic, crushed 2.5 cm/1 in ginger root, grated45 m1/3 tbsp chopped freshcoriander (cilantro) 15 m1/1 tbsp garam masala5 m1/1 tsp ground turmeric 1.5 ml/1/4 tsp chilli powder900 g/2 lb potatoes, quarteredsalt 120 ml /4 fl oz/1/2 cup water900 g/2 lb mushrooms, halvedo 100 g/4 oz peas Heat the oil and fry the onion until three-quarters cooked, stirringocca- browned. Stir in the garlic, ginger and sionally. Add the mushroomsand coriander and fry for 2 minutes. Add peas, cover and cook for 5-8 minutes. the garam masala, turmeric and chill Remove the lid, increase the powder and fry for 1 minute, stirring. heat and cook until three-quarters of theliquid Add the potatoes, salt andwater, has evaporated, stirring bring to the boil, cover and simmer occasionally. Serve hot with rice and lambcurry. for 10 minutes until the potatoesare

Curried Mushrooms withSpinach Serves 6 450 g/1 lb button mushrooms, halved 120 ml /4 fl oz/1/2cup white wine vinegar 45 ml /3 tbsp, clear honey45 ml /3 tbsp oil 2.5 cm/1 in gingerroot, grated450 g/1 lb spinach, chopped 5 m1/1 tsp groundcloves2.5 ml/1/2 tsp chilli powder 1 clove garlic.crushed 2.5 ml /' /2 tsp paprika Mix together the mushrooms, wine the remaining oil and fry theginger vinegar andhoney and leave to mari- for 1 minute. Add the spinach, nate for 1hour. Drain off the liquid. cloves, Heat 30 chill powder and garlic,cover and ml /2 tsp of oil and fry the simmer for 3-4 minutes. Stirin the ginger for 30seconds. Add the mush- mushrooms, sprinkle with paprika rooms and fryfor 3-4 minutes, stir- and simmer, stirring,until well ring, thenremove from the pan. Heat blended.

Okrawith Cumin andGarlic 45 m1/3 Serves 6 tbsp oil 1 onion, chopped 2 green 10 cloves garlic, chopped chillies, chopped5 m1/1 tsp ground turmeric 15 m1/1 tbsp ground cumin 1.5 kg/3 lb okrasalt Heatthe oil !Id chilliesand fry the onion, garlic surface. Stir in the okra and salt,cover until browned. Stir in the and simmer gently for 8-10minutes sautesand cumin and fry for2 until the okra is tender,stirring *ullures untilthe oil appearson the occasionally.

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BEST COPY AVAILABLE Dais and pulses areimportant and the varioustypes of lentil lentil, although they areequally popular among A.,1 cleans vegetarians, in every I'Lres ofprotein for societies in Indiaand are cooked non-vegetarian paratha, vegetables,meat, 7.4etarian and eaten withrice, chapatis, ehold.They are chicken. parts of India.In northernIndia, urud andmethods varyin different ginger andasafoetida. In cooking beans is cookedwith garlic, coconut and jai split black yellow split peas is cooked with India, gramdal with a variety ofvegetables eastern it is popular southern Indians, moong dal moong beans tamarind. Among the westernpart of Indian, sod withtamarind. In with lemon. is prepared pick out anygrit. dais beforecooking and Clean Serves 4-6 with Tamarind Chick Peas overnight chick peas(garbanzos), soaked 500 g/18 oz 2.8 1/5 pts/12 cupswater yellow split peas.cleaned $0g/2 oz/1/2 cup salt bicarbonate of soda(baking soda) ml/1/2 tsp seeds oil or ghee5 m1/1 tsp cumin 75 m1/5 tbsp 2.5 cm/1 inginger root,chopped 3 large clovesgarlic, crushed (cilantro) 10 ml /2 tspground coriander I large onion,finely chopped masala roasted cumin e5 m1/1 tsp garam 5 m1/1 tsp ground red chili turmeric o 2.5ml/1/2 tsp ground ml/1/2 tsp ground tamarind pulp(page 19) tomatoes 10 m1/2 tsp 400 g/14 oz canned coriander (cilantro) Garnish: 30 ml /2 tbspchopped fresh 2.5 ml/1/2 tsp garammasala Ismail green chilli, chopped tomatoes turmeric andchili. Stir in the Place the chick peas, split peas,bicar- all the waterhas been water in a and cook until oil appears onthe bonate of soda, salt andhave a pan absorbed and the tamarind large pan. If you do not top of themixture. Add the gradually. until all theliquid has large enough, add the water pulp and cook cooked Bring to the boil, skimoff any scum Stir in the heat for 1 been absorbed.simmer over amedium and simmer over a medium peas chick peas and until the hour 20 minutes until the chick heat for afurther 20 minutes the are tender. Drain. mixture thickens.Sprinkle with Meanwhile, heat the oil in aheavy- and servehot garnish ingredients potato based pan and fry thecumin seeds with nan,tamarind chutney, Add the garlic, chopped onion,cucumber until lightly browned. fry over a curry and a ginger and onion and and tomatosalad. medium heat until goldenbrown. Stir in the coriander, cumin, garammasala, 245

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841 Chop 1 onion and slice the other. Heat stirring frequently, until 45 ml /3 tbsp of the ghee and fry the peas are tender and slightlythe thic.L, chopped onion until soft and lightly mush"; Meanwhile, heat the remainingghee browned. Stir in the ginger,pepper- and fry the sliced onionuntil corns, turmeric and chick peas and fry and brown. Serve the chick crisp for 3 minutes. Add the stock, bring to nished with the onion. peas gar. the boil, cover and simmer for 1 hour,

Chick Peas with Tomato Serves4 60 ml /4 tbsp ghee e 4 cloves garlic, crushed 3 onions, chopped o 2 green chillies, chopped 5 m1/1 tsp ground turmeric5 m1/1 tsp paprika 15 m1/1 tbsp ground cumin 15 m1/1 tbsp ground coriander (cilantro) 5 m1/1 tsp garam masala5 tomatoes, skinned and chopped 15 m1/1 tbsp chopped fresh mint15 m1/1 tbsp chopped fresh coriander (cilantro) 2 X 450 g/1 lb cans chick peas (garbanzos), drained salt and pepper

Heat the ghee and fry the garlic, cook for 10 minutes, stirring. Add the onions and chillies until lightly brown- chick peas and simmer for 5-10 ed. Add the turmeric, paprika, cumin minutes until the chick peas are well coriander and garam masala and fry coated in the sauce. Season with salt gently for 5 minutes, stirring. Add the and pepper before serving. tomatoes, mint and coriander and

Mixed Dals Serves 4 225 g/8 oz/P/3 cups mixed dais (red lentils, yellowsplit peas, split black beans), 600 m1/1 pt/21/2 cups water. 5 m1/1 tsp groundturmeric salt e 30 ml /2 tsp ghee o pinch of asafoetida 15 m1/1 tbsp finely chopped onion2.5 ml/1/2 tsp cumin seeds 5 m1/1 tsp chilli powder 15 m1/1 tbsp lemon juice

Boil the dais in the water with the tur- chilli powder until golden. Add to the meric for 30 minutes. Stir in a little dais and cook for a further 5 minutes. salt and simmer for a further 10 Sprinkle with lemon juice and serve minutes. Heat the ghee and fry the hot with any main courses. asafoetida, onion, cumin seeds and

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65 ice Dishes India is famous, in particular, The world's greatestrice-producing nation, and basmati riceswhich are producedthere. In the for the long-grain patna lavish biryanis and rice east and south, they consumethe most rice, but originated from thenorthern parts of India. pulao recipes have also before using in therecipes. Always soak, washand drain rice

Serves 4-6 Plain Boiled Rice 250 g/9 oz /l cup patna orbasmati rice tbsp ghee 750 ml.%11/4 pts 3 cupswater o 15 ml I but don't stir. Turnoff the heat and Place the rice, waterand ghee in a pan leave for at least 5minutes before and bring to theboil over a medium serving. Separate thegrains with a heat. Reduce the heatto low, cover the fork and serve hotwith dal, curries, pan and cookfor 15 minutes. If any yoghurt and pickle. water is left, dryit off on a high heat Serves 4 Oven-cooked Rice 225 g.'8 oz/1 cup patna orbasmati rice 1.2 1/2 pts/5 cups water5 ml 1 tsp oil ovenproof dish, minutes then wash pletely. Place in an Soak the rice for 20 cover and cookin a preheated ovenat and drain. Bring thewater to the boil 200°C/400°F/gas mark 6for 5-8 with the oil. Add therice and simmer minutes. Reduce the oventempera- over a mediumheat for 5 minutes, 2 and until the rice is ture to150°C/300°F/gas mark stirring occasionally cook for a further 8minutes untilthe three-quarters cooked.Drain and fluffy. rinse in cold waterthen leave in a rice is cooked and colander for 5 minutesto drain com- Serves4 Aromatic Rice stick 45 ml /3 tbsp ghee o 3onions. sliced 1 cm/ ;'z in cinnamon 3 cardamom pods o 3cloves o 2.5 ml 'viz tspcumin seeds 225 g!8 oz 1 cup long-grainrice, soaked 250 m1:8 fl oz, 1 cup water osalt stirring.Add the onions until fry for 2-3 minutes. boil,cover Heat the ghee and fry the water and salt, bringto the 0 browned. Add the cinnamon,car- about 15 cumin seeds and simmer gently for damom pods, cloves and utes until the riceis cooked. and fry for 1 minute. Addthe rice and

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BESTCOPYAVABLABLE Spiced Rice Serves 4 275 g/10 oz/11/4 cups long-grain rice, soaked45 ml /3 tbsp ghee 2.5 cm /I in cinnamon stick2 bay leaves5 cloves 5 cardamom pods2.5 ml/1/2 tsp cumin seedssalt Drain the rice and leave to stand. Heat to come 2.5 cm/1 in above the level the ghee and fry the whole spices and the rice, bring to the boil, coverand salt for 2 minutes, stirring. Add the simmer gently for 20 minutes. Fluffup rice and stir until well coated in the the rice with a fork before selling. seasoned oil. Add just enough water

Hot Spiced Rice Serves 6 90 m1/6 tbsp oil4 onions, chopped3 cloves garlic, chopped 20 black peppercorns6 cardamom pods4 bay leaves 5 cm/2 in cinnamon stick o 8 cloves15 m1/1 tbsp grated ginger root 30 ml,'2 tbsp garam masala675 g/11/2 lb/3 cups long-grain rice, soaked for 20 minutes. 15 m1/1 tbsp cumin seeds Heat the oil and fry half the onions 21/2 pts/6 cups with water. Add the rice until browned and crisp.Remove and cumin seeds to the pan and fry for from the pan. Add the remaining 4-5 minutes, stirring so that the rice is onions to the pan and fry until golden. coated in the spiced oil. Add the Add the peppercorns, cardamom, bay water, bring to the boil, cover and leaves, cinnamon and cloves and fry simmer gently for about 30 minutes for 1 minute. Add the ginger and fry until the water has been absorbed. for 2 minutes until lightly browned. Separate the grains with a fork and Add the garam masala and stir well. serve garnished with the crispfried Drain the rice, reserving the liquid. onions. Make the soaking liquid up to 1.5 1/ Spicy Sambar Rice Serves 4.6 225 g/8 oz/1 cup long-grain rice o 175 g/6 oz:1 cup red lentils 900 m1/11/2 pts/33/4 cups water 4 onions, sliced 1 green (bell) pepper, diced 1 small aubergine (eggplant), diced 1 potato,diced 2.5 ml,/1/2 tsp ground turmeric 5 m1/1 tsp tamarind concentrate 90 m1/6 tbsp ghee1 small bunch fresh coriander (cilantro),chopped salt Paste: 20 ml /4 tsp oil8 dried red chillies 45 m113 tbsp coriander (cilantro) seeds 15 m1/1 tbsp yellow split peas 2.5 cm/1 in cinnamon stick5 m1/1 tsp poppy seeds5 cloves 2.5 ml /'tsp fenugreek seeds1/2 coconut. grated (shredded) 5 m1.11 tsp asafoetida

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7 Breads andPapadums Wheat breads play an important part in a northern Indian meal menu. There are threebasic types: dry breads suchas chapati, roti and nan; shallow-fried breads such as paratha; and deep-fried bread such as purl. All ofthese breads can be served plain or stuffed. South India's famous breadsare dosa and idli and they are made with lentils and rice. Papadums are available ready-made and areeasy to bake, fry or microwave ready to go with your Indian meal. Although not easy, however, itis possible to make them even if you cannot dry them out in thehot sun.

Nan Makes 8 m1/2 tbsp freshyeast or 5 g/1/4 oz/1 sachet dried yeast 120 m1/4 floz; 1/2 cup warm milk 30 ml /2 tbsp sugar 120 m1/4 fl oz/1/2 cup natural (plain)yoghurt 1 large egg, lightly beaten 45m1/3 tbspoil plus extra for brushingsalt t g/1 lb/4cups plain (all-purpose) flour plus extra for brushing ml /3 tbspwarm water (optional) 15 m1/1 tbsp black onion seeds Dissolvethe yeast in 45 ml /3 tbsp of tie Warm 4 hours until doubled in size. milk. Stir in 5 m1/1 tsp of Punch down the dough and knead it Nat andleave to rest in awarm for 2 minutes until smooth. Divide it te for 10minutes until frothy. ay beat into 8 equal balls and roll out to 20 iRetainingthe yoghurt and add the cm/8 in circles. Brush witha little oil sugar and milk, the egg, 45 and sprinkle with onion seeds. Place 2 :1.1/3 tbspof oil and salt totaste. Stir theyeast mixture breads on greased baking sheets and 44 dough. and flour and mix bake in a preheated oven at 240°C/ Knead for 10-15 minutes 475°C/gas mark 9 for 3 minutes until smooth, usingthe extra water if the bread has puffed and turned 1tZ.3sarYent and dusting with flour to golden brown. Repeat with there- sticking. Cover thedough maining breads. nta a dampcloth and set aside for

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66 Mozzarella and Chicken Makes 8 firathaStuffed with wholewheat flour plus extrafor dusting g 8oz/2 cups m1/8 fl ozi 1 cup warmwater or milk 011.250 boned and cut intopieces fl ozi1/2 cupoil 1 large chicken breast, 11 ozil cupwater 45 ml /3 tbsp oil 250 m1/8 3 cloves garlic. grated 'small onion,finely chopped 1 green chilli, finelychopped sr-Tittv1/4 in gingerroot, finely chopped 1.5 ml1/4 tsp groundcumin z3rnify2 tsp groundcoriander (cilantro) 511/2 oz Mozzarellacheese, grated . Knead the dough for 1 minute, flour, salt, waterand 15 ml/ and roll out to fix the make a dough. Kneadfor divide it into 8 balls I tbsp oil to 15 cm/6 in circles.Spread the chicken until smooth. Coverwith a and sprinkle 10minutes leave to rest for 20 mixture over the circles diunp cloth and with Mozzarella.Fold the breads in &flutes. half, brush with oiland fold in half Cook the chickenin the water with a again to make atriangle. Dust with pinch of salt forabout 15 minutes to make an chop the chicken flour and gently roll out intIl cooked. Finely 18 cm/7 in triangle.Heat a frying pan And set aside. (skillet) over amedium heat and Heat the oil and fry theonion, gar- When the oil is medium brush with a little oil. pc, ginger and chilli over a hot, gently place 1bread in the pan heat until the onion is browned.Stir in minutes. Turn and the coriander and cumin andfry for 1 and fry for 2-3 for brush with a littleoil. Fry for 2-3 minute. Add the chicken and fry minutes until goldenbrown and crisp 2-3 minutes,stirring and mixing Remove from the pan thoroughly. Remove from the heat on both sides. and keep warmwhile you fry the and set aside. remaining paratha.

Makes 12 Chapatis salt 350 gi12 oz, 3 cups wholewheat flourplus more for dusting 15 ml, 1 tbsp oil Bom1/8 fl ozi 1 cup warm milk, water orbuttermilk in diameter. Heat aniron griddle or kix together the flour, salt and milk, high heat water or buttermilk to form a dough. frying pan (skillet) over a then reduce the heat tomedium. Place Place the doughon a flouredsurface hot pan and fryfor and knead in the oil. Knead for 10 1 chapati in the about 30 seconds untilthe top begins 'mutes until smooth then cover with the chapati andfry 1 damp cloth and leave to stand at to puff. Turn over for a further 30-40seconds until the room temperature for 15-20 minutes. Remove from Divide the dough into 12 balls. Coat surface starts to puff. the pan and fry theremaining chapatis each one with flour and flatten to form Serve immediately. a round.Roll out to about 15 cm/6in in the same way.

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BEST COPY AVAILABLE PotatoPapadums makes 14 2.5 ml/1/2 tsp garammasala 250 g'9 oz potatoes black pepper ground red chilli 1.5 ml /1/4 tsp 1.5 ml '1/4 tsp oil for smearing anddeep-frying 1 small plasticbag salt 1 large plasticbag until Place thepapadums on grease's Cook the potatoesin their skins baking trays andplace in the ovet) tender thenpeel andmash them about 30 cm/12in above the pilot in the spicesand 3 days to dry out, tun). thoroughly. Stir Smear light. Leave for divide into 14equal portions. ing them over everyday. When dried, with oil andplace the airtight container. both the bags surface. Roll 1 store in an large bag onthe work serving, heat the oil Ina into a ball,place on Just before (skillet) over a portion of potato bag deep frying pan the plastic, coverwith the other medium-low heat.Gently slip a papa. 10 cm/4 incircle. hot oil and fry for a few and roll it into a again dum into the Remove the smallbag, smear it seconds untillightly browned on both continue to roll outall the hot or at room tempera. with oil and exposed to theair sides. Serve papadums. Leave ture. Do notfry in advanceotherwise for 1 day todry out. the papadumswill go soft.

Makes 8 Spiced LentilPapadums coarsely ground ground 15 black peppercorns, 25 g/ I oz splitblack beans, oz:61/2 tbsp water salt 100 m1/31/2 fl 1.5 ml/1/4 tspground red chilli into 8 equalpor- and slightly then shape Potato Place all theingredients in a pan tions. Roll, dryand fry as medium heat for3 minutes or grill(broil) for cook over a absorbed, Papadums (above), until the waterhas been a fewseconds. Serveimmediately. stirring continuously.Leave to cool

Makes10 Rice Papadums salt rice, groundlarge pinch of 25 g %1 oz 2tbsp long-grain plastic bag 1 large plasticbag 1 small 100 m1/31/2 floz/61/2 tbsp water oil for smearingand deep-frying then absorbed. Leaveto coolslightly ingredients in a pan equal portions.Roll, dry' Combine all the cook for 1 shape into 10 (above). over amedium heat and and fry asPotato Papadums minute until allthe water hasbeen

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BEST COPYAVABLABLE 0 Snacks household, especiallyin the late important partin an Indian are usual. an when days arelong and late suppers and in thesummer a varietyof nibblesand the Indian 'tiffin', includes from her larder.In India, tea, or produce sevand nimkis always of the day, andthe host always e can may visit youat any hour jpd relationsto eat anddrink. fem something

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chopped niis (page 309) 2 boiled potatoes, 353) ISA finely chopped 1/2 cup Sev (page chopped 431/3 tbsp chutney 1 green mango, #01/1 tbsp chopped freshcoriander (cilantro) and garnish sev. Addchutney to taste forage the purls on a plate and top with the mangoand coriander. PA the potatoes and onion then the Serves 4 -latato Puri chopped tuTis (page 309) 3 boiled potatoes, bsp natural (plain) yoghurt salt chutney .-:ltsP chilli powder 15 m1/1 tbsp 5ml 1 tspground cumin ltbsp chopped fresh coriander(cilantro) chilli powderthen a little and make with salt and and %fro, ge thep urison a plate chutney. Garnishwith coriander hole in thecentre of each.Stuff the cumin and serveat once. lotatoes into the purls and sprinkle

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BESTCOPYAVALABLE Vegetable Samosas Serves 8 2.5 cm/1 in ginger root 2 green chillies2 cloves garlic coriander (cilantro) 2.5 ml/1/2 tsp groundturmeric 1.5 m1/1/4 tsp ground 1 onion, sliced 2.5 ml/1/2 tsp groundcumin 15 m1/1 tbsp oil 100 g/4 oz peas100 g/4 oz carrots,chopped 15 m1/1 tbsp water 100 g/4 oz potato,chopped 2.5 ml/1/2 tsp salt juice of 1 lime 2 sprigs freshcoriander (cilantro),chopped 225 g/8 oz/2 cups plain(all-purpose) 100 g/4 oz/1 cupwholewheat flour pinch of salt60 ml /4 tbsp wateroil for deep-frying paste. Heat the enough water to make a soft dough. Grind the spices to a Divide the dough into small balls then oil and fry theonion until browned. and potatoes roll them out into 8cm/3 in circles, Add the peas, carrots Cut in half and shapeinto cones, seal. and fry for 2 minutes.Add the ground and sim- ing the edges togetherwith a little spices, salt and water, cover water. Spoon thevegetable mixture mer until thevegetables are tender absorbed. Add the into the cones andseal the edgts and the water is carefully. Deep-fry inthe hot oil coriander and limejuice. Mix the floursand salt and add until browned.

Serves 6 Moghlai Samosas chopped 450 g/1 lb minced(ground) meat2 large onions, chopped 5 cloves garlic,chopped4 green chillies, 15 m1/1 tbsp ghee 1 bunch freshcoriander (cilantro),chopped 5 m1/1 tsp groundturmeric2.5 ml /' /2 tsp salt plain (all-purpose)flour juice of 1/2 lemon 275 g/10 oz/21/2 cups deep-frying pinch of salt60 m1/4 tbsp wateroil or ghee for but fry in a heavy-based panuntil dry Cook the meat, onions,garlic, chillies, While still hot,pull the coriander, ghee, turmericand salt in a not browned. then cutinto is dry and ten- 2 pieces of pastry apart large pan until the meat 3 cm/11/4 in strips. der. Add the lemonjuice and leave of thepastry Fold the short edge fill to cool. strips over twice toform apocket, Mix the flour andsalt then add then foldthestrip enough water to make astiff dough. this with mince shape, balls then over and overin a triangle Divide into walnut-sized sealing the edgeswith a littlewater. roll out 2 of theballs together into a Deep-fry in the hotoil untilcrisp circle. Brush onecircle with melted hot withchutney. ghee and press theother on top the and brown. Serve roll out the circlesuntil very thin. Dry

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72 Chutneys, Pickles and Relishes No Indian meal is completewithout a pickle and chutney. Theyadd an extra taste to a meal and help toincrease the appetite. There are no special guidelines as to which chutney goeswith which dish, they are all interchangeable according to one's ownpreference. They are served with both snacks and main meals.There are two types of chutney: cooked and uncooked. The former keep verywell in airtight jars like any other preserve, whereas uncooked chutneysshould be eaten within a day or two of making them. Apple Chutney Makes 900 g/2 lb 4 large cloves garlice5 cm 2 in ginger root 250 ml 8 fl oz.'1 cup wine vinegar 800 g lb 31/2 cups sugar seeds from 6 black cardamom podso2.5 ml1/2tsp black peppercorns and grated in long strips 2.5 ml."/2 tsp cloves500 g 18 oz firm apples, peeled 10 ml 2 tsp ground red chilli o 10 ml2 tsp salt Blend the garlic, ginger and 45 ml/ peppercorns and cloves thenadd 3 tbsp of wine vinegar to a smooth them to the pan with the remaining paste in a blender or food processor. ingredients and bring to the boll. Reduce the heat to medium-lowand Heat the remaining wine vinegar in a is heavy-based pan over a medium heat. cook, uncovered, until the mango Add the sugar and boil until the sugar tender and the chutney is thick.Leave has dissolved. Skim off any scum. to cool uncovered then potin clean Coarsely grind the cardamom seeds, screw-top jars. lb Hot Indian Chutney Makes 1 kg12 350 g/12 oz cooking apples, peeled. coredand sliced 225 g./8 oz onions, finely chopped 350 g 12 oz brown sugar 750 m1/11/4 pts/3 cups malt vinegar 225 g 8 oz raisins 2 cloves garlic, crushed e 10 ml 2 tsp salto15 ml."1 tbsp ground ginger 15 m1/1 tbsp mustard seeds o 15 ml 1 tbsp paprika 10 m1'2 tsp coriander (cilantro) seeds. crushed Spoon into Place all the ingredients in a large pan until the chutney is thick. for 2-3 and stir over a gentle heat until the warmed jars, cover and store sugar has dissolved. Bring to the boil months before serving. then simmer gently for about 2 hours

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BEST COPY AVAILABLE Makes about 1 kw2 lb Banana Chutney 50 g/2 oz /' /3 cupraisins 500 g/18 oz bananas,peeled and sliced 50 g/2 oz/1/2 cupstoned dates, chopped cored and chopped 225 g/8 oz cookingapples, peeled, demerara sugar10 m112 tsp ground gingtt 2.5 ml/1/2 tsp salt75 g/3 oz/1/2 cup distilled vinegar pinch of cayenne 150 ml/1/4 pt/2A cup ingredients in a large pan for about 45 minutes until the chutney Place all the is thick and pulpy.Spoon into warmed and stir over a lowheat until the sugar for 2-3 months Bring to the boilthen jars, cover and store has dissolved. before serving. simmer gently,stirring occasionally, Makes 450 g/1 lb Carrot Chutney 450 g/1 lb carrots,grated 1 onion, grated 2.5 cm/1 in gingerroot, finely chopped 45 ml /3 tbspchopped fresh mint juice 7.5 m1/11/2 tsp salt60 ml /4 tbsp lemon add- The chutney willkeep for up to 2 days Mix together allthe ingredients, in the refrigerator. ing just enoughlemon juice to mois- ten. Cover andchill until required. Makes 900 g/2 lb Cauliflower Pickle salt 900 g/2 lb cauliflower,cut into florets 50 g/2 oz mangopowder 15 m1/1 tbspmustard seeds 10 ml /2 tsp groundturmeric 15 m1/1 tbsp chillipowder 90 ml /6 tbspmustard oil 5 ml/1 tsp aniseeds paste the cookedcauliflower in the Cook the cauliflowerin boiling salted marinate for 1day In a tender. Drainand and leave to jars. water until just warm place.Store in airtight leave to cool.Grind togetherthe spices and mustardoil to a paste. Toss Makes about450 m1/3/4pt Green ChilliPickle seeded 225 g/8 oz greenchillies, halved and 5 m1/1 tspgroundturmeric oil 15 m1/1 tbsppaprika 300 ml:1/2 pt/11/4 cups 30 ml/2 tbspsalt 15 m1/1 tbspmustard seeds 15 m1/1 tbspfennel seeds 2-3 dos cloth) and leave tostand for in a dry jar.Warm stirringoccasionally. Place the chillies remain- in a warm place, the lid. the oil slightlythen stir in the Remove the muslinand put on and leave tocool for place for2weeks ing ingredients the chillies and Leave in a cool 10 minutes. Pour over before serving. mix well. Coverwith muslin(cheese- 368

741 Chilli Chutney Makes 150 g/5 oz !bunch fresh coriander (cilantro) 1 bunch fresh mint 6.7 green chillies5 ml, 1 tsp chilli powder m1/1/2 tsp cumin seeds, roasted pinch of asafoetida 10 m1/2 tsp mango powdersaltjuice of 1 lemon Grind together all the ingredients taste with salt. Mix in the lemon juice. except the lemon juice, seasoning to Serve with any main courses.

Coriander Chutney Makes 450 g, 1 lb 1 bunch fresh coriander (cilantro), coarsely chopped I medium onion. coarsely chopped o 1 small green chilli juice of 1 large lemon 2.5 ml/1/2 tsp ground red chilli 2.5 m1/1/2 tsp garam masalasalt

~~Blend all the ingredients to a smooth then store in an airtight jar for up to paste in a blender or food processor 2 weeks.~~

Coriander and Coconut Chutney Makes 200 g/7 oz 100 g/4 oz fresh mint, chopped 100 g/4 oz fresh coriander (cilantro), chopped 1/2 small coconut, grated (shredded) 10 cloves garlic, chopped l -2 green chillies. chopped juice of 1 lemonsalt Grind all the ingredients together, before serving. seasoning to taste with salt. Chill

Coriander and Mint Chutney Serves 4 15 g/1 oz fresh coriander (cilantro) o 15 g/1/2 oz fresh mint leaves 60 ml /4 tbsp lemon juice 5 m1/1 tsp pomegranate seeds mli1/2 tsp garam masala2.5 ml/1/2 tsp ground red chilli I smallgreen chilli 1 large clove garlic 1 onion, coarsely chopped 30 m1/2 tbspwatersalt Blendall the ingredients to a smooth Refrigerate for 1 hour before serving. Paste ina blender or food processor.

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75 DessertsandSweets rich, and many ofthem are milk-based.A small por- Indian desserts are very if possible to finish a meal.Use a non-stick saucepan tion is a delicious way very easily. because some ofthem stick to the pan festival is celebrated important role inIndia. No function or Sweets play an relatives, friends and Sweets are alwaysdistributed among without sweets. marriage takes place, onbirthdays or neighbours whenever achild is born, a to encouragecelebration and bring other celebrations.It is a lovely way people closer together.

Serves 6 Pineapple Salad ml 1 tbsp arrowroot 175 m1/6 fl oz. cuppineapple juice o 15 of kewra or rose water 60 ml '4 tbsp clearhoney o few drops sliced o 2 bananas,sliced 1 pineapple. sliced 2 apples, cored and chopped 30 m1/2 tbsp raisins o30 ml /2 tbsp pine nuts. strawberries 15 m1/1 tbsp lemonjuice o 50 g'2 oz (dairy sour) cream 120 ml.'4 fl oz.1/2cup soured stir in the raisins, juice to a boil. the juice then gently and Bring the pineapple pine nuts and lemonjuice. Cover Mix the arrowrootand honey and stir refrigerate for about 2hours, stirring into the juice. Simmerfor 15 minutes. occasionally. Stir in thestrawberries Add the kewra or rosewater and sim- and serve with adollop ofsoured mer for 3minutes then pourinto a large bowl. Add theprepared fruit to cream. Serves4-6.. Fruit Chat 100 g 4 oz guavas 100 g/4 oz apples 100 g 4 oz pears o 30 ml 2 tbsp lemonjuice 100 g'4 oz seedless grapes o3 bananas masala 15 ml '1 tbsp sugar o 5ml; 1 tsp garam 2.5 ml tsp ground redchilli salt and sent dients, toss togethergently Cut the apple, pear and guavasinto otherfruits 01 the cold. You cansubstitute 2.5 cm/1 in pieces, separate such aspineapple,orange' grapes and slice thebananas. Place in your choice, peach andmelon. a bowl with theremaining ingre- papaya, apricot,

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BESTCOPYAVA LE Aloo Jamun Makes 20 milk powder 225 g/8 oz mashed potatoes50 g/2 oz/1/2 cup full-cream 50 g/2 oz/1/2 cup semolina2.5 ml/1/2 tsp groundcardamom 45 ml /3 tbsp milk oghee and oil for frying 225 g/8 oz/1 cup sugar200 m1/7 fl oz/scant 1 cup water 5 m1/1 tsp rose water milk pow- with a slotted spoon and cool. Mix together the potatoes, Meanwhile, bring the sugar and the der, semolina, cardamomand milk to Cover and leave for 30 water over a mediumheat, stirring a soft dough. Remove minutes. Divide the doughinto 20 por- until the sugar dissolves. tions and roll into sausageshapes. from the heat and add thejamun to the of oil and ghee syrup. Return tothe boil, reduce the Heat equal quantities heat and simmer for 5minutes. Re- and fry the jamun over amedium heat and stir in the rose until golden brown,turning frequen- move from the heat quickly or they water, shaking the panto coat the tly. Do not fry them too hot or cold. will not be cookedthrough. Remove jamun in syrup. Serve Serves 6 Halwa 150 g/6 oz/3/4 cup ghee o150 g/5 oz/1% cups gramflour 150 m1/1/4 pt/2/3 cup water 0150 g/6 oz/3/4 cup sugar oz/3 tbsp flaked almonds 25 g/1 oz/3 tbsppistachios, sliced o 25 g/1 5 m1/1 tsp groundcardamom the gram flour nuts and blendthoroughly. Simmer Heat the ghee and fry until the mixture is thickthen stir in over a low heatfor 5 minutes, stirring Sprinkle with continuously. Add the waterand con- the remaining nuts. tinue to stir until it hasbeen absorbed. cardamom and serve hot. Add the sugar andhalf of each of the Serves 8-10 Beetroot Halwa 225 g/8 oz/1 cup sugar 4 beetroots (redbeets), peeled and diced 60 m1/4 tbsp ghee o50 g/2 oz/1/2 cup raisins m1/1 tsp ground cardamom 50 g/2 oz/1/2 cup cashewnuts, chopped e 5 add the ghee, stirringall the timeuntil Cook the beetroots inboiling water the mash until the halwa is almostsolid. Add until tender. Drain then raisins, nuts and cardamomand spoon smooth. Put the beetrootand sugar in cool. a pan andsimmer over a low heat into a serving dish to until the mixture thickens.Gradually

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7re' Drinks have long and very hot summersand intense heat waves, s of India part in the people's lives. ore soft,cold drinks play an enormous people like to makeand preserve different types of'sharbat', 'dhan- is that one can make them and 'lassi' athome. The reason for this buying them in the shops,and they can be made according to per than sometimes added to the dual taste. Forspecial occasions, alcohol is drinks. India and Sri Lanka are the largest ea is alsosynonymous with India. ucers of fineteas in the world. BlackAssam tea is grown in the foothills is strong, pungent andfull-bodied. Darjeeling, the Himalayas and flavour ativated under snow-cappedmountains, is known for its exquisite acidistinctive aroma. The teas of Nilgiris the Blue Hills in southern India :have a bright, brisk quality withdistinctive flavours. their teas, not In the cooler parts of India,the people often add spices to for flavouring but also to induceheat in the body. Spiced teas are particularly welcome after a satisfyingIndian meal.

Serves 4 Almond Squash 3/g/2oz/1/2 cup blanched almonds, soakedovernight cold milk ice cubes 50m1/8 fl oz/ 1 cup water 150 g/5 oz/ .1/2 cup sugar simmer for Drain the almonds and blend with half Reduce the heat to low and 2 minutes. Cool then chill toice cold. ie water to a smooth paste in a blen- taste and der or food processor. Place the paste To serve, dilute with milk to Ina pan with the remaining water and serve with ice cubes. the sugar and bring to the boil. Serves 4 Cherry Squash g/1 lb cherries450 m1/3/4 pt/2 cups water o225 g/8 oz/1 cup sugar m1/11/2 tsp citric acid 5 m1/1 tsp cherry essence(extract) acid, bring to the boil,skim off any Nit the cherries and water in a large for 5 minutes over a an and bring to the boil. Reduce the scum and simmer medium-low heat. Leaveto cool then Seat and simmer gently for about 15 Dilute with minutes until tender. Cool then rub stir in the cherry essence. trougha sieve and collect thejuice in cold water to taste. a clean pan. Add the sugar and citric

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INDIAN CUISINE If curry is the limit of your knowledge about Indianfood, then you have a lot to learn about one of the most exotic and varied cuisines in theworld. Curry dishes spiced just enough to be interesting can consist of meat, fish, eggs, orvegetables. They are the served with rice or one of India's tasty breads and will taste very different from curry you've had in the Western world. The spices that go intothem will be freshly ground, and no two cooks will make exactly the same mixture of seasonings. 13

There's terrific variety, too, in the way the same dishesare spelled on restaurant menus. But even the most far-out spellings you'll encounter will marchup to the dishes described below and elsewhere in this book. SOUPMulligatawny,a soup with a curry base, is world famous. BREADSChapatis, parathas,andpurlsare Indian breads made of whole-wheat flour, shaped into flat cakes, and grilled, roasted, or sauteed. Another popular bread isnaan,made from white flour and long in shape. Pappadumsare crispy, crackerlike concoctions, seasoned with peppers and anise seed and very tasty withany food. Dosas,thin pancakes made with a rice base and popular in the south,are often stuffed with vegetables, turnover style.Idlis are steamed rice and lentil cakes andare served with chutney and ground spicesa popularbreakfast dish in South India. MAIN COURSES Vindaloois a marinatedmeat dish popular in Goa. Biyani, a dish for special occasions, is made of chickenor lamb with fragrant whole spices and rice, and is garnished with raisins, cashews, almonds, and rose water. a sprinkling of Tandooridefines a method of cooking, something likeour barbecue except in a clay oven. Chicken tandoori isvery popular, and sometimes lamb and this way. fish are cooked Dum Pukht,popular with the old Nawabs, is succulent steamed cookingand is something like the Westerncasserole. Seekh kebabsare skewered pieces of meat broiled over anopen fire. Kebabs are minced pieces of meat,patty shaped, and are filled with chopped pepper, and fresh ginger. onion, green Patrani machli is fish stuffed with chutneyand baked in banana in Bombay. leavespopular ACCOMPANIMENTS Dal, chutney,andraitaare side dishes. Dal will look like soup or gravy to you. It is made of lentils or driedpeas and other ingredients and is served with the main course as a bland partner to othermore highly seasoned foods. Chutneys are made with...fruits or vegetables in a sweet-and-soursauce. Mint and mango chutneys are especially good. Green coriander (Chineseparsley, perhaps better known as cilantro) makesanother delicate chutney. Pickles are also popular andcan be made out of fruits or vegetables. Rairais a yogurt preparation with vegetablesor fruit.Dahiis yogurt and is used to tone downmore spicy foods; it is also used in salads vegetables. and as a marinade for

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79 VEGETABLESCooked vegetables include brinfith (eggplant), Ginndi (okra), and mattar (peas). Vegetarian dishes are especially good in India, prepared with unusual sauces, combined with cheese, and delicately spiced. Rice is also excellent in India and is served many ways, with vegetables, nuts, fruits, and spices. DESSERTS & SWEETSFind is pudding made with rice; barfi is a sweet similar JO fudge; jalebi are pretzel-shaped pastries in sweet syrup; sandesh is a dessert made with milk; and rasgullas is a light dessert made with yogurt. Carrots are disguised at dessert time and come to the table as halwa. India's ice cream is rich and creamy and often filled with chunks of fresh fruit. Any dessert may appear looking very dressy with a coat of thin, edible silver or gold, which is not only pretty but practical, as it is supposed to aid digestion. FRUITS To top off any feast, there are a variety of fruits, some familiar (bananas, apples, incredibly tasty mangoes) and some exotic, such as chikoos (a cross between the fig and the russet apple) or the custard apple, which looks like an artichoke but is not.

DRINKS Indian-grown tea is excellent; coffee,also locally grown, isvery good. Be sure to specify if you want your coffee blackthe Indianway is to mix it with steaming milk before serving it. Local beeris very good and a finepartner to Indian foods. There is a large selection of fruit drinks, of which apple is excellent(but relatively expensive), so too fresh lime and soda. Drink bottledor boiled water to stay on the safe side. You can get bottled water inmost restaurants and in many markets. PAN After a big meal, try pan, an Indian digestive sold by vendorsnear restaurants. This is made of betel nuts and sweet and aromatic spices, all wrappedin crisp betel leaf. Ask for it not too hot. Pan leaves the mouth refreshed,as if you had just brushed your teeth.

BEST COPYAVAILABLE EAKFAST Served between 6 a.m. to 10 a.m. Continental Breakfast .. 175 CHOICE OF FRESH JUICE OR SEASONAL FRESH FRUIT CROISSANT, DANISH PASTRY, MUFFIN OR TOAST WITH BIM ER AND PRESERVES TEA, COFFEE OR HOT CHOCOLATE The Indian Breakfast .. 215 CHOICE OF FRESH JUICE OR SEASONAL FRESH FRUIT STUFFED PARANTHA WITH CURD AND PICKLES OR MASALA DOSA WITH SAMBHAR AND CHUTNEY SWEET, SALTED OR PLAIN LASSI, TEA ORCOFFEE The Trident Breakfast .. 275 CHOICE OF FRESH JUICE OR SEASONAL FRESH FRUIT CROISSANT, DANISH PASTRY, MUFFIN OR TOAST SERVED WITH BUTTER AND PRESERVES CORNFLAKES, CREAM OF WHEAT OR OATMEAL WITH MILK TWO EGGS ANY STYLE WITH HAM, BACONOR SAUSAGES OR PANCAKES WITH MELTED BUTTER AND HONEY TEA, COFFEE OR HOT CHOCOLATE Please Contact Extension 3

~~Taxes as applicable. WE LEVY NO SERVICE CHARGE 3~~

319 WAVAd001,S3 CHOICESEASONALA La CarteOF FRESH FRESHSelection JUICE FRUIT OR .. 75 LUNCHServedServedPANFRIEDInternational between with aPOMFRET12.00 lemonAND Specialities noon butter to WITHDINNER 11.00sauce BEANS p.m.and boiled potatoes .. 325 MUESLICEREALSIndian .. 90WITH MILK OR CREAM .. 90 WithCHICKENServedGRILLED pearl on a onionsKING FORESTIEREtomato FISHand coulis fresh with mushrooms saute spinach .. 275 .. 250 PURIPlain,UTTAPAMMASALA BHAJItomato DOSA or.. 125 onion .. 125 with sambhar and chutney ServedASSORTEDDicedLAMB lamb withSTEW cookedFrench COLD WITH withbread, CUTS SESAME carrots, mustard turnipsBREAD and pickles .. and courgette .. 250 275 withSTUFFEDContinental aloo bhaji PARANTHA or yoghurt .. 125 ToppedFILLETVEGETABLEBreaded with STEAK onion basil WITH ringsANDtomato and CHEESEROSEMARY sauce roast .. vegetables 200 CREPES SAUCE as accompaniments .. 250 TWOservedCROISSANTS,with EGGS ham, with baconTO butter ORDER MUFFINS,or and sausages preserves ..DANISH 125 .. 100 PASTRY OR TOAST withOVENInHOMEMADE a creamy spinach, BAKED cheese capers FETTUCCINI CANNELONI sauce and parmesan with greenALFREDO cheese peas .... 200 200 TEAwithAMERICANMUSHROOMS meltedOR COFFEE butter PANCAKES OR and .. BAKED 60 honey .. BEANS 100 ON TOAST .. 100 UponDAILYServedVEGETABLE fresh with VEGETARIAN market steamed RAGOUT availability rice DISH .. 200 .. 225 isA availablecomplete atBuffet Jacaranda breakfast The includingCoffee Shop Indian between breakfast 6 am to 10 am TaxesPleaseWE asContactLEVY applicable. NO Extension SERVICE 3. CHARGE 82 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 5 83 cookedTenderSEEKHThe Indian mincedon KEBAB a skewer Farelamb, .. flavoured:205 Non-Vegetarian with garlic and TheandCottagePANEER Indian Indian cheese MAHAL spices Fare cubes cooked : KEBABVegetarian marinated in the tandoorwith cumin, .. 225 yoghurt freshlyChickenTANDOORIMURGH ground kebabsmarinated KE TIKKE CHOOZAginger from in theandspiced clay garlic. yoghurt, oven Cooked .. 225 red inpeppers the Tandoor and .. 225 CreamyPALAKservedAnMEHFIL-E-KEBAB assortment sizzling spinach, NOOR-E-NAZAR offrom cornvegetarian the and clay home kebabsoven processed .. for275 two, cottage AAnKEBAB! vegetarianMURGH assortment KHAZANA -E-ZAIKAselection of kebabs is also for two.available .. 295 cheesePINDIaCottageNILGIRI spiced Lightly CHANNA cheeseonion KOFTA flavoured gravy and CURRY RASILAspinach .. with 225 royal dumplings cumin ..served 225 in MASALEDARChickenMURGHwithBoneless dried withchicken KALIfenugreek freshly GOSHT MIRCHin the leavesground traditional CHAMPEN .. pepper225 tomato corns gravy .. 250 CottageMATTARandGinger whole flavoured cheese IndianPANEER and chickspices green DILDAAR peas .. peas 200 cooked with dillwith leaves tomatoes .. 225 MALABARIcookedCuminPomfret andwith incoriander onions aFISH spiced andCURRY flavoured curry, ground served roastspices with lamb .. 250steamed chops rice .. 225 CH.AMANSeasonalMAUSAMVegetableBAZM-E-SHABNAM vegetable KIKI biryani SUBZI DAL of served the day with .. 200 yoghurt .. 225 ServedLambHANDI or with chickenBIRYANI yoghurt cooked .. 250 with aromatic basmati rice. CombinationRoti,ABREADSPlease choice Naan, check of ofFROM PaneerIndian forlentils our THE breadskulcha,delicately selection CLAY from Methi oftempered. OVEN thethe paranthas tandoor,day .. 150 .. 60 WETaxesPlease LEVY asContact applicable NO SERVICEExtension CHARGE3 8 4 6 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 7 GARDENAppetizersROUND SALAD THE .. 80 CLOCK DarkCHOCOLATEDesserts chocolate combined AND MINT with MOUSSEcream and mint .. 150 TOMATOTomato,SALADServed greenNICOISE with AND beans,an MOZZARELLAolive tuna, oil dressing eggs and .. lettuce 125 SALAD salad .. 125 CaramelORANGEAmericanWALNUT custard CREAM cake BROWNIE with with CARAMELa walnutsdelicate bakedflavour to of perfection fresh oranges .. 150 .. 125 VEGETABLEWithMARINATED pepper SPRINGcorns SKEWERED and ROLLS coconut, CHICKEN.. served150 grilled .. 175 Vanilla,ICEAPASTRIES choice CREAMS strawberry, of black forest, chocolate, chocolate mango, and coffeepineapple and ..kesar 100 pista .. 100 VEGETABLESoupsCurriedMULLIGATAWNYwith juliennes lentil BROTH soup of vegetables .. 80 and fresh herbs .. 80 SweetenedBADAMIServedGULAB hot RASMALAImilk JAMUN in dumplingssugar syrup with .. 150 pistachios .. 150 withCREAMAskSOUP yourcheese OF orderOF THE straws CHICKEN taker DAY .. for80 the AND daily SPINACH suggestion .. 80 TaxesWEPlease as LEVY applicable. Contact NO ExtensionSERVICE 3CHARGE ThreeTRIDENTAbacon,Sandwiches vegetarian layers chicken CLUB of toastinterpretation and HOUSEand with egg. Burgers crisp is lettuce, also available tomato, .. 200 chicken,BETWEENAGERMANPlain, giant friedgrilled frankfurter THE egg,HOT or SLICES toastedcripsy DOG with bacon,sandwichmustard tuna, and with tomato a or pickles .. 225 choice of ham, cheese .. 150 86 ChickenBURGERS or Vegetable .. 200 8 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 9 SNACKSServed between 3.00 p.m. to 10.00 p.m. TENDERMILKFRESHBeverages SHAKES COCONUTFRUIT JUICE .. 75 WATER .. 75 .. 60 SMOKEDChickenDRUMSwithFRIED tartare FISH wings OF CASHEWNUTSsauce HEAVENFINGERS with .. 175a tangy hot .. 200garlic salsa .. 175 COLDFRESHSweetLASSI COFFEE or LIMEsalted ....WATER 75 OR SODA .. 60 VEGETABLEinServedPAPRIKA a honey gratinated lemonCHEESE CUTLETS dressingaccompanied TOAST .. 125 with shredded vegetables ICEDTEA,AERATEDMINERAL LEMON COFFEE WATER TEA .. 60 .. 60.. 60 ServedSAMOSAS fried with sprouted beans .. 125 HOT CHOCOLATE .. 75 WETaxesPlease LEVY as applicable. Contact NO SERVICE Extension CHARGE 3 88 io BEST COPY AVAILABLE 11 gq OUR RESTAURANTS

~~JACARANDA The coffee shop~~

BREAKFAST (6.00 a.m. 10.00 a.m.) BUFFET BREAKFAST COMPRISING OF Juices, fruits, cereals, egg, paranthas and South Indian dishes and A' LA CARTE LUNCH (12.30 p.m.3.00 p.m.) CONTINENTAL AND INDIAN BUFFET Selection of soup, salads, maincourse and desserts. and A' LA CARTE DINNER (7.30 p.m.11.00 p.m.) BUFFET DINNER WITH A SELECTION OF soup, salads, maincourse and desserts and A' LA CARTE NARMADA The Indian speciality restaurant DINNER (7.30 p.m. - 11.00 p.m.) Light Indian Classical music daily TRADITIONAL THALI OF THE DAY and A' LA CARTE

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~~I. C'hass Chilled Butter Milk tampered with Coriander served in a metal Glass. Famous in South India. In Bowls from Reft to Light :~~

~~I.Yoghurt~~

~~2. Navrattan Pulao The finest "Basilian" Rice cooked with Dry Fruits and Vegetables. Famous in North India and is of Might,' Origin.~~

~~3. Khasta Bhindi Crisp deep fried Lady Fingers, famous in North West India.~~

~~4. Peeli Dal A mix of yellow lentils, flavoured with turmeric and is famous through out India.~~

~~5. Rogan Josh Tender Lamb pieces cooked with onions and spices. A typical Alughali Dish famous all over Central, Eastern and Western India.~~

~~6. Adak Paneer Cottage Cheese cooked in a smooth spinach gravy. A typical North Indian Dish.~~

~~7. Aloo Anardana Potatoes tampered with dried pomegranate, .famous all over India.~~

~~8. Rice Kheer "Basilian" Rice cooked in reduced and sweetened milk. Famous in North-East and South-West India.~~

~~Placed in the Centre are :~~

~~I. Lasooni Murgh Tikka Tender bite size pieces of Chicken with a hint of Garlic. Famous in Punjab region of India.~~

~~2. Paneer Pudina Tikka Roaled escalopes of Cottage Cheese layered with Fresh Mint. Famous in the Punjab Region of India.~~

~~3. Aloo Kulcha Leavened bread stuffed with potatoes and baked in a Charcoal fired Indian Clay Oven.~~

~~4. Pappadum Crisp lentil crackers, famous all over India.~~

~~We hope you will find the "Thali" up to your expectations. However, in case you would like to have something from the Buffet, you are most welcome to do so.~~

~~"Have A 9V ice Wear"~~

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lima Sharma (centre), Pawan and Renuka Verma regularly sample the legendary Bukhara fare Reena Singh They haveon low all done wooden it. Sat stumps fashionTablesbody, are divas, whether never socialites emptyin India and or abroad. even royalty, Jaiswal,prizestrong fighter who pitch startedMohammed for chef it all Madan Alioff, in was 1979. Lal anddors,dinner fashion 'movie time, otherwise stars,gurus cricket have ambassa toheroes wait withoutpartakentheirport forteethso theirmuch of into kababsfamous as legs a spoon of backs.and lamb burrasor Duganda without so much as a sup- here.sometimeswiththe famous Ginger Daughter in then,Spice vain Chelsea have forGirls, a hadtable .complete has to here. wait,had Hillary Clinton has had a meal itsJaiswal 'beeButproverbial evenstings', to leave. hisgolden couldn't 'butterfly' goose. persuade moves, The res- Chef Thehis Maurya would never give up onetractionsPeshawaripatiently end ofis theto fare sample glassrestaurant served canopy the here. typicalthat at Not the least of Bukhara's at- thewithence,malfork. Bukharadecor, oneYet, they refrain:despite thehave was near-rustic gone Thatthe finger-lickin' near-mini- aback, meal ambi- but at hereJigmeandmore on SingheAkihito thanthe legendaryone Wangchukof Japanmeal,. Murg Crownhave of Bhutan Malaifeasted princesPhillip, the Duke .of Edinburgh, couldcalrarelythreetaurant pricesset lakhempty rakesyou ofa day.despitebackthe in, at fareThe easilyan the here restaurantaverage, astronomi- by (a Rsmeal Rs is ambienceonbakedwherecordons the allandupside theoff is the warmfoodthe downroomalis open is and grilled,tavas. informal kitchencrisped rotisThe awayBukharagersgood. with dirty, And forks makes worthtime andThe and gettingit knives).anorth-west again..(Thepoint their to fin-do frontier cuisine sameBukhara,Raan.Kababs stool, youand perhaps maythe celebrated be even sitting donning Sikandarion theThe next time you visit the satisfiedAsofing people1,200-Rs 450by the giant sighs clappingcackle 1,500 Family after and at pergrabbing theNaan head). sightcacophony and a Andofpiece thethe go- thesometimesgraphswayand tandoor. intodiners to the "Whattake' routinelysample kitchen, backyou food, clickget jostlehome here, photo-hot their and off lebritiesarycooksthat as Maurya upthe who is, list Sheraton's by haveof now,international visited as Bukharalegend- it ever ce- derBukhara,CertainlyMughalthe Murgh same the BillMalai the more bibGates by-now Kababs, astender didthe famous whilethan. theMicrosoft Mut- ten-there. Daal the750people,of whiffnovel perthe offamous plate,experience foreignerscharcoal-grilled itSikandari is apparentof especially, going food,Raan abso- that and at love Rs facewriterpiecesrotis at theand Pawan of Bukhara. kababs,art," Verma,says areAnd, bureaucrat- alla despitefamiliar virtual complaints inter- whenBukhara's1977.since it turns Comingthe restaurant all big ofup birthday21 on yearsAugust opened bash,old. 12 inisOver the years, Bukhara has itsoffamouspudinaton Bruneiway, Burra parathastakers.would who,and the haveifIncluding money havemelt-in-the-mouth loved had couldthe to several Sultantrans- have pacityeryopenedtuallutely 21stampede native:There has years as morea modestago. when than Theused the40-coverdoubled, seating torestaurant be a with eat-vir-ca- nightthewhatmittently teaming afterit used that night crowdstothe perhapsbe quality 21 that years isn'tbest turn quiteago,sum up 03 byfirstremained everybody opened. as popularIt whohas been is as a when some-visited it toport his the home restaurant, country. chefs, et al, back Another person who made a kinder.swimmingextra tables Reservations pool being when laid theoutare weather besidea must the atis of appetisingupBukhara. the overwhelming flavours that pull waft of theout Happy Birthday! BESTCPYAVALABLE -Traditional Cuisine 'PURABI DASGUPTA

Marwari cuisine goes back to the Rathor rulers of a faraway region in Rajasthan, and is basically dry in character. But make no mistake, it's food that beats the heat and makes you equal to the challenges of extreme climate

NDIAN cuisine has been the happy hunting ground of gourmets and epicures down the ages. And why not, because in all probability there isn't another country with such a mind-boggling variety of cooking styles and eating habits. This write-up is the first of a new series that endeavours to take readers across the length and breadth of the Indian sub-continent on a breathtaking hunt for food that is both traditional and exotic. And, above all, easy to prepare at home. We raise the curtain with rfood from Marwar, that faraway region in Rajasthan. The historian in you might well prompt you to call it food from "the region of death" because Traditional Marwari thali Marwar derives from Marusthali, which means a land that has cooking styles came to Marwar in the wake Saffron in Calcutta serves an authentic C-- gone dry and where there is no life. But of the invasion of Shihabuddin, the King of Marwari thali and Chef Sanjeev Takyar has2 light up the gas, or stoke that oven, because Ghor. Anyway, the basic characteristic of turned out these three dishes. You might co Marwari cuisine goes back to the Rathor Marwari food is its dryness, which goes have noticed how stuffy it's been of late, for rulers of Marwar. The Rathors called with the spirit of the dry region. But make all that it's supposed to be the monsoon. themselves the "children of the sun" and no mistake, it's food that keeps you cool and Remember, this food's supposed to beat the some of them believed they were born out of makes you equal to the challenges of heat. the "rahat" or spine of the god Indra. Marwar's extreme climate. The Rathor sovereignty terminated around Apart from Marwari kitchen cupboards in Kadi Pakodi: Make a very thick, fluffy the 12th century but the influence of the homes away from home, from where recipes batter with 150 gm of basm a pinch ofZ) cuisine continued, even though new are downloaded by the day, The Park's ajtvain, another of ping, 50 gm of sugar,

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C I water and salt to taste. Heat oil in a saucepan and then over a medium flame fry small pakodas, drain and keep aside. Now beat '150 gm of yoghurt very smoothly :Ind reserve. Heat pure ghee in a wok and add a few pinches of whole jeera, 15 curry pattas and two whole red chillis. Stir in all he spices well and when the crackle, add a half- teaspoon each of garlic and ginger paste, a quarter-teaspoon af red chilli powder, half a teaspoon of haldi powder and the same of jeera powder. Allow to cook before adding the beaten yoghurt, folding in well and Kadi Pakodi [Wowing to boil. Dilute 10 gm of busan with water and add to the yoghurt mix, with salt to taste. You could, if you prefer, add more dried red chilli. Now put in [he pakodas and cook till soft and spongy. Before serving, sprinkle with chopped coriander. Best with missi roti.

Missi Roti: Make a dough with 250 gm of besan, half a teaspoon lrjeura powder, the same of . ajwain, red chilli powder and ginger paste. The dough should be very dry and a little stiff. Reserve in a plate and cover with a moist cloth for half an hour. Divide the dough into eight balls of equal size. Roll each into small, thick roundels (about two inches in diameter). Oria hot iron taiva, roast these besan rotis slowly so that they're properly cooked. Heat ghee in a kadai and Karela Kalonji deep fry the roasted rotis. Drain and serve Lotith kadi pakodi and karela gourd) into small pieces. Wash all the ginger and garlic paste. Cook for some kalonji. vegetables and pat dry. Heat ghee in a kadai time before adding one medium chopped and deep fry all the vegetables, drain and tomato, cooking for a further two minutes. Karela Kalonji: Select a long baingan reserve in a bowl. Temper kalonji (black Now add the fried vegetables, mixing in (brinjal) and cut into two-inch pieces. Cut cumin) in the ghee, allowing it to crackle, well. Season with salt. Before serving,

150. gin of fingers). into . . stir.in one finely chopped onion. Saute till 'sprinkle over with.finely choppFd... medium sized pieces and two. karelas (bittergolden brown. Add half a teaspoon each of coriander. 3 G EATING OUT

HANDI-FULS OFDELIGHT TEXT BY BEHRAM CONTRACTOR Ifyou wanttoeatbarn handiMohalla. The Bohrisare goo, PHOTOGRAPHS BY NOSHIR DESAI (literally, food from 12 pots), youtrenchermen, they love their food, an have to be at Valibhai Payawala's they eat meaty breakfasts. By the tim Thebarahandiwalasofshop at 6 o' clock in the morning. Make you reach Valibhai Payawala, the sho it 6.30, if you are a late riser. The shopwill be full and the handis half empt, Mohammed Ali Road, theis in the inner city, the Muslim quarterThey come after the morning prayers Muslim quarter of Bombay,of Bombay, and, within the Muslimthe nearby mosque, first pray to Allal serve a culinary delight. quarter,theBohriquarter,Bohri then pate (stomach) pooja. It is a peculiar shop, the cookin is done at the entrance. But that is 1Middle East custom, you see the foo before you enter the shop and eati ): MAR BAT .4. And there are a few goats tied outside i the lane, so you see your food even in it tOSE zi4 -- . ir,: 2,-1 440 unprocessed state. 1111NI 310 G .....C.5.6r...:' ).':::13.---,---,,- ,------r.-_-,- 33-1310 :00 z2tt +4;64 The food is cooked all night, i (NUS ....--00-, --A 4p.- ....ty::( OANGO T .iu 6,1 Id-I IJI ir,-._ - 41 12 handis sunk in the ground, their lic tip .,,.,, ,, ,..,..-1--:- 340 C24( ' try,sealed with flour dough, to ensure th WNEAPPLE i---,-..-p-.` :,..,----,..---- ,---z--.-4.---,...:=,----,, ...-, Ck ../E: DRANGE------i,....---..,:-,-.----ap--_,,- ;,.... c ,- steam does not escape. And it is cooke 2, .(..,.,..' ..-,-- - -;._;----- 44 FRLSH ...... ! on slow coal fires, various meats in the -..,-----.: ._-, .....--_ ...... zoo MiK KALAKNATTA own juices, and some lentils. za i, 211 4t4 ..,-7.-t::::,,,1::).LT:t-1_, I ..,.,--i ( LEMON 3'15-6 Valibhai Payawala is one SHIKANJBEEN!'3 - 3.15 some half-dozen eating establishmen BEL in the city that do handi cooking. The] ,7?--__-,.:),-,11),(..5,..1fi ,-1 ANAR ,-,..,...... 741 f,L are bara (12) handis, dus (10) hand BADAM a 741 and saat(7) handis. They are ..a, (escs.,L.4.23' 1( -7---. , 74f,,,, situated within a half mile of or .; 08/ AA 1 ; !- another in a stretch extending fro, Minara Masjid, through Bhendi Baza to Nagpada. I do not know them all, bi there is Mohammed Khan Rotiwall the Nagdevi Stree Hancliwallaar. Suratwalla, among others. If I have chosen Valibhai, it because they are my friends, the establishment 100 years old. The san shop, the same business, the same foc over100years.Therewastl grandfather, Haji Mohammed Han who started what was then known the bhatiyarkhana, then father, Hz Vali Mohammed and now the sons. Thy arefourbrothers, one of them doctor, practising in suburban Kml thoughduringthemonthofti Ramazan, he isat the shop intl nights to help out. The unique thing about han cooking is that it is practised in oth cities too. Youfind the same cookie methods in Mughal Delhi, Nawa ABOVE: Ajmeri sherbetwalla at Bohri Mohalla. Bara handis at Wibhai Payawala. Lucknow, Nizami Hyderabad.

94 BEST COPY AVALABLE ... 4....., ,...,.....,.,...,,,,,,...... F.....:e. A.;..,,, zi,,....1 , ...., For his favourite customers, thehandiwalla puts a spoonful ofmarrow on the top of the handi food. Ofcourse, he charges them extra, after all, it is business. Don't forgetto get your lamba pau from outside.

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melt if put next to the fire. This is I best thing on offer. For his favour customers,the handiwallaputs spoonful of marrow on the top of t other handi food. Of course, he charE them extra, after all, it is business. 1 which handi do you choose to eat froi That is a problem. The best thing to is to ask for a bhel, which is a lit of each, with the marrow to top it. Ai don't forgetto get your lamba fromoutside.The breadmansi outside the shop with his lamba pan, has a touch of sourness about it and taste of wood smoke, having been bake in wooden ovens, which prolifera around Null Bazar. You may also hi tandoori roti from a rotiwallathri shops down the lane. So let's go to 45, Guzer Street and The restaurant is open throL4 try the bara handi. One of thethe day, but it is not handi food. It brothers is sitting on the platformmore regular food, with bhuna gosh where the handis are buried. Withaand dal gosht and rice. ladle, he takes out meats and gravies to But the real pleasure is whE filltiffin-carriers for the takeaways,the handis are unsealed, in the ear. plates for those eating in the restaurant. morning, between 5 a.m and 5.30 a.rn Two of the handis have payas (trotters),the earlier the better. Or in the month one beef and the other mutton, the meat Ramazan, when the faithfuls break the sticking to the bone like gelatine. Usefast after sunset. The handiwallas ope TOP:Rich, meaty gravies, your hands, though you will be given aafter the evening prayers andth each made with a different part of spoon, take the hone to the mouth andtraditional consumption of palm clat the animal.ABOVE:Typical diners at suck the juices, hang it a littleon theand fruits, and all night the streets ar Valibhai Payawala. RICHT. Lambapan plate to shake out the marrow. It is good crowded with people and food is serve breadman next to Valibhai's. manners. Another handi contains topa, from the handis. or tupa, the meat around the neck of The streets then take 011 the animal, what fancier people calldifferent air, entire families arrive o salami. This meat, with the full night'ssingle scooters, boys play cricket in th cooking in its own juices, has become lanes,the handiwallas closethei particularly tender, you can cut it with shutters periodicallyto allow peopl, the edge of a spoon. Next, pichota, the inside to finish their food before takin, rump of the animal and the tail,it isa freshlotin. And all aroundth, meat and bones, not as good as thehandiwalla, kababs are grilled in the topa, but also in demand. open, liver and brain are fried on thi You may have suka, dry meat, spot, the Ajmeri sherbetwalla mixes hi: with gravy from another handi, andto sherbets and the Taj Mahal ice crean get away from meat, there is the handishop, 110 years old, doesroarini withharisha,threelentilsmixed business selling hand-made custarc together with chick-pea flour, hesan,apple ice cream. and milk. And there is a handi witha For a barn handi breakfast rich soup, guaranteed toremove thevisit Valibhai Payawala, Bori Mtihalla cold from your nose and chest. A couple45, Guzer Street, Bombay-400 003 of handis are not buried in the clay but Tel: 346 6404.

~~96 BEST COPY AVAOLABLE 99 Oak~~

-10,06 - FOODLORE POTS AND BELLIES Ask any Gujju (endearment for a Gujarati) howfrom the Brahmin priestly class in the temple kitchens. The lifeis treating him, and chances are he will say,kitchen in a Gujju home a spotlessly maintained one at "Bas, maja ma," just great, I'm having fun. Andthatis the maharaj's domain. The maharaj himself follows a there is one important factor that contributes largely to his scrupulous code of personal cleanliness. It is only after a bath state of well-being. Whatever else he may specify in hisin the early hours of the morning that he enters the kitchen, matrimonialadvertisementintheSundaymorningclad in a clean dhoti-kurta. The kitchen is swept clean papers 'wheatish complexion,fivefeetthree,no numerous times a day and footwear is not permitted inside. spectacles, non-Manglik, Lohana/Jain,' the one requirement There is a clear pecking order between nasto and that dwarfs allthe restis those two words that holdfarsan. While both are delicious nibblies, nasto comprises the key to marital bliss: 'home-loving'. Inshort, shenibblies eaten for breakfast and is strictly Nibbly Junior, must be a great cook, else poor Ms. PhotoReturnable while farsan is Nibbly Senior. And with a distinctly higher can apply at the next encircled box number! t.s.i (tummy space index). Nasto includes sev, gathia, chevdo AndGujaratiwives andbhooso,which means seldom get away with giving sawdust, and is a mixture of all their husbands heaving thalis, The Gujaratis were among the of the above. While chevdo is meal platters, for millions of made of beaten rice, spices lunches and dinners over a earliest settlers of Bombay. They and peanuts, sev and gathia lifetimethey must be able to largely migrated in the 17th century come in a number of varieties. make a variety of interesting when the British permitted freedom They areessentially made in-betweens too. Namely, totrade.Theirsingle-minded fromadoughofbesan nasto and farsan. Nasto means (chickpea flour) with various breakfast and farsan has, in business instinct was tempered by combinations of spices that fact, long been promoted from only one other characteristic; their isforcedthroughsuitable an in-between to a part of a passion for food. They lived in presses directly into boiling full-fledged meal itself. self-contained residential complexes, oil. Nonetheless, they assume Now, I'm not a Gujju different avatars every time. wife. But ifI were to look the hub of which was the community Sev consists of delicate yellow at it purelyobjectively, kitchen. Their cooks, whom they brittlesquiggles, Bhavnagari it would seem as if gathia is thicker and call maharajs, the same word for cylindrical, papri is wafer-like, theGujju'ssingle-minded a business instinct is somewhat emperors,were specialised while fafdaisafoot-long tempered by thefactthat community. Over the years, these wavy, crunchy strip. Each of he is a connoisseur of food, community kitchens evolved into these is parcelled into or at the very least, a plain, farsan mandals thatsellfinger- newspaper cones at Bombay's unabashed foodie. And innumerablefarsanshops this applies equally to the licking goodies. and tasteterrific with fried suave, French-speaking Gujju Bhavnagari fiki mirch (mild diamond dealer in Brussels, greenchillies)whichare TEXT BY MEENAKSHI SHEDDE to theAmerican-drawling packed in separate cones. motel-keeper inFlorida, to PHOTOGRAPHS BY NEELESH KALE & Farsan has a little more thenondescript, dhoti-clad SAM BAILEY gravitas, not to mention besan ledger-keeper in Jhaveri and stuffingsofallsorts. Bazaar in Bombay. What links People have been known to these globe-girdling Gujjusistheirpassion for food.totter away weakly after a meal entirelyof farsan, too stuffed And so, enter the maharaj. to proceed to the other courses. Theseconsist of khaman You've got to hand it to the Gujjus. They are the onlydhokla, khandvi, bhajia, methi muthia, kachori, samosa, patra race, so far as we know, who call their cooks maharajs, the and more. Khaman dhokla is a fluffy, steamed savourytopped same word they use for emperors. (They certainly seem tooff with chonk (seasoning); khandui is akind of buttermilk and paratha: methi have their priorities in life right!). Maharaj is a term for anbesan-based roll; thepla is a dense, spicy eminent person and was traditionally used for cooks who were muthia is a shallow-fried fistfulof batter with fenugreek

~~Sitree Jain Mobilo &ma), Marine Drive. CLOCKWISE FROM LEFT:Preparation of hot-selling items bhel, patra, khandvi and papri at the~~

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EST C rAt caterers who ran these kitchens, set up shop on their own,the last 25 years."Itis run by a trustthat employs sometimes in league with their erstwhile bosses. middle-class, Gujarati women who are illiterate and are not The kitchen attached to the community halls wereencouraged to get regular jobs outside the home. They make busy only during weddings and festivities, so maharajseverything themselves, except puris for the pani puris and the started to make other goodies for which they could securesev, which we leave to the maharajs, as they arerather orders all the year round. For a while they seemed to be understrenuous to make," says their president, SushilabenDalal; threatas joint familiesinthe wadis dispersed andThe women make khakras, theplas,sev,chevda, chakri community kitchens came under attack from popular tastes (made from rice flour) which can last a week or more, as well and enticements from far-flung regions, from South Indianas fresh items that must be consumed the sameday like dosas to Bengali rasgullas to Chinese noodles. khandvi, patra, handvo, dahi wada, khaman dhokla and But with unerring instinct, the maharajs only put upghogra, a kind of kachori stuffed with corn and peas. They their antennae. Those attached to families got more ambitious. also make papads, masalas and chutneys. Busy as beavers, They worked for two or three households at a time and took on they sometimes accept farsan made by some of their freelance assignments. The sharpest ones branched out intowomen at their own homes but the demand is too great to themorelucrative farsan take on home deliveries. business full time. And their Traditionally, maharajs clientele has long crossed the The profession of the maharaj, are Brahmins and orthodox boundaries of the Gujarati Brahmins do not trade or cross community. Appetites don't cook, is largely handed down over the kalapani, as the oceans care for geography. Thus while generations. Maharaj is a term for surrounding India were once there are a few well-known aneminentperson.Originally, called. But any number of farsan and sweet shops like maharajswereBrahmincooks maharajs have migratedto the Jain Mahila Samaj near settle with Indian families theMarineDriveflyover, attached to community kitchens. He abroad. Some have travelled Gogo's behind Wilson College enters his kitchen only after an early round the world from offChowpatty,theShree morning bath and prayers. Dressed Europe to Japan, and their Hanuman Mishthan Bhandar in a clean dhoti-kurta, hygiene is a dhoti-kurtas have given way to atWalkeshwar andAmrit safari suits and ties. Bhog on Napean Sea Road, way of life. The floor is sweptclean But perhaps some of there are innumerable farsan many times a day and footwear is the most dramatic changes in shops all over Bombay. not permitted inside the kitchen. the maharaj's routine have This includes hugely been at home. Nathu popular ones in the suburbs, Combined with his culinary skills Maharaj Fatehpunvala whose just outside Ma lad station and ishisshrewd businessinstinct. reputation was built on dalbati Borivali station on the west Weatheringsocialchange,the churma and kaju katli, now where, apart from the regular sharpest ones branched out into the undertakes catering as well, clientele,theyhave the and his menu is somwhat consistent patronage of lucrative farsan business full time. terrifying inits range.Itis picnickers heading for Manori Some have migrated with Gujarati a preview of the menuof andGoraibeaches.The families abroad, and their dhoti- the global village by 2000. You can seetheculinary old-fashioned tin boxes and kurta has given way to safari suits. serving measures have been vengeance with whichhis replaced with gleaming, humblekachorianddahi glass-fronteddisplayswith wadanowrubshoulders local halogenlamps,andthe not just with chutney-on-a-leaf must now be slurped from plastic pouches,johnny-come-latelys like "Tiranga Wada", butmultinational but the staff will still let loose the occasional loud, longparvenues like "Coin Pizza, AmericanChopsi, Manistroni Banana and contented burp. Soup,VegetableKelaloni,SpannijBolonize, Spannij Pai and Vegetable Ploratian."not to mention Indeed, many farsan businesses now have regular desserts like home deliveries as housewives prefer to order them fresh "Woldrop Salad". He does not even spare "Fruit Jelly Trifyal" and "Baker Peayer". every week. Other housewives get together to make the farsan, Shree Hartman as they have been doing at the popular Jain Mahila Samaj for Fatehpunvala, the proprietor of

SESTCOPYAVABLABLE 86 105 Mishthan Bhandar, who hails from a family ofRajasthani businessmen in the Shri Venkateshwar Mandir Complex at cooks, chucked up his 'service' with a salaryof Rs.50 aNarayan Wadi on Khadilkar Road in Bhuleshwar. Today, it month and started to make ladoos in a space hebought inwelcomes donations from other communities as well. BabaBhagwandas'akhada(wrestlingground) in It employs only Rajasthan; maharajs who live in but Walkeshwar around 1970. Today he estimates that hegives jobstoother people from other communities, earns Rs.1,00,000 amonth on farsan alone from fourin departments other than cooking. People donate their outlets in Bombay, not counting the catering and homeservices to the trust, thereby reducing their costs. The trust deliveries. He has preferred to steer clear of pre-packaged prepares a select list of items. retailing as "it would take away the freshness of the The emphasis is on quality ingredients, purity, flavour," he says. Even as his son and daughter-in-lawhygienic preparation in the trust's kitchen and reasonable take on his mantle, the old man has sethis sights prices. It charges fixed rates for everything, whether you buy elsewhere;setting up watersportsinthedesertsofa quarter kilo or 500 kilos. Rajasthan. For Fatehpurwala,itseems, the profits from During Diwali, the trust prepares mohan thal and farsan are no big deal. They are just in-betweens. kopra pack. Mohan thalispart of the traditional bhog offered to Lord Krishna. Jain Mahila 'Wanda' Thetrustusesthe Just off V.P. Road, as you profits made by the sale of approach Sikka Nagar, is the sweetsandsavouriesto Jain Mahila Mandal which was finance drinking water established by the Kathiawad fountains and provide medical community of Saurashtra in assistance to the needy, from 1979. The ladies employed any community. They have follow recipes provided by the already established drinking mandal and prepare all the water fountains at Kalbadevi, food in the mandal's kitchen. Bori BunderandJuhu. Only during the Diwali Every Thursday, bhajans are season,themandalalso organised in Zaveri Bazar and employs maharajs to help cope inJanuaryeveryyear,a with the large orders that come melaisheldin Malad to pouring in for festive sweets. mark the death anniversary of The Jain Mahila Pandit Ganeshji. mandal makes a huge variety "We don't sub-contract of dry farsan, snacks and or take items prepared by mithai. They are particularly other caterers," says Dwarka famous for their kaju purl and PrasadBadetia,managing winter sweets such as sukhdi trustee. "Every item that we made with jaggery, wholewheat make is absolutely genuine; flour and ghee. Sukhdi is a for instance, our kaju katli is nourishing sweet that is also made only from cashewnuts given to those convalescing --4111111r7 andsugar. No mawa, no from an illness. While peanuts. And yet, it is priced the mandalitself does at just Rs.190 per kg., while not exportitsproducts, other places charge at least individual businessmen buy Rs.260 per kg." theminbulkforexport. Their Kathiawari-style mango pickles, theplas, papads andMatrusamaj Udhyog Graha masalas are very popular. They also take orders for picnicEstablished over 40 years ago by Ahmedabadi Jains and lunches and dinner parties, providing not just snacks butMaharashtrians, Matrusamaj Udhyog Graha is part of the puris, rotlis, shaak (vegetable dish), shrikhand and pulao. Vishwavatsaliya Prayojit Sangh. The Udhyog Graha is a `ladies only' affair but it employs both Maharashtrian and Pararnhansji Shri Ganeshji Pandit Memorial TrustGujarati women. The items produced by them are sold only Over 28 years ago, this trust was founded by Marwari through their own retail outlets; one is near Madhav Baug,

~~TOP: A variety of savoury chevdos, mixtures of differently shaped squiggles of spicy;fried chickpea flour, an all-time snack.~~

BESTCPYAVALBLE 87 10 Bhuleshwar, and the other is near the Kothari Hospitalwho do the cooking are paid on a weekly basis, depending in the C. P. Tank area. upon the number of hours they have worked and the amount While sukha nasto (dryfarsan) is available through the they have prepared. Other persons employed by the Udhyog day and is held over for the next day, items such as khandvi, Graha are paid on a monthly basis. khatta dhokla, handvo, purls, chapattis and bhakri are sold before sunset on the day they are prepared, as perTrupti Jaintradition. A seasonal vegetable dishisavailableLocated in Sikka Nagar on V.P. Road, Trupti is a shop four days a week and a katol (lentils or pulses) is on thethat is a perfect example of how the Gujaratis have adapted menu, on the other two days. to the changing food preferences. Today,itoffers both "Every ladyspecialisesinthepreparationoftraditional nasto, farsan and savouries as well as exotic sweets certain items and those are always assigned to her", explainsthat are an inspired fusion of Continental and Indian cuisine. Ekta Trivecli who manages the Udhyog Graha's kitchens. The younger generationhastakenover.Says 80-year-old Shantaben has been cooking for the Udhyog20-something Ripulbhai, a computer wizkid and dedicated Graha right since its inception and whatever she preparesfoodie, "My grandfather had a small shop where our present tastes as good today as it has outlet stands. That was over 30 always done, all these years. years ago. When he became Savitaben is another veteran, The authentic Gujju will reveal the paralysed, he leased out the famous for her kaju katli, shop as he could no longer run churma ladoo and bajra wada. delicious guide to eating farsans. it. My father gave up his TheUdhyogGraha For instance, the Gujarati kachori studies at 16 and took over the kitchen prepares everything in or the fafda must be eaten with shop. My grandmother would traditional metal utensils and jalebis if you have a sweet tooth, or wake up as early as 3 a.m. to uses only charcoal sigris for get fresh milk from the nearby cooking. No non-stick,no chilli bhajias if you have a hot one. dairy and she would prepare electric hot plates, no gas Dal moth chivda must be eaten with a variety of sweets which my stoves! No wonder their food the sweet surti ghari and saatha. father would decorate and stillretains all the original Khaman dhokla is often eaten with open shop at 7 a.m." flavour, texture and aroma. Fromsellinghome- DuringDiwali,the aaniras (mango pulp). And dhoklas made malai pedhas,barfis, shops are open from 7.30 a.m. and dudhpaks are as star-crossed icehalwa,karachi halwa, right upto 10 p.m. Certain as Montagues and Capulets and Gujaratisweets and some sweets are made in pure ghee. farsan items, Trupti gradually Their popular items include ne'er the twain shall meet, though and methodically expanded samosas,kachori,khakra, adhokla may happilydatea to include a staggering variety pickles, jalebi and saatha, a shrikhand. There are also regional of dryfarsan, snacks, sweet made with flour, specialities Jamnagari khasta, savouries and mithai, as well sugar and ghee, topped with as dry fruits, nuts andeven pistachios. sutarfeniand salempakfrom Calcutta supari. An entire floor houses Khambat, bajra rotlo and tal sankhli But despite its thepicklebusiness.The from Saurashtra, ghari and ghevar spectacular growth, onething the Udhyog Graha makes various from Surat, Bhavnagari gathia... hasneverchanged: kinds of mango pickle, lime impeccablequality,purity pickle and dalaa pickle which and standardsofhygiene is eaten with bajra rotloin that it takespride in summer. Dalaa isa tender, upholding. Trupti now has two green stalk; it is pickled with finely ground fenugreek seeds, factories, one opposite the shop and another in the vicinity of salt and groundnut oil. Pickles and khakra made by theBhuleshwar. It has successfully innovated and introduced Udhyog Graha are also bought by people going abroad whereitems such as paneer dhokla: hazelnut dip,made from they are justly famous for their quality and authenticity. Californian hazelnuts and freshly ground cocoabeans; "orange The Udhyog Graha caters to parties and weddings.plaza', a magical blend of juicy orange segmentsand rich. Apart from the vegetable of the day, it prepares the famousdairy cream, cupped in an orange half; ithas even added vegetable dish undhiya during the winter months. The ladies Belgian moulded chocolates to itsrepertoire! churma ladoos, savoury kachoris. CLOCKWISE FROM LEFT:The Matrusamaj Udhyog Graha at Bhuleshwar; sweet and chilli pickles, wheat flour

88 107 BEST COPY &AtBLE 0 Before you place an order for a party or wedding,easily if rolled into the usual round disc. So we roll it into the Trupti representative comes over to your house with squares and fold it, before frying. We use only puregroundnut a basket of freshly made sweetsand savouries, so thatoil, ghee or vanaspati.If any of our items get spoilt you can taste the items beforeordering them. Trupti alsoor do not come up to the customer'sexpectation, we supplies, on order, special low-fat, low calorie Bengali takeitback and refundthe money. Butthathas sweets. For those who are diabetic orweight-conscious, never happened. Our dry farsan staysfresh for upto a Trupti has conjured up the aptly named, 'sugarless'a uniquemonth if it is stored correctly." mixof Omanidates,crisplyroastedalmonds and Payal Griha Udhyog concentrates on dry farsan and pistachios. Its clientele cuts across all income groups; fromsnacks as they are easy to pack and transport by train from the middle class to the business tycoons and industrialists,Virar to customers in Napean Sea Road, Walkeshwar, from orthodox families to liberal yuppies abroad. Chowpatty and other areas in South Bombay. "Every WednesdayandSunday,"saysShah,"wecover Payal Griha Udhyog approximately 25 customers. Once a customer has tried and This is a small but well-knit consortium of three Gujarati liked our farsan, repeat orders come automatically." maharajs, assisted by a team of 22 women. Payal Griha Other Farsan and Mithai Udhyog has its kitchen and Shops in Bombay office in the far-flung suburb Chheda Stores, Ridge Rd., of Virar (East) but it briskly Malabar Hill, Bombay6. Deepak Stores, Walkeshwar caters tofarsan lovers of all communities, all over Rd., Malabar Hill, Bombay6. Camy Wafer Company, August South Bombay. Sunil Shah, one of the Kranti Marg, Near Gowalia maharajs, came to Bombay Tank, Bombay36. Go Go Snacks, Behind Wilson from Ahmedabad,as a 16-year-old, to join his cousin College, Chowpatty, Bombay 7. who had set up the business. Mishty Bela, Walkeshwar Rd., They are known as the khakra Bombay 6. specialists and apart from (Very pricy but lots of variety. supplying all kinds of khakra Also does eggless cakes and (pure ghee, fat-free, methi pot kulfi. Famous for their khakra, etc.), dry farsan and hand-churned ice-cream). Amrit Bhog, Napean Sea Rd., savouries,theyalsotake orders for home-made papads Bombay6. Ketna, Tel: which are obtained from their Malti and counterparts in Ahmedabad. 382 8486/382 2186. Payal Griha Udhyog does not Nila Mehta 24-A, Napean make any sweets or mithai, not Sea Rd., Near Contemporary even against orders. Every Arts and Crafts, Tel: 361 7023. Saturday, they phone their Om Creations Trust, Arland George V. regulars and deliver orders on Kendra,King Memorial, Dr. E. Moses Rd., WednesdaysandSundays. They accept both big and Bombay-11. Sunila Ahya, Tel: 492 7902. smallordersforevenas little as 200 gm. Apart from Priti Shah, Tel: 807 5355. supplying various items to caterers and shops. PayalGriha The maharajs who have set up their own units supply both dry Udhyog gets huge orders from people goingabroadfarsan and snacks such as dhokla, khandvi and samosas tc who buy the farsan for their relatives and friends.Everythingprovision stores and grocers all over the city. In addition is prepared, packed and labelled with great care.Farsithere are those who have their kitchens in the suburbs an puri is an appetising crunchie made from adough ofdeliver daily to different clients in the city. The start out inthe bags flour and ghee, flavoured with cummin. morning with a bagful of goodies and return with empty "It is a delicate puri," says Sunil Shah, "and breaksand their clients' orders for the next delivery. 0 preparation. TOP: Steamed dhoklas, freshly prepared. To be eaten with acoriander-chilli chutney. Borrom: Handvo, a baked lentil flour

~~90 109 BESTCOPYAVAllLABLE Food for Thought Lynn Tiede Fulbright 1998 CurriculumProject~~

~~Meeting the Basic Needs~~

Objective IAim:For social studies students to list various political and economic problems and successes India is experiencing related to food availability, prices, and quality so that they can write a letter on this topic to their U.S. senator or Representative, United States Ambassador to India or India's United Nations representatives.

~~Materials :1. Copies of News paper articles on these topics (included in this lesson plan)~~

~~2. Addresses of U.S. Embassy in India, United Nations Mission to India, local U.S. Senator or Congressman~~

Vocabulary: In this lesson students in each cooperative learning group should be selected to act as a vocabulary person. This person will look up words the group encounters in it's particular articles and research that all group members do not know. The following words might be made into an additional vocabulary list. ration, exports, imports, political, economic, government, necessities, cooperative, overpopulation

Motivation: 1. Ask students to write a list of basic necessities they need to survive each day. Discuss their lists after 5 minutes of time to work on their own. Students should have listed air, water, food, shelter, Er perhaps love or family.

2. Ask students to write down how these needs are met in their life, who provides them, and how they are provided. Discuss their answers, and guide them to list such things as "my parents work and purchase food and our shelter" "the government makes sure we have water as long as my parents pay taxes and their bills" "Air just exists because we have plants and trees that give out oxygen" "I was born into a family that cares for me and gives me love"

3. Ask students what problems or catastrophes might interfere with receiving these necessities. Discuss their answers and list such factors as losing a job (poverty) not getting an education in order to receive a paying job, getting injured so you can't work or can't breathe or eat properly, war, natural disasters or bad weather, drought, damaged buildings or water pipes due to fire or other accidents, pollution in air or water, robbery, overpopulation, governmental and economic instability or problems (lack of jobs or benefits being offered).

4. Ask students if they have ever been without their basic needs If they have not, ask them to imagine and write what they think it would be like. After a short discussion, explain that class will be studying why and how some Indians have been without two of these basic needs - foodErwater and how they have solved some of problems related to those needs. Students will also learn about ways that India has provided other nations with solutions when they have lacked basic needs.

110 Do Now/ Strategies: 1. Divide class into groups of 4 5 students. Give each group one newspaper article and or cartoons and advertisements about food or water not being properly accessible to citizens in India or other nations. Attention should be given to the difficulty of each newspaper article. Students with stronger reading skills should have articles that require this.

2. Give students a chart to fill in information regarding the article. Students should determine what basic need was not available, explain why it was not available, tell how the government of India was dealing with it, other interesting facts, and how they think the government could or should handle the problem. Students should be allowed to work on this research for the remainder of the period.

Possible Topics to Cover, news articles are provided: 1. Dairy Production The Amul Story 2. Rising cost of VegetablesIndia's Hottest Political Issue: The Price of Onions 3. Exports of Rice Er Spices"Rice Traders Plan to Boost Sales Er Europe, Russia To Boost Rice Exports, Spice Exports Drop Sharply" and information on India's export crops 4. Closing of Ration Shops Price War: "Ration shops quoting market rates to be shut" 5. U.S. and agricultural sanctions -"U.S. Dilutes curbs as farm lobby turns the Screw" 6. Water pollution and water borne disease problems advertisements and "Contaminated Water claims lives" 7. Plastics and contamination of food and air; "Should we put plastic in the bag?" 8. Hunger I Food Production Er Population Growth Various statistics and "Plan to fight spectre of starvation deaths in Kalahandi"."Feeding Scheme to continue in Kalahandi" and information on Green Revolution, population growth, and overcrowded cities. 9. Genetically engineered crops "IIHR developing disease-resistant vegetable crops" 10. "Terminator gene threatens food security in India" 11. High yielding Durum Wheat "Promising drum wheat for Karnataka" and articles on Agriculture. 12. Need for assistance to farmers "MP CM, Farmers in thousands court arrest"

Evaluation : Homework for this evening could be the included reading and worksheet on the Green Revolution in India. Permission for reproducing the text should be obtained from Permission's Department,Harcourt Brace and Jovanovich, Publishers, 8th Floor, Orlando, Florida 32887.

~~1I. Meeting the Basic Needs~~

Day 2 Students should exchange research by presenting the information to their classmates. All students will fill in the rest of the chart as information is given about each article. The teacher should guide and review answers after the lesson.

After the charts are filled in, students should then discuss and complete evaluation part of worksheet and answer the following questions that appear on the worksheet. They can do this individually or in groups depending on the nature or your students. Students should be told to which government official they should write a letter. An equal number of letters should go to each person.:

1. What basic needs do some people in India not always have filled? 2. What are the main reasons these needs are not filled? 3. How are other countries trying to help or how have they helped? 4. Are any other countries causing these people to be without these necessities? 5. How is India helping other countries to fill their basic needs? 6. Write a business letter to your Senator or Congressman, the United States Ambassador to India or to the United Nations Representatives to India. Explain what you have learned about certain basic needs not being met for all people in India. Ask for more information, how the United States is involved with these problems, and how you might help. You might also make suggestions for solving the problems if you have them.

Guidance will need to be given to make sure students write business letter in the appropriate form and that letters are mailed to appropriate parties. Several drafts of the letter may have to be written.

112 Meeting Basic Needs: Problems and Successes TitleFill ofin Articlethe following information about your newspaper article after reading it: Topic of Article affectedBasic Need Whose need not met Why need not met 460e/elfievo4efeciHow Indian Government solutionYour group's Other Factslearned you about India Problem for India or Success? 113 114 After filling in the chart your group should answer the following questions. Your homework will be question #5.

1. What basic needs do some people in India not always have filled? 2. What are the main reasons these needs are not filled? 3. How are other countries trying to help or how have they helped? 4. Are any other countries involved with the lack of these necessities in India? Explain. 5. How is India helping other countries to fill their basic needs? What crops do they export? 5. Write a business letter to the United States Ambassador to India or to the United Nations Representatives to India. Explain what you have learned about certain basic needs not being met for all people in India. Ask for more information, how the United States is involved with these problems, and how you might help. You might also make suggestions for solving the problems if you have them.

~~Senator Chuck Schumer US. Senate The Congress Building Washington, D.C. 20500~~

~~Congressman Charles Rangel Adam Clayton Powell State Office Building Suite 737 163 West 125th Street New York, NY 10027~~

~~India Consulate General 3 East 64th Street New York, NY 10021~~

~~U.S. Ambassador to India American Embassy Shantipath, Chanakyapuri New Delhi 110 001 India The eimtv/ 6/-0111~~

Thisunfairsystem be asked to buy milk bred widespread from the union. in farmer discontent. The Kaira district, as farmers appealed toWhen the elsewhereinIndia, Sardar Patel, a greatGovernmentturned derived his income, leader of India's down the demand, almost entirely, from Freedom Movement, Kaira farmers seasonal crops. for help. Sardar Patel organised a milk to strike. The incomefrom advised them milk was paltry and market the milk could not be through a For 15 days not a depended upon. The co-operative of theirdrop of milk was old to mainbuyerswere own. the traders. The Bombay Milk milk traders of Scheme was badly Poison Ltd - a He sent histrusted privately-owned deputy, the late Shri affected.TheMilk company which Morarji Desai, to Commissioner of Bombay visited enjoyed the organise the farmers. monopoly for supply At a meeting held atAnand, assessed the of milk from Kaira to Samarkha village. on situation and decided to concede the Government's January 4,1946,it farmers' Bombay Milk was resolvedthatto the demand. Scheme. milk co-operative societies would be Thus was born the Amttl The farmers of Kaira organised ineach Vtig District were thus at village of Kaira Kaira District ` ltAKA:11,71 Co-operative Milk Aito. IS themercyofthe District to collect nAW b.t6, milk traders who milk from the Producers' Union could dictate the producers and Ltd., Anand.It was priceasthey had federated into a formally registered nowhere else to districtunion.The on December 14, turn. Government should 1946.

~~The Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union Ltd 118~~

BEST COPY AVAILABLE farmersthere were just a fewIn the beginningsupplying technicalColomboZealandGovernment underPlan, of New andthe assistance 400numbermilkabout farmersa day.250 increased Soonlitres and the to of to waspowderRs.5-mprovidedmanufacture i I Iand ionby FAO, milk a planned. factory butter The quantityWithlitreshandled a growth day. rose to came 5000 of milk PresidentPrasad,byfoundation was laid Dr the of Rajendra India, then fe Milkandproblems.is Scheme Milk could yield higher in the Bombay winter, OctoberonNehru,Pandit1954, 31, November theandJawaharlal 1955, then 15,on Dr Rajendra Prasad raid the foundation stone A tofarmersmilknotmilk absorb were the forced extra sell to offered. the traders surplus The at claredPrime it open. Minister, de- setveryprocessled low to the rates. the decision This to up a plant surplus to Withfrommilk financial powder.into butter and UNICEF, help ?he powder The Kaira District Co-operative Milk assistanceProducers' Union from Ltd the plant Exposure to various confidence and co-operative villagesco-operatives of Kaira in arethe The milk visiteffect.havemoderninsemination an technologieseducational centres Those who artificial whostatuscreatedstudiesanimals. look haveafterIndependent shown for a women better the greaterdairyingleadingrural there developmentchance to is the of a changes.desirousowncontributing way to variousin their social familypregnancy,learnmessages the facts about planningbecome and centthatinthe as of rural highthe income householdsas 48 per of Kaira District is empowermentpoor and the of lowly. the towithtionsDemocratic the yearly are Management taking elections root tradi- villagerscattlefeedeasierlessons to grasp. At the in nutrition. absorb plant dairying.derivedtheirmade a Anddifference it has to standard from of Committee.valuetheyawaremembers also of of electing their Farmer- learn rights; the become acceptancehavevaccinationpreventiveSimilarly led to ofgreater cattle the of status.livingdemonstratedAmul and their social thathas ersWhenright from people. milk diverse produc- so- children.Milkvaccinationhave created co-operatives more in employfarmers'useprofessionals, societies can of modern make and cialcollectiondaytogethergroups twice every and economicat the centre, come milk jobsbeneficiariesKaira pressingand incomes have in no Villages. need The to toharnesstechnology, thewithoutserve agro-system. market forces To their endsdisturbing onolddown.begin barriers inequalitiesto basedbreak addedMilkmigrate to towns. income a new has isbecontractUnder a small producer no disadvantage. the social of .1n The tiaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union Ltd 120 co-

~~.121BETALP FICSSII311 1~~

Gujarat that co-operatives on team and the cooperatives Government's Rajkot theAnand Pattern workers of the pro- establishedin170 The Kaira District Dairy (which is now shouldbe setupject area invariably milksheds, with a Co-operative Milkbeing managed by throughout thestarted with a train-total membership of Producers' Union the District country. The ingprogramme at 8.9 million farmers. National DairyAnand. was a pioneer. And itCo-operative Union) Similar co-operatives anddairiesofthe Development Board was successful. Thus The creation of more are being established to be Mehsana District(NDDB) was thus set it came 'Anands' was foroilseedcultiva- Co-operative Milk up in Anand in regarded as a model. recommended under tors, fruit and Producers' Union Ltd 1965. NDDB drew With this recognition World Bank projects vegetable farmers larger up the programme came and of the Baroda Karnataka, andforsmall-scale District Co-operative 'Operation Flood' to in responsibilities. Madhya Pradesh and salt makers and tree Milk Producers' replicate the Anand milk Rajasthanalso. In growers. When Union Ltd. were Pattern in several these projects as producersinother among the projectsmilksheds of the districtsofGujarat country. The imple-well, Kaira Union executed with Kaira served as a "live la- started their technical mentation of the pro- Union's boratory" and NDDB co-operatives, they help. The Kaira grammestarted in as the 'multiplier'. turned to Kaira Union also started a 1970-71. Heavy Union for help andtrainingprogramme reliance was placed The Anand Pattern of guidance. They drewfor dairy and animalon the expertise ofco-operative dairying on Anand's husbandry the Kaira Union. is now being experience in project personnel. replicated inall the and planning In each area NDDB States and Union execution. In 1964,thethen deployed a spear- TerritoriesofIndia. The Ahmedabad Prime Ministerofhead team consistingBy March 31, 1995, Municipal Dairy India,thelateLal ofspecialists who therewere69875 (which has been Bahadur Shastri, were fullyvillage dairy takenover by thevisited Anand toconversant with the Gujarat Dairyinaugurate the Anand Pattern. The Development Union's cattlefeed liaison between the Corporation), the plant. He desired NDDB spearhead

~~The Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union Ltd~~

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~~Dairy Farming in India~~

India is often described as a land of contrasts. Nowhere in this vastland of 970 million people is this more true thanin dairy farming. Thepressure of population ensures that the land remains the property ofmillions of farmers whoown plots which are tiny by world standards.There is, in addition,a sizeable population of labourers who work on the land butwho do not ownany. The size of the population also makes itnecessary that the land is used togrow food crops for the growing needs of the people,not merely because their numberscontinue to grow but because their economic conditionis improving and theycan afford better and more food.

This clearly means thatvery little land can be diverted to thegrowing of fodder for cattle. Cattle therefore have to makedo with the residues leftover after food crops have been grown namely, straw, rice polish,bran and de-oiled groundnut (peanut) cake and cereal concentrate. Notfor the Indiancow or buffalo those acres of green carpet that is the privilege of cattlein New Zealand, Europe and elsewhere. Each dairy animal thereforetypically producesno more than three or four litres of milk a day. But since thecattle is fed onlycrop residues, the levels of energy efficiencies achieved wouldbe impossible in a developedworld dairy setting.

According to Food Outlook 1997 produced by the Food andAgricultural Organisation of the United Nations, Indiais the largest producerof milk in the world along with the United States atthe end of 1997 witha total production of 70.8 million tonnes. It is expectedto overtake the US andgo on to produce 74 million tonnes in 1998. How has thisbeen accomplished?

The dairy industry in India suffered from all possible disadvantages,save one, when India became independentin 1947. India, almost aloneamong non- European cultures,isa milk drinking nation.This, coupled witha large population, ensured a constant andgrowing demand for milk. But theeconomic policies then being followed hadensured that the production ofmilk languished at less than 20 million tonnes andwas falling. The best cattlewas taken to the cities to meet the demand for milkand when they went dry theywere either slaughtered or abandoned. Thiswas responsible for eroding alarmingly the genetic potential of dairy cattle in thecountry. Farmers in the villages, involved in dairying as an occupation,were compelled to sell milk to middle men at derisory prices because thegovernment had given them the monopoly of purchasing the milk. Producingmilk also involved high risk because it could not keep beyond three hours inIndia's tropical climate. The result was evident in the falling production of milk.

123 In this worsening scenario the farmers of one district, Khedain Gujarat, decided to seek the advice and help of one of India's greatestmen - Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel who later became Deputy Prime Minister ofindependent India. He suggested to them that the only way they couldsave themselves was to form a dairy cooperative and sell the milk directly to the marketsinstead of through the middlemen route. Forming a cooperative offered itsown difficulties. Here was an illiterate farming community being told to form a moderncooperative and market their milk in one of India's most modern and sophisticatedcities - Bombay. It also met with opposition from all quartersfrom the British Indian government's Milk Commissioner in Bombay to the local privatelyowned dairy in Kheda, to the middlemen that it employed.

The cooperative struggled against allodds for years- and it survived, and eventually it thrived. By 1965this cooperative calling itself AMUL(meaning priceless) but also an acronym for AnandMilk Union Limited, had acquireda name for itself as the best run and most moderndairy cooperative in the country. It provided fortified fodder for thecattle of its members and veterinaryservices on a 24 hour basis.It offered artificial inseminationfacilities using the best breeds to improve the dairy potentialof the farmer's cattle and it bought all the milk that the farmer produced at fairprices all year round. It sold the pasteurised and treated milk in the big cities and itregularly distributed profits to its members over and above the good prices it paid each daytwice a day to them.

In 1965 the Prime Minister of India,then on a visit to the district decidedthat the example of Amul could be replicatedall over the country. This resultedin the setting up of the National DairyDevelopment Board whichwas given the primary task of replicating the Amul experience,in what came to be called theAnand Pattern of Dairy Cooperatives, allover India.

The plan, called Operation Flood,was to initially build four metropolitan dairies one for each of India's biggest cities andto develop twenty seven cooperative dairying areas- termed milksheds - in ten states. The European Economic Community then playeda pivotal rolein ensuring that the Anand pattern replication plan wenton to succeed. It donated milk powder andbutter oil to India. This was reconstituted into liquid milk and sold in the metropolitan markets. The money, generatedfrom the sale of the gift commodities,was then used to set up the four dairies.In the second phase helpcame from both the EC and the World Bank. Thishelped set up a national milk gridwhich ensured that major cities all over thecountry received their milk supplies by rail and road tankers from places oftenas far as 2000 kilometres away. The third phase expanded the effort madeto embrace the entire country. Today thereare 9.7 million farmers whoare members of 75,000 village dairy cooperatives societies each of which is affiliatedto 170 district level cooperatives which in turnare part of a federal cooperativemarketing structure at the level of each state within the country. There are 22 state levelfederations which offer dairy and other

12'4 products in competition in the open market among themselves and with the private dairy sector that runs side by side. The industry as a whole today produces enough milk and milk products to ensure that the country imports virtually no dairy products.

While the vast population makes for a per capita consumption of milk which is still rather low the fact that there are none of the severe shortages which were endemic only two decades ago, goes to suggest that the strategy followed by India to make itself self sufficient in dairy and dairy products has paid off handsomely. From a total production of 20 million tonnes in 1970 the production has gone up to more than 70 million tonnes in these last twenty five years or so. This means that even if the price of milk is calculated at just Rs 10,000 ($ 250) per tonne something like Rs 50,000 crores more($125 billion) is today flowing back into the rural economy each year to directly benefit the poorest of India's farmers than it did in 1970. This clearly makes India's dairy effort one of the best attempts in economic development any where in the world, ever. It must also be remembered that it is one of the largest rural employment schemes in the world generating employment for some 18 million farmers spread over 22 states of the country. And most important of all, it is completely voluntary.

At the centre of the entire effort in dairy farming in Indiais the farmer, the owner member of his cooperative who takes every day decisions on the running of his society. He is a small farmer, or a labourer who works on someone else's land, and probably owns no more than one or two cows or buffaloes. He typically brings to the cooperative perhaps just about four or five litres of milk each time. The cooperative elects its own Chairman and other officials who are bound to do what their members tell them.It also employs its own staff. This staff pays farmers on the basis of the quantity of the milk they bring in and on its quality tested on the basis of the fat content. The cooperative very often runs its own milk chillers, very important in a tropical country, and elects those whowill represent it at the level of the district. At the district level they run their ownmilk processing plants many of which are huge even by world standards. The district level elected officials then go on to elect a state level managing committeefor their federation. The federation in turn coordinates the entire marketing effort. The Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation for instance is the largest food business in the whole of India, far larger than any of the multinationals operating in the field. All the state level federations have got togetherand formed a national federal structure called the National CooperativeDairy Federation of India.

All this teaches India's farmers an everyday lesson in taking control oftheir own lives not just economically but politically as well.It teaches them to think and question because each of their actions, they now know, has an effect ontheir understand futures. They look forward to education, not just literacy. They now old the meaning of democracy at an everyday level. In a countrybeset by age

~~125 tradition, religious and caste prejudices the democratic functioningof their cooperatives gives dignity to those who have had none for the wholeof India's history spread over thousands of years.~~

Another aspect ignored, but just as important,has been the role of women. Agriculture involves the growing of one or two or at the most three crops a year. These fetch the farmer money as and when the crop is harvested andsold. But if he has just one or two cows or buffaloes they provide milk throughout the year. This milk once sold goes to keep the home fires burning. Since the numberof animals in his home is so few, it is the woman of the house who looks afterthem. This gives her a level of economic independence she has never before had.In a largely male dominated society this has helped change cultural attitudes set over the centuries. Women now run their own village dairy cooperatives - more often than not, better and more efficiently than men. Most women do not harbour higher political ambitions and are content to run their cooperatives efficientlyand well. This has ensured that the dairy cooperative movement now has members who are steady and who will not abandon their farms for the glitter of the cities. Their literacy levels have shot up. Since female literacy and education has proved itself to be the best contraceptive ever devised by man, the fecundity levels of the population have been dropping steadily.

The dairy cooperatives of India have attracted the attention of other less developed countries as well. Sri Lanka, India's neighbour to the south, has gone into collaboration with the National Dairy Development Board of India to set up the Kiriya Milk Industries of Sri Lanka. The intention is to make Sri Lanka independent of milk imports in the next ten years. Kyrghyzstan, a former Soviet republic has had a dairy set up for it by the Dairy Board of India. Other countries which have expressed interest are Thailand, Vietnam, Iran and Pakistan.

As mentioned in the beginning India's dairy industry is a study in contrasts - the world's largest milk producer which gets its milk in driblets of three or four litres from each of its nine million farmers both men and women twice a day and ensures prosperity to them in one of the most successful economic andsocial development programmes ever devised by man.

~~BEST COPYAVAILABLE~~

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By CELIA W. DUGGER NEW DELHI, Oct.10 Five niOntlisago,peopleheretrium- phantly celebrated in the streets whr%; the Hindu nationalist-led Gov- erilment conducted nuclear tests. In recent days, thousands of De Iluites have again poured into the streets, but this time they are cursing the very same political party. The issue that angers them and that threatens to topple Hindu na- tidnalist state governments in Delhi and Rajasthan in November elections has nothing to do with nuclear politics and everything to do with the stomachs and tastebuds of voters. It is the price of the lowly onion an. essential ingredient of the flavor base, or masala, of almost every dish cooked here which on some days has touched a record 60 rupees a kilo, or about $1.45 for 2.2 pounds, a price that is seven times higher than it was this time last year. In a desperate effort to appease angry voters, the state and national governments, both headed by the BMtratiya Janata Party, are selling a L./Tined supply of onions in New Delhi from flatbed trucks and Gov- ernment-run cooperative stores for just ten rupees, or about 25 cents, a kilo. . ip t;7,Vrai The national Government also decided on Thursday to import 10,000 tons of onions from the Middle East Cella Dugger/The New York Times and to suspend exports temporarily. An onion shortage is producing long lines, high prices and short tempers inmany Indian cities. Customers But long lines of shoppers waiting waited hours to reach the front of the onion line at a federal government cooperative in New Delhilast week. to buy the subsidized onions are still spitting mad. Most of the hundreds of the Center for Media Studies, a Newent, lengthy power outages. water people who mob each truck and store 0 Miles 100 Delhi-based organization that doesshortages, a rising crime rate and earn only a few dollars a day. Often, PAKISTAN Neelw random-sample surveys, show them news that mustard oil,a favorite they have to wait two, four, even six Delhi losing decisively to the Congresscooking medium, had been widely hours in the onion lines to save $2 on Party in both places. adulterated with oil from the seeds of their 2 kilo allotment, about a week's RAJASTHAN The high price of vegetables, as a poppy plant, causing more than 60 supply for a typical family and Jodhpur Jaipur I well as a shortage of drinking waterpeople here to die of dropsy. And that sometimes the onions sell out before and electricity, weigh more heavilyis not to mention the price of onions. they get to the head of the line. AFGHAN.;- with voters than either the nuclear Over the weekend, wholesale onion "I'm sweating here just to buy the 0 Miles SOO tests or the Hindu nationalists' brand bloody onions and I didn't even get prices did come down somewhat, and "------JAMMU AND of cultural politics, the poll takers the weather will also cool off in com- any," said Gursharn Kaur, a 56-year- PAKISTAN KASHMIR CHINA found. ing weeks, lessening the pressure on old housewife whose husband works BHUTAN Earlier in the decade, the Hindu 111.,a bottle capfactory,as the truck the city's overwhelmed power grid. party effectively used the crusade to"By voting time, we will overcome otfi fed away. "The Prime Minister build a temple to Lord Rama, an has eaten them all." the people's anger," said Mange BANGLADESH incarnation of the Hindu God Vishnu, Ram Garg, the party's president in People are so restive and angry on the site of a 15th-century mosque that on Thursday the city began Calcutta New Delhi. INDIA as a vote-getting issue, but it has There is a lot of it to overcome. At sending police escorts to guard each been unable to pursue that agenda The New York Times the Super Bazaar, a federal Govern- truck. At one site, policemen waved now that it is in power because of their lathis thick bamboo sticks Hindu nationalists control the Del- ment cooperative in New Delhi, hun- resistance from its often cranky, de-dreds of people, many mothers toting at the crowd that surged to the fronthi and Rajasthan governments. manding coalition partners. of the line, even as they_unloadert

~~1 2 r$~~

BEST C PYAVM A LE an. essential ingredient of the flavor base, or masala, of almost every dish cooked here which on some days has touched a record 60 rupees a kilo, or about $1.45 for 2.2 pounds, a price that is seven times higher than it was this time last year. In a desperate effort to appease angry voters, the state and national governments, both headed by the Bliiiratiya Janata Party, are selling i;mited supply of onions in New Delhi from flatbed trucks and Gov- ernment-run cooperative stores for just ten rupees, or about 25 cents, a kilo. N',0;ettv The national Government also decided on Thursday to import 10,000 Celia Dogger/llie New York Times tons of onions from the Middle East An onion shortage is producing long lines, high prices and short and to suspend exports temporarily. tempers in many Indian cities. Customers But long lines of shoppers waiting waited hours to reach the front of the onion line ata federal government cooperative in New Delhi last week. to buy the subsidized onions are still spitting mad. Most of the hundreds of the Center for Media Studies, a New cot, lengthy power outages, water people who mob each truck and store 0 Miles 700 Delhi-based organization that doesshortages, a rising crime rate and earn only a few dollars a day. Often, PAKISTAN (;i. New random-sample surveys, show them news that mustard oil, a favorite they have to wait two, four, even six Delhi losing decisively to the Congresscooking medium, had been widely hours in the onion lines to save $2 on Party in both places. adulterated with oil from the seeds of their 2 kilo allotment, about a week's RAJASTHAN The high price of vegetables, asa poppy plant, causing more than 60 supply for a typical family and Jodhpur Jaipur well as a shortage of drinking waterpeople here to die of dropsy. And that sometimes the onions sell out before and electricity, weigh more heavily they get to the head of the line. is not to mention the price of onions. with voters than either the nuclear Over the weekend, wholesale onion "I'm sweating here just to buy the 0 Miles 300 tests or the Hindu nationalists' brand bloody onions and 1 didn't even get prices did come down somewhat, and JAMMU AND of cultural politics, the poll takers the weather will also cool off in com- any," said Gursharn Kaur, a 50 -year- KASHMIR CHINA found. old housewife whose husband works ing weeks, lessening the pressure on BHUTAN Earlier in the decade, the Hindu ina bottle cap fadtory, as the truck r. the city's overwhelmed power grid. Area of ."1 party effectively used the crusade to"By voting time, we will overcome polled away. "The Prime Minister derail :7 build a temple to Lord Rama, an has eaten them all." the people's anger,"said Mange BANGLADESH incarnation of the Hindu God Vishnu, Ram Garg, the party's president in People are so restive and angry on the site of a 15th-century mosque Calcutta New Delhi. that on Thursday the city began , J INDIA as a vote-getting issue, but it has There is a lot of it to overcome. At sending police escorts to guard each - been unable to pursue that agenda truck. At one site, policemen waved The New York Times now that it is in power because of the Super Bazaar, a federal Govern- their lathis thick bamboo sticks Hindu nationalists control the Del- resistance from its often cranky, de-ment cooperative in New Delhi, hundreds of people, many mothers toting at the crowd that surged to the front hi and Rajasthan governments. manding coalition partners. of the line, even as they unloaded Jagjit Kaur, a government clerksmall children, waited for hours in their own private stores of onions the sun on a recent day, sweat pool- But the politicians know their audi- waiting in an onion line last week, from the truck into a police jeep. said she supported the nuclear tests, ing on their upper lips and streaming The price of onions, a staple food of ence. Surveys over the years have down their faces. consistently shown that inflation is but would still vote against the Hindu all classes, castes and religions, has nationalists this time because of the When lunchtime arrived, the Gov- an almost mystical political signifi- the most important issue for voters, ernment workers behind the counter a sort of proxy measure of economic price of onions. "How do the nuclear cance here. Indira Gandhi, defeated blasts affect our day-to-day life?" pulled down the rattling metal shut- aftershesuspendeddemocracy well-being in a country where money ter on the shop and took a nearly two- is the scarcest commodity for most she said. from 1975 to 1977, swept back into At a rally in Jodphur last weekendhour-long break while the people out- power in 1980 by turning the price of people. side were unable even to go the bath- "Onions are a metaphor for theto launch the Hindu party's state onions into a populist rallying cry. elections in Rajasthan, Prime Minis-room for fear of losing their spots in Waving garlands of onions at politi- world turned upside down," said Yo- 1,-le. gendra Yadav, a political scientist at ter Atal Behar i' Vajpayee boasted cal gatherings, she assailed the Gov- that the nuclear blasts staged in the 1 A group of housewives chi:acted ernment for itsfailure to control the Center for the Study of Develop- near the end of the line passed the ing Societies, a research institutionstate's Pokhran desert had raised prices. the country's international prestige, time one-upping one another with This year, it is not just the price of in New Delhi. "They become a sym- but as he spoke, The Hindu newspa-complaints. One said her children onions that is up, but also that of bol of what is happening to the basic per reported, there was a rumbling constantly whine because their din- cauliflower, peas, coriander, chilies things of life." in the audience about the price ofners are not as tasty when cooked and other vegetables. An unusually The November elections are the onions. with less onion. Another said her lidt summer and late monsoon rains first to take place since the Bharati- While the November elections are husband was upset because so much have damaged harvests and contrib- ya Janata Party came to power in only for state offices, political ana-of his earnings is going for vegeta- uted to shortages. March in New Delhi and Indira Gan-lysts say that a rejection of candi- bles. And all of them said they have The state and national govern-dhi's (laugh-..I.-in-law, Sonia, became dates fromthe governing partycut back drastically on the amount of ments here have responded with the president of the opposition Congress would be a sign ofitsdeclining vegetables they buy. heavilysubsidized onions,which Party. popularity, even among its core sup- After more than an hour with no newspapers are calling a sop to the The Hindu nationalists face tough porters, who are drawn from theonion sale, the crush of people began voters. Many economists consider races in the contested elections inranks of middle class, upper-caste banging on the closed metal shutter. the move a gimmick that could artifi- both Delhi and Rajasthan, the states Hindus. When the Government cashier cially lower the price of onions, dis- fi- where they hold power two of the The party's promise that it would nally raised it at 3:15 P.M., revealing couraging farmers from planting four state elections being held in bring effective governance has been more of the crop next season. piles of bulging burlap sacks, the November. Polls taken last week by undermined in New Delhi by persist- maddened crowd roared for onions.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 1 2 Rice-Traders Plan To BoosT Sales NEW DELHI: Rice traders sort out differences with Indone- Trade officials said the Indian said last week they hoped to sell sian buyers. rice harvest had ended and the large quantities of rice to Indone- "Indonesia did not have good crop was expected to be about sia after reports the country's ac- experience in 1995 but our delega- 82.5 million tones in 1997/98 tual crop shortfall will outstrip the tion went there to impress on upfrom 81.3 million in 1996/ government's estimate. them the changes we made. We 97. The Jakarta Post newspaper are quite certain that soon Indo- The 1998/99 crop would be has said that Indonesia's rice nesia will lift the ban on Indian even better because of initial re- shortage could be up to 10 million rice imports," Arora said. ports of good sowing operations tones this year - more than triple Tarun Kumar of the New after plentiful monsoon rains, the government's shortfall esti-Delhi-based Space Group said: they said. mate of 3.1 million tones. Indian "India should definitely be in a "Until now, things are in a exporters said the shortfall could position to corner a large quan- good position. Most of the rice force Indonesia to look for rice tity of exports to Indonesia." growing areas are in a comfort- from India this year. "India is in a position to meet able position as far as rains are "India could export up to these exports in terms of prices, concerned," Arora said. 500,000 tones of rice to Indonesia in terms of logistics and more pro- Traders said domestic rice provided they decide to buy our fessionalism on part of the export- prices would start easing during rice," Gurnam Arora, president of ers," he added. September when the new rice the All India Rice Exporters As- AIREA Executive Director Anil crop starts arriving. sociation (AIREA), told Reuters. Adlakha said export demand was Agriculture Minister Som Indonesia has not bought rice good from Bangladesh, Africa and Pal expects record foodgrains from India over the past few years the Middle East. He estimated output of 203-205 million tones because of quality problems. But that exports in 1998/99 could sur- in 1998/99 compared with 195 earlier this year Indian exporters pass last year's level of 2.1 mil- million tones last year because sent a delegation to Indonesia to lion tons by about 25 percent. of good rains. Europe, Russia To BoostRice Expoits NEW DELHI: Buoyant de- sent a delegation to Indonesia to Industry officials said sowing mand from Europe, Russia and sort out differences with buyers had been strong after plentiful Africa is expected to boost India's there. monsoon rains and they were rice exports in 1 998/99 (April- Adlakha said global rice trade confident that the rice crop in March), trade officials said last was expected to rise to about 25 1998/99 would surpass 1997/98 week. million tonnes in 1998/99 from 19 levels of 82.5 million tonnes. "Demand from Common- million last year and India would "We are quite confident that In- wealth of Independent States grab its share of the expanding dia this year will cross last year's (CIS),Europe,Africaand market. figures both for crop and for Bangladesh is constantly there," "We are quite hopeful of get- exports," Adlakha said. "I think said Anil Adlakha, executive di- ting a share of the increased de- we can reach export figures of 2.5 rector of the All India Rice Export- mand," Adlakha added. million tonnes this year." ers' Association (AIREA). Trade officials said Indian five India exported 2.1 million "We are still hoping to sell to percent broken non-Basmati rice tonnes of rice in 1997/98, trade Indonesia," Adlakha said. Indo- for export was quoted at $290 per officials said, adding that prices nesia has not bought any rice from tonne FOB, 10 percent at $280, would start easing in Septem- India, citing quality problems. 15 percent at $265 and 25 per- ber when the new crop started to But Indian exporters this year cent at $250 per tonne. arrive. Spice Exports Drop Sharply By PARAKULAM SUNDAR pees. donesia. In the first two months trade "Indonesian pepper will hit COONOOR: India's spice ex- achieved 15 percent in volume the market sharply only in Sept/ ports dropped sharply in the first terms and 16 percent in value. Oct and until then, Indian pep- two months of 1998/99, trade of- Thampi said 7,300 tones ofper is sure to hit high prices," ficials said. They said the drop pepper exports worth 1.4 billion said Bala Krishnan, an exporter. was 33 percent in volume terms rupees accounted for 50 percent Unlike pepper which dropped and two percent in value. of the total exports in the first two in volume but rose in price ex- India exported 36,735 tones of months of the fiscal year. ports of cardamom, mint oil and spices worth 2.8 billion rupees Last year India exported oleoresin increased in both value ($65.88 million) In April and 10,823 tones of pepper during the and volume, industry sources 54,588 tones worth 2.8 billion ru- same period. said. Meanwhile exports of chili, pees in May. "A weaker rupee against the garlic, turmeric, coriander, "This shows a fall of 33 per- dollar and the competition from cumin, celery, fennel and curry cent in volume and two percent in Indonesia lowered the supply of powder dropped. value," P.S. Sreekantan Thampi, Indian pepper," the Spices Board "Weak demand has been in- Deputy Director of the state-run said in a report. strumental for the decline of the Spices Board told Reuters. Indian pepper prices rose to export of these spices but we The Spices Board has tar- 190 rupees per kg from 103 ru- deem it a temporary phenom- geted 1998/99 exports at 248,050 pees in the previous year in the enon as there is no specific rea- tones, valued at 17.2 billion ru- wake of the economic crisis in In- son," Krishnan added.

130 RFST nOPY AVAILABLE METRO 1 \l\CN, By A Staff Reporter market the government can't do anything. rates to be shut -. ' ) Tmarket bannedFoodRATIONrates willRationand these beCivilprice closed shops Suppliesshops downfrom in shops MumbaiMinister sellingtemporarily, essential sellingHaribhauBagdc according essentialitemssaid Bagde. yesterday in to theitems atthat an order passed in June has quoting open ricshopsrationonlythe tonnes,Public 35 wasshops. per 5.19 Distributionwhile cent"In lakh 1994-95,the of metric thenumber System, population tonnes,the of wheat Bagdeconsumers todayOn buyssupplied saidthe it is issue itemsthatis 8.99 moreto in of thelakh fromMumbai essential or ration met-less the items not being available on `C'j., hethesefrommarket. said. governmentoutlets. "Often This we rationban have aims outlets found at curing arethatA sold delegation foodgrainssuch at amarket malpractice," ledobtained rates by Janatain Dal leader, Mrinal Gore thetionShop-keepersfrom assignedsame. but 3.44 are Similarly,lakh claiming quantity," have metric not thatthe hetonnesonly distribution thesaid. taken government to 5.62 advantage oflakh rice is metric not hasof supplyingthe gone tonnes. situa- up \,--..-, -'i supplycomplaintvegetablesmetand BagdeCommunistthat by decideand referringyesterday, other the Party food price.to protesting theof items. India Inmarket such leader,Bagdeagainst forcesa scenario, Ahilyacounteredthe of risedemand he Rangnekar,in added, prices their and of thehasconditionsavailable ratesoccurred. will inthat theautomatically Once were market thenot newfavourable during come crop June down," is for ready and planting, he July.for"Generally, said. the aOwing shortagemarket, tovegetables that are planted in May arc 131 ESTC PYAVA1 [ALE US dilutes curbsasfarm lobby turns thescrew Senate votes unanimously to lift agricultural sanctions imposed against India,Pakistan

From N. C. Menon northwestwenttoPakistan. posed to squeeze the targeted Washington state alone received $ country, not the American pro- 500 million last year in wheat pay- ducer, declaimed Senator Mitch WASHINGTON, July 10 ments from Pakistan.. McConnell, Kentucky Republi- The US Senate yesterday India is in a much more comfort- can. "We should not sacrifice our voted 98 to 0 to exempt agri- able position with regard to food- farmers in an effort to put the nuc- grains. It only imported $ 142 mil- lear genie back innthe bottle." culture exports and credits lion worth of US farm products last the sanctions imposed year. Senator Patty Murray, %\fromon India and Pakistan after To no one's surprise, House WashingtonState Democrat, NI\their nuclear tests in May. members who are in recess this pleadedintheSenatethat The waiver includes both food week have promised to bring "Washington state wheat growers the bill to a final vote early next need thisBill."Senator Ron products and fertilisers. week. Shortly after the Senate pas- Wyden, Oregon Democrat, was in sed the Bill, President Clinton greater distress: "We in the Pacific The rush to dilute the sanctions issued a strong statement of en- northwest are six days away from ).. came not out of any feeling of 'for- disaster, he said. giveness' for the nuclear 'trans- dorsement. "Food should not be gressions' on the subcontinent, but used as a weapon, and I will resist The Bill almost came unstuck due to pressure from the American any action that would lead to a de earlier in the day when Senator v\ farmlobby,which had been facto grain embargo," Clinton said John Glenn, Ohio Democrat and screaming about lost grain sales in the statement. former astronaut, who wrote the % and agricultural jobs. Notwithstanding such rousing original sanctions legislation (the Senator Trent Lott of Mississip- Presidential rhetoric, it was crystal Glenn amendment), shied away pi,majorityleader,rammed clear that the sanctions had been from a first draft that sought to through the bipartisan "farm ex- diluted not out of concern for hun- give Clinton the authority to export relief bill," on short notice, gry souls in South Asia. After all, empt other sectors besides agricul- bypassingthecommitteethat India and Pakistan could have ture. Senator Joseph R. Biden, usually reviewed such legislation. bought foodgrains from other sup- Delaware Democrat, who was the There was good reason for haste: pliers who were already lining up and licking their chops in expecta- main sponsor of more flexibility .,,t.Q.,Pakistan had set a deadline of July for the President, argued that it 15 to enter the market to purchase tion of moving in on the US. would enable Clinton to offer in- 350,000 metric tons of wheat. If The sanctions were diluted for ducements to India and Pakistan the express purpose of rescuing to sign the treaties aimed at curb- the sanctions law had not been Americanfarmers ,

~~BEST COPY AVMI LE~~

1 3 o' 497g DELHI /Contaminatedwaterclaims 7 lives By A Staff Reporter supplied by DDA was dirty, with S K Chadha NEW DELHI: With the death ofinsects detected init on several three-year-old Deepa on Wednes-occasions. DDA officials said they day, the toll from alleged supply ofhad test reports to prove it wasn't. 4 contaminated water to the Bharat Indignant residents alleged a Vihar jhuggi cluster, near Kakroladead snake was found in the water village in west Delhi, rose to seven. tanker which had come to supply s'o( All the victims were children,water on Monday afternoon, a between nine months and six yearscharge that was denied as "base- of age. The deaths occurred overless- by DDA officials. I the past 10 days. Area residents Though none of the residents alleged the children fell sick afterclaimed to have seen the snake, a drinking water supplied by privateresident of a neighbouring unau- tankers to the area. thorised colony, Divakar, said he had seen a two-foot-long snake stuck in the outlet of the tanker Steps to prevent (DEL 4905). Pointing to the possible causes water-borne for the seven deaths, DDA vice- w chairman P K Ghosh said, "People diseases in jhuggi-jhonpris are highly vul- ,/ ...a4,40,. By A Staff Reporter nerable since they live in unhealthy conditions. -4; NEW DELHI: Water-borne It is quite possible these children diseases can be kept at bay if contracted germs through sources the following precautions are other than the water that was sup- followed: plied due to dehydration or Clean overhead tanks in some other reason," he said. which drinking water may be He denied allegations the water stored. going to Kakrola village in tankers z Boil water before con- was contaminated. A frail two-year-old Vinayak who has been suffering from diarrhoea and sumption and keep it covered. He also said it was not confirmedvomiting, at his Kakrola village jhuggi in west Delhion Thursday Get old or corroded water at this stage whether the deaths had pipes repaired to prevent cont- occurred dueto contaminatedTuesday. spread. And, almost all colony resi- amination. water. "The tankers were taking Municipal commissioner V Kdents complained of getting dirty If getting drinking water treated water from Vasant Kunj,"Duggal, who visited the site onwater from tankers. They also com- from Delhi Jal Board tankers, he said. Wednesday morning, saidinaplained of lack of toilets and pot- make sure the hose pipe or the This was the finding of a prelimi-statement the jhuggi cluster housedholed lanes. bucket in which the water is nary report reportedly submittedabout 4,000 dwellers following Krishna, resident of C-252 jhug- carried, is clean. to Mr Ghosh on Wednesday. How-the deaths, a mobile dispensary hasgi, pointed to a pond of dirty water OWash hands before meals ever, Mr Ghosh said he was con-been stationed at the site. barely three feet from her jhuggi, and do not eat cut fruits or food ducting a detailed inquiry and Mr Duggal also said the cause ofand said,"If not from dirty drinking articles lying in the open. would visit Kakrola on Thursday. deaths was not established but thewater, we would surely die of OAdd chlorine tablets to Mr Ghosh said in the jhuggi clus-victims had suffered from vomitingmalaria." drinking water. ter where DDA was supplyingand diarrhoea before their end. At jhuggi C-225. mourners had o Do not drink water from water through a contractor, there He said an inquiry was beingstarted gathering as Deepa's body shallow handpumps which have had been four deaths. The otherconducted by the MCD to ascer-lay covered with a piece of cloth. been painted red by the civic three, he said, had occurred in othertainwhether thedeaths wereThey were waiting for her father, authorities. areas. caused by water from the tankers. who was away at work in a school Meanwhile, the Delhi govern- In the area, someare still sick.in Subhash Nagar, and was appar- The tankers, it was learnt, werement refused to have anything toFrail two-year-old Vinayak, in jhug-ently unaware of the tragedy. under a contract with the Delhido with the tragedy on the groundgi C-313, is battling for life. He.too, Her mother Kanya was incon- Development Authority, which hadit was the responsibility of DDA according to his mother Sushila, issolable. The mother of five said in a the onus of providing civic facilitiesa Union government agency tosuffering from diarrhoea. His elderchoked voice, "Deepa had been to the jhuggi cluster itis onprovide drinking water. Delhi chiefsister, three-year- old Laxmi. diedsuffering from fever and diarrhoea DDA land. minister Sahib Singh, alsothein similar circumstanceson July 27. on Tuesday night." Residents of the colony, whochairman of the Delhi Jal Board, By Wednesday afternoon,the The list of victims: Parvesh, 4, were shifted by DDA from a slumsaidinapress conference onnews of the detection of a snake inRahul, 3. Neha, 2, Sushila, 1, Pan- at C-2B Block of Janakpuri nearlyWedneesday the board sentitsa water tanker, and the deathsdishpari, 9 months. Radha, 6, and one month back, alleged the watertankers, for the first time, only onresulting from dirty water, had Deepa, 3.

13' BESTCPYAMLABLE Eliminate mosquito breeding - keep Dengue at bay ofDengue a female is a Aedes viralWHAT fever Mosquito transmitted IS:DENGUE:V., infected by withbite EffraserItIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIiI 1:41WMOI plantsandshells, containers, andgrown otherdiscarded in bottlesornamental money bottlesand tyresarticlesKeepRemove etc. e.g. thethat all brokenportable can unwanted hold cups, water-containers rain water unused water. containers bottles, upside and -activiiic'ananuni0-Delhi, hadHaemorrhagic, an.- unfortunate participation feVer experience daring:1996. in of dengue outbreak. prevention of Dengue Last iViayOr of Delhiyear,largely die to tothedengue severe disease virus. forms vary The from leading signs very and tomild, symptomshigh moderate fever, of accumulate wa er upto 7 days. containerwater,vases and containing any other artificialclean which can downdrinking.stagnatedPut while kerosene not inwater use. oil/petrol/diesel collections not in fit the for poisibliwithouiWholehearted.cii.:-.operation of allicitiZenithe Aedes of ni-asquilto Delhi. It takesbreeds less inside than houSes;coritpleie prevention of the disease is nor controlthismeasures, Municipal CorpOtation alDellii-could,effectively dangerozis,disease.- ,* LhaemorrhageWHAT and shock. ISIEDES MOSQUITO:?.Aedes mosquito has MOSOUITO,RREEDINGHOW TO IDENTIFY AEDES - . doors/windowsrepellants,Avoid mosquito mosquito of bite the nets byhouse. useand ofscreening mosquito of .indweekbreedingcapable,water for something storagetaiki:;:hairdis,'al4 halfOfatiornadatitigrt.ateraptaseyen :. tarn:Sure:that an hOtir:!ta.it; that affects, eheek.nirivUleneb!lections citizens' ours, lyeek.diserirded" ofDelhi our children days riouldnot hiensure.elimination .and in mindsparingthii our and:aro-1aq neighboUrs! ofilieleiMosOuitn:houses lives. e.g, water:coolers:. and: any other container' ence- female mosquitoes lay their eggs in artificial isback.stripessmall, about Its blackon average5 its mm. legs& white Thesizeand Larva andLARVA pupa of Aedes mosquito are freely creaturesswimmingLarva suspends in water. from tiny WHAT ROLEkeptDenguePatient IS EXPECTED under sufferingHaemorrhagic mosquito-net. OF from FeverDengue should Fever/ be residentialaffeat.iihose-rkinfhere'idq[:!es.11uuldp44onui*gkefourlivrl.c .titea.r: .1:appeal :ta' .alSo Heads endanger of all placeiFhire govtisemi:govtiautonomOus/privaie innacei4 Manititogenic families in conditions neighbouring nOi.only.partientri4neeeilarj'ehitingS'aiefaiviiiablefOr'iraasinisSion.ofthe.diiiaSe' noniOonitiid-post -monsoon. seasons Ole? ' adulthouses.containers mosquitoes. In having8 to 10 cleandays, waterthe eggs in and hatch around into rapidly. Breeding can be best seen in torchlight. PUPA waterpupadisturbance,head surface swimdownwards. downward larva with and On ThrombocytopeniahaemorrhagicPatients (1 lac per cu.mm. or PRADTITIONg.1.,with sudden high menifestations fever, affectedto notifypreVeritiviorganisatiorts1Peofessional Denguehousehold measures CasesUnder and the the neighbouring Delhi badies,tradeMunicipal areat Corporation cast and be*tikes taken alsociationiAei to -allcheck medical spread to also practitioners of take the dengue are required regularly': Municipal Health:CO:leer sa that preventive action in the : . otherThe[WHAVOIE adult dark mosquitoes and HA131t8.0F: AEDE$cool placesrest in closetsof houses. and MOSQUITO'? . Yes, by taking theCAN. following YOU actions PREVENT. to eliminate figN0LiF ? moreless)Preventiveimmediatelyreported andincrease Haemoconcentration toaction asinMunicipal haematocritsuspected is initiated Health dengueby must(20% the OfficerMCD becase.or in infoHaernorrhagiedisease. med tokuniciplThe:citizen Whenever ATer case,Heath shoUldnothesitatetoContOett e.stgns/syMptonis are Officer detected Oct by blood ,a MediCat mentioned sample aMedicalpraCiirianerPractitioner, of tke:katienihere,' suggestive the must cede be shouldof in sent .9any Dengue for befever case as mosquito breeding places. . . ofearlyAedes afternoon. hours mosquito of the bites morning during and day latetime hoursin the Check all water collections in and around suspectedneighbouring case locality without on waiting report for of its a almostEir4 99% Defection' of eases:. and Prompt treattherit(EpP7). can. ;Faye life Of-a dengue patient in CorpOrosior(Of Delhi : . J'Y'aso involving : . s;oltiniecCi to remind . ..PLAC.ESOF:AEDES.MD$OUITOE5.?WHAT AR4HE. USUAL BAEEDINQ Room coolers, water storage dryCleaneliminationyour Drainbefore houseyour out refilling. ofcooler completely, mosquitoevery once sunday breeding.a scrub, week to cleanand ensure mop and itrefill isconfirmationpatientsBloodconfirmation. one thatsamples should is of serologically diagnosis. beof suspectedsent forA confirmed.Dengue serological dengue case diseasesprovidecitizens ICard to doonlo;cloor.healthe.g.=sure Check ofeiolerp, .MCD. like and lastGasteliminate I appeal year, ro-enternis education to thismosquito all ivaitsio citizens etc. on - These breeding Delhi preventive.Measuresof Delhi volunteen citizens sires toco- in willoperate willtheir lend be houses. withagainstcarrying their them. Theyhelping water.borne an willIdentity hand also to MCD tanks, metal drums usedfor water storage, firebuckets, olddumps, tyre earthernpots, coconut throughall waterover-headCoverand cannot acontainers allpiece the tanks. be ofwater wasted, coarse daily. storage Ifcloth.filter water containers the is water scarce dailyand diseaseDenguemandatory.notificationFever Fever/Dengueunderhas beento theMunicipal declared DMC Haemorrhagic Health Act as dangerousand Officer its is HEALTH DEPARTMENT in keeping Della epidemic free (Yog Diu an Abuja) 1 3 D 120 7t-2-a&2 HAMARI D.ILLI SWASTH biLLi 7 3 ; /J BESTCOPYAVAILABLEUNICIPAL COR "RATION- OF' DELHI a, G tie,. 5,ess 1 Inlotmobon ollrcs. 1155 136 Fourolden Rulesto Prevent C,olera OtherDiarrhoea!Diseases 6

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IN CASE OFiplARRHOEX.AND;..VOMITING'. Take plenty of oral fluids e.g.Lassi, Rice-water & Oral Rehydration Solution(ORS). Consult doctor immediately. Chlorine tablets & ORS areavailable free at MCD dispensaries/health centres. BE EASILY CURED. BY EARLY REPORTING & PROMPTTREATMENT CHOLERA CAN

~~I-TH DEPARTMENT RAT! NF DELHI~~

~~1 3 THE SUNllAY TIMES Shown1.2 THE SUNDAY TIMES OF INDIA,put AHMEDABAD,pipistic JULY 19,1998~~

Unsafe plastics can do immense damage to our bodies Plastic carry bags arc' economical and hygienic. and the environment. It's time the industry showed Contrary to the scaremongering, PVC is stable; more responsibility and started phasing out PVC the people who litter it are the real problem Mumbai's Mu-tives such as lead (a ineurotoxin It is undeniabletheir use, the administration will ,nicipal Commis-that causes brain damage) and cad- that litter,only impose a heavier cost and en- sioner isat his.. mium (a kidney toxin that also whetherit is vironmental burden on the masses. wits' end. Plasticcauses lung cancer) can take a tern- plastics,paper,Paper or cloth bags will be environ- waste is clogging:ble toll of your health.1: metal or cloth, ismentally more taxing and cannot the city's gutters, If the Indian plastiCs, industry an eyesore. It 'is,match the performance of poly sewers and stormwere even minimally responsible it also an environ-bags. Regarding the 'hazards' of drains. The cor-would seek to phase' out PVC. In- mental nuisance.plastic toys, European countries poration is con-stead it.seeks 300 per cent capacity However, in allhave scientific evidence to indicate sequently consid-expansions... and imports millions fairness, one can-that these fears are unfounded. In Enna Sahgal Vijay Merchant ering banningof kilograms of hazardous. PVC not label the In- ' fact, plastic toys are safer than the sale of dis-waste from countries such as the dian plastics in-metallic ones (which can cut the posable polythene bags... an en-USA and Germany. : dustry as an irresponsible one be-baby'sskin)or wooden ones lightened step that has already .With chlorine comprising aroundcause people are carelessly discard-(which contains toxic paints and been taken by the armed forces forhalf of what goes into making PVC,ing packaging waste on the roads,varnish that can harm the child): the cantonment area in Colabathe plastics industry,too could beparks and sea shore. Coming to PVC, it is very stable, where people vociferously say . and of all the chlOrine compounds, "No!" to plastics. it is the least environmentally dis- That plastic lunch box? Is it made IN 13LACKAND WHITE persed. Almost 60 per cent of all in- of coloured, recycled polypropy- dustry in the world is based on lene? If so, you could be biting offfaced with massive pubIi interest The plastics industry does not lit-chlorine and almost 50 per cent of more than you bargained for...litigation in the foreseeable futureter. While it can definitely assist thethe industries are direct consumers toxic dyes, for instance! Even thatwhen victims suffering from cancerlocal body in organising, sortingof chlorine and it co-products. PVC brightly coloured high-impact poly-and brain damage identify , theand recycling waste, it .must beis- everywhere precisely because of , styrene ruler will eventually find itscause of their suffering. pointed out that plastic factories re-its safety and good environmental js.., way into some mouth or other. For now, however, let the buyercycle their waste: India ranks first inand economic performance. But the real villain of the plasticsbeware! Is that teething ring youthe ...world, for recycling plastic Those who talk about 'dioxin world is undoubtedly polyvinylgave your child made out of PV.C?waste. In fact, we are 300 to 400 peremissions during the manufacture chloride (PVC), the material usedIf so, watch out:for plasticisers thatcent ahead of the developed na-of PVC should also know that it is a for files and folders and raincoatscontain phthalates and stabiliserstions in recycling post-consumerclosedmanufacturingprocess and virtually anything these days. laced with heavy metals. Such addi-waste. worldwide. The major cause for PVC simply cannot be disposedtives are not chemically boundito A reason for this is that recyclingdioxin emission is incineration; of safely. And it just cannot be recy-the PVC... so your child could easi-is a profitable activity. Over onemotor vehicle emission and waste- g cled beyond a point. When ragpick-ly ingest them. No product thatlakh rag-pickers earn their liveli treatment facilities. To zero in on\ g ers burn PVC-coated copper wire,might ever be handled by childrenhood by being pail our plastic recy-PVC as the main culprit for dioxin e for instance, the copper acts as ashould be made out of plastic. cling system. Over 2,000 units sortCreation is Contrary; to scientific Is catalyst to produce some of the So?Shouldallplasticsbeout this waste and recycle it.This, indata on record. The environmental I- world's most lethal substances, in-banned? No,only the trulOinsafet fact; shows, that the 'plastics indus- impact of replacing PVC With a cluding dioxins. Dioxins cause en-ones.' But all manufacturer6hoUldtry does know its responsibility. substitutematerial (say, cast iron in adocrine disruption which results inbe'made to label the chemical coin- The real challenge is changing.the case of pipes) mould mean a o a whole range of human diseases,positio&and ,health:risks of their,the "littering habit". Indians livingsubstanthil increase in air pollution including impairment of the im-products. We'should 'filth force theabroad do not throw plastic bdgsand health hazards. e mune system, genetic defects, de-industry to institute a waste collec-out of their cars or homes. They use . The fact is. no other plastictoday formed reproductive organs, low-tion.(buy-back/ recycle/ reuse) sys-the 'waste bins to.avoid being finedhas the combination of prbperties ered sperm counts and cancer.tem. And.PYC manufacturing ca-by thelocal authorities PVC'offers and thiv'is why hospi- These facts are known to the plas-pacitiesmustimmediately. be ',',Rather than pointing a fingel--af.'tals choose PVC fol. blood bags, tubings and tics industry. frozen as a first step towards.ban, s:the. plastic industry ----='.which pro-. floor covering, medical Because PVC has invaded virtu-ning PVC, though I would not hold '',tects food from contamination andgloves: IfiPVC was harmful, there ally every aspect of our lives (floor-my breath while' waiting Ifor theproducts from ..damage thosewbulditiOt hg-ve been an increased gentiinely concerned about The en- ,,consumption of 5 per cent in the ing, wallpaper, curtains, tablecloths,Ministry of Environment td act. ', electric wiring, furniture, pipes, A better bet would be for con -,vironment should workwith'the in=western world in this decade. Gov- shoes, car upholstery and, of course, sumer groups to institute a: nation-dustry in curbing the littering,habit.ernment and developed nations children's toys) none of us can es-wide boycott of all unsafe plasticsA Centre for Plastics in Environ-would haVe halted the PVC indus- cape its toxic effects for long. and a total ban on PVC. In the ab- is in the process of being'set:try's expansion if it as harmful. Hospital and municipal waste in-sence of self-regulation, particular-'up,up, and workshops are being Finally, while concern for the en- cinerators have been linked toly in India, where corruption rulesplanned by Plastindia, in coordina-vironment is good, any decision or falling sperm counts in Europe andthe' roost and foxes are appointedtion with municipal corporationsaction should be governed by facts America because they burned chlo-to look after chickens, we isrobahly.; and recyclers, to tackle the wasteand scientific data. Panic reactions rinated compounds such as PVC.have no 'choice but to stuickle.arf to half-truths will only slow-down - Yet the World Bank is currently fi-responsible' plaStrcAndustryWith While a move is underfoot to ban' 'progress by bringing in, place cost- nancing both incinerator exportslong overdue legislation, punitive.. plastic carry_ bagi, the fact is thatHer alternatives. and (indirectly) the manufacture oftaxation and consumer,boycott. these bags are economical and-are-- .(May Merchant is the chairman of PVC in India. Even without burn- (Mtn Sahgal is the editor a hygienic way of carrying gro- Enviroplast-Plastindia; which ceries and other items. By banning promotes use of plastics) ing, the slow release of PVC addi- . of 'Sanctuary' magazine) 138 BESTCPYAVA2g NIRMALA GEORGE Long-term Action Plan (LTAP) penditure incurred and the perfor- cials from the Prime Minister's Of- pingsightNEW Kalahandi,DELHI,toFeeding the endemicJULY Bolangir 8 problems and Kora- grip-WITH scheme no tangible change in to tioneas2007,spanning ills: and to deforestation,drought.strike from at 1998-99 the root soil ofto degrada- the2006- ar-While successive governments continue in Kalahandiwasthemance the targets. lack have of political been much will. The less re- than"The chief cause for its failure goinggivensources,five and and its proposed theinputswhich Ministry tovisited irrigationspeed of the upWater areaboth pro- Re- hason- grammeAtalthatput Behan (KBK) the continue emergency Vajpayee districts, uninterrupted hasPrime feeding ordered Minister pro-to ishedschemes,andhave short-term grappledpeople what of with thestrategies,keeps KBK many the area long-termimpover-plans alive and is saidshowGovernmentplanssources Kalahandi thedrawn had will up,been toin MP, carrybutthe approved,B thestate K it Deothrough",Congress did of the notthe eringoutlayservationjects aseleven of well aroundschemes. broad as soil, Rs sectors 6060 water crore, including and cov-con-The revised LTAP will have an directeddevelopmentcalledprevent for any the an starvation Planningoverall of the regionstrategy Commissiondeaths. and for hastheMore significantly, Vajpayee has planReliefsanctionedthe that emergencyFund. the by KBK the feedingPrimehas seen. Minister's programme DuringThis is not the first long-term changetheBJP. situation in the in BJP's the KBK fortunes region, in theQuite apart from the gravity of otherhealthment,agriculture, priority and drinking watershedtargets. water develop amo afforestation, irrigation KBKtermingto take the developmentdistricts. theimplementation responsibility schemes of of the oversee- for long- the hensivemuchCentralthe days fanfare strategy ofGovernment P V launched Narasimha for the ahadundivided compre- Rao, with the Centrealsoliancestate inproviding withtothe make 1998 the a anBijuelections difference. impetus Janata and toDal its the "Weal- is want to make a difference persons,theFeedingbeen lifeline proposed mostlyProgramme for about forthe oldthe 75,00andigent whici andEmegency infirm, formsAnother Rs 8850 crore nave GovernmentseriesPlanningSingh, of Deputy meetings Commission, officials Chairman with on Orissa has a revised ofheld State the aIn the last three months, Jaswant Accordingeightareas,Kalahandi, smaller subsequently to officials Bolangir districts. both anddivided the Koraput ex- intoBut the plan failed to take-off. fromBP,pleto ofand the the haveBJP",scenario area a saidhavelot of ofDeo. despair. voted expectations for The the peo-A Central team, including offi- chronically-droughttendinsince ato position thosemigrate who to away arefindprone youn;er emiloyment romarea. theor are spectrePlan to of fight mentcatedNEW ina planstarvation additionalDELHI:The Kalahandi to fight fundsthe CentreThe Timesdeaths of India News to imple-Servicehas allo- sa.raputpronestarvation and tribal Bolangir deaths belt of inAKalahandi, high-powerwesternthe Oris- Ko- Central spectreteam of drought-de- starvations.feedingrecommendedstudyhariputed Vajpayee centresofby the Prime famine be for Minister run conditions to Atal Be-has that an on-the-spot emergency prevent calledtration.purposedividedprone for Theof districts aintomore long-term earlier eight effective have action alreadyThe adminis- three been chronically segments for the study reports drought- c5 cernedrestoration inforover government the a long regeneration of environmentperiod circles ofWhat oftime. is has the apparently caused forests and degrad- con-plan Independence.totion otherdeathsdisturbing of population places and recurrence thein the fromcontinuingThe fiftieth Orissathese of starvation yearmigra- of areas ;. suffering.lengtheningforandtioned bringing implementing the shadows thisCentre area aoffor deaths and government too petit long-term plan moreout fund of thi. Singhsionwritten suggesting to the Planning thatThe different Commis Prime Minister has already: deputy chairman Jaswau 2 141 ESTCOPY BLE problemplanpects beof theastudied comprehensive area. to address actid t1 A 1 5-6 477e a,/4 e k" /L/'5-11 iffe-04leat 634 Sc o A '9, e,-7?- eeJ /9g,c9 regions were mainly agricultural. Jute, a strong Pakistan, because most of its people were Mus- fiber used to make rope, was a major cash ex- lim. But the Hindu ruler wanted to become part port. Crops in Pakistan were soplentiful that a of India. As a result, fighting broke out between surplus of grain and other foods was produced. India and Pakistan. The United Nations inter- India, on the other hand, had the factories need- vened in 1949 and again in 1965, but the dis- ed to process raw materials, such as jute. But it pute continued. did not grow enough food. In addition, the political boundaries between the two countries cut 114.414a chose a democratic form of goverig- across important canals and rivers. Ment.Of the two new states, India was the Many Muslims moved to Pakistan, but some larger, with an area a third the size of the United 40 million remained in India. Many Hindus also States. The people of India were mostly poor, stayed in Pakistan. Fanatics on both sides began undernourished, and illiterate. Fotid shortage riots and committed horrible atrocities. In1947, even famine, were constant threats.And the, thousands of persons were massacred in Hindu- population was growing at the rate of about 1Q Muslim riots. When Gandhi, by 1948 a frail old million per year. t. man in his late seventies,tried to stop the terri- The government introduced measures for ble riots, he was killed by a religious fanatic. family planningtoslow down population Kashmir. a state along the extreme northern growth. It also pushed a program of land reform boundary of India, had been expected to join to increase food production andindustrialization 635

to diversifythe economy and provide more. In 1966, the ruling Congress party chose Indi- prime minister. jobs. Q ra Gandhi, Nehru's daughter, as India originally chose to solve itsproblems With the slogan of "Banish Poverty." she won under a democratic government.Through the the national election in 1967. Her government leadership of the first prime minister,Jawaharlal followed a policy of better distribution of wealth Nehru [na 'ru], democratic institutions were by moderate socialism. However, her programs modeled on those of England and America. The were not very successful, and opposition toher government practiced state planning through government grew. Many of her political oppo- five-year plans such as the communist countries nents were arrested. She began strict censor- used. But it also allowed free enterprise and a ship and allowed no criticism of her policies. multiparty system. The goal of the Indian gov- In 1977, she was voted out of office butshe ernment was a welfare state by means of gradu- was returned to office in1980. al economic development. By the mid-1970s. some economic progress Nehru died in 1964. During his term of office, had been made. But India was still largely a important gains were made in food production poor, rural country. Inthe countryside, most and industrialization. But the living standard of people lived in mud huts and made poor livings most people remained practically unchanged as tenant farmers. Largenumbers of those who because of the continuing increase in popula- had no land and no skills moved to the cities. tion. There they often found life to be much worse.

In India, the government set up programs to help solve problems of lack of food, water, jobs, and education. Left: Hundreds of men, women, and. chit- dren carry earth to build a mile-long embankment. The embankmentwill hold water for irrigating the district, which is often stricken by drought. The project provided wages for the hard-hit people of the area. Right: Univer- sity graduates are taking a two-year course at the Central Institute of Fish- eries. They are learning both the administrative and technical aspects of the fisheries industry.

BB T COPY AVAILABL (188) State of the World 1994 all, and with rangelands widely over- ence points needed to estimate the pop- grazed in most countries, there is an ur- ulation carrying capacity of their crop- gent need for national assessments of lands. carrying capacity. Otherwise, there is a China, which already has one ofthe real risk that countries will blindly over- slowest population growth rates inthe run their food carrying capacity, devel- developing world, is projected toadd oping massive deficits that will collec- 490 million people over the next four tively exceed the world's exportable decades, increasing to1.6 billionin supplies. Recent data showing the level 2030. (See Table 10-4.) Currently itis at which the rise in grain yield per hect- adding14million people per year. are is slowing or levelling off in countries Meanwhile, its economy is expandingat with a wide range of growing conditions 10 percent or more annually, fueling provide all governments with the refer- steady rises in consumption of pork,

Table 10-4. Population Growth 1950-90, With Projections to 2030, for the Most Populous Countries' Increase Country 1950 1990 2030 1950-90 1990-2030 (million) Slowly Growing Countries United States 152 250 345 98 95 Russia 114 148 161 34 13 Japan 84 124 123 40 1 United Kingdom 50 58 60 8 9

~~Germany 68 80 81 12 1 Italy 47 58 56 11 9 France 42 57 62 15 5~~

Rapidly Growing Countries Philippines 21 64' I l l 43 47 Nigeria 32 87 278 55 191 Ethiopia and Eritrea 21 51 157 30 106 Iran 16 57 183 41 126 Pakistan 40 118 260 78 142 Bangladesh 46 114 243 68 129 Egypt 21 54 I 1 1 33 57 Mexico 28 85 150 57 65 Turkey 21 57 104 36 47 Indonesia 83 189 307 106 118 India 369 853 1,443 484 590 Brazil 53 153 252 100 99 China 563 1,134 1,624 571 490 'Census Bureau data are used because they are updated more often than the U.N. medium-range projections; the two series are usually similar, but small differences do exist. SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, in Francis Urban and Ray Nightingale. World Population by Counity and Region, 1950-90 and Projections to 2050 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. 1993).

14( 1,7 ))/t 1/..)6.4). t e*. d/c, -71/7e Iciest I . eq-t- /9ciAfr 14 5 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Facing Food Insecurity (189) poultry. eggs, and fishall produced was converted to grasslandmay well with grain.36 continue to fall.39 On the supply side, rapid industrial- Ethiopia was unable to expand grain ization in China, including the construc- production fast enough to keeppace tion of thousands of factories during this with the 30 million people added be- decade. is consuming vast amounts of tween 1950 and 1990. Now itis pro- cropland even as the rise in per hectare jected to add, in the next four decades, yield of rice and wheat is slowing. The 106 million peoplewhich would triple result, according to a detailed study its 1990 population. Few believe this will commissioned by the Australian govern- happen. The only question is whether ment. is that China's grain imports could the projected growth will not materialize go from 12 million tons in 1993 up to because the transition to smaller families 50-100 million tons by the end of this accelerates or because starvation checks decade. with the latter amount being the growth. above current U.S. exports. If China's For Nigeria, the situation is scarcely economy expands as planned and its any more comforting. After adding 55 population grows as projected, its grain million people from 1950 to 1990. Nige- import needs are likely to continueto ria is projected to add 191. million by soar, exceeding by 2015 the world's cur- 2030. With soils that are already heavily rent exportable grain supplies." eroded, itis difficult to see how crop Indiaalready faced with extensive yields can rise enough to accommodate soil erosion and falling water tables this tripling of population to 278 mil- will be adding 590 millionpeople by lion. 2030, even more than China,as its population increasesto 1.44 billion. With wheat yields that have alreadytripled and rice yields thatare rising more An environmental assessment for slowly than in thepast, India will find it Pakistan noted that the nation's difficult tosupport these growing num- population is projected to reach bers.3 8 400 million. The United States, though itis the world's thirdmost populous country, has kept demandfor grain well below Mexico, facing severe water scarcity, is the sustainableyield of its land, main- projected to add 65 million people dur- taininga large exportable surplus. How- ing the next four decades, compared ever, with population projectedto ex- with 57 million in the last four. Wheat pand by 95 millionas a result of natural yieldsthere have already plateaued, increaseand immigration during the showing no increase in the last nine next four decades, pushingthe total to 345 million years. Although there is still an unreal- in 2030. large areas of farm- ized potential for raising corn yields, it is landwillhe claimedforhousing. schools. difficult to see how Mexico can stop its and shopping centers. Unless annual graindeficit from risingfar some waycan be found to reestablish the beyond the 5 million tons of recent rapid rise in yieldsthat prevailed from 1950 years.40 to 1984, the exportable grainsur- Such projections can be invaluable to pluswhichdropped from 100 million tons in national governments. An environmen- the early eightiesto 70 million tal assessment for Pakistan undertaken tons in the early climbed nineties as consumption with the assistance of IUCNThe World and as highly erodible cropland Conservation Union noted that the na-

~~BEST COPY A Ad ISLE 146 greenrevolution~~

The green revolution is a popular term coined in the 1960s to describe therecent transfer and diffusion of agricultural technology from the technologically developed countries to less technologicallyadvanced agricultural areas. The most dramatic example of this transfer is the development and rapid diffusion of high-yieldingcrop cultivars (cultivated varieties) of rice and wheat in tropical areas. Thesenew cultivars have the ability to respond to fertilizer application, with dramatic increases in productivity. Many ofthem have an insensitivity to photoperiod (length of day) that makes them readily adaptable throughout largeareas, and because they are short stemmed, they withstand wind damage and can be more easily harvested by machine.Wheat seed from Mexico and rice seed from the Philippines have greatly increased grain production in India,Pakistan, Malaysia, and Turkey.

The wheat program originated from breeding studies begun in Mexico in the 1940sby the Rockefeller Foundation. This program is now carried out by the International Maize and WheatImprovement Center, established in 1966 by the Rockefeller Foundation and the government of Mexico. Dr. NormanE. Borlaug, the center's director, received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his contributions to the wheat-breedingprogram. The center also conducts significant research incorn (maize) improvement.

The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was founded in the Philippines bythe Ford and Rockefeller foundations in cooperation with the government of the Philippines. The institute has been instrumentalin introducing high- yielding, disease-resistant "miracle" rice varieties to the rice-growing nations of tropical Asia. The IRRI also trains Asian scientists and directs the establishment ofnew rice-growing technologies.

Within recent years, certain serious problems have become apparent to large-scaleusers of these new high- yield seeds. They require heavy applications of fertilizers and pesticides, whichare both costly and ecologically damaging. In some areas, excessive groundwater use and soil erosionare creating ecological deficits for the future. Some of the disease-resistant rice varieties become vulnerable to infection after fiveto ten years, compounding the problems of monoculture--the use of only one or two varieties ofa cultivar.

Nevertheless, in some parts of Asia the green revolution has hadenormous effect. India, for example, has not had a famine since 1965-66. By contrast, areas of Africa with poor soils and recurrent drought suffer periodic famine. The social, political, and economic problems that beset suchareas complicate Africa's pursuit of the green revolution.

~~Jules Janick~~

Bibliography: Arnon, Isaac, Modernization of Agriculture in Developing Countries, 2d ed. (1988); Hazell,P. B., and Ramasamy, C., The Green Revolution Reconsidered (1991); Sharma, M. L., and Dak, T. M., The Green Revolution and Social Change (1989); Shiva, V., The Violence of the Green Revolution (1992).

~~See also: gene bank; plant breeding.~~

~~1 147 BEST COPY VA° 4BLE riePVal Ve.~~

India has been described as a land of villages. About 72 per cent of its people live in about 557,000 villages. Most of these villages have less than 1,000 people. By contrast, India has about 4,000 cities and towns. Only about 225 cities have populations over 100,000. Since the 1980's, the population of the cities has grown dramatically. Many villagers leave the rural areas to look for work in cities, where wages are higher. As a result, India's urban population is growing at about twice the rate of its rural , population. Urban growth is concentrated in Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, and Madras.

Village life Indian villages, like the people who live in them, look quite different from one part of the country to another. The stone dwellings of the chilly mountain regions are quite unlike the bamboo and matting huts of the hot central and southern areas. Some are small settlements around isolated farms, while others are tightly knit communities builtaround larger farms. Life is simple for Indian villagers. Most live in clusters of huts made of mud and straw. These huts usually have mud floors and only one or two rooms. Household articles may include brass pots for cooking, clay pots for carryingwater and storing food, and little else. About half of India's villages have access to electricity, although individualhomes may not have electric power. Manypeople use kerosene lanterns. Many village dwellings have no running water. The women get water from the village well,.6ften the center of activity. They poor the water into pots and carry the pots home on their head. Meals usually consia.apiraricLdal, a porridge made of pulses, Wiiia-r6fe e'bds stieb.pod vegetables as beans, chickpeas, pigeon peas, and lentils.% Family ties are important to the villagers. Marriages are thought of as a relationship between two families, rather than a union between two individuals. An Indian household may include not just parents and children, but also the sons' wives and their children. Relatives and neighbors often join together to help those who have met with some misfortune.

~~628 14 BEST COPY ,,VA LALE India~~

In Chandni Chowk, left, or Silver Square, the commercial center of Old Delhi, merchants sell silver jewelry, wholesale goods, sweetmeats, hand- dra'.11 icrafts, and clothing in apnt 11411 ir IV/ . , market stalls. HITONE

An artificial reservoir, right, known as the village tank, is often the heart of thousands of small communities throughout India. Many were built centuries ago and may be a village's only source of water.

Rural life has improved in many Indian In the slums of Bombay, states. In Haryana and Punjab, for example, below left, many people live in shacks made of economic growth has brought such modern wood or metal scraps. conveniences as electricity, improved drink- , se Others are crowded into ing water and sanitation, and paved roads. =Tr high-rise tenement buildings. The slum areas have poor water supplies and City life sanitation. The cities founded by the EuropeansBom- bay, Calcutta, and Madrashave become major urban centers. These cities usually have two separate areasa British section and an Indian section. The British section has modern buildings, shopping districts, and wide, treelined streets. Most of the wealthier Indians, and those with high military rank, live in this section. Many of these Indians have adopted Western ways and live in comfortable bungalows. The Indian section is quite different. The narrow, twisting streets are crowded with bicycles, carts, animals, and people. Millions of people live in terrible slums, where water supplies and sanitation are poor.

Village children attend school at Naricanda in the Himalayan foothills. Al- though government education programs have improved the country's literacy rate, only a third of India's adults can read and write. 149 629 :ea ellet 7te 46/40 erro. aco/c eole eyo,e6r,.n1 a 7' e://e 4°C0

For centuries, many different groups of peo- Traditional Hindu holy of Asia. days involve rich pagean- ple migrated to India from other parts try. Many Indian men Today, the descendants of these ancient peo- wear turbans of various ples give the population of India its great shapes. Because of the hot climate, most Indians variety of ethnic and language groups. wear light, loose clothing. Most people of northern India arede- scended from the Aryans, an ancient people who invaded the area about 1500 B.C. De- scendants of the darker-skinned Dravidians live in the southern part of the country. Dra- vidians were among the earliest known inhabitants of India. Muslim people also settled in India. Their descendants are concentrated in the northeast states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh,and West Bengal. Mongoloid people can be found in the Himalayan regions and in the states that border Burma in the northeast. India is also home to more than 70 million tribal people who live in remote forests and hills. The largest group, the Gonds, live near A Muslim Sufi, above, the Eastern Ghats. Other tribal groups in- wears the traditional woolen garments for clude the Bhils, Khasis, Nagas, Oraons, and which this Islamic sect Santals. was named. Sufi comes from the Arabic word for wool. Many languages Sixteen major languages and more than high 1,000 minor languages and dialects are spo- is spoken in each state. Elementary and ken in India. The major languages fall into school students study in their regional language and learn Hindi as asecond language. The Toda people, below, two groupsthe Indo-European andthe live in small, thatched In most colleges and universities, classes are Dravidian. houses nestled in the taught in regional languages, but English is Nilgiri Hills of the south- About 73 per cent of the people speak the ern state of Tamil Nadu. Indo-European languages, which include widely used. They herd buffalo and HindiIndia's most widely spoken lan- Because so many languages are spoken in make cane and bamboo Urdu, India, communication and understanding articles. Very few Toda guage. Also included in this group are survive today. which is closely related to Hindi, Assamese, between ethnic groups has often been diffi- Bengali, Gujarati, Kashmiri, Marathi, Oriya, cult. However, a more serious problem Punjabi, and Rajasthani. These languages facing the Indian people today is come from Sanskrit, the ancientIndian overpopulation. language. The population problem The Dravidian languages, spoken mainly India is the second most-populated coun- in the southern part of India, include Kan- try in the world. In recent years, due to nada, Malayalam, Tamil, and Telugu. improved sanitation and health care, the Two other language groups found in India death rate has dropped more rapidly than are the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in the northern Himalayan region and near the Bur- the birth rate. During the 1970's and 1980's, India's population increased by up mese border, and the Mon-Khmer languages spoken by some ethnic groups in eastern to 14 million people a year. India. Overpopulation has caused serious over- The principal official language of India is crowding throughout India, particularly in Hindi. Sanskrit and 13 regional languages the cities. In Calcutta, for example, the popu- are also official languages while English is lation density averages about 79,000 people considered an "associate" national lan- per square mile (30,500 per square - guage. At least one major regional language kilometer).

~~622 BEST COPY MN LAKE 150 India~~

~~?Delhi~~

~~Kanpur~~

~~?Ahmadabad~~

~~Nagpur Bombay .c-; :7. ? Pune~~

~~?Hyderabad P'~~

~~Bangalore PUNJABI :~~

~~Madras RAJASTHANI~~

~~HINDI GUJARATI BENGALI~~

~~s ORIYA~~

ctMARATHI Number of persons TELUG,V per sq.mile/per sq.km \ ...7"'" More than 1,000/More than 400 s1 500 to 1,00W200 to 400 ICANNAD,ei 250 to 500/100 to 200 125 to 250/50 to 100 TAMILi Less than 125/Less than 50 MALAYALW

Schoolchildren in the southern seaport of Madras often eat a lunch of traditional vegetarian food. A typical mealcon- sists of grains and spiced Millions of people live in slum dwellings. vegetables. Most Hindus do not eat beef, andsome Often, an entire family inhabits aone-room eat no meat at all. shelter made of scraps of woodor metal. Many others are so poor that they haveno home at all and must sleep in the streets. About 40 per cent of India's population is made up of children aged 14or under, and schools are overcrowded. Many children must drop out of school to help support their families. Only about a third of India's adults can read and write. Their lack of education limits their job opportunities and,as a result, they continue to live in poverty. To help control population growth, the government has introduced programs that encourage people to have smaller families.

~~This young Rajasthani, left, is a member of the Aryan ethnic group. Most Rajasthanis speak an Indo-European language that comes from Sanskrit.~~

623 IIHR developing disease-resistant THE ASIAN AGE 20 JULY 1098 vegetables, crops By Seema Singh The Times of India News Service BANGALORE:The Bangalore- based Indian Institute of Horticul- Terminatorgene tural Research (IIHR) is in the process of developing genetically engineered fruits and vegetables which will not only be resistant to threatens food diseases but also have a longer shelf life. "One of the biggest advantages of geneticallyengi- neered crops is that there is no security in India need to spray harmful chemicals as some of these plants produce their New Delhi, July 19: Terminator-extinction of India's traditional own pesiticides. This is not only III is not the sequel to an Arnoldcrop varieties. "It has been con- healthy, but also proves cost-effec- Schwarzeneggcr blockbuster.It cluded by a number of crop tive for the farmer," according to is the greatest threat ever to Indi-geneticists that there is alikeli Ir IIHR biotechnology department an farming and food security inhood of pollen carrying the Ter- head Lalitha Anand. this country. minator gene to crops in adjoirp The virus resistant crops being "It is nothing short of biotech-ing farmer's fields," Mr Som Pal develope,d include water melon, cit- nological warfare." says leadingsaid. rus fruits, and tomato. IJHR is also food expert Devinder Sharma in India, Mr Som Pal said, has.. developing tomato which is resis- reference to the Terminator, aresponded by banning the import tant to its common fungal disease plant gene which allows seeds toof seed`bontaiiSing the Teithiffa' ) leaf curl. "We are not as strong "self-destruct" after producing ator gene aricl.direqed thg', quarao:': as the United States and Europe in single crop. tine office .to ensure that no seed .0! this field, but we have made a mod- Terminator was developed bywith "trans -genie ..rnateriar?be, est beginning." While the research the United States department ofreleased with the approval of the ccontinues in full swing, some scien- agriculture in collaboration withplant protection authority. . tists are wary of the social accep- Delta and Pine Land, a seed com- But the director general Of 1 tance of such crops by consumer pany now under acquisition byIndian Council of Agricultural %,N, groups. However, Prof Anand does the biotechnology giant Monsan-Research, Dr R.S. Paroda. said \ not agree, "Normally we use genes to. which already has extensivethere is no way to ensure that the plant sources but in some interests in this country. Terminator does not cross Indian Afromcases, genes from the virus itself are

Union minister of state for agri- borders as this can happen by. taken. The only fear is that genes- culture Som Pal admitted in Par- jumping make nearby weeds resis- accident or by design. "It is a cus- /. liamentthis week that the Termi-toms problem," he said. Mr tant to a particular herbicide. But nator's self-destructive traitsDevinder Sharma criticises the research has shown that there is no could spread through cross-polli-steps announced by Mr Som Pal ,,X,'scope for this." nationand causethegradual as"cosmetic." (UN/) The increasing interest in genetically modified plants is evident in the closer ties developed between agro-chemical firms and biotechnology companies.Pest resistant maize, and potatoes and herbicide- 44.cottontolerant soybeans have been grown in the US for sometime now But India has only recently woken up to developing and cultivating genetically engineered crops.Though a few Indian companies have collabo- rated withmulti-nationalagro- chemicals, for instance Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Company with the US cljgiant Monsanto chemicals, Indo- American hybrid seeds is the only '.. Indian company to hav- taken up genotic engineering e';ops on a large style, BLE BEST COPYAVAB 1

152 PromisingBy Our Agriculture hasAHIGH-YIELDING field resistance durum Correspondentto rust and good wheat, which been developed by adaptability to the scientists at the University warmer winters, has durum wheat for Kam 5 characteristicsrietyAgricultural with high hasSciences beenyields (UAS), Dharwad. Theand other good grain va- of released for commercial t gatednataka.cultivation conditions, It isin highlythe wheat according to the suited for timely growing regions of Kar- sown irri- thespikelarger durum takamass. mass invarieties They rainfed of Durum wheats awns when comparedconditions. to the Theseareare basically wheats being cultivatedlow yielders. in scientists. Karna- totalhave But hecausein the region, domesticof their irrigated superior andConsidering the importance durumcommand wheat ainternational premium marketsquality. beof this species in improvement price Afterprovementprogramme Foryears Project.theof was launched Dharwad Farmer'sintensive Notebook research and at the Wheatas Im- early as 1985. extensive cross released,durumfieldbetween testing wheat. CPANaccording the known6018/2The improved semi-dwarfnew durum variety of high yieldingto them. as DWR-185. has been and Raj-1555. En- wheat is a tiblevationthetodowed todo twoin these well Peninsularwith major in field warmer winters,diseases it limitinghas even when factorsresistance of to rust and India. It was not wheat culti- artificiallyovercomean ability suscep- Indiasedimentationhighinoculated. for test four weight, The values. grainsThe variety has been years and it recorded better semolina evaluatedhave ingood Peninsular recoverya and highappearance, yield superiorityyears,HD-4502.of 4.33.8 this tonnestonnes varietyin In yield. Karnataka recorded per hectaregrains by per the hectare. check in all the trials for above 15 per as compared to variety seven cent dencedstressconditions.sowing, and by isthefertiliser suitable This varietyIn frontline agronomic trials. responsiveness and in irrigated to limited irrigation is also tolerant to as evi- heat checkcenttonnes variety increase per byhectare over theofThe new variety ten days. It yields amber. matures curlierHD- than 4502.check Itvariety. is 20.5 theper yielded the performance In agronomic experiments, DWR-185 of HD-4502 in dates BESTC has out of PY AVAILABLEtonnesDWR-185in different per hectare recorded farmers' when demonstrations over 24 anfields average spread yield of 5.075 compared to 4.215 over the State. hectares tractsularishedand amongbold byof Karnataka.animals. grains. the TheThis farmers in the irrigated according to the strawvariety is also is becoming highly rel- scientists. wheat pop-hard flog fOC we (fa svpvt-i% e Ag ncutu re

Agriculture is the largest and most important part of India's economy.Farms cover more than half of the country's areaand about 60 per cent of Indian workers make their living by farming. India's farmers grow a variety of crops, and India has the world's largest cattle population. Because cows are sacred to Hindus, they are not butchered for meat. Farmers keep cows for milk production and for plow- ing. After the cows die, their hides are used to make leather.

Crop production About 80 per cent of India's farmland is used to grow grains and pulses, the country's main foods. Pulses are the seeds of various pod vegetables, such as beans, chickpeas, and At harvesttime, women gather in the rice fields to pigeon peas. The major grain crops are rice, With the help of a pair of cut the stalks with sickles. oxen, right, a farmer wheat, millet, and sorghum. Rice is the staple crop in the eastern and southern plows a wheat field near India grows half of the world's mangoes one of the famous Hindu and ranks as the world's leading producer of regions. The world's second largest rice producer, temples in Khajuraho. Wheat is one of northern cashews, millet, peanuts, pulses, sesame India also exports some high-quality rice. India's main foods. The seeds, and tea. It is also the world's largest people enjoy chapatties, grower of betel nuts, which are palm nuts thin, flat, baked breads chewed as a stimulant by many people in made of wheat flour. tropical Asia. India is one of the world's leading producers of cauliflowers, jute, onions, rice, sorghum, and sugar cane. Indian farmers are also major producers of apples, bananas, coconuts, coffee, cotton, eggplants, oranges, potatoes, rapeseeds, rubber, tobacco, and wheat. In addition, they grow such spices as cardamom, ginger, pepper, and turmeric.

Indian farms Most farms in India are quite small. Half are less than 2-1/2 acres (1 hectare) in area and only 4 per cent cover more than 25 acres (10 hectares). About two-thirds of India's farmers own their own land, but many of these farms become smaller with each succeeding generation because of Indian inheritance customs. When a man dies, his land is divided up equally among his sons. In time, the property often becomes too small to cultivate profitably. To solve this problem, many state governments have set limits on how much a farm can be divided.

~~EST COPYVAI BLE 618 155 India~~

India's farmers have two growing seasons: the main summer cultivation period, called the kharif; and the secondary winter season, the rabi. The kharif season produces the main harvest, provided the summer monsoon brings the proper rainfall. In recent years, the rains have failed frequently and harvests have been smaller. Crops also suffer in the eastern part of the country when the Ganges and its branches flood the plains.

Recent developments India is a land of small farms that use family labor and work animals to till the land. In recent years, the government has introduced new varieties of seeds, as well as new ways of using fertilizer and modern irrigation systems. These changes have helped Indian farmers increase their crop production.

Tea plants grow throughout India, left, but the best-producing areas are in southern India and As- sam. The well-known Darjeeling tea grows on hillsides near the city of the same name. India produces 1-1/2 billion pounds (670 million kilo- Orr grams) of tea a year. (7-2 Iliktm(anpur Barley 0 Cattle r Cotton Ahmadabad 0 Forest products Icutta \ 0 Goats Jute

Bornbayl Millet The richest agricultural Peanuts regions of India are the Hyderba S Pepper Northern Plains, the Pun- jab, Gujarat, the Deccan, e.) Rice Intensively cultivated land and the coastal regions. O Sheep India now produces Other cultivated land enough food to meet most 4) Sorghum Grazing land of its needs. But floods ' Sugar cane and droughts still result in Forest land food shortages in some \c1) Tea areas. Generally unproductive land Tobacco BEST COPY AVAILABLE 0 Wheat 619 M-P farmers MP CM, farmers in NEW DELHI:Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Digvijay Singh today lashed out at the BJP-led Gov- thousands court arrest ernment at the Centre for what he called backtracking on its assur- The Times of India News Service Narayanan demanding Rs 2,960 ance to provide adequate assist- NEW DELHI: Madhya Pradeshcrore Central aid for relief to farm- ance to the farmers of the State chief minister Digvijay Singh, sever-ers hit by natural calamities. whose crop was affected due to va- al other senior Congress leaders, As against the requirement of Rs rious calamities, reports UNI. and thousands of farmers from the2,960 crore to meet the situation Mr Singh led a demonstration of state courted arrest outside Parlia-arisingfromdifferentnatural thousands of affected farmers near ment House on Friday, demandingcalamities, including the earthquake the Parliament House to highlight immediate Central aid for relief toat Jabalpur, Mr Singh said, the state their grievances. Several Congress received from the Centre only Rs \ leaders, including former Chief farmers affected by natural calami- Ministers Shyama Charan Shukla ties. Later, a Congress delegation67.76 crore. "The extent of damage NO and Motilal Vora, former Union comprising the chief minister, for-is too vast for the state to meet the VD Ministers Madhavrao Scindia and mer Union ministers Madhavraosituation," he emphasised. Vidya Charan Shukla, and 45 State Scindia, Arjun Singh, V C Shukla, Regretting the delay in sending a Ministers and Legislators, partici- party spokesman Ajit Jogi, PCCCentral team to assess the damage pated in the demonstration. chief Urmila Singh, and several oth- despite its assurance to the state, the - - er leaders from the state called onmemoranda said loss to crops in any Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpay-state was a national loss which the . ee and reminded him of his promise Centre should not overlook. of aid at the rate of Rs 5,000 per acre Mr Singh said Mr Vajpayee as- to the affected farmers, made duringsured the team that a meeting of the Lok Sabha elections. chief ministers would be held on Mr Digvijay Singh said what hadJuly 24 to discuss the modalities for saddened him most was that despitegiving relief to states from the na- being from the state Mr Vajpayeetional calamity fund. Earlier, Mr had not come to the rescue of a largeSingh led about 10,000 farmers in a number of farmers whose cropsdharna. The matter also figured in were damaged due to excessivethe Rajya Sabha when Congress rains and hailstorm. member Balkavi Bairagi demanded Mr Singh said the delegation sub-adequate Central assistance to meet mitted similar memoranda to Mrthe situation arising out of heavy un- VajpayeeandPresident K Rseasonal rains and hailstrom.

~~BESTC PY AVM BLE~~

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The rest of democratic government Hindu, began theand government India, SomedhiEnglish was fellow stillclothes too lawyers andshy toa law When he returned to India rescuedappear him in court. by degree, Gan- with his beganin byingsorIndia toviolence, to ofurge heard call race his him hatredofhe followers Gandhi'sbelieved.the couldMahatma to Whennot be ended fight.work, Feel- they people(mall. governingleaveBritishWithNehru India. realizedGandhi's (juh.wAx.huhr.lahl In they 1947support, power to would have to Nehruthey wouldJawaharlal passed NAYr00). whoproducedIndia blamed shot another Gandhi him to The same fight victim. 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Gandhi began at the verypeople, bottom especially took the side leadersIndia'sfleeIndiaMuslims northwardMuslims overshould the lived. have. hadtype to Assplit these whereMuslims most began other to of government refugees left 3.2.1. WhenWhyWhoThink wereled did Beyond India'sIndia two gain Whsad o youindependence? countries'.' -ned? independence . hink or 382Hehis begansuffering to wear Indian Gandhi set aside his people. clothingEnglish suits.again had"childrenharijans been (HAR.uh.jahnz), blessedof god." 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Still, for India's future. 5%Before Gandhi died, India Today He thought the Indian he had planned become one of Asia's This rapid growth has led India to thousandsModerntwistedCate, apartment sacred streetsof Indians to are buildingsHindus, livetoo narrow in slumsroam freelyand have in many no for cars, so many Indians areas of Indianwater cities. or electricity. ride bicycles. The tages.learnownwayto peoplesmall to ofInfood. spin life.this businesses would India's andVillagers do best could way Gandhi believedweavers couldweave again in theirand the cot- old villageif they went back raise their crowdedfindlagersproblems nations.work, than continue forurban Rapid India. to growth As ever. Many factorymove to the cities to areaslargest are industrial more also hasmillions caused of vil- Cf 11 t t!' 7 ,- : 1 , 4 withIndia's modern large populationPrime Minister industries. could compete bicyclesapartments.workers many today They miles live must jammedto into their small jobs. Many walk or ride . I '1 1 t. lifeof HeIndiaher andwith said, shell activitiesin Gandhi. the"She and [India] He way of European nations. take full partof the in modernwanted age." to developNehru disagreedhas to come out the nesswithflimsydwellers, cannotnoare shacks. homes widespread. findlife Othersat isall.jobs hard. at all. Povertylive and in thesick- streets SomeFor put such up city cuttaTheries,adopted. cities grew highways, of to Indians Bombay, With Gandhi many millions of people. mines,gone, Nehru's and railroads. plan created new facto- Delhi, and Cal- was housingHowever,Homesmuch attractsmoney someand apartments Indians to The Indian governmenteven morehas. spentpeople fromimprove the cities. thinkhave that been more built. 384sameManyModern stylepeople buildingsas beganEuropeans. shot up everywhere.to live in much the thereinsaid,crowded.the "Go villages. lies to Theythe Thevillages.soul agree with Gandhi, who cities only get of India." That is India, more PY AVA1[ALE Village Life "S. ,..... fewvillages.more hundred than A 800 typical households. million village Today about 75 percent of people live Each house. contains Indite ID a mighteachativesextendedhold other include forms may in family. one liveawhat household. isAs grandmother,together an auntand often calledmany as 30 rel. A family support the Helivetwoor may uncle, inbrothers. send the and citymost the Another and ofwives and work in a factory.his salary home brother children of may - 14, familiesas theyto help havemay the ownalways family. been.Indian villages area much few acres the same of rice Farming Barefoot and using an the soil of an old-fashioned wooden Indian field. plow, a village farmer drives HomebyMost theindustries Indian parents marriages such of the bride and as spinning cottonare still arranged groom. thatThesemaypaddy their workers be fathers orcarpenters, cotton do did. the field. Inweavers, Other or same caste jobs familiespotters. his oxenernment through will start Many farmers hope thatirrigation projects. the gov- welltoo on expensive. small plots The old ways seem of land. Gasoline tois hread provide families with income maynotwork, own money theyland, arewhich usually they do notThree farm. or four old Brahman returnpaid for theirin goods, families vegetablesWiththeycould extra need. earn waterin cash the they to buy winter season. somecould of the farm goodshas more made many They workFacing best. the The tasks ahead Future Populationfor India's govern- contin- performmana sharelandThey is religious to ofearn tenantteachthe their atservices. aliving small by crop.farmers, The who job giveof a Brah-them rentingschool the and As pay- nationattemptsods.to teach ofIt tohasvillagers. farmers solve allowed India's government better farmingfactoriesthe problems inIt India.hasforeign sent experts companies meth-of its It mentuesindustrieson aretodams thegrow, difficult. for need water power. power food supply. putting greater more is India's many new needed.and newEven atomic with new demands woodenoldandment, way. services plows theyThey receive plowpulledfrom craft food fromIn farmersmost places farmers their fields withby oxen calledworkers. work in the hasto passederybuild introducedsystem. to fertilizer replacelaws to do modernawayanimal with farm power. the castemachin- It has old powerneeds,notIndia plants, takeIndia's neutral. sides While trying to leaders havein theA disagreements neutral country meet these and tried to keep other does of government.seed,havepraybullocks. and for learned pesticidesthe Pesticides monsoons.They to are Some chemicals farmers sow the seed anduse then fertilizers, new provided by the toways. senseprovidescaste Most ofrules. belonging. everyone Still, many villagers continue to live They say this withMany a job alsoand a cling to the according at least refuse othernations.fromviettake countries. both Unionsides India's in communistand theand Unitedstruggles between leadersIndia havehas accepted States.democratic Norrefused to the So- aid 386 smallfarmers'used because to kill pesticides insects. crops, but their profit stays This increasesare expensive. orto izers.eatnew wheat typesAs for grown BESTCOPYAVAILAB_E machines, mostof rice grown in other countries withdo fertil-not work powerfuldoes India neighbor, want to risk China. offending its 1GL 387 develop2500 B.C. along Cities the HISTORY OF INDIA 2500 B.C. Benazir Bhutto 1953 civilizationconquer1500Indus IndusB.C. River Aryans River 2000 >>>>>>>1>>>>1>C>>C a chance to the326is563 Great B.C. born B.C. Alexander Buddha 1500 Minister,Benazir Bhutto,In the 1988'stan. new voices prime "Wazir-e-Azam,Benazir! Benazir!" the people Prime cried rose up all overMIK HISTORY minister of Paki- out. planefightbe back. chosencrash. General A in new the primefirst Finally, in 1987 Bhutto got Zia was killed in a democratic election minister was to Chandraguptaunited323 B.C.arrives under India in Maurya isIndia 1000 nearlyIndira 20 Gandhi dominated years. Indian politics for - 'Pakistan, hadwomannation. just in modern j becometimes theto lead first a Muslim Pakistan to heldworldpaign since asBenazir 1977. an amazing BhuttoAfter a Bhutto's victory was seen wonachievement. the election. De- difficult cam- around the 255 B.C. Asoka (a wealthy Muslim family Benazir Bhutto was born in active in politics. spite family tragedy and Islamic customsMuslim women from GoldenA.D.rules 320 AgeIndia India enters 500 icies.attemptedbecame Today's toprime leaders Nehru's daughter, carry out her father's pol-minister in 1966. She Indira Gandhi, 'Bhutto'stimesthoughten father,away Benazir she onZulfikar did government spent not Ali see withBhutto, her him much, thebusiness. Al- father were was of- takingthatmocracyworld discourage part leader. in to politics, a mostInlong-divided addition, workedBhutto hard becameto im- a she restored de-nation. Since 1200to IndiaSultansinvadersA.D. 500 introduceMuslim Islam A.D.B.C. andto population help solve A major challenge is to persuadeproblems all of food, growth. continue to work energy, asherspecial. Alexander stories She about fondly the leadersGreat remembers in history, and Napoleon. him telling tosuch the Thinkproveher election, the lives she has Beyond What personal of her people. Bhutto needed to qualities empire1500establish Moguls in India kingdoms control 500 AlmostaboutwhoNewIndians two-thirds 1,000 ideasspeak to forms pull 14 spread slowly major languagestogether as and a nation.of ofthese those languages. among people onlege.United to SheOxford States did University, wellto study in her at in RadcliffeWhen Bhutto was 16, she came economics.studies and InwentBritain, to study Col- becomedo you think prime Benazir minister of Pakistan? Company1600 BritishIndia1556 formed Akbar East Indiarules 1000 togethersuccessnot read depends to or plan write their any language.on Indians India's working future. people can- thepolitics,ningminister meantime aphilosophy, career of Pakistan. her in father foreign and became primeIn 1977 she returned to service. However, Pakistan, plan- Gandhi1915control Mahatma1858 leads of British India establish 1500 kg 2. Do1. most of lemsHowReading for has India? Check rapid growth created prob- withinGeneralwasleader only overthrown daysMohammad of the of military,herin a return,military took power. Zia ul-Haq, takeover. her father the Benazir independence1947to BritishIndianonviolent wins rule resistance Think3. How Beyond does the tryies toor helpin villages? village India's people live Indian government farmers? in cit- hangedBhutto'syearsleaders infatherBhutto 1979for his was despite release. put inpleas prisonFor herself was repeatedly ar- the next seven from world and 388 A.D. 2000 videtion a goodmust life become for itsDo modernizedpeople? you think Explain. to a na- pro- BESTCOPYAVAPLARIherrestedBhutto younger and blamed imprisoned. brother General died During Zia's followers.from poisoning. that time 1S 3 389 he (7 egif Present- r NAME Use with text pages 384-388. WORDS and IDEAS India in the Present WORDS

~~0 Read the clues. Then lookacross and down the rows to find the hidden words. Circle each word.~~

~~D I T O N Y Z R E O T H M E V B E X TE N D E D F A M I L Y L A V H U JB U LL O C K S B N PESTIC ID E S A FG H I N D I R A G A N D H I S TU Y B V E AJ W P S E K N O A D C Q R H L O D AI TBVF S0~~

1. oxen used by Indian farmers to plow fields 2. two or more related families that live together (2 words) 3. daughter of Nehru and former prime minister of India (2 words) 4. taking neither side in a disagreement 5. chemicals used to kill insects

~~IDEAS~~

~~0 Put each set of events in the correct order.~~

1 Many people moved to the cities to find jobs. Nehru's plan to develop India in modern ways was adopted. Urban problems resulted from rapid growth. 2 Many people have returned to the old methods of farming. Modern farm machinery was used to replace animal power. Many machines did not work well on small plots of land. 3 Nehru's daughter continued to carry out his policies. Indira Gandhi became prime minister in 1966. BEST COPY AVAILABLE Nehru accepted aid from communist and democratic nations.

~~ACTIVITY BOOK: Unit 4, Chapter 12 (6-5- World ray- rreserro tut., From :fit Use with text pages381-383. NAME ---WORDSandIDEAS India's PathtoIndependence~~

WORDS with its description. 0 Draw a line tomatch eachword or name meaning "truthforce" a wordused by Gandhi 1. MohandasGandhi a wordmeaning "childrenof god" 2. Mahatma independence a leaderwho helpedIndia gain 3. boycott meaning "holyone" or "greatteacher" 4. satyagraha a word meaning "torefuse to buy" 5. harijans a word

IDEAS question on theline. 0 Write the answerto each did all Indianleaders agreethat 1. Late inthe nineteenthcentury, what the Britishshould do? teach as a wayto achievepolitical 2. Whatmethod of actiondid Gandhi

~~change? all forms oflife? 3. How didGandhi feel about~~

~~clothes and beginto wear Indian 4. Why didGandhi stopwearing English clothing again? Indians in SouthAfrica to do? 5. What didGandhi urge~~

~~do after method, whatdid the British 6. Largely as aresult of Gandhi's~~

~~World War II? founded by theMuslims ofIndia? 7. What newcountry was Chapter 12 94) ACTIVITYBOOK: Unit 4, Food for Thought Lynn Tiede Fulbright 1998 Curriculum Project~~

~~Religion and Food~~

Objective / Aim: For social studies students to describe and list various Indian religious beliefs, values, and practices related to the sacredness of food and animalsso that when asked to compare and contrast to American beliefs, values, and practices regarding the sacredness of food and animals, students can do so with 80% accuracy.

~~Materials: 1. Handouts and zeroxes of photos on Hindu, Muslim, Er Jain beliefs and -IL practices.~~

~~2. Handouts on Gandhi's beliefs~~

~~3. News articles on "Fasting by K L Sharma"~~

~~4. Copies of Cartoons and articles on cow slaughter ban, Vegetarianism, food waste, animal farming in the U.S. Vocabulary~~

ahimsa non-violence toward any living being vegetariana person who primarily eats vegetables and grains and no animal products non-vegetariana person who includes animal parts in hisher diet fast to go for a long period of time without eating and/ or drinking any foodor water satyagrahaprotest

Motivation:Give students cartoons about cows and deer. Discuss student's reaction and ask students what they think the beliefs of the person who made the cartoon are about animals. Show them pictures of cows wandering streets in India and article on cow slaughter ban. Ask students how cartoons and pictures might be related. and to offer explanations for why cows are in the s streets.

Guide students to see that cartoon, pictures and article suggest beliefs of nonviolence and acceptance toward animals. Discuss and write down reasons why animals should not be killed and allowed space to live.

Explain to students that in India many people believe as part of their religion that certain animals or that all animals should not be killed. Explain that we will be learning these beliefs and comparing them to our own.

~~Do Now / Strategies:~~

1. Students will be given handouts explaining and showing various beliefs and practices related to three different religions regarding food and the eating of animals. 2. Students should fill in chart breaking down differences in three religious groups beliefs. 3. After discussing and insuring that students understand religious restrictions, students should read about Gandhi's and KL Sharma's "Beliefs in Action". Homework: Students should then answer questions about religious beliefs and actions, comparing American views with Indian views. They can read article from the Farm Animal Reform Movement Er PETA regarding animal rights and activism by these group members.

~~.1b Religion and Food~~

~~Read and look at the pictures in the following pages and then fill in the chart that follows. Remember, you are trying to find out what three religious groups in India believe about food and animals.~~

~~Name of Religion Beliefs About Diet, Animals ( Practices involving Restrictions food Er animals~~

~~Hinduism~~

~~Islam~~

~~Jainism~~

~~After filling in the above chart read the newspaper article and book excerpts about K.L. Sharma and of Mahatma Gandhi. Then answer the following questions.~~

1. What is K.L. Sharma upset about? 2. How is he protesting this problem? 3. Why do you think he believes people will react to his actions? What does this tell you about Indian people's attitude toward food? 4. Which religion do you think he might practice? Why? 5. What was Gandhi upset about? 6. How did he protest this problem? 7. Why did the British get upset? 8. What does this tell you about Indian people's attitude toward food? 9. What type of diet does Gandhi believe Indian people should eat? Why? 10. What religion might Gandhi practice? 11. Do you know any Americans that have similar beliefs about animals and food as Hindus, Muslims, Jains, K.L. Sharma, and Gandhi? Explain.

76, 12. Do you know any Americans who have used food to protest certain problems? Explain. Be sure to tell what the Black Muslims in America believe about diet. 13. Read the article from FARM. What does this group believe about animals? How have they tried to teach and get support for their beliefs? 14. What do you think Americans can learn from Indian religions and K.L. Sharma and Gandhi about animals and food?

Vocabulary ahimsa non-violence toward any living being vegetariana person who primarily eats vegetables and grains and no animal products non-vegetarian - a person who includes animal parts in his I her diet fast - to go for a long period of time without eating and/ or drinking any food or water satyagraha - protest

171 l Wouldn't it be awful, wouldn't it be queer If ow would you feel if a cow ate you? AndJustTo toblasted be be strolling stopped to bits with by while a friends deer with in the afternoon to be playing in the woods and be shot by out having some fun? a gun sun, a deer? WithAndFried ILchopped carrots, you Caught you and bopped or broiled you or put you in potatoes,you in or two, an onion or two? you stew So consider this thought and remember it clear, HowPutSo wouldsometime down youyour at feel steakdinner if and when ponder a cow ate you? you're starting to chew, this through, U 17 2 II MI El IN II ElII II I111 Pgrg Vesoorce EM BEST CUeY h1 (1_,,1 1)1_ 73 GUJARAT 7w yor(ceia 7rPe /GANDHINAGAR;governmentfirmly The with hasthose decided who violated to deal the By A Staff Reporter state theseriousthosebeen rules askedpolice about in this toofficials theseek regard. enforcement explanationwho were not of TNTdentweek.Khengar of Kutch Park- had Patvadi called Road armyThe lastand district police superinten- type explosives cow from Pakistanintheir 7,714 lives border accidentsand with18,361 Kutch. onwere AsRoadnational injuredmany accidents as 3,745 people lost ban on cow slaughter and the Mr Pandya assured the mem- enforce BSF officials and showed them the highways and 11,461 accidents on slaughter ban State to strictly bers that if need be the state gov- / usepolicethe provisions forceculprits, has ministerof PASA of against state for been asked to driveernment against would such launch nefarious a special ele- alsoexplosives summoned and the police havea team of Chiefstate highways Minister during told 1997-98,Manubhai the \ bers.inginHome the to stateHaren assembly Pandya, whileannouncedIntervening reply- in the brief debate, queries from the mem- demandedments.specialment should police that theset station upstate a govern- A BJP member from Deesa ForensiccheckingAhmedabad Science of LaboratoryASSEMBLY of QUESTIO the seized explo-for a thorough NS thatParmar a majorityof the Congress. of the mishapsIn a written reply, Mr Patel said edwere report- from endorsedduringPandya.Minister Question the Keshubhai statement Patel of Mr alsoHe said the government would Hour, Chief portedwhereinon Gujarat-Rajasthan cowto Mumbai. and progeny checkpost are trans-The governmentBanaskantha should strictly district from sives.thethat borderpolicethe state ondistrict government maximum of KutchThe_ alerthas and putminister in told the House andofNationalAhmedabad-Mumbai,Ahmedabad-Shamlaji Ahmedabad-Rajkot form theHighway state highway No 8(section NH No 8.A 27- of ) and that partyprogenyillegalimpound members, transportation asthe demanded vehicles who alleged ofengaged cowby ruling andthat in sionsimplementPrevention of the Bombaythe Act Animal and Police other Cruelty Act. provi- thatitsthe proof. seizurethe government of the explosives shouldSome set was BJPup members demanded thatIndravijaysinhMurdersAhmedabad-Mehsana. as many as Jadeja 436 murders ofThe the wereBJP Chief Minister told outthethem.shouldporters illegalby certain takeactivities firmidentified wereaction carried trans- against and the government Congress,tabledtoSeizureThe home byof TNT Lalitbhaisaid minister, inthat Kutch thePatel while Bhuj of replying thecity a calling attention motion a specialbouringtheareaversive local and cell activitiesanti-nationalresidentsalso to urgedmonitor who inaction thethe elementswere sub-borderagainst har- Januaryreportedtered tofrom in April the Surendranagar t,iis stateHe year. said between 13 murders and were regis- lie said the senior officials have _ police has seized a bag containing who sneaked in from across the accused in 11 cases were arrested. 175 t.? .V, 4.

~~I I V V , --", - BESTCOPY VALABLE 178 {hin'-doo-izm}~~

Hinduism, one of the great religions of the world, is the major religion of India, where nearly 85 percent of the population is classified as Hindu. Hinduism has developed over about 4,000 years and has no single founder or creed; rather, it consists of a vast variety of beliefs and practices. Organization is minimal and hierarchy nonexistent. In its diversity, Hinduism hardly fits most Western definitions of religion; rather,it suggests commitment to or respect for an ideal way of life, known as dharma.

~~4-BELIEFS AND PRACTICES~~

~~Caste System~~

The ideal way of life is sometimes referred to in classical sources and by Hindus as the "duties of one's class and station" (varnasramadharma). The term class (varna) is one of the words connoting the caste system peculiar to India. The ancient texts suggest four great classes, or castes: the Brahmins, or priests; the Ksatriyas, or warriors and rulers; the Vaisyas, or merchants and farmers; and the Sudras, or peasants and laborers. A fifth class, Panchamas, or Untouchables, includes those whose occupations require them to handle unclean objects. It is speculated that the Untouchables were originally assigned such lowly tasks because of their non-Aryan origins. This classification system hardly does justice to the modern complexity of the caste system, however. The classical works on dharma specify distinct duties for different classes, in keeping with the distinct roles each is expected to play in the ideal society.

~~Stages of Life~~

)c The classical works also outline four ideal stages (asrama), or stations of life, each with its own duties. The first of these is studentship (brahmacarya), from initiation at 5 to 8 years of age until marriage; the second, householdership (grihasthya), when one marries, raises a family, and takes part in society; the third, forest dwelling (vanaprasthya), after one's children have grown; and the fourth, renunciation (samnyasa), when one gives up attachment to all worldly things and seeks spiritual liberation. Besides the duties that are derived from an individual's class and station, general duties (sanatanadharma) are also incumbent on all moral beings. These include honesty, courage, service, faith, self-control, purity, and nonviolence.

These ideal classes and stations encompass males only. The position of women in Hinduism has always been ambiguous; they are, on the one hand, venerated as a symbol of the divine, on the other, treated as inferior beings. Women were traditionally expected to serve their husbands and to have no independent interests. Recent movements within Hinduism, however, such as the Brahmo Samaj, have succeeded in altering this situation.

~~Aims of Life~~

Dharma is only one of the four aims of life (purusartha) distinguished within Hinduism. It is thought of as superior to two others--kama, or enjoyment of desires, and artha, or material prosperity. These three constitute the aims of those in the world (pravritti). The fourth aim is liberation (moksa), the aim of those who renounce the world (nivritti), and this is classically viewed as the supreme end of man.

~~Karma and Rebirth~~

A widespread feature of classical Hinduism is the belief in transmigration of souls, or samsara, the passage of a soul from body to body as determined by the force of one's actions, or karma. The strict karma theory specifies that one's type of birth, length of life, and kinds of experiences are determined by one's previous acts. This is ©1997 Grolier Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE modified in popular understanding, but it probably has remaineda strong influence on most Hindus throughout history. Liberation is release from this cycle of rebirth. It is typicallyto be achieved by working out those karmic residues which have already begun to mature, as wellas by following certain practices to ensure that no further residues are produced to cause future rebirths. The practices by whichone can achieve this are frequently termed yoga, and the theory of liberation is thecore of Indian philosophy.

~~PHILOSOPHY~~

Hinduism is usually said to include six philosophical systems. The systems calledNyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, and Yoga emphasize yogic practices coupled with an understanding of basic principlesof metaphysics and epistemology. Nyaya, in addition, includes an analysis of logic. The systems calledMimamsa identify the performance of ritual--the Vedic sacrifice, or actions performed in that spirit--asthe means to liberation. The many Vedanta systems, taking their inspiration from the Upanishads, tend to emphasize understanding of the relationship between the self (Atman) and ultimate reality (Brahman)as the critical aspect of any path to liberation. Philosophies associated with sectarian movements, suchas the bhakti cults, frequently localized in a linguistic or cultural area within the subcontinent, emphasize the path of theisticdevotion.

~~HINDU DEITIES Sc' IIIe-AAP ve e?e/mq/74/-/19.5*,/~~

The two great theistic movements within Hinduism are Vaishnavism, the cult of Vishnu,and Shaivism, the cult of Shiva. Hindu belief, however, usually holds that the universe is populated bya multitude of gods. These gods share to some extent the features of the Godhead but areseen as behaving much as humans do and as being related to each other as humans are. This view is similar to that of the ancient Greeks. For example, thesupreme gods Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva and some of the other godsare often viewed as activated through their relationships with female deities. These female consorts to the deitiesare called Shakti. Other well-known gods are said to be relatives of a supreme god, such as Ganesha, the elephant-headed god,a son of Shiva and Parvati. Kali, or Durga, the consort of Shiva, is worshiped widely throughout India in theautumn. Hanuman, the monkey-faced god, is depicted in many shrines, and along with Lakshmi, Vishnu's wife, isamong the most important deities associated with Vaishnavism. The sets of gods recognized by different sectsare by no means mutually exclusive, however.

~~FORMS OF WORSHIP~~

Hindu worship takes many forms. One of the least frequent is the congregational formso familiar in the West. Vedic sacrifices were conducted in anyopen place properly consecrated. Typical Hindu daily worship (puja) includes a stop at several shrines, a visit toa temple, and home worship. A Hindu may be devoted to several gods: the image of one god, frequently a family deity, is commonly installed ina small shrine in the home; a second god, worshiped at a nearby temple, may be the divinity to which the person's caste is committed; and still another may be the god to whom the individual makes obeisance as his guru (teacher)or his guru's tutor. Because everything is sacred in a Hindu's eyes, almost anythingmay be considered worthy of devotion; rivers, cowpens, and the retreats of holy men are among the holy places frequented by the devout.

~~Home Worship~~

Home worship typically involves purification of thearea through fire, water, and the drawing of symbolic diagrams. Depending on one's class and station, the frequency with whicha Hindu is expected to perform the rites, and the role performed in them, will differ. The rites involve offeringfood, flowers, or incense to the deity, together with appropriate recitations of sacred wordsor texts: An especially important ritual is known as sraddha, in which Hindu males symbolically support their father,grandfathers, and great-grandfathers in other worlds by offering water and balls of rice; this ritual dates fromVedic times. The worshiper requires the services of a priest on this occasion,as for other life-cycle ceremonies such as birth, initiation, marriage, and death.

The priests also carry out temple worship, although the devoteemay participate in the reading of certain hymns or prayers and may give flowers or money to the god directly. The image of a god is believed to be the god, and the cycle of worship in a temple centers on the daily life of the god, involving preparation of thegod for worship- - waking him up with bells, purifying him with incense, bathing him, dressing him, and feedinghim. The worshiper comes to the temple to view (darshana) the god and to receive the food (prasada) thatthe god has touched. As in the cycle of an ordinary person, special days occur in the cycle of the god of thetemple, and on these days special ceremonies are held. These are frequently the times of festivals andmay involve elaborate ceremonies: pilgrimages of vast numbers of devotees, processions bearing the god's imagethroughout the city or countryside, and special music, plays, and dances for the occasion.

~~Sacred Cities and Festivals~~

The seven sacred cities of Hinduism are the following: Varanasi (Benares), Hardwar,Ayodhya, Dwarka, Mathura, Kanchipuram (Conjeeveram), and Ujjain. Other important pilgrimage spots include Madurai, Gaya,Prayaga (Allahabad), Tirupati, and Puri. Each of these places has oneor more temples where annual festivals are celebrated that attract large numbers of pilgrims.

Certain festival days are celebrated throughout India ona day fixed according to the Hindu lunisolar calendar. Prominent among these is Dipavali, the "Festival of Lights," occurring in October and November,at which lamps are placed around the house to welcome Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity. Ho li, a spring festival in February or March, is a day of riotous f unmaking; this frequently involves temporary suspension of caste and social distinctions, and practical jokes are the order of the day. In the fall (September and October)a ten-day period is set aside to honor the Mother Goddess, culminating in Dashara, the tenth day,a day of processions and celebrations. This festival is extremely important in Bengal, where it is known as Durga Puja.

~~'HISTORY AND LITERATURE~~

Scholars sometimes distinguish Vedism, the religion of ancient India basedon the Vedas, from Hinduism, although it is difficult to pinpoint a time that demarcates them. The Vedaswere hymns of the Aryans, who invaded in the 2d millennium BC.

Vedism stressed hope for a future existence in heaven and lacked the concepts of karma and rebirth; Hinduism characteristically includes karma and rebirth, and the greatest hope is for eventual release from theirsway.

The Vedic deities were somewhat different from those which dominate in Hinduism, although scholars have traced the origins of Vishnu and Shiva back to Vedic counterparts. Later Vedism is sometimes called Brahmanism because of the authority accorded the Brahmins, or priests, who performed the ritual Vedic sacrifice. However, the challenge of non-Vedic religions, notably Buddhism and Jainism, led to the replacement of the rigid Brahmanical rules by more relaxed and varied forms of worship.

Although the Vedas continue to be spoken ofas the final authority in Hinduism, other texts of equal importance exist. Thus, a literature was developed for each of the four aims of life: various Dharmasastras, suchas the Code of Manu, which detail the duties of class and station; Kamasastras, suchas the Kamasutras of Vatsyayana, handbooks of pleasure, erotic and otherwise; the Arthasastra, attributed to Kautilya (fl. 300 BC), which, like Machiavelli's The Prince, offers advice to a ruleras to how to keep the throne; and the philosophical literature of the various systems, which deals with liberation and how to achieve it.

In addition, certain collections of talescame to be widely known in popular life, especially the two great epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. The Mahabharata tells of fiveprinces who were cheated out of their kingdom and who, after a period of banishment in the forest, returnedto fight a victorious and righteous war to regain it. ©1997 Grolier Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 181 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Ah,especially beloved portion of this epic is the section called the Bhagavad Gita, in which Arjuna, one of the brothers, is counseled by his charioteer Krishna, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu. The Ramayana tells the story of the ideal Hindu man, Rama, whose wife Sita is abducted by a demon, and of Rama's journey to Sri Lanka to recapture her. Both epics are filled with didactic tales, edifying poems, and fables. Itis probably through their constant retelling in the village that Hinduism is most efficiently disseminated from generation to generation. Another source of Hindu lore is the Puranas, collections of legends and myths.

The period from roughly 500 BC to AD 1000 is sometimes spoken of as that of classical Hinduism. It was during this period that the major literature was composed, the great philosophical systems developed, and the basic Vaishnava and Shaiva sects organized. After 1000, beginning in south India somewhat earlier, a spirit of devotional fervor coupled with social reform swept through India, and the period from that time until near the --present is known as the bhakti period. During this time the forms of religious worship changed and diversified further. Singing of devotional songs and poems in the vernacular rather than in Sanskrit, the language in which practically all classical Hindu literature was written, is one example. Direct approach to the god was emphasized, and the mediating role of the priest somewhat curtailed. Love, a sentiment common to all but particularly to the most ordinary villager, is now celebrated as the way to the highest end; some bhakti philosophies hold that liberation is not the supreme goal and that loving service to God is a higher one.

Recent developments in Hinduism are indicative of a movement away from certain aspects of classical practice, such as suttee, a widow's suicide at her husband's funeral; caste distinctions; and even karma and rebirth.

~~Karl H. Potter~~

Bibliography: Basham, A.L., The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism, ed. by K.G. Zysk (1989); Chennakesavan, Sarasvati, A Critical Study of Hinduism (1980); Hopkins, Thomas J., The Hindu Religion Tradition (1971); Kinsley, David, Hinduism (1982); Klostermaier, Klaus K., A Survey of Hinduism (1988); Lannoy, Richard, The Speaking Tree (1974); O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger, Dreams, Illusions and Other Realities (1984); O'Malley, L. S. S., Popular Hinduism (1935; repr. 1986); Sen, Kshiti Mohan, Hinduism (1961); Thomas, P., Hindu Religion, Customs and Manners, 6th ed., (1981); Zaehner, R. C., Hinduism (1962).

~~See also: Asia, history of; India, history of; Indian literature.~~

~~BEST COPY AVAILABLE~~

'About 83per cent of India's people practice The Buddhist wallpaint- the Hindu religion, one of the world's oldest ing from which this detail comes was painted in the living religions. Hindu rules and customs cave temples of Ajanta, have an important influence on Indian life. Maharashtra, during the Unlike many other religions, Hinduism 100's B.C. Although Bud- dhism was once the chief was not founded on the teachings of one per- religion of India, less than son. Many different cultural, racial, and 1 per cent of Indians are religious groups had a role in shaping Hindu Buddhists today. philosophy.

The caste system A basic part of Hinduism is the caste system. Caste is a strict system of social classes. The ancient Aryans, who invaded India about 1500 B.C., used the caste system to limit their contact with Dravidian people who had already settled there. The Hindu castes are grouped into four main categories, called varnas. In order of rank, these varnas are (1) Brahmans, the priests and scholars; (2) Kshatriyas, the rulers Amritsar's Golden Tem- and warriors; (3) Vaisyas, the merchants and ple, above, set in a sacred professionals; and (4) Sudras, the laborers pool, is the holiest Sikh shrine. Sikhism was and servants. founded about 1500. About 20 per cent of the Indian population About 14 million Sikhs are ranked below the lowest Sudra caste. live in India. These people are called untouchables, and they have traditionally held the lowest jobs. Hindu worship According to Hindu belief, membership in Hindu belief and conduct is based on the a caste is established at birth and is difficult, teachings of Sanskrit literature. The Vedas are if not impossible, to change. A person's so- the oldest Hindu scriptures. These philo- cial status in the community depends on the sophical works existed for centuries and caste to which he or she belongs. Each caste were passed down orally from generation to also has a traditional occupation. generation before they were written down. There are thousands of castes in the caste Many ancient Hindu rituals are still widely system, each with its own rules of behavior. observed. Millions of Hindus visit temples Friendships and marriages rarely occur be- along the Ganges River, the most sacred river tween members of different castes. in India. Hindu temples hold annual festivals Some people believe that the caste system to honor events in the lives of their gods and slows India's progress toward becoming a most Hindus have a shrine in their home de- modern nation. In recent years, however, voted to a particular god. many caste barriers have broken down. Peo- Hindus believe that animals as well as ple of different castes work in the same hurrin beings have souls. They have :revei--. offices and factories and mingle in public ence- for cows, monkeys, ind:rither!eilimar. places. India's 1950 Constitution gave un- AlifirAh fiot-41tHindus,d4V'' touchables equal rights as full citizens. Most will not eat beef) Even with these changes, few Indians want the caste system to die out completely. They heidOilindo god, is fea- prefer the security of knowing exactly where tureAinjhisjaitifSvNAdli temple sh'r`ine Caneshis they belong in society. Also, caste organiza- universally honored by tions preserve traditional skills from gener- Hindus as the "rerriaverof ation to generation and provide help to Obstacles." Hindus wor- if ship manydivinities' (gods needy members. andt oddeSses). Aitin <7/PO4,0004,6ve/ (c7,x 624 EST COPY AVALABLE c:/`, W74 .1 8 India

Hindu reverence for the cow dates from about Minority faiths 3,500 years ago. The sacredness of thecow is revealed in Hindu scriptures, particularly in the Most Indians are Hindus.However, Muslims, stories of Krishna among the gopis (milkmaids) of Christians, and other religiousgroups also Brindaban. Krishna is a Hindu god. Hisconversa- live in India. tions with the Pandava warrior Arjuna discuss the meaning and nature of existence in the philosoph- About 11 per cent of theIndian population ical work Bhagavad-Gita. Reverence forcows is are Muslims, making Islam the second largest also part of the Hindu philosophy of ahimsa,non injury to living creatures. religion in India. Most Muslimslive in the northern part of the country.Christians make up about 3 per cent of the population. Many live in the state of Kerala andin the areas along India's northeast border. Sikhs, whose religion isa combination of Hinduism and Islam, makeup about 2 per cent of the population. They are mainly wheat farmers in the north. Buddhistsand Jams each make up less than 1per cent of the population.

The Hindu Dussehra festival, celebrated here in Delhi, commemorates events in the lives of the divinities. These festivals attract huge crowds of Hindus, who come to worship, to pray, and to enjoy the colorful display.

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~~185 623 236 Hinduism~~

Edward S. Ros Hinduism has numerous sacred writings, and its believers worship many gods and goddesses. The priests shown at the left are reading from the Rigveda, the oldest sacred book in Hinduism. At the right, Hindus are praying before an image of the many-armed goddess known as Durga or Kali. This divinity is the wife of the god Shiva. She is worshiped as the feared goddess of destruction.

caste system determines the way of life of most Hindus, cousins. Generally, the Pandavas are considered to be including what occupations they enter. morally and ethically superior to the Kauravas. Beliefs of Hinduism The Bhagavad-Gita, a philosophical work, forms part. of the Mahabharata. In it, the god Krishna and the Panda- Hinduism developed gradually over thousands of va warrior Arjuna discuss the meaning and nature of ex- years, and many cultures and religions helped shape it. istence. Many sects (groups) arose within Hinduism, and each The Manu Smriti (Code of Manzi) is a basic source of developed its own philosophy and form of worship. Like Hindu religious and social law. Part of it sets forth theliaa most religions, Hinduism has basic beliefs about divini- sis of the caste system. ties, life after death, and personal conduct. Divinities. Hinduism is polytheistic. That is, Hindus Sacred writings. Hinduism has no single book that is worship many gods. Early Hindus worshiped gods that the source of its doctrines. But it has many sacred writ- represented powers in nature, such as rain and the sun. ings, all of which have contributed to its fundamental be- Gradually, some Hindus came to believe that, though,dh liefs. The most important include the Vedas, the Puranas, vinities appear in separate forms, these forms are part of the Ramayana, the Mahabharata with its section called one universal spirit called Brahman. These Hindus be- the Bhagavad-Giza, and the Manu Smriti. lieve that many divinities make up Brahman. The most The Vedas are the oldest Hindu scriptures and are important ones are Brahma, the creator of the universe/ older than the sacred writings of any other major reli- Vishnu, its preserver; and Shiva, its. destroyer. gion. The teachings of the Vedas existed for centuries One of the most important Hindu divinities is Shiva'S before they were finally written down. There are four wife, who has several names. She is best known as Dr Vedasthe Rigveda, the Samaveda, the Yajurveda, and ga, Kali, Parvati, or Uma. As Parvati or Uma, she is the; the Atharvaveda. Each has four partsthe Samhitas, the beloved goddess of motherhood. As Durga or Kali; she Brahmanas, the Aranyakas, and the Upanishads. The is the feared goddess of destruction. For many HindUk Samhitas contain prayers and hymns and are the oldest these contrasting natures of the goddess representthei part. The Brahmanas deal with ritual and theology and way in which time and matter constantly move from include explanations of the Samhitas. The Aranyakas and birth to death and from creation to destruction. ManY, the Upanishads are works of mysticism and philosophy Hindus find great religious truth in this symbolism ang, written as dialogues. worship the goddess as their most important divinity The Puranas are long verse stories that contain many According to Hindu doctrine, animals as well important Hindu myths about Hindu gods and goddess- man beings have souls. Hindus worship somegods_111,5 es and the lives of great Hindu heroes. They also de- the form of animals. Cows are sacred, but HindusOw scribe the Hindu beliefs about how the world began and revere monkeys, snakes, and other animals. iM how it periodically ends and is reborn. The six schools of philosophy. Manyschools of The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are long epics. du thought have developed through thecenturies..5P, The Ramayana tells of Prince Rama and his attempts to these schools have become especiallyprominen.t110. rescue Sita, who has been kidnapped by the demon king their traditional order, they are (1) nyaya, (2)val:shVey Ravana. The Mahabharata describes a conflict between sankhya, (4) yoga, (5) purva-mimamsa, and (61 the the Pandavas and the Kauravas, two families who are Nyaya deals with logic. Vaisheska concerns

~~I. 18? ESTCOPYAVAUrrk.)LE Hines, Earl237~~

Most Hindu tem- not as congregations. as individuals, is devoted to a ..,- ex- shrines, each of which a. Sankhya ples have many shrine de- and evo- divinity. Each templealso has one principal .w. tjaerigin Yoga important god orgoddess. the universe. voted to a single sculptured im- and phys- The shrines portraythe divinities in dimental human beings. designed to ages. Hindus treatthese images as living "es and' ress the im- reliance example, priests wash soul from Every day, for not consider this that the them food. Hindus do Eddy so ages and bring the divinities are ac- i with Brah- custom idolworship. They believe '''''''nite images: 4'" -mimamsacate- tually present in the and rit- annual festivalscommemorating Vedic texts Hindu temples hold Huge crowds gather interprets events in the livesof the divinities. 2",;, 'ea enta The sacred word om is re- They come to worship,to pray for as- .4.-ly theUpanishads, peated many times by aHindu for these festivals. event Mil- and the sistance, and to enjoythe pageantry of the 'ilii0vad-Gita, while meditating. The written temples along theGanges River, the Sutra. form of the word in the San- lions of Hindus visit above, in India. is India'sstrict skrit language of India, most sacred river of Hindu- classes. is a symbol of Hinduism. Worship in the home.Many observances "of social homes have a shrine have the home. Most cam system may invaders from central ism take place in most form before Aryan devoted to a divinitychosen by the family. In in some about 1500 B.C. The Aryans ortheir wife conducts thedaily family attacked India homes, the husband or gained control of mostof India. of important religiousceremonies rendants gradually worship. A number system at first to limitcontact be- the one in whichboys *Used the caste are performedat home, including and the native Indianpeople. Later, members of the Hinducommunity. it themselves officially become became more elaborateand one of the ceremonies includemarriage ceremo- (Caste system Other religious Hinduism. The Hindu castes aregrouped that are connectedwith pregnancy and Phings of In order of nies and rituals categories, called varnas. childbirth. Iito four main groups are (1)Brahmans, the Hindus worship bothliving and ", these hereditary Worship of saints. yogis (men who scholars; (21 Kshatriyas,the rulers and war- Some saints may be cgfests and dead men as saints. (spiritual teach- the merchants andprofessionals; and others may be gurus lion; (3) Vaisyas, system practice yoga), and saints, rather ISudras, the laborersand servants. The caste ers). Hinduism has manylocal and regional of castes, each of whichhas its own A Hindu village, than official saintsfor all its followers. ncludes thousands order may elevate its ownheroes or les of behavior. untouchables, has tribe, or religious monks and nuns For centuries, onelarge group, the protectors tosainthood. Many Hindu and has ranked below under the lead- :.existed outside the four varnas have joined togetherin religious orders traditionally le lowest Sudra caste.The untouchables ership of a saint. Charles S. J. White tanning, which Hindulaw ,have had such occupations as Related articles in WorldBook include: in the four varnas.The Mahabharata forbidsfor a member of any caste Asia (Way of life in outlawed untouchabilityand Manu Indian constitution of 1950 South Asia) Ramayana But discrimination Bhagavad-Gita , gavethe group full citizenship. Religion (picture) ;:against untouchables has notbeen eliminated. Brahman Shiva system has weakened Caste Suttee :;Through the years, the caste be a strong influencein In- Dharma Upanishads somewhat, but continues to Ganges River have been aban- Vedas dian life. Some social distinctions India Many educated Hindusof Vishnu doned, especially in the cities. Juggernaut Yoga work with one another. Karma Volume 22, different castes intermix and the Research Guide/Index, dined with and wouldhave See also Hinduism in Formerly, they would have for a Reading andStudy Guide. married only members oftheir own caste. Hinduism teaches that Additional resources Reincarnation and karma. of Classical body dies, the soul is re- Basham, Arthur L TheOrigins and Development the soul never dies. When the rein- Hinduism. Beacon Pr., 1989. born. This continuous processof rebirth is called Survey of Hinduism.State Univ. of New be reborn in an animal orin a Klostermaier, Klaus K. A carnation. The soul may York Pr., 1989. clear on this point Viswanathan, Ed. Am I aHindu? Halo Bks., 1992. human, but Hindu doctrine is not 1991. that every actioninfluences Wangu, Madhu B.Hinduism. Facts on File, The law of karma states If a Hines, was how the soul will be born inthe next reincarnation. also called "Fatha" into a. Hines, Earl (1903-1983), and bandleader. person lives a goodlife, the soul will be born American jazz pianist body of a brahman. If a an outstanding often called trumpet higher state, perhaps into the His method ofpiano playing was born into a frequent use of single notephrases person leads an evillife, the soul will be style, because its body of a worm. Aperson's successions of notesin a chord) re- lower state, perhaps into the spiri- and arpeggios (fast reincarnation continues untilhe or she achieves jazz brass players. of exist- sembled the style of Pa. He ini- tual perfection. The soulthen enters a new level Earl Kenneth Hines wasborn in Duquesne, from which it never returns. but switched to thepiano. Hines ence, called moksha, tially studied trumpet stud- piano by hisstepmother. He then Hindu worship was first taught ied with variousteachers in Pittsburgh. Hinduism considers temples as professional music careeras an ac- Worship in temples. worship Hines began his buildings dedicated todivinities. Its followers 188 BEST COPY AVAILABLE cbeihter 3Theory and Method in Cultural Anibropologr 59

Cultural ecologists help. explain how some apparently irrational customs, such as the prohibition on eating beef in India, a country in which some people starve, makes sense as an adaptation to long-run variation in the environment. (Serena Nanda) ways of economic and political organization, (1966), it does make sense as an adaptation. settlement patterns, social groupings, religious Cows are important in India not because they beliefs and practices, values. and so on. From can be eaten but because they provide dung for this perspective. the term sociocultural sys- fertilizer and bullocks, the draft animals that tem seems better than culture, because the term pull plows and carts and that are essential for sociocultural systenz includes the real-life ex- agriculture. If a family were to eat its cows dur- pression of designs for living in particular en- ing a famine, it would deprive itself of the source vironments, not just the designs. of bullocks and could not. continue farming. The In emphasizing the adaptive nature of dif- religious taboo on eating beef strengthens the ferent aspects of a sociocultural system, cultural ability of the society to maintain itself in the ecologists and cultural materialists, such as long run. Marvin Harris, have been able to show that beliefs The focus on the adaptive nature of socio- and practices that seem quite irrational to out- cultural systems, rather than the ways in which siders may still result in rational utilization of such systerns are transformed over time has led the environment, given a partitular level of to the criticism that cultural ecology is just technology. For example, the Hindu taboo on another form of functionalism. Ecological an- eating beef despite widespread poverty and thropologists do recognize that adaptation is an periodic famine in India seems ridiculous to ongoing process and the primary means by Westerners. Yet, according to Marvin Harris which we adjust to and cope with our environ-

~~BESICOPYAVAILML a/o by ...er/,o,/r/i4.c?'c?, ° / /f 9/41 Part Tim SocioculturalAdaptations 322~~

behavior, such as going on apilgrimage or building a temple, ifthe gods will grant a particular wish. Otherforms of prayer areless gods familiar to the Westerner.In some cultures. Among can be lied to,commanded, or ridiculed. the many NorthwestCoast tribes of North insulting tone used toone's polit- America, the In these ical rivals wasalso used to the gods. call ranked societies, thegreatest insult was to fell or their a man aslave; when calamities prayers were notanswered, people would vent their anger againstthe gods by saying, "You are (Benedict 1961:221). a great slave" frequently used to gain Making offerings andsacrifices to.supernatii Offerings to the gods are their helpful interventionin human affairs. Here a gr41.:1?Pir..WitatsgAVONMOVIela"Pagillof the Ponapean pounds the rootfor making kava, a cere- tice. Sometimesthese offerings consist the deities. (Ray- firgiti.tits of a harvestgrain,fish, omfaipes monial drink that is offered to mond Kennedy) SometimmtherofferiAg.alegitt of a meal for the gods; amongthe Hindus; of gods are given foodthat they eat behindacUr- have eaten, this food isdis4. tain. After the gods conserving milk, which canbe consumed as worshippers. the tributed among the sour milk on thefollowing day. In addition, In some societies,animals or humans may which is also healthier offering to the gods. Among Pokot prefer fresh meat, be sacrificed as an than meat that is notfresh. Because onefamily cattle pastoralists of EastAfrica, such as the Nuer whole steer by itself,the sacrifices are an important could not consume a and the Pokot, cattle problem of how to utilizebeef most efficiently practices. The essenceof the part of religious without refrigerationtechniques is solved by East African "cattlecomplex" is that cattle are in a ceremonial ritual and religious offering it to the community killed and eaten only in a setting. In this way, meat canbe shared without to be an inefficient useof context, which seems fighting over the supply,because the portions ritual use of cattle insacrifice by a resources. This are distributedaccording to age and sex has always been of interestto anthropologists, 1973). common exam- rigid formula (Schneider and at one time it was given as a animal sacrifice occurs,only practices interfere with In cultures where ple of how religious certain animals areconsidered appropriate rational exploitation of theenvironment. More for example, only shown, however, thatthe offerings. Among the Nuer, recent research has animals that have beenneutered, particularly sacrifice of cattle in a ritual contextmay be quite oxen, are used inreligious ritual. Insacrificing adaptive. Cattle sacrifices areoffered in com- an ox, a parallelis being madebetween sym- munity feasts that occur on afairly regular Among the Nuer. week in any bolic and social categories. schedule, averaging out to once a involve the restraintof sex- feasts are thus an certain problems particular neighborhood. The uality and the role of women.The ideal norms important source of meat inthe diet. Further- of Nuer society requireloyalty of brothers to more, the religioustaboo that an individual who is the the patrilineage. Inreality, however, it slaughtered meat may not takemilk loyal eats ritually brothers by the samemother who are most on the sameday has the effect of makingmilk with to one anotherand may be in competition more available tothose who have no meat, or

~~BEST COPYAVAILABLE 190 New Delhi Journal Sacred Cows Are Wily Too; Just Try Catching One~~

By BARRY BEARAK NEW DELHI, Oct. 19 It takes eight men to capture a street-smart cow, so the municipal cow catchers of New Delhi must squeeze together tightly in the cab of their cattle truck. There are two parts to their important job and only one is easy: finding the cows. Getting the beasts into the truck is where these workers really earn their $119 a month. It is estimated that 40,000 cows wander the streets of this city, and most seem well informed of their sacred status. They are a study in non- chalance, slowly crossing a highway or, as many prefer, relaxing in the right-turn lane of a busy intersection. The 100 or so cow catchers employed by the city have always thought their occupation a merciful one, saving sanctified creatures from a run-in with a front bumper. "It is necessary if misunderstood work," said Raman Kumar Sharma, a crew chief. "Sometimes people do not realize we have the cow's best interests at heart. We've had violence with the crowds." But these days, their mission has taken on added urgency because the urban cow has encountered a vicious new enemy: the plastic garbage bag. With little grass to graze on in the paved cityscape, cows scavenge through trash that is increasingly Barry Bcarak /The New York Tones packed into polyethylene. New Delhi employs 100 or so cow catchers and their job isn't easy. Civil disobedience paid off for this cow: she New Delhi's animal rights groups kept going limp when a team of catchers got her on the ramp leading to the truck. Eventually they gave up. have recently begun campaigns against the lethal packaging. Table village households. It also makes a pal tactic. Once a rope has been scraps may be fine fodder, they say, Plastic garbage good hard floor. slipped onto the animal's head, the but the plastic wrapping is not di- Cow slaughter sometimes a vol- techniques of the rodeo cowboy usu- gestible in any of the cows' four fa- bags make for a atile, violence-provoking issue here ally work the headlock, the twist- mous stomachs. They want use of the is banned in most of India's 27 ing, the tugging. garbage bags banned, though as yet deadly diet. states, though there is no shortage of "If you grab the ears and put your this appears unlikely. In modern In- juicy steaks for those who can afford hand in its mouth, the cow won't dia, the utility of the garbage bag them. Beef is sold on the black mar- run," said Aji Ram, at 60 the most may be a force beyond even the spiri- veteran of the crew. "Then some- tuality of the cow. ket, and butchers casually deliver one's got to hold on to the tail." "Inside the cows we find glass, long to people who think, 'Why should their prime cuts door to door. When the catchers sneaked up on iron, wire, electrical cords, shoes, I feed this cow, when the cow can This not-so-surreptitious killing is her, the big white cow had been en- shirts and razor blades, but the real feed itself?' " said Mr. Sharma, 36, a rarely discussed in a nation where killer is the plastic," said Dr. Vijay bureaucrat whose official title is the hallowed cow seems quaintly fa- joying the garbage beside a vegeta- Chaudry, a veterinarian who runs a milk tax inspector. "These owners miliar on boulevards that are other- ble stand along busy Okhala Road. refuge where the cow catchers de- sometimes chase us when we take wise overpopulated with smoke- Another, more alert animal had just liver the caught cows. "We lose two their cows. belching rattletraps. bolted away, recognizing the green or three cows a day, and when we cut "I tell you, there are many difficul- For the cow catcher, the animal's rust bucket that serves as the cow them open it is terrible what we find- ties to this work. Old cows are tired high approval rating is a problem. catcher's truck. She then agilely ran up a steep slope, eventually taking , For an animal so sacred, theyslie a and sick, and these are easy to catch. As a crowd gathers, more people are bad death." Young, healthy cows, well, this is always rooting for the cow than the sanctuary in a taxi stand. Cows are as common to big-city something else. The cow is quick. catcher. There is little use in talking The white cow, however, had care- India as bright lights are to Broad- The cow is intelligent. The cow has to spectators about plastic bags and lessly allowed herself to be roped way, and revered though they may learned to recognize our truck" clogged digestive tracts. and there was little else for her do be, most live the life of vagrants. Hindus venerate the cow as a sym- "Why don't you quit torturing the but use Gandhian tactics of civil dis- They are either unwanted animals, bol of motherhood and a giver of life. poor animal!" a man called out as obedience. Whenever the catchers turned out because they are old and It is certainly the mainstay of rural Mr. Sharma's crew took on its tough- `,oved her near the ramp of their dry, or milk producers belonging to India, providing milk and pulling est challenge of the day, a horned, ruck, the beast went limp. If they city dwellers who do not feed them. carts. Dried cow dung is the slow- formidable-looking white brute. wanted her so badly, they would have "Cows that are still productive be- burning cooking fuel favored by most Stealth is the cow catcher's princi- to carry her. For 45 minutes, the catchers used all their wiles. When these failed, they used their poles, slipping the wooden prods under the animal and hitting her belly. At the same time, : Aji Ram pulled the tail. Suresh Chand pushed the flank. Radha .1 BEST CPY AVAILABLE Krishna slapped the butt. Mr. Sharma himself, dressed in a well-pressed blue shirt, never touched the cow, but he did survey the crowd, which was ready to de- clare the animal the winner. "I don't Nrvycu 1.1y LIM t,rty 41UV, thought their occupation a merciful one, saving sanctified creatures from a run-in with a front bumper. "It is necessary if misunderstood work," said Raman Kumar Sharma, a crew chief. "Sometimes people do not realize we have the cow's best interests at heart. We've had violence with the crowds." But these days, their mission has taken on added urgency because the urban cow has encountered a vicious new enemy: the plastic garbage bag. With little grass to graze on in the paved cityscape, cows scavenge through trash that is increasingly Barry Bearak/lhe New York Mlles packed into polyethylene. New Delhi employs 100 or so cow catchers and their job isn't easy. Civil disobedience paid off for this cow: she New Delhi's animal rights groups kept going limp when a team of catchers got her on the ramp leading to the truck. Eventually they gave up. have recently begun campaigns against the lethal packaging. Table village households. It also makes a pal tactic. Once a rope has been scraps may be fine fodder, they say, Plastic garbage good hard floor. slipped onto the animal's head, the but the plastic wrapping is not di- Cow slaughter sometimes a vol- techniques of the rodeo cowboy usu- gestible in any of the cows' four fa- bags make for a atile, violence-provoking issue here ally work the headlock, the twist- mous stomachs. They want use of the is banned in most of India's 27 ing, the tugging. garbage bags banned, though as yet deadly diet. states, though there is no shortage of "If-you grab the ears and put your this appears unlikely. In modern In- juicy steaks for those who can afford hand in its mouth, the cow won't dia, the utility of the garbage bag them. Beef is sold on the black mar- run," said Aji Ram, at 60 the most may be a force beyond even the spiri- veteran of the crew. "Then some- tuality of the cow. ket, and butchers casually deliver long to people who think, 'Why shouldtheir prime cuts door to door. one's got to hold on to the tail." "Inside the cows we find glass, When the catchers sneaked up on iron, wire, electrical cords, shoes, I feed this cow, when the cow can This not-so-surreptitious killing is feed itself?' " said Mr. Sharma, 36, a rarely discussed in a nation where her, the big white cow had been en- shirts and razor blades, but the real joying the garbage beside a vegeta- killer is the plastic," said Dr. Vijay bureaucrat whose official title is the hallowed cow seems quaintly fa- Chaudry, a veterinarian who runs a milk tax inspector. "These owners miliar on boulevards that are other- ble stand along busy Okhala Road. refuge where the cow catchers de- sometimes chase us when we take wise overpopulated with smoke- Another, more alert animal had just liver the caught cows. "We lose two their cows. belching rattletraps. bolted away, recognizing the green or three cows a day, and when we cut "I tell you, there are many difficul- For the cow catcher, the animal's rust bucket that serves as the cow them open it is terrible what we find. ties to this work. Old cows are tired high approval rating is a problem. catcher's truck. She then agilely ran For an animal so sacred, theyslie a and sick, and these are easy to catch. As a crowd gathers, more people are up a steep slope, eventually taking bad death." Young, healthy cows, well, this is always rooting for the cow than the sanctuary in a taxi stand. Cows are as common to big-city something else. The cow is quick. catcher. There is little use in talking The white cow, however, had care- India as bright lights are to Broad- The cow is intelligent. The cow has to spectators about plastic bags and lessly allowed herself to he roped way, and revered though they may learned to recognize our truck,." clogged digestive tracts. and there was little else for her do be, most live the life of vagrants. Hindus venerate the cow as a sym- "Why don't you quit torturing the but use Gandhian tactics of civil dis- They are either unwanted animals, bol of motherhood and a giver of life. poor animal!" a man called out as obedience. Whenever the catchers turned out because they are old and It is certainly the mainstay of rural Mr. Sharma's crew took on its tough- ',oved her near the ramp of their dry, or milk producers belonging to India, providing milk and pulling est challenge of the day, a horned, truck, the beast went limp. If they city dwellers who do not feed them. carts. Dried cow dung is the slow- formidable-looking white brute. wanted her so badly, they would have "Cows that are still productive be- burning cooking fuel favored by most Stealth is the cow catcher's princi- to carry her. For 45 minutes, the catchers used all their wiles. When these failed, they used their poles, slipping the wooden prods under the animal and hitting her belly. At the same time, Aji Ram pulled the tail. Suresh Chand pushed the flank. Radha Krishna slapped the butt. Mr. Sharma himself, dressed in a well-pressed blue shirt, never 'touched the cow, but he did survey the crowd, which was ready to de- clare the animal the winner. "I don't think we catch this cow," Mr. Sham, sAid.r...:31irn. of Hos p italit.tirlittri:(f5enes outskirts and set free in a gosadan, a sort of a shelter for homeless cows. both generous and sincere. You will often There, they could chew their cuds Indians are known for their hospitality; which is in relative tranquillity, and while find Indians extremely friendly, eager to behelpful and curious.Except in modern Indian their diet may neither be as varied or homes, itis not customary to invite others to casual meals.If friends want to entertain, they as tasty as human garbage,it would may invite you to a restaurant instead.Visits to homes however are welcome. Care must be again be plastic-free. taken neither to offend nor to impose on generous hosts. You may tryeating with your hands in the Indian fashion. Indians use only the right hand for eating.

The social use of alcoholic beverages in India is not common except amongwesternized Indians. You'are obligated neither to offer nor accept alcoholic drinks in Indian society.Indians are however tolerant if you choose to drink. Intoxication will not betolerated.

Ascertains whenin tivItinsan Indiariguest for a meal whether he and his wife arevegetarian or non.-vegetarian, means ng meat,fish, orfowl 7only.yegetables. Some vegetarians eat no eggqnpt even in pudding or baked. food).. Non-vegetarian means meat,fish, fowl it id eggs: "Muslimsdo not eat pork; Hindus do not eat beef.

T-) BESTCOPYAVAILABLE Beeffarmed for beef inIndia. Tlyy Sinceitiany Indians arevegetarja.p,,,coyy,arsnotbeetis.nOtii'Piip'ulit as othermeats religious signifiCance;so also have a MuslihrtOinmunity, The, colt,is considered bl Indian cuisine. Itis used by the moiber cannot feed a babyfor am Hindus as a.'mother' becausewhen, 14 HoweveriihereiiiTichine,littereitingliit reason, then cow'smilk is used. recipes, if you choose recipes; and you canalsoPdaprsOinetraditioiial lamb Serves 4 Marinated Beef minced (plain) yoghurt2.5 cm/1 in ginger root, 300 m1/1/2pt/11/4 cups natural 5 m1/1 tsp groundcumin 4 cloves garlic,crushed 5 m1/1 tsp groundcloves 5 m1/1 tsp groundcardamom (cilantro)salt 30 ml /2 tbspchopped fresh coriander 2 cloves 450 g/1 lb beef,cubed45 m1/3 tbsp oil 2 green chilies,chopped 2 onions, sliced fenugreek leaves pinch of groundcinnamon5 m1/1 tsp dried 250 m1/8 fl oz/1 cupwater the chillies, tin. with the ginger, gar- until golden. Add Mix the yoghurt namon andfenugreek and fry fora tee cardamom, cloves,corian- marinade and lic, cumin, over the meatand seconds. Add the meat, der and salt, spread water, cover andsimmer for about leave to marinateovernight. hours until the meatis tender. Heat the oil andfry the cloves until they darken. Addthe onions andfry Serves:4 Aniseed Beef root, groui yoghurt2.5 cm/1 in ginger 300 ml/1/2 pt/11/4 cupsnatural (plain) 5 m1/1 tsp groundcardamom 5 cloves garlic,crushed 2 cloves, ground 5 m1/1 tsp groundcinnamon 3 large onions,sliced 450 g/1 lb beef, cubed45 ml /3 tbsp oil 5 m1/1 tsp groundanise 5 m1/1 tsp groundcoriander (cilantro) salt and pepper 2.5 ml/1/4 tsp groundturmeric fresh coriander(cilantro) 15 ml/1 tbsp chopped except the remainingingredients the yoghurt with into theremalthi Mix 15 m1/1 tbsp of cin- fresh coriander CO the ginger,garlic, cardamom, yoghurt and add tothe meat. namon andcloves, rub intothe meat gently forabout 1Mil for 2 hours. and simmer Garnish'. and leave to marinate until the meat istender. rice/ Heat the oil and frythe onions until coriander and servehot with golden. Remove fromthe pan and set dish. aside. Add the meatand fry until a vegetable lightly browned onall sides. Mix all 114

~~BESTCOPYAVAI BLE FTS1-b rry,~~

~~(is'-lahm}~~

Islam is a major world religion, the second largest (after Christianity). Its approximately one billion adherents, called Muslims (or Moslems), comprise about one-fifth of the Earth's population. The Muslim world extends from the Philippines in the east to Morocco in the west, and from Central Asia in the north to sub-Saharan Africa in the south. Significant Muslim minorities also exist in China, Russia, South Africa, Australia, Europe, and the Americas. Islam was first proclaimed by the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia in the 7th century. The Arabic word Islam literally means both "surrender" and "peace"--surrender to the will of God and the peace that is entailed ligkl that surrender. Islam is a monotheistic religion (see monotheism); like Judaism and Christianity,it traces its origins to the biblical patriarch Abraham.

Islam has found expression in diverse cultures. The most important Islamic cultural zones are the Arab, Persian (Iranian), Turkic, South Asian, Malay, and African. Other smaller or more recent culture areas such as the African American and Chinese are also significant. The Arabs are associated with the rise of Islam, Arabic is Islam's sacred language, and the Arab countries of the Middle East have had a strong influence on the development of Islamic civilization. The majority of Muslims, however, are not Arabs. The country with the largest Muslim population today is Indonesia, and the most populous Islamic cultural zone is South Asia, comprising India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

Muslims are divided into different schools of thought, some of which are distinctive enough to be called sects. The most fundamental division is between the Sunnites and the Shiites. The Sunnites (or Sunnis) are by far the largest group, constituting about 90 percent of all Muslims. Shiites, however, have played an important role in Islamic history. Most Shiites live in the heartland of the Middle East: in Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and the Persian Gulf states. Sizable Shiite minorities also live in Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, and .4Tajikistan. Shiite Islam is itself divided into different sects, the most important of which are the Twelvers (or Imamis) and the Ismailis. These divisions were the results of disputes over the sources of religious and political authority in the Islamic community. The Sunnites are not divided along sectarian lines, but into different legal traditions.

~~The Foundations of Islam~~

The sources of the Islamic faith are the Koran, or Qur'an (Arabic for "the reading"), which is the holy book of Islam, and the Prophetic Traditions (the sunna). According to Muslim belief, the Koran is the word of God that was revealed to Muhammad by the Archangel Gabriel and was recorded by the companions of the Prophet. In later years these renditions were canonized. Muhammad was illiterate, incapable of achieving the Koran's sophisticated prose and literary style. The Koran is therefore the miracle of Muhammad, whose illiteracy serves the same function in Islam as the virginity of Mary does in Christianity--that of the untainted vessel for the revelation of divine truth. The Koran consists of 114 chapters (suras) that were revealed to the Prophet over a period of time. They cover a variety of issues, including ethics, history, theology, and religious obligations. The Koran contains the fundamental teachings of the faith, and is the foundation of all other expressions of Islam in both the temporal and spiritual realms. Muslims hold it in the highest esteem. Not only are its contents of central concern to their piety, but reading the Koran is itself an act of religious significance. It is generally read in the original Arabic to preserve the sacredness that is interwoven with its literary style, and to remain true to the nuances and levels of meaning that would be lost in a translation. Over the centuries, commentaries on the Koran became an important aspect of Islamic religious scholarship. Varying methods of interpreting its texts formed the basis for different schools of Islamic thought. The text itself, however, has remained inviolate.

After the Koran, the Prophetic Traditions are the most important foundation of Islam. For Muslims, Muhammad is the messenger of God. He is also the most perfect of God's creatures, best suited to carry his message to ©1997 Grolier Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 9,4 humankind. Love for the Prophet lies at the heart of the Islamic faith, inseparable from the word of God that constitutes the essence of Islam. The example of the Prophet has thus conditioned the practice of the faith. Muslims emulate the example of the Prophet in every facet of their religious, social, and personal lives. His public and private conduct serves as a model for every Muslim. For this reason, great care has been taken to preserve the memory of his words (ahadith, sing. hadith) and deeds.

Muhammad was a member of the powerful Quraysh tribe of Mecca at a time when the city was the center of trade in the Arabian peninsula and of the idolatrous religion of the Arabian tribes. He lost both of his parents while very young, and was raised by an uncle. In his youth he worked as a trader, traveling with caravans to Syria. At the age of 25 he married a wealthy widow, Kadijah, who was 15 years older than he was. This marriage produced the Prophet's only child, his daughter Fatima. Muhammad was held in great respect by his compatriots; known as 1-al-Amin (the trustworthy), he often arbitrated quarrels between individuals and tribes.

When he was 40 the angel Gabriel appeared to him in a cave outside Mecca, beginning the revelation of the Koran. Muhammad's prophetic mission initially attracted only a small group of dedicated followers. The Meccan elite were alarmed by his monotheism and his call for the destruction of all idols. They opposed him, harassed his followers, and plotted to kill him. In 622 he was invited by the people of Yathrib (later renamed Medina) to move to that city and settle the disputes that had paralyzed it. With this move, called the Hegira, the Muslim calendar begins.

In Yathrib the Muslim community was formed and grew in strength. Islam became the religion of Yathrib, and the city's religious, social, economic, and political life was organized according to Islamic teachings. At the same time Muhammad continued to receive revelation, much of it now concerning the social life of the community. From Yathrib, Islam began to spread and soon came into conflict with Mecca. The Meccans were defeated in a series of battles, and the city surrendered to Muhammad in 630. From then on Islam spread rapidly throughout Arabia. Tribes were converted, and military campaigns and marriage pacts forged a united Islamic society. Muhammad died in 632 and was buried in Medina.

From the time of Muhammad's arrival in Yathrib he was both a prophet and the religious and political leader of his community. Their mediator with God, he was also a temporal ruler, the executor of the law, and a military commander. As a result, the spiritual function of prophecy in Islam is closely linked to its sociopolitical dimension. Muhammad has been not only a model for Muslim piety, but also for social and political action. His example therefore informs every aspect of Muslim life, and conversely, every aspect of human life must live up to the standards set by him.

~~Islamic Beliefs~~

The most basic Islamic doctrine is that of the Oneness of God (al-tawhid). In Islam, God (Allah) is the supreme reality--both the absolute and the infinite. Islam has 99 names for God, names like the Most Merciful, the Most Just, and the Most Patient--each capturing his absolute and infinite essence. God is also the beginning and the end: every aspect of existence is present in him. He is the creator and the lawgiver. He is a supernatural reality and does not possess an earthly manifestation. Muslims believe that God cannot be represented in any worldly form. This has discouraged the representational arts in Islam.

-4'4 Another key doctrine is that of prophecy (nubuwwah). Muslims believe that prophecy lies at the heart of human history, beginning with Adam as the first prophet and ending with Muhammad as the last. Over the course of history, prophets have been sent to every people. All of these have spoken of God; a few have been Messengers of God, bearing divine revelation (wahy).

AI- tawhid and nubuwwah are complemented by the Islamic view of man. In Islam, man is the servant of God (al- abd). By surrendering (islam) to the will of God he finds salvation and worldly peace. Man is also the most important of God's creatures, his viceregent (kalifah) on Earth. As such man's actions possess broader

©1997 Grolier Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 BEST COPY AVAILABLE dimensions than his own concerns. As God's viceregentman has great responsibilities to fulfill. Men and women stand above the other creatures of God in that they alonecan choose to surrender to God's will. The choice is a facet of man's fall from heaven. Viceregencymeans that human beings possess the primordial nature that predated their expulsion from paradise, but their salvation lies infollowing the path set before them by God.

~~The Sharia and Islamic Law~~

The Sharia is the divine law in Islam. Itencompasses every aspect of Muslim private life, social transactions, piety, and rituals. Muslims view the Shariaas a guide by which to live, and, more importantly, as the will of God. A Muslim is a Muslim by virtue of following the Sharia, which informsevery area of Muslim life from birth to death with Islamic values. As such, it integrates mundane activitieswith concern for the sacred and creates a temporal order conducive to the pursuit of spiritual concerns and salvation.The Sharia provides guidance for Muslim conduct in every situation. In so doing it divides all acts intofive categories: obligatory, recommended, reprehensible, forbidden, and neutral or permitted.

The Sharia is rooted in the Koran, the Prophet's sayings (hadith),and traditions (sunna), argument from the consensus of the Muslim community (ijma) and argument from analogy (qiyas). AllMuslims agree that these constitute the sources of Islamic law, but differon their application. These differences have led to the emergence of four schools of Islamic law within the Sunnite community: TheShafiite (Egypt, Malaysia, and Indonesia), the Hanafite (South Asia), the Malikite (North Africa), and the Hanbalite(Saudi Arabia). Each is named for a legal scholar associated with its origins. In earlier times Muslim juristsused a principle called ijtihad, which means independent reasoning based on the abovesources of law in order to deal with a novel situation. Among Sunnites ijtihad is no longer recognized, but Shiites still practice it. Over thecenturies the legal skills required for interpreting and applying the law have led to the development ofa class of experts known as fuqaha (jurists), and more generally as ulama (scholars).

~~The Pillars of the Faith~~

The basic duties of Muslims--the "pillars of Islam"--were revealedin the Koran, and the exact manner of their execution was laid down by the Prophet. Theyare: prescribed prayers (salat) performed five times each day; fastina (sawm) during the month ofRamadan between dawn and dusk the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj), to be performed at least once in a lifetime for those who have themeans to do it; and the payment of a religious tax (zakat) intended for the poor or works of piety. Some also include "striving in the path ofGod" (jihad), which is of two kinds: the greater jihad, which is striving against one's soul inattaining spirituality; and the lesser jihad- -defending Muslims against outside aggression.

These duties have both personal and public dimensions. Prayers,for example, may be performed at home or in a mosque (a place of public worship). Among Sunnites congregational prayers havean important religious and communal role. Each of these duties,moreover, entails many more practices. The hajj involves elaborate rituals, and the Ramadan fast is accompanied by specialprayers. Shiites have additional religious taxes and other practices that are peculiar to them; they also perform the basic pillarsof the faith according to their own laws.

~~Sufism~~

Islam also has an esoteric or mystical dimension generallyknown as Sufism. The mystical path in Islam is rooted in the fundamental teachings of the faith, butit aims at attaining the Divine Reality in this life. Sufism goes beyond performing the duties prescribed by the Islamic faithto seek direct knowledge of God through Islamic teachings. The Sufi path (tariqa) is concerned with thenature of the Divine Reality, how it can be attained, and how to purify the human soul from all imperfectionsso that it can reflect the Divine Reality.

The life of a Sufi is modeled after the life ofthe Prophet, and the virtues for which Sufis strive are manifested in the life of the Prophet. Moreover, Sufis believethat the esoteric doctrines of Islam were revealed to the Prophet, ©1997 Grolier Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 1a ;) Pork eaten by Mus Indian dishes that usepork as it is not There are few Goan Portuguese-style Spit) a few porkrecipes, such as However, there are Portuguese settlersin India. Pork, which wasintroduced by Serves 8 Coorgi Pork chilies, ground 1.5 kg/3 lb pork 30 dried red water 12 onions 250 ml /8 ft oz/1 cup 5 m1/1 tsp groundturmeric 15 m1/1 tbspcumin seeds seeds 10 ml /2 tsp peppercorns 15 m1/1 tbspcoriander (cilantro) 4 boiled potatoes,quartered 30 ml /2 tbspwhite wine vinegar salt the cumin seeds,turmeric, corianda small pieces andmix and wine vinetri Cut the pork intochillies. Leave to seeds, peppercorns with the ground and stir intothe pan. Simmer for' minutes then placein a Add the po stand for 15 and add to further 15 minutes. pan. Slice10 of the onions and season totaste with salt.Sims! the water. Bring tothe through. Serve hot the pork with simmer for 1 hour until heated boil, cover and vegetables, papadumsand rice. is cooked. until the meat with Grind theremaining onions Serves Sundia 5 m1/1 tsp groundturmeric 900 g/2 lb pork,chopped powder (cilantro) 10 m1/2 tsp chilli 15 m1/1 tbspground coriander seeds 30 m1/2 tbsp oil orghee 10 m1/2 tsp poppy 2 cardamompods 100 g/4 oz/2/3 cupred lentils 2.5 cm/1 in gingerroot, chopped 6 onions, chopped 1 coconut, grated(shredded) 2 bulbs garlic,chopped juice of 3 lemons saltoil for deep-frying until lightly tur- damom separately wig Place the porkin a pan with the ed. Add theseto the meat and chilli powder and seasbyl! meric, coriander remaining ingredients wig! and pour in justenough water to taste with salt.Mix together cover. Bring tothe boil andsimmer shape into balls.Deep-fry in, gently for about45 minutes untilthe heat untilnicely bro ,.. Remove the meatand over a low dee meat is tender. and Serve hot withpapadums. shred it. Heat alittle oil or ghee curry sauce. fry the poppyseeds, lentils and car-

~~0 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 131.3*; Jainism fjy'-nizm}~~

Jainism is a religious faith of India that is usually said to have originatedwith Mahavira, a contemporary of the Buddha (6th century BC). Jains, however, count Mahaviraas the last of 24 founders, or Tirthamkaras, the first being Rishabha. In 1990 the number of Jains worldwidewas estimated at 3,650,000, almost all of whom live in India. Jainism has been present in India since Mahavira's time withoutinterruption, and its influence has been significant.

The major distinction within Jainism is between the Digambara andSvetambara sects, a schism that appears to date from about the 1st century AD. The major difference between themis that whereas the Svetambaras wear white clothes, the Digambaras traditionallygo naked. Fundamentally, however, the views of both sects on ethics and philosophy are identical.

The most notable feature of Jain ethics is its insistenceon noninjury to all forms of life. Jain philosophy finds` that every kind of thing has a soul; therefore strict observance of thisprecept of nonviolence (ahimsa) requires extreme caution in all activity. Jain monks frequentlywear cloths over their mouths to avoid unwittingly killing anything by breathing it in, and Jain floors are kept meticulously cleanto avert the danger of stepping on a living being. Jains regard the intentional taking of life,or even violent thoughts, however, as much more serious. Jain philosophy posits a gradation of beings, from those with fivesenses down to those with only one sense. Ordinary householders cannot help harming the latter, although they should striveto limit themselves in this regard by refraining from eating meat, certain fruits,or honey or from drinking wine. In addition Jain householders are expected to practice other virtues, similar to those in Hinduism. Thevows taken by the Jain monks are more severe. They eventually involve elements of asceticism: fasting, peripatetic begging, learning to endure bodily discomfort, and various internal austerities constitutinga Jain variety of yoga. Jainism is unique in allowing the very spiritually advanced to hasten their own death by certain practices (principally fasting) and under specified circumstances.

Jain philosophy is based on a fundamental distinction between living and nonlivingmatter. Living souls are divided into bound and liberated; the living soulsare found in both mobile and immobile loci. Nonliving matter is composed of karman or very fine particles that entera soul and produce changes in it, thus causing its bondage. This influx of karman is induced by activity and has to be burned off by experience.Karmans are of infinitely numerous varieties and account for all distinctions noted in the world. By nonattachment, however,an individual can prevent influx of further karmans and thus escape from the bonds of action. A soul, which is thought ofas having the same size as its body, at liberation has lost the matter that weightsit down and thus ascends to the top of the universe, where it remains forever.

Jainism recognizes no supreme deity; its ideal is the perfectionattained by the 24 Tirthamkaras. Numerous temples have been built celebrating the perfected souls;a notable example is the temple at Mount Abu in Rajasthan.

~~Karl H. Potter~~

Bibliography: Chatterjee, A. K., A Comprehensive History ofJainism, 2 vols. (1978; repr. 1984); Marathe, M. P., et al., eds., Studies in Jainism (1986); Nahar, P. C.and Ghosh, K. C., eds., An Encyclopedia of Jainism (1988); Roy, A. K., A History of the Jains (1984); Shah,B. S., An Introduction to Jainism (1992).

~~1 BEST COPYAVAILABLE 19 /70m /4?r-494- 'ese.(cony-c-) e/ir../yzet vegetarianism~~

Vegetarianism is the practice of eating only foods from plants and avoiding all animal flesh, including red meat, poultry, and fish, and sometimes dairy products. A vegetarian diet consists of grains, beans, vegetables, and fruits, and the foods made from them, such as tofu, pasta, rice dishes, bean burritos, and even simulated meats. Vegetarians are classified into different types, depending on the acceptance of animal products. Lacto-ovo (or ovo lacto) vegetarians consume milk or cheese, eggs, and sometimes honey, while vegans consume no animal products at all.

People may choose a vegetarian diet because of a variety of religious, philosophical, and ethical beliefs. Some people abstain from eating meat for religious reasons, for example Jains, and some Buddhists and Hindus, who believe that the killing and eating of animals violates the ethical precept of ahimsa, or nonviolence. Ecological reasons motivate other people, because much less land and food outlay is required to raise vegetables and grain than livestock.

Some people avoid animal products for health reasons. Vegetarians may live longer and.have much lower risks for heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and other serious illnesses. They also tend to be thinner, to have lower blood pressure, and have a lower risk of osteoporosis, a condition in which the bones get weaker as a person ages. These health effects are attributed to the fact that vegetarian diets tend to be lower in fat and cholesterol and higher in fiber and certain vitamins.

People may adopt a vegetarian diet due to concerns about the methods used for raising animals. Most chickens, pigs, and veal calves are raised in close confinement and are given chemical additives in their feed, and these practices offend many people, for health and humane reasons.

In the past it was thought that vegetarians might develop protein deficiencies if they did not carefully combine their foods. It is now known that such careful planning is not necessary. Protein deficiencies do not occur if one eats a variety of plant foods and eats enough to maintain one's weight. However, most nutritionists believe that vegans should eat vitamin-enriched cereals or take a vitamin supplement for vitamin B-12, which is needed in small amounts for healthy blood and nerves (see nutrition, human).

~~Neal Barnard~~

~~Bibliography: Amato, P. R., and Partridge, S. A., The New Vegetarians (1989); Lappe, F. M., Diet for a Small Planet, 20th ed. (1991); Robbins, J., Diet for a New America (1987).~~

~~BEST COPY AVAILABLE~~

~~1 Vol LXXIV No. 188 City New Delhi Wednesday July 8 1998~~

4 *04,-iooK,* 4 ' , `,.` (e, 7/., BJP vice-president K. L. Sharma, who went on a protest 'fast' against the Delhi Government's failure to provide adequate power and water, at his home in New Delhi on Monday. HT photo by S. Burmaula K L Sharma plans `Sharma must `fast' to put pressure on Delhi ask for Govt's Govt departments Sharmaon &,0 dismissal' By A Staff Reporter By A Staff Reporter `protest diet' NEW DELHI:TheDelhi Con- NEW DELHI: Bharaliya Janata NEW DELHI, July 7 (UNI) gress has calledBJP MP KL Party v1,-..e-president and member BJP vice-president K. L. Shar- Sharma's announcement of a of Outer ma today explained that he was not off-cereal protest diet "an act of 1,1ri.5han La! 5:ha:rt:a LEIS said he on a hunger strike but was on a confession of failure (of the slop taking 'arm' (gi a:2:s) from non-cereal diet in public interest. party's government in Delhi) Monday for an indefinite period to "This is for the public good," he by the senior leader". put `';_.era! pressure." on various said. In a statement issued on Delhi government departments so He added that his protest dieting Monday, Delhi Congress chief that they imcrove their function- was not against the Chief Minis- Sheila Dikshit said, fact, if ing. ter's functioning. Mr Sahib Singh he (Mr Sharma) is truly serious \I Moreover, Mr Sharma said by Verma isdoing "Exceptionally and really concerned, he should giving up grains. he also wanted to good work." ask for the removal and dis- express regret to the people of Del- Mr Sharma dismissed the Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee's missal of the Sahib Singh gov- hi for their sufferings despite the ef- ernment."TheCongress has forts made by the BJP led Delhi criticism of his restricted dieting. `k. He said in the past 45 years, the been of late stepping up its government ever since it came tot1,4 Congress party had done nothing campaign against the BJP gov- power five years ago. He said de-kt to improve the lot of Delhiites. ernment to "highlight its fail -' spite the efforts, a It remains to be ures" with an eye on the as- done since plans are net formulat- sembly elections, which are ed in time and im:.-.4ernentation is some months away. delayed. Among the major prob- Mr Sharma's statement is be- lems faced by Delhiites, he said, are ing taken as a confirmation of those of water, electricity and sani- what the Congress has been al- tation. these, he said, need to be giv- leging over the last few days en priority. that the BJP government has This statement by Mr sharma is K L Sharma's diet been a failure and it should expected to cause considerable em- jolts Delhi BJP go.Ms Dikshit said, felt sorry barrassment' to the BJP govern- to read this morning that Shri K ment led by chief minister Sahib NEW DELHI:The Delhi BJP L Sharma...is compelled to un- Singh. For Mr Singh, in particular, has been shaken by their na- dertake a fast against the miser- Mr Sharma's decision and state- tional vice-presidentKL Shar- able failure." tnent is likely to cause much dis- ma's announcement of an off- ornfiture, particularly since he is cereal diet to bring "moral said to have an ally in Mr Sharma. pressure" on the city govern- In fact, it is from Outer Delhi, ment to improve its perfor- said to be Mr Siagh's stronghold, mance. And, it's said to have that Mr Sharma has won the last come as a blow speciallyfor two parliamentary elections.In chief minister Sahib Singh, who both the February general elections is believed to be close to Mr and the ones held in 1c,;96, Mr Singh Sharma. The matter came up at HERE -AND NOW had actively campaigned for Mr a meeting of the Delhi BJP leg- Sudhir Tailang Sharma when he contested the islature party on Monday. (P5) Outer Delhi seat.

~~k fi~~

~~He's on a 'fast' eating BESTCOPYAVML ALE only fast food!~~

202 6:-el1db; , reconstructdown154 to their life village life. And if INDIA OF MY vet; vcand pass every day of theirthey will do this,, DREAMS b / they0 must greepts5- vaca- obeying the laws of health, we would have THE NATION'S HEALTH, HYGIENEdd AND DIET healthy 155 villages.areschools,tion not in receiving the and thoseYoung who India, 7-11-'29 villages surrounding any should think of have finished their colleges their educationsettling down in or high or observance.simplebodies withoutand easily Here an arelearnt.effort. some: The difficultyTheThink fundamental the purest laws thoughts of health and banishand hygiene all idle are and is about their intelligence.andphysical to labourHarijan, could 1-3-'35be If the spare for young men and sense of shame that got rid of, there is wrongly attacheswomen of enough work average to impuremental thoughts. work. BreatheEstablish the afreshest balance air between day and bodily night. labour and thean hands honest andHarijan, 19-12-'36 No labour is penny. The only thing is the feet that God too mean for has given one who wants to readinessus. to earn use forofevery your indulging one inner of your yourselves.condition. Hence your food StandmustEat toerect, live sitfor erect, service an of fellow-men. Do not acts, and led t these be an expressionbe neat and clean in e just live THE NATION'S CHAPTER XL enoughwillMan not becomes to be keep satisfied whatyour withhemind eats. mere and personalbody in cleanliness,goodYour water, but food and air must be clean, and youinfect your surroundings with the same three- border. Thefor theneglect of the laws of health It veryis established high death rate majority of diseases beyondAND DIET doubt that HEALTH,among HYGIENE us is noand doubtto hygienewhich due mankind are responsibleignorance and is heir. foldyouMinimum cleanliness will DietthatConstructive you will Programme, desire for pp. yourselves.18-9 Use one grain at a time. Chapati, rice and pulses, 2 0 3 humanity.andiflargely thehygiene. people Ato healthy our gnawing Mats sana in were properly educated corpore sano is perhaps the mind in apoverty, but it could be healthy body is about their health first law for mitigated a self- besidesshapecombination.milk,at all, ghee,vegetableof themilk, gurpoor Thosecheese, and and people oil fruit. who eggs are get Iget used orregard only meatanimal in vegetableordinarythis protei an unhealthy protein. need not use pulses households in he If n evidentmindminds, andtruth. we There would body. If we were in shedBESTCOPYAVAILAis an inevitable all violence possession of healthy connection between and, naturally LE teintwothe well-to-do beessentialsnor sloppy. animal give forHalf fat. thup the poor pulses quantity and oils,suffices they when set e Then the grain eaten should not who get neither animal pro- it is eatenfree these / 156 INDIA OF MY DREAMS difficulties even at the risk of their lives to find the truth. THE NATION'S HEALTH, HYGIENE AND DIET 157 saladsdryshouldeighttoes. andmay such An ouncesnot benot ounce asdrippedraw be onion, of eatenvegetables orcooked intwo carrot,with gravy. of vegetables. milk. salads andradish, It isTo wellserve saladbegin Chapatis to leaves,eatwith, or one toma- chapati or bread, and the the purpose of with raw bread meal means999tanceI should cases to of such abeout well-regulated humblesatisfied ofYoung a thousand seekers.India, if scientists diet, can water bewould brought and lend earthI roundtheirbelieve treat- assis- by that man has little need to drug himself. 15-8-'29 otherwithInstead cooked milk gur orvegetables orbread sugar or inwith by small itself. milk quantities or curds. maySweetFresh fruit is good to eat, but only a little is necessary dishes should be eliminated altogether. be taken usement it andas a similarvehicleAutobiography, householdfor indulgences, p.remedies. and are notInstead ashamed of using the body as a temple of God 270 we andtomuchthe give an poor over-indulgence tonemore and to than the the ailingsystem. well-to-do. by of the It an well-to-do article whichAny medical man who has studied the is an expensive article, has deprived sciencethey need of manthemto run becomes andto Medical abuse whatYoung themen he earthlyIndia, for eats. help Thetabernacle. in ourgrosser effort theThere to foodincrease is the a great deal of truth in the saying that 8-8-'29 betterharmdietetics tohealth. willthe body;certifyHarijan, onthat the what contrary I have itsuggested must conduce can to 25-1-'42 do no grossersome stagethe body. thatHarijan, we should cease to kill our Ifellow do feel crea- that spiritual 5-8-'33 progress does demand at faithmedicalmanIt is aton a his thedutyscience highest shambles which which is awaitsaor atthrough least discharge milk force and ofby its habitIndian by-products.The unlimited capacity of the plant world to sustain region yet unexplored by modern medicalpins its mybeautifultures vegetarian for linesthe offad Goldsmith : occur to me as I tell No flocks that range the valley free satisfaction of ourTo bodily slaughter I condemn, wants. The you of researchesmenbeliefsfairthe whose mostto revolutionize propounded about importanttradition vitamins is of bymany themmedical and of directlythe the sciencepossibility accepted from about the of sunfood.getting vegetarian. The fast developing theories and bids India's Case for Swaraj, p. I do not regard flesh-food as necessary for Taughr by the Power that pities me I learn to pity them. 402 us at any enthusiasts to cut Young India, It almost seems to me that it is 18-7-'29 their way through a mountain of reserved for lay unsuitedhumanstage beings and toBEST ourunder ordinarily species. COPY any clime to We liNe. errin I whichin hold copying flesh-food it is possiblethe lower for AVAILABLE to be THE NATION'S HEALTH, HYGIENE AND DIET 159 animal158 world if we are INDIA,is OFunsuited MY DREAMS to superior to it. Experience those who would teaches curb it culeanappears. effort I know southerners who have made a her- to take to Gujarati food and failed. it ti theirthatfood flesh.animal passions. in theDiet food is a But it is wrong to all religionformation in termsof character or powerful factor not to over-estimate the of diet, as is often in subjugatingbe neglected. the But importance of done habitsprovincial,notBengalGujaratis easily as produces towill relish. food,we not would daintiessimplifytake to have the whichour southernto tastes havethe otherand anmode produceinterchange provinces of cooking. healthy will of If we would be national instead of regardinto VegetarianismIndia,sumIt may toup is diet notas wrong is one the error thatbe lightly given up. and to give full as it is toof the priceless vegetarianism has made us disregardIt is necessary, allreins restraint to one's gifts of Hinduism. therefore,appetite. weak in dishesareandstudybut not dinominations.all thereof only can the differentaretake foods different with taken Unfortunately, impunity. bystyles different This or meansfortunately,provinces, a careful castes there combinations in different provinces, in It is necessary, there-the same province, into greatest correctmindWhogenerationDayananda or Hindu could and in their show greaterbody or passive orreformers havethey been have times? activity than sayinvariably been inert in action. the activest in Shankara orvegetarians. theirThe fore,allandmethodsamongIn canfor discoverany thenationaltake case, of different withoutpreparing common, it mustworkers communities. upsetting be themsimple a toshame studyin theand for digestivethecheap workers foods dishes apparatus. notand to the know the various provinces which When to Fast Young India, Out of the fulness cranks, I say 7-10-'26 of my own without hesitation, experience and that fast (1) if commoncommunities....thepossible,easily manners possible dishes volunteers and forWhat ifcustoms commonwe will can have have andof thepeople. different toshould mind. learn be theButprovinces aimed art to ofmake cookingat andare this This I know is youof arefellow haveareare agouty, headache, feverish, (4) if you constipated, (2) if you (8) if you are (6) if you are have indigestion, fretting and fuming, are anaemic,are overjoyed,rheumatic, (7) if you (5) if you(3) if you and you (9) if easilyvaluesand for and ofthis differentcheaply purposeHarijan, prepared. foods they 5-1-'34 willand haveevolve also common dishes to study the youNationalwill are avoid Food Young India, depressed, (10) if you medical prescriptions17-12-'25 and patent accommodate medicines. arehomeLeprosy as ofmuch lepers a part next of only society to Central as the Africa.Leper Yet they is a word of bad odour. India is perhaps a tallest among us. 208 207 ourourselves own. to the I believe that we I know that food eaten in this is shouldnot so be able to the provinces simple a question as other than inBut need the oftall it. absorb TheBEST lot our of COPY theattention lepers AVAILABLE whothough are theymuch are in need least THE SALT SATYAGRAHA January 26, 1930 was chosenas Independence Day. On that day, in every city and town, peopletook a pledge to work for complete independence. TheCongress entrusted Gandhiji with the task of startinga satyagraha campaign and gave him the responsibility of leadingit. The organisation and date of the campaignwere left to him to decide. Gandhiji decided to start his satyagrahaby breaking the salt laws. This puzzledmany people. What would they 1i\achieve by breaking these laws, theywondered. Those who had expected a dramaticmove were disappointed. But when the salt campaign began,everyone was full of admiration `1.--` s' 3 at Gandhiji's shrewdness. Gandhiji had wanted to build hiscampaign around some issues which concerned thepoor. He wanted to draw the people's attention to the fact that millionsof Indians could not afford even salt with their food.India has a long coastline o andon the sea coast salt is formed. When thesea-water rises with the waxing of themoon and reaches its highest Ilevel on a full-moon night, itcovers large tracts of the coast \n' and sea-water collects in largehollows. When the moon wanes, the sea recedes. The water in the hollows driesup. leaving behind clear white salt. Large quantities of this salt lay all alongthe coast but the

~~20E)~~

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But sands forIn weeks, batches of THEbleeding,ManyMounted GANDHI-IRWIN satyagrahis theypolice were charged, were put PACTin seriously jail. and lathis injured rained and, on wounded ._leir heads. and wasandIn liquorfulladdition of shopsenthusiasm to breaking alsoThe were and numberthe patrioticpicketed. salt laws,of satyagrahis, The foreign youth cloth ofhowever, India shops did not decline. fervour. Thousands 7-1-54.41 Gandhiji'sofdiedwent women andto jail, innumerable throughout Dandihundreds March hadpeopleA special their had were property roused feature wounded. greatconfiscated,of the movement many was the participation India. In Gujarat particularly,enthusiasm tar.. Lord Irwin and 1931, the GandhijiRound had Table a Gandhi-Irwin Pact Conference series of talks. was signed. Ultimately attend Both marchpurdahamonghundreds and in even North of womenwent India, to joined jail. Summerparticularly In the spite movement. was of over;inthe Bihar prevalence then and came U.P., ofthe rains, and thenthe winter. women and a large number of them joined the inthesides Marchsuspend Roundment, made onthe its part, Table Conferenceconcessions.satyagraha released all those movementThe Congress could collect in London till then.who had been agreed toandsalt promised from the sea The Govern- arrested to farmersofa powerfulBut Bardoli the began satyagraha no-taxand preparingKhera movement battle taluks. for continuedhad aIn no-tax U.P.been andstarted campaign.unabated. some by provinces, In Gujarat, the farmers coastandwhom convincedannounced for the success that At that time their personal Englishmen wereIndiathat would people of Gandhiji's use. have to be given of two divergentsatyagraha arm movement independencemethodsviews and : those had gress1931, leaders the Viceroy, and began LordThe negotiations GovernmentIrwin, released got all panicky.prominent By Con- the end of January for a settlement. BEST COPY AVAILABLE andby those the who creation of still hoped differences among that by strong the various 215 communities. 35 h/4W ifi" chapter 14Religion rio

Culture culture throughcontact with the West. positive loss, andthe subsequent loss of a 47- personal identity, haveled to the emergence of revitalizationmovements, consciously organized efforts to construct a moresatisfying culture. Some ofthese movements aim to restore the a golden agebelieved to have existed in in past; otherslook toward a utopian future which roles will be reversedand the lowly will be in power. Sometimes,these movements reject all elements of the oldcultural systems under which they suffer; in other cases,they attempt to combine new customswith the old and dis- solve the social boundariesbetween the dominant and powerless groups insociety. Even when a revitalization movementmay be relatively ineffectual in bringing about thedesired changes, it can still bring a senseof salvation and a more positive identity to peopleafflicted with feel- ings of conflict, inadequacy,and alienation from themselves and society. In our own society, culturalloss, economic oppression, and powerlessnessexperienced by different lower-class and minority groupshave A Rastafarian brother projects a,confidence in his poorest of eco- also led to religious revitalizationmovements, self -worth that prevails over the such as the Ghost Dance amongthe native nomic conditions. Founded inthe tumultuous Black Muslim Jamaica of the 1930s, theRasta community values a Americans in the 1880s and the from estab- movement in contemporaryAmerica. Two life style that leads to emancipation cultural William hundred years of slavery and ahundred and lished religious Lewis) fifty years of prejudice anddiscrimination have left blacks in Americaeconomically deprived and burdened with a senseof racial inferiority. have Various religious revitalization movements religious elements drawn the black com- merit contains many appeared from time to time in cultural patterns of deprivation from .ISlam and rejects manY munity as a response to the stress the United States. positive identity within that are Om of black life in and the inability to forge a The Blatt Muslims do notfor the most part seek American culture and society.The Nation of violent confrontations withwhites in order to Islam, also known as theBlack Muslims, is a that create their new \\odd, but rather attempt to contemporaryrevitalization movement that will in change the behavior of blacks in a way appears to besomewhat successful, both and purpose. changing their lives endow their lite with meaning attracting members and in The movement offers hope in afuture in which (Parenti 1967). advocate racial separa- blackness will no longer be despised. The Black Muslims with blacks their own and obedience to The success of this movement tion in a nation of for whom all hope ofrehabilitation had been the messianic andauthoritarian leadership of dismissed-di ug addicts, criminals,alcoholics, the "messenger,- ElijahMuhammad. The move- 216 BEST COPY AVAIL But Pail TiroSociocultruvl Adaptations 338 for some groupsin society than more adaptive social dwellershas beenimpres- Where religiousmyths justify unemployed slum to the teach- for others. become obedient stratification, elite groupsobviously benefit more sive. They have from drink, of oppressed ings of ElijahMuhammad, abstaining than others.Where the resentment stealing. is drainedoff in reli- drugs, tobacco,gambling. promiscuity. orsubordinate groups Muslims areforbidden to spend resulting- socialstability would and idleness. gious ritual the already frivolously and arecommitted to pool- most.aavantageous to those money themselves and one seem to be religion ing their resourcesto help in the dominantpositions. Although have createdMuslim-owned of control,this illusion may another. They allows an illusion long businesses. Muslim menmust dress adaptive for manypeoples in the schools and women not be conservatively in suitsand ties. Muslim remains to be seenwhether political covering run. It undermine to wear afull white robe revitalization andparticipation will are supposed headdress. The and rituals toalle- their arms andlegs and a white the power ofreligious beliefs and women representsa break caused byculture contact, dress of both men dressed viate the stresses in the con- of the flamboyantly modernization. andsocial inequality with the stereotype woman's dress lower-class black inAmerica. The temporaryworld. symbolizes a newrelationship in particular and women; womenare pro- between men males and are tected, secluded,and obedient to SUMMARY devoted to theirhomes and expected to be of a the beliefsand practices families. Nation of Islam 1. Religion is beings, The foodsprescribed by the society concernedwith supernatural wheat rather thanwhite forces. Religion is auniversal arewholesome (whole powers, and that are forbiddeninclude and goes back tothe begin- bread), and those pork and culture pattern both the traditionalIslamic taboos on nings of thehuman species. food" or thestandard of the sea food, aswell as "soul Religion has manyfunctions. Some reminiscent of thepast, such as explaining aspectsof southern fare and most significantare black-eyed peas,collard greens, social environment,reduc- corn bread, daily meal, which the physical and opossum. Thereis only one risky situations,increasing These ing anxiety in con- the family eatsceremoniously together. education, ensuring merely symbolize anew and social solidarity, and patterns do not formity. maintainingsocial inequalities, Muslims; they also relationship of a groupof positive identityfor Black regulating the strengthening effect onhealth and have had a people to theirnatural environment. family life. are alwaysexpressed through movement is aclear exam- 3. Religious ideas for other The Black Muslim construction of a symbols in whichthings stand ple of the waysin which the ideas are alsoacted out in through the useof myth, things. Religious collective identity revitalizes the iden- ritual, and ritualreinforces beliefs. symbol, and organization suggests kinds of religiousbeliefs tity of theindividual. The movement 4. Two widespread the through secular and animatism.Animism is of change are animism well as liv- that the seeking sufficient objects as political organizationhas not made a belief that inanimate American society to have life andpersonality. Ani- impact in restructuring ing creatures citizens. belief in animpersonal super- include a positiveidentity for all its malism is the religious revitalization Where politicsfails, natural power. used to movements fill the gap. of religiousrituals are again 5. Many kinds supernatural pow- This discussion ofthe Black Muslims control may be manipulate and raises the questionof whether religion 217 BESCOPY AVAILABLE ram animal Reform Movement 10101 flshburton Lane, Bethesda MD 20817; 301-530-1737

"These hogs get up to the scalding tank, hit the water, and start kicking and screaming... No chance for them to get out. I am not sure if they burn to death before they drown..." - "Slaughterhouse". p 84. 1 September 1998 Dear Friend: Animals in US slaughterhouses are beaten to death and drowned in their own blood. They are mutilated, boiled, skinned, or ripped apart while fully conscious. These atrocities are perpetrated with tacit approval of USDA, in flagrant violation of the Humane Slaughter Act and common decency. The shocking findings, based on eyewitness accounts by slaughterhouse workers and USDA in- spectors, are reported in Slaughterhouse, a thoroughly documented expose by investigative reporter Gail Eisnitz, published recently by Prometheus Press (see enclosed newsletter). The 16th annual observance of World Farm Animals Day on October 2 will expose and prevent such atrocities. Thousands of animal activists in the US and several other countries will conduct educational events including tabling, exhibits, leafleting, picketing, vigils, and memorial services. On this day we all feel honor-bound to memorialize the billions of innocent, sentient animals who suffer every day in factory farms, auction yards, and slaughterhouses. The first observance was held in 1983; the last will celebrate the end of factory farming. Here's what we're doing at FARM's national headquarters: V We are sending mailings to 1600 potential coordinators of local educational events V We are sending news releases and letters to 3,000 national and local media V We are requesting proclamations from nearly 100 governors and mayors V We are distributing 100,000 brochures presenting quotes from Slaughterhouse V We are placing newspaper ads containing quotes from Slaughterhouse V We are holding a vigil in front of USDA displaying quotes from Slaughterhouse V We are launching a Humane Enforcement Award for USDA employees. We invite you to be a part of this effort! Will you organize an educational event, write a letter to the editor, or place a newspaper ad, with the aid of the Guide overleaf? At the very least, will you return the enclosed Humane Enforcement Public Opinion Survey with a generous contribution to carry on this crucial campaign? This year the meat industry is taking some major hits. Clearly, this is the time to seize the opportunity and to help put the industry out of its business of dealing misery to animals, its workers, its neighbors, and consumers. But none of this will come to pass without your continued support. I ask you today to pledge 10 hours of your valuable time, or its monetary equivalent, to this cru- -41.._ cial campaign. If you can spare the time, use the Guide overleaf or call us toll-free at 1- 888 -FARM- USA to plan an educational event in your community. In either case, please send a generous contribution to help us open the eyes, the minds, and the hearts of the American people to the appalling tragedy of today's intensive animal agriculture. Thank you for caring. Please don't defer it. Sincerely, ..t?)1

Alex Hershaft, PhD, President Nom._ PS: As a token of our appreciation, we offer contributors of $35 or more a copy of Slaughterhouse or a box of farm animal greeting cards. Contributors of $100 or more receive both items. Please turn over... LaRecycled Paper BEST COPY AVAILABLE 2 8 WHAT YOU CAN DO Dear FARM Folks: Yes! I do want to take part in The international veal ban campaign has a place for the National Veal Ban Campaign. Here's how: everyone. Here are some things that each of us can do: I will speak out whenever the opportunity arises Boycott 'milk-fed' veal, or all veal, to be on the safe side I may do more: please send a Veal Ban Action Kit Start replacing animal products on your dinner table with the many wholesome convenience foods from your supermarket I am enclosing a donation of $ to help your work Ask your favorite restaurant and market not to carry veal Name Object to your organization serving veal at a function Address Write letters to the editor and call radio talk shows to expose the inhumane and unsanitary conditions of veal production City, ST Zip V Distribute veal leaflets, posters, bumper stickers, buttons, and Phones (hm, wk) other educational materials to your friends and associates Contact FARM to place an advertisement in your newspaper ALL CONTRIBUTIONS TO FARM ARE TAX-EXEMPT Contact FARM to arrange an event in your community Please send to FARM, PO Box 30654, Bethesda, MD 20824 Join FARM to help us spread the message to millions.

E UCATIO AL ITEMS ABOUT FARM OTHER RESOURCES The following items are available for FARM is a national nonprofit public- Here is a partial list of organiza- the National Veal Ban Campaign: interest organization working to expose and tions that can provide more informa- Veal Ban Action Kit (contains action reduce the destructive impacts of animal tion and handouts on veal production: guide, sample handouts, letters, news agriculture on animal well-being, environ- FARM - PO Box 30654, Bethesda, MD mental quality, and consumer health. releases, and poster) free 20824; [email protected]; 301 -530- A Brochures - Are You Really ...10/$1 To this end, FARM conducts five na- 1737; http://www.farmusa.org tional campaigns. Great American Mea- A A Posters, black/red 2/$1 Farm Sanctuary - PO Box 150, Wat- tout asks consumers to kick the meat kins Glen, NY 14891; 607-583-2225; A Bumper stickers -Boycott Veal 2/$1 habit. World Farm Animals Day memorial- http://www.farmsanctuary.org Buttons - Boycott Veal 2/$1 izes farm animal suffering. National Veal A Humane Farming Association - 76 A Photos and slides, full color $2.50 Ban Action exposes inhumane and unsani- Belvedere St, Suite D, San Rafael, CA A T-shirts - Boycott Veal $10 tary conditions of veal production. CHOICE 94901; 415-485-1495 A Tote bags - Boycott Veal $8 promotes plant-based nutrition education A Humane Society of the US - 700 A Aprons - Boycott Veal $8 and meals in schools. Letters From FARM Professional Dr, Gaithersburg, MD To order, please note number of each places letters to newspaper editors. 20879; 301-258-3111; item and sizes for T-shirts. Add 15% for FARM is supported by contributions A PETA - 501 Front St, Norfolk, VA S&H. Send check to FARM, PO Box from concerned individuals and operates 23510; 757-622-7382; 30654, Bethesda, MD 20824. through a national network of local activists. http://www.peta-online.org

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Farm Animal Reform Movement FORM PO Box 30654 Bethesda, MD 20824 2Th MISERY IN A CRATE r CONSUMER FRAUD A dairy cow is impregnated each year Lack of iron, solid food, and exercise to boost milk production. The male off- lead to widespread anemia, diarrhea, and spring is torn from his mother at birth, respiratory disorders. The excrement chained by the neck in a tiny wood crate, maintains a state of perpetual infection. and forced to stand or lie on hard wood To keep the calves alive for 16 weeks, slats covered with his excrement oW their formula is laced with antibiotics includ- He is immobilized and fed a synthetic ing the outlawed chloramphenicol. Con- liquid formula deficient in iron and fiber to sumption of these antibiotics immunizes the render his flesh soft and anemic. He is pathogens in the consumer's intestines and denied bedding, grass, water, freshair, handicaps these drugs in fighting deadly sunshine, and mother's love. infectious diseases. 4, After 16 weeks of this misery, he is Moreover, veal is loaded with saturated dragged to a slaughterhouse, where one fat,cholesterol, and other toxins linked man blows out his brains, another strings conclusively with the chronic diseases that him up by his hind leg, and a third cuts his kill 1.5 million Americans annually. Indeed, throat until all life bleeds out. His tortured 'milk-fed' veal is simply 'sick flesh of sick body is then sliced and served as veal. animals for sick consumers.'

WHAT FARM HAS DONE The results of the international effort to expose and improve veal production methods have been truly rewarding: In the US, where veal industry refused to improve conditions, annual per capita consumption dropped 70 percent from 2.8 lbs in 1975 to 0.8 lb in 1997 FARM and other organizations have Many institutions have stopped serving *4rworked hard since the mid 70's to expose veal at public functions the inhumane and unsanitary conditions The European Union now requires that of veal production. FARM's National Veal the calves be able to move about Ban Campaign, observed on Mother's Day by The United Kingdom has banned veal activists in a hundred communities, has en- crates altogether. compassed these actions (see photos): Clearly,the veal ban campaign has Picketing and leafleting of restaurantsreached a number of people who are not and markets featuring 'milk-fed' veal sensitive to similar abuses visited on pigs, Picketing and leafleting of public func-chickens, and other animals in factory farms tions where 'milk-fed' veal is served and slaughterhouses. The ensuing tide of Stagingstreettheater andvigilsinpublic opinion has made a difference.. prominent public sites Of course, the ultimate solution to the Distributing posters, photos,stickers,suffering of all farm animals is to stop eat- buttons, T-shirts, tote bags, aprons ing them. In the meantime, we must ex- Placing ads in newspapers, magazines,pand our efforts to expose and improve and billboards their conditions. It appears that dairy calves Supporting legislation to ban veal crates.are destined to lead the way. '- ;7:77

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I ANIN r-- ABlig VEAL: A TASTE OF TORTURE -,. SICK egoTHE ,1 OILS MODIER.404 I get( BOYCOTT VEr11 2,.X.:1 FOOD P> I 171.1. El 2 '))0 F AIMN E T 1997 The highlight of our 1997 programs was Animal Rights '97, LETTERS FROM FARMcontinued to carry our mes- the national conference of the animal rights movement. At the sage to millions of newspaper readers throughout the year. same time, we maintained and improved our other programs Our national network placed more than 100 letters to the including the Great American Meatout, National Veal, Ban Ac- editor on ten topics in 50 major metropolitan dailies. We ad- tion, World Farm Animals Day, Nonviolent Thanksgiving, dressed the role of vegetarianism in preventing heart disease, Letters From FARM, CHOICE, and Industry Watch. Our staff- cancer, and other chronic diseases; meat-borne infectious ing suffered considerably from the departure of two talented vet- diseases, meat inspection, pathogen immunity to antibiotics, erans. Our finances remained balanced, with strict cost controls. and meat irradiation; and fish kills by farm-fed Pfiesteria mi- crobes, as well as, Great American Meatout, Veal Ban, World celebrated its 13th GREAT AMERICAN MEATOUT Farm Animals Day, and nonviolent Thanksgiving. year as our movement's largest annual grassroots campaign. Educational events in 1200 communities inall 50 statesCHOICE(Consumers for Healthy Options In Children's ranged from simple 'steakouts' to elaborate 'lifestivals,' featur- Education) promotes plant-based nutrition education and ing speakers, entertainment, exhibits, and food sampling. Ameals in our nation's schools. During the past year, we sent Vegetarian Awareness Festival in Lincoln classroommaterialstonearlyone thousandteachers attracted 600. Visitors were asked to throughout the US. Paul Shapiro of Washington (DC) won the "kick the meat habit on March 20 (firstBill Rosenberg Award presented by FARM each year to a day of spring)and explorea more teenage farmed animal activist. wholesome, less violent diet." Scores ofINDUSTRY WATCH.We reviewed dozens of meat and universities and other schools offered dairy industry journals and news releases, and sent copies of meatless meals, information tables, ex- hundreds of selected articles to 25 other groups working for hibits, and presentations. Public officials farmed animals. We published a report on the number of took part in meatless receptions and issued proclamations. animals killed for food and expanded our vast collection of Extensive media coverage with Casey Kasem carried the documents, slides, and photographs. Meatout message to millions. Meatout now has its own website at http://www.meatout.org. ANIMAL RIGHTS 1997,our movement's only national conference, was organized by FARM with was observed on Mother's Day once VEAL BAN ACTION the help of a dozen other organizations. again to expose the inhumane and unsanitary conditions of The conference featured 600partici- 3114 'milk-fed veal' calves.Activists in several dozen communities pants, 75 speakers in 66 sessions, 40 picketed veal restaurants, distributed literature, staged street videos, and 60 exhibits. A lobbying day theater, and wrote letters to the editor. This year's observance followed. In April, President Alex Hershaft U111-111Y1- drew encouragement from Europe's pending veal ban. In the participated in the Summit for the Ani-FillRIM past two decades, this campaign has reached many people mals and conducted a speaking tour of who are not sensitive to other animal issues, and veal con- Southern California. In October, he spoke in Northern Cali- sumption has dropped by 70 percent. fornia and a Utah vegan conference. WORLD FARM ANIMALS DAY.October 2nd (Gandhi's STAFFINGbecame problematic toward the end of the year birthday) marked the 15th observance of World Farm Animals with the departure of Executive Director Scott Williams and Day exposing and memorializing the suffering and death of bil- Program Director Melissa Snider after a stellar four-year stint. lions of farmed animals. This year's observance targeted Amer- The current FARM Board is made up of Alex Hershaft, Elliot ica's fast food chains which determine what Katz, and Melinda Marks Darer. millions of people eat each day and how the animals they eat are treated. HundredsFINANCESremained on track in 1997 because of the of groups in all 50 states and ten other generosity of our supporters and strict spending controls. countries conducted picketing, leafleting, Here are some preliminary numbers: tabling, vigils,street theater, and disrup- EXPENSES: tionsat government offices,slaughter- INCOME: houses, stockyards,fast food restaurants, Approximately $200,000 Services $68,000 and other sites associated with animal abuse. We distributed (some of the pledges are Postage/phone 40,000 hundreds of posters featuring a slaughterhouse scene by famed still being collected), from Printing 30,000 painter Sue Coe. Ten governors and several city mayors issued individual contributions, Rent 19,000 World Farm Animals Day proclamations. grants, and bequests. Advertising 5,400 Supplies 2,500 NONVIOLENT THANKSGIVINGwas the theme of Other 8,500 our major media blitz promoting meatless Thanksgiving fare. TOTAL 173,400 We sent hundreds of news releases and letters to the editor presenting meatless holiday recipes and the "Top Ten Rea- A detailed audited report is available on re- sons to Have a Meatless Thanksgiving."Reports on local quest. FARM is a member of Independent events and letters to the editor appeared in dozens of news- Charitiesof America,Animal Funds of papers. FARM had pioneered the observance in the US. America, and Combined Federal Campaign.

~~4 FARM REPORT - Summer 1998 BEST COPY AVAILABLE LO FAR ANIMALS DAY~~

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New York activists stage a symbolic Israelis protest at their national Poultry FARM activists block a slaughterhouse funeral procession (1985). and Dairy Council offices (1992). gate in Smithfield, Virginia (1989).

Each year, billions of animals are actions. Letters to newspaper editors and Civil disobedience, in the form of abused and killed in factory farms, stock- requests for official proclamations have blocking access to a facility associated yards, and slaughterhouses. World Farm helped promote the WFAD message. with farmed animal abuse, is the most dramatic form of observance. It requires Animals Day (WFAD) memorializes their An exhibit or information table can suffering and death and calls on all car- only a handful of committed participants be arranged by one or two activists in just ing people to examine their role in the willing to risk arrest, several hours of de- a few hours. Organizers need only ob- savagery of today's animal agriculture. tention, and a fine. The more memo- tain permission to set up in a school, li- rable cases were staged at the USDA First proclaimed at FARM's 1983 "Ac- brary, or public park. All needed materi- headquarters in Washington, at a slaugh- tion for Life" conference, World Farm als, including banners, posters, photo- terhouse in Smithfield, Virginia, at a Animals Day has grown into a major in- graphs, books, stickers, T-shirts, and stockyard in Petaluma, California, and at ternational campaign. Hundreds of US handouts can be ordered from FARM. a New York City McDonald's. communities hold memorial events each year. Observances also have been held Memorial services and vigils con- Proclamations of World Farm Ani- in Australia, Canada, England, France, vey the message of WFAD with lighted mals day have been issued by the may- Germany, India, Israel, Italy, the Nether- (vegan) candles, banners, and signs. ors of Houston, Philadelphia, Toronto, lands, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Re- Street theater, speakers, and day-long and many smaller cities. Sample proc- public, Sweden, Switzerland, and Taiwan. fasts can have added effect. Memorial lamation requests, as well as samples of The date, October 2nd, honors the birth- services and vigils have been held in front letters to Congress and to newspaper day of Mahatma Gandhi, the world's fore- of the White House and the Department editors are available from FARM. most advocate of humane agriculture. of Agriculture, at the monument to Chicago's infamous Union Stockyards, at World Farm Animals Day obser- All events are organized by local ac- Gandhi's statue in Hawaii, and at slaugh- vances have contributed substantially to tivists, who use a variety of tactics to draw terhouses in British Columbia, California, opening the eyes, minds, and hearts of public attention to the treatment of New Jersey, Texas, and Virginia. consumers to the tragedy of farmed ani- farmed animals.Information tables, mals. A recent survey indicates that 93% video showings, and exhibits are popu- Mock funeral processions can con- of Americans are opposed to the suffer- lar, especially in schools, workplaces, and sist of either vehicles or marchers, with ing of farmed animals. libraries. More dramatic events, such as banners, hearses, coffins, and other ap- vigils, memorial services, mock funeral propriate props. A police escort helps World Farm Animals Day is coordi- processions, and civil disobedience, have keep the procession together at intersec- nated internationally by FARM, a nonprofit, reached millions by attracting media cov- tions while drawing public attention. No- public interest organization located near erage. Slaughterhouses, stockyards, fast table processions have been held in Washington, DC. Community events are food restaurants, USDA offices, and busy Washington, New York, Denver, Chicago, arranged by local activists. For more in- public areas are common targets of such and Los Angeles. formation call 1-888-ASK-FARM.

Anactivist calls attention to 'a display German activists await EU ministers California activists block a stockyard table at USDA headquarters (1992). to protest inhumane transport (1994). gate in Petaluma (1990). 222 STOP THE AGONY ON THE FARM! Nine out of ten Americans believe that animals should be treated humanely. Yet, each year, over nine billion cows, pigs, and other innocent, feeling animals are caged, crowded, deprived, drugged, mutilated, and manhandled in US factory farms and slaughterhouses, until the butcher's knife ends their agony. Veal calves are torn from their mothers at birth, chained by the neck in tiny wood crates, and force-fed a synthetic liquid diet deficient in natural nutrients. They suffer from loneliness and chronic diarrhea and respiratory diseases. Breeding sows give birth and nurse their young all year round under similar conditions. Laying hens are crammed up to seven birds into a cage the size of a folded newspaper, with wire-mesh floors and walls cutting their feet and tearing out their feathers. The 'lucky' males are smothered at birth in plastic garbage bags. This does not have to be. The menus of McDonald's, Burger King, Wendy's, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and other fast food giants determine what millions of people eat each day. Their procurement practices dictate how sup- pliers raise their animals. World Farm Animals Day, on October 2, exposes and memorializes the tragedy of farm animals. This year, it will initiate a campaign of letter writing and demonstrations requesting these firms to provide a choice of meat- lessentreesand humane treatment of animals. For free Starter Pack: 1 -888- FARM -USA WORLD FARM ANIMALS DAY Box 30654, BethocioMD20824; www.formusmorg

'LJ FORM ONIMEIL REFORM MOVEMENT (FARM) I NONPROFIT ORG f Printed on Recycled Paper U.S. POSTAGE PO Box 30654, Bethesda, MD 20824 301/530-1737 PAID YES,I want to help stop the abuses of factory farming! BETHESDA, MD PERMIT NO 716 I enclose a contribution in the category noted: _ .1 c-o $1000-Benefactor $500-Patron $100-Sponsor $35-Supporter $20-Basic $ -Other All contributors receive an information packet, newsletters, and special announcements.Contributors of $35 or more are entitled to 'Animal Factories.' an illustrated expose of factory farming or a "Fight Factory Farming" T-shirt. Contributors of $100 or more are entitled to both premi- ums. Please specify item/size.

-, 57- 11,' 11--;3CV17 n ; C.) 1- -1 Li.") \.1,31-1! pd!evIAL)), are torn from their mothers at birth, chainedby the neck in tiny crates without bedding or light, and forced to stand or lie for 16 weeks onwood slats covered with their excrement, unable to stretch or turn around. They areforce-fed a synthetic liquid diet that is deliberately deficient in iron and fiber, to impart a palecoloring to their flesh, and laced with antibiotics, in a vain attempt to prevent the chronicdiarrhea and respiratory disorders that kill up to 20 percent of the animals before slaughter. are kept continuously pregnant andconfined in tiny metal "gestation stalls." Eventually, they are immobilized in "farrowing pens,"where they give birth to a litter of 10-12 piglets. The normal nursing period of 12 weeksis frequently cut to three, so that the sows can be impregnated again and forced toproduce up to three litters a year. are crammed up to seven birds in a"battery cage" the size of a folded newspaper. They are forced to stand for 18months on a sloping wire mesh floor that cuts painfully into their feet, as the wire mesh cage walls tearout their feathers, forming painful blood blisters. They are alternatively starved or overfedto adjust egg production. Their beaks are cut off with a hot iron to prevent stress-inducedcannibalism. The males are more fortunate: they are simply discarded and left tosuffocate in plastic garbage bags. The family farm of yesteryear has been = _ :.)1.9s,?Unfortunately, no. replaced by a giant, faceless "factory farm," whereanimals are viewed merely as tools of production in the pursuit of short-term profits.Each year, nearly 8 billion cattle, pigs, sheep, chickens, turkeys, and other feeling,innocent animals are caged, crowded, deprived, drugged, manhandled, and mutilated onU.S. factory farms until stress-induced disease or the butcher's knife ends their agony.

WON, StIFFERING RESOURCE 0 ESTRUC:7-1emir But there's more. Raising animals for foodtakes a tremendous But farm animals are not the only ones to suffer the scourge wastes grain and other of factory farming. Each year, 1.4 million Americans are killed toll of our precious natural resources. It scarce foodstuffs that could beused to feed the world's 800 by heart disease, stroke, cancer and other chronic diseases to 90 percent of that have been linked conclusively with consumptionof million starving people. It uses and poisons up our agricultural land, destroysforests and other wildlife habi- animal fat and meat. The antibiotics in animal feeds increase critical groundwater the consumer's susceptibility to infectious diseases. Thousands tats, exterminates wildlife, and exhausts supplies. Runoff from this land carriesirreplaceable topsoil into of primates, dogs, cats, and other animals are tortured and pollution burden killed each year in biomedical laboratories in a vain search for our lakes and streams, contributing more a "cure" for these diseases, self-inflicted by ameat-based diet. than all other human activities combined. 22/1i BEST COPYAWEKE What You Can Do rights movement") and Sohn Robbins' Diet fo a New America, which exposes the realities c o One of the easiest ways to show your meat production and consumption compassion for animals is to stop eating them Try replacing the animal foods in your o Talk to your friends, relatives, and is, diet with healthy, humane vegetarian staples, coworkers about vegetarianism If people ask including whole grains, fresh fruits and what you're eating for lunch or how you get vegetables, and beans and soy foods. your protein, seize the opportunity to tell Vegetarian fare can be both familiar (veggie them how animals are treated on factory burgers, pasta with tomato sauce) and exotic farms, how much healthier a vegan diet is (curried vegetables over couscous, citrus stir- than a meat-based one, how much weight fry with tofu), so you'll never miss the meat! you've lost since you stopped eating animal Contact PETA for free recipes. foods, or how delicious veggie fare is Don't be shy about sharing the good news! If peop o Be informed. Read books like Peter Singer's want to learn more, feel free to refer them ti

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~~A JIL People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 501 Front St., Norfolk, VA 23510; 757-622-PETA www.peta-online.org -:zs:. -=-;- Food for Thought Lynn Tiede Fulbright 1998 CurriculumProject~~

~~Traditional and Modern Diets~~

~~Objective I Aim: For social studies students to describe positive and negative results of modernizing the diet in India and maintaining a more traditional diet.~~

~~Materials:~~

1. Photocopies of modern and more traditional foods and ways of selling them in India. 2. Articles on diseases, eating disorders, environmental destruction, and animal abuse related to modern diets. 3. Articles on Ayurvedic medicine.

~~Vocabularyayurvedics, animal rights, bulimia, anorexia, vegan~~

Motivation: Ask students to write down their favorite foods. Ask students to each name one of their favorite foods. As they do, all students should make a collective list. The teacher should let them know which foods are commonly eaten by Indians and which are luxury items, rarely available or only available to the wealthy. Ask them for reactions and whether they think this is positive or negative for the Indian people. Show them photos of more traditional snacks, marketplaces and ways of serving food.

* Note. Teachers should emphasize that most fast and junk foods are not normally available to the majority of Indians who live in villages. Some city dwellers have these T". foods, but only those who can afford their higher prices.

Do Now Strategies:Give students articles discussing diseases related to eating high fat, sugar, calorie, and additive filled foods. As students read they should take notes on the included handout.Students should explain how these new foods differ from Indian's traditional diet and evaluate whether this "modernity" is an improvement or not from India's traditional diet, as they have studied in previous lessons. Discussion and review of previous lessons should help students fill in an explanation of Indian's traditional diet.

Students should then answer questions on how Americans might learn from Indian health traditions and how Indians can learn from America's experiments with "modern foods" and health related problems. Handouts and discussions can include informationon Ayurvedic medicine and vegetarianism as messages Indians can send to America and articles on environmental concerns related to animal farming, pesticides and additives, eating disorders, cancer, diabetes, and heart disease can be dangers Indians might avoid by sticking to a more traditional diet.

~~2 Tradition or Modernity? The Daily Diet~~

~~1. What diseases do many experts believe are cause by foods high in fat, sugar, salt, cholesterol, alcohol, and chemicals?~~

~~2. Which food western food products are present in India, based on the advertisements and photos you have available?~~

~~3. Do you think any of these foods might contain the ingredients listed in number one? If so, list those foods.~~

~~4. What would be a "traditional" Indian diet?~~

~~5. Are these foods high in the ingredients listed in number 1?~~

~~6. What advantages are there to Indian people being able to purchase these "modern" foods?~~

~~7. What disadvantages are there?~~

~~8. What is ayurvedic medicine?~~

~~9. Why is a vegetarian diet (which 70% of all Indians have) considered more healthy by doctors?~~

~~10. What health problems are Americans suffering from?~~

~~11. What type of diet do many experts and doctors recommend for Americans? i.e. What foods do they suggest Americans cut out of our diet?~~

~~12. Is this recommended diet similar to the traditional Indian diet in any way? How? 13. Are any of the foods doctors say we should avoid the same as those only eaten by the wealthy in India?~~

~~12. Could Americans benefit by eating traditional Indian foods? Explain.~~

~~13. What ca vi Indian people learn about the "modern" American diet?Is it healthy? What problems might it bring to India?~~

Vocabulary ayurvedics- an ancient Indian system of healing based on the use of herbs and finding balance in one's body animal rights the concern for the treatment of animals to insure un-cruel treatment bulimia an eating disorder characterized by eating large amounts and then exercisingor vomiting to rid the body of the food. anorexia -nervosa an eating disorder characterized by not eating enough food and extreme thinness vegana person who eats no animal products whatsoever, including any products with eggs or milk. organic produced without the use of pesticides or any other chemicals diabetesa disease in which the body produces too much or too little insulin, requiring other means to regulate blood sugar levels.

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Diet The Early "Huntingand Gathering human beings livedmostly in small For million years hunting and gatheringof tribes. They depended on groups or nuts. andsometimes honey roots. berries,wild grasses. eggs. long as we While these peopledid not live as for their food. diseases modernmedicine can do, because theyoften died of did not sufferfrom as much cancer, control. it seems they conditions aggravatedby near.: disease.diabetes or obesity, our moderndiet.

II. Farming tribes began toexperiment with Gradually these small This led to more farming and growingof their ownvegetables. place. Cities developed as people settlingand living in one the People's diets werequite similar to this happened. diet, but there was morevariety.Dairy hunting and gathering As tradedeveloped, products and breadbegan to be eaten. were introducedin different foods from other areas although higher infat (because environments.Farmer's diets, and dairy products), wererelatively healthy of more meat and the modern again, people didnot die fromthe diseases of diet.

III. The Modern"Western" diet. is still thediet of manycultures The farming diet still practiced(South around the worldwhere farming is 1900, as the Asia, Africa). However, around America, India, developed in America, machinery to processand package food people began to moveto cities, many and as more and more and to change.'Rather than growing peoples' diets began buying canned and eating one own freshfoods, people started stores. Business peoplerealized processed foods in grocery tasty of money to bemade by manufacturing :here was a lot that made people foods with catchy namesand advertisements Salty and sugarsweetened foods are very ,ant to buythem. gradually many foods addictive--they make youwant more--, so ingredients becausepeople would want began to contain these for the businesses. to purchase morewhich meant more money diet is nutritionists anddoctors believe our Today many such as cancer,heart the cause of toothdecay, many diseases obesity in 'our diabetes, and the highpercentage of disease. that eat like us. They think country and in°the:: countries in sugar,caffeing,and salt we eat toomuch fat, cholesteoi, people pay foods. Not enough c:ur 1:,:ocessed,fast, and junk influence a_tention tc .:u:_: _onbut -,:at her letadvertising wnat thee; choose eat.

BEST CPY AVAILABLE 240 ,Phone items to (212) 251-6800 Fax (212) 696-0487 BySTAFF Lynda WRITER Baril cent higher in smaller grocery stores. isthe bad goes'lot for of crazyher. fat." overShe porkBrumilda loves chops butter. Vegawith She aloves loves everything cakes. And that Task force seeks to change lowedgoodreceivedyusing and nutrition," to sometimesfood food buy stamps stamps anything she drugs. aretosaid. Another buynotedible." 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Incentives for bodegas to stock low- ierromfLttitudesn thethe normal diabetes disease.Bronx. of weight.people andA newher like Her grandmother taskVega, mother force who suffers is lives died trying to change thanulationpertensionthree in is theto 50 five white percentin timesthe one. black higher moreDr. pop- Kathie heart failures. Rones of theThe prevalence of hy- vices," said Jane Levine of the New York billioneaseState a costsDietetic year an in estimatedAssociation.New YorkHealth $7 care for heart dis- panicmaychurches, be dieticians. the supermarkets most effective. or where they TrainingCooking of more blackdemonstrations and His- in uns,"Zutritionf theeld said Task a Policy,Joehearing ForceBad Barnett, which"dietson on Food, thenutrition killlast director Farm moreweek and andpeople than time,"erying,Center,Bronx-Lebanon day. shesees "I onesaid. meetpeople of "She thepeople like Hospitalwitnessescould Brumilda like make her at Vegasimpletheall thehear- ev- preventHeart Program, heart diseases. a programThe unavailabilitythat seeks to of nutritious food ofState, the Eastsaid HarlemDonna HealthyZiemba servicesimplythemselvescourage messagesin supermarkets Spanish in poor on andcommunities.radio Creole. andto establishtelevision Public EducationalChange zoning literature, regulations written to en- ssemb.le ealthanicNew communities. 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To the Editor How amazing that you publish a comprehensive article on American fat people ("The Burdens of Being Overweight: Mistreatment and Mis- conceptions," front page, Nov. 22) and never once mention American food, which is unique in the world. Visitors from abroad are struck by the rampant obesity. And they all complain of weight gain when they come to America. I've been here one HEALTHY HABITS month and have gained five pounds. There are four reasons why Ameri- FOR Kms ca's fat problems are worse than elsewhere. It's never too late to adopt healthy (1) The food is denatured, frozen, freeze-dried, canned, cooked ahead habits, but it'snever too early andmicrowaved.Processingde- stroyscrucialelementsavailable either. With this in mind, American from fresh food, and the body is not and British health professionalsrec- satisfied. Thus, though the food is full 1 of calories, the body craves more. ommend that tests suchas cholesterol (2) Sweets and desserts are the best part of the cuisine, but many are screening begin in childhood. It'ssurmised unnecessarily rich. Instead of chocolate layer cake, for instance, one finds that one-fifthor more of children aged 3 to triple-fudge-killer-cake, embellished with whipped cream, chocolate sauce 18 have shockingly high cholesterollevels, and nuts. which can be linked to heart disease. (3) The portions are Brobdingnag- ian. In France, if you order a Coke Premature clogged arteries aren't the ; you get a tiny, six-ounce bottle, which you nurse for 45 minutes. But in Mall only reason to sound the test-for-fatalarm. Town, U.S.A., a "small Coke" is easily a liter; as for the "extra-large," Most unhealthy practices begin inadoles- don't ask! In Spain, if you order a steak you get no more than eight cence or younger. Educating kids about eat- ounces. I'll never forget the place in ing, exercising and embracing Kansas City where the slice of roast a life-style! .beef was bigger than the plate! that invites wellnessmay spawn a generation (4) In the consumer society, junk food is everywhere, :beckoning. Un- that lives with vitality toa ripe old age. healthy temptations just don't quit. The solution, of course, is to follow Miss Piggy's advice and never eat more than you can lift. Your article was one of many in the current vogue for turning people into victims. It's too bad fat people are the butt of rudeness. It's too bad there STCOPY AMOSLE aren't more people of good breeding who know better than to offend people who don't conform to the "normal." But still,it's a question of per- 6,,v44e,5 sonal responsibility. Fat people are q victims of themselves because they ignore sound nutritionalpractices and allow themselves to be suckered in by "the culture." ..If not, why is this a peculiarly American phenom- . 2 -cnon? SYLVIA SIMPSON GENSKE \Vest Palm Beach, Fla., Nov. 23, 1992 LISTEN CAREFULLY. You can almost hear it. The sound of zip- pers tearing, buttons popping, Spandex expanding. America is getting fatter by the day. We may soon sec our beloved Stars and Stripes replaced by a yellow flag Whywe need a new war on declaring "Extra Wide Load." Americans as a whole have gained about 12 pounds in the past decade. According to the old definition of obesity. whereby you had to be 20 percent overweight, a third of all Americans are obese. But on the basis of new medical evidence that anything over your ideal weight is unhealthy, almost three-fourths of American adults are too fat. It's "a 25 percent increase in six years," says former surgeon general C. Everett Koop. "We just can't afford to go on like that. ...If I had stayed on longer Lin office',I would have launched the same assault on obesity that I did on smoking." It is my belief, after two years of researching this topic for my new book, The Fat of the Land, that yes, Americans must attack obesity in the same way we did smoking, when the num- -*her of smokers was cut in half. 3 out of 4 Americans weigh too much. 300,000 die FIRST, FACE FACTS. Obesity is a terrible problem and, unlike other each year because of obesity. It's time for America to epidemics, such as a flu epidemic, it won't go away on its own. Some would have us believe GIRTH OF A NEON that thereis nothing wrong face facts and make sweeping changes in attitude,says with being fat, that people just How many 1986 59% find it distasteful and therefore the author of a tough new book, The Fat of the Land. 1987 59% Americans are 1988 64% assume it's unhealthy. Actually, overweight? 1989 61% doctors believe fat is unhealthy 1990 64% because a multitude of studies 1991 63% for decades has shown it to he so. . 1992 66% 1994' 69% "We know," Koop says, "that ;lame: Laub Hants ' 1995 71% Allselatao excessive weight fosters everything from diabetes and heart disease to breast cancer, colorec- - Weights around the world tal cancer and osteoarthritis." North America 162 A recent University of Wis- Southern Europe 156 Eastern Europe 150 consin study found a direct cor- Western/Central Europe 147 relation between extra weight Northern Europe 146 and increased breast cancer in South/Central America 145 Africa 137 women. Another study, at Brig- Asia 128 ham and Women's Hospital in Avemge weight (In pounds)'.y Boston, found that women 44 S- loot -4 men and women' pounds overweight had 2.5 weme: Pet libmtarp .nd times the chance of developing ...79erninl N. 'Waft so., Obosili common strokes. Obese people are less likely to survive surgery. They are more likely to develop cataracts, arthritis, gallstones. According to the World Health Organization, 300,000 Amer- icans die prematurely each year because of obesity. Among lifestyle-related illnesses, only cigarette smoking (an estimated 400.000 deaths) has a higher toll. But smoking deaths are declining, while obesity deaths will continue to climb as long as obesity does. Meanwhile, adolescent obesity has jumped 40 percent in a little over a decade. Americans are the fattest people in the industrial world (see bar above). We eat too much. We get too little exercise. We never run out of excuses for both. To name a few: "It's all in my genes" or "I have a slow metabolism." A few

Fumento is author of the new The Fat or the By Michael Fument0 Land: The Obesity Epidemic and How CNer- weight Americans Can Help themselves KAN.. S23.951. Previous books: the controverSial The Myth of Heterosexual AIDS (19901 and the award- winning Science Under Siege 119931. He is a University of Illinois College of Law graduate and has been an AIDS analyst. a U.S. Commission on Cml Rights lawyer and a medical journalist for 10 years. He is now a fellow at the Amencan Enterprise Institute. a conservative think tank. You may contact Fumento with questions or comments at AEI's Web site (mwkaeLote./.

~~4 USA WEEKENDSept. 1214, 1997 COVER AND COVER STORY PHOTOGRAPH BY KAY CHERNuSH FOR USA WEEKEND~~

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2 SECOND, CHANGE SOCIETY'S VALUES. Long .tudies have shown some people are 10 REAL WAYS TO LOSE WEIGHT ;enetically disposed to burn calories before waistlines began to balloon, we nore slowly. But this difference ranges In researching his book, into believing low-fat is Celestes are ALL that count began to build a society that promotes 'rout one-fourth to three-fourths of a Fumento pored over better, we eat far more food (Many will disagree.) Don't values that themselves promote obesity. ,ingle can of non-diet soda daily. Further, thousands of articles in than we otherwise would. obsess over each one, but "This population-wide problem" of :enetics hardly explains why Ameri- medical journals to find Reduce sugar. Americans do eat only small portions obesity, says Northwestern University's of high-calorie stuff. :ans are so much fatter than Euro- what works and doesn't. consume 150 pounds of Jeremiah Stamler, M.D., "is best com- )ea ns, or why we get fatter by the year. His top 10 conclusions: sugar and corn sweeteners Cut out little things. Say you prehended as a societal problem." "The root of the problem," accord- "You can be fat and healthy." Yes, Lose slowly. It improves per person per year, 33 drink a 280-calorie bottle of ing to the respected Institute of Medi- Jou can be relatively healthy for a fat your chance of not seeing pounds more than 20 juice five days a week. Drink Jerson or relatively healthy for some- weight come roaring back. years ago. water instead to cut 73,000 cine, "must lie in the powerful social and me with AIDS, for that matter. Obesity calories (18 pounds) a year. cultural forces that promote an energy- Low-fat Is NOT the answer. Pump fiber Into your diet. attacks your body in ways that won't Exercise. There's a clear rich diet and a sedentary lifestyle." Nothing is making us fatter It fills you up and speeds tecessarily show up in a cholesterol connection between regular than the "low - fat /no -fat' food through your body, vigorous exercise, losing ir blood pressure test. Among such fad. Many studies have cutting calorie consumption. "We must attack obesity in the weight and keeping it off. tssaults often not detected until too shown that, for practical Portion control Is vital. ate are the cancers linked to obesity, purposes, 1 calorie of fat Let appetite dictate Turn off the N. Watching same way we did smoking." :ays obesity specialist G. Ken Good - is no worse than 1 calorie consumption, not package fattens you, studies show. One of these forces, in my view, is ick Baylor College of Medicine of protein or carbohydrate. sizes, restaurant portions There Is no weight -loss victimization fad, in which everything n Texas. Among these are not just Because we've been lulled or what others eat magic. m-east cancer, but cancer of the colon. wrong in our lives is the fault of some- -ectum. prostate, gallbladder, cervix one or something else. I'm not to blame Ind ovaries. Yes, some obese people may live longmore calories than eight bananas. And far better tofor being obese; I must have a slow metabolism It's lives, but so do some heavy drinkers and smokers. eat one satisfying cookie teeming with fat than half athe restaurant's fault I ate a portion big enough for "It's OK. I'm a 'pear,' not an 'apple.'" This refers to box of no -fat, high-sugar ones that taste like choco- the "star" of the Jurassic Park sequel. Nobody's argu- ,whether fat is stored below the waist (this pear shapelate-flavored Styrofoam. ing it should be illegal to be so enormous that, like is commonly thought to be safe) or in the abdomen Portion sizes have exploded; muffins now are chef Paul Prudhommc, you can't get around without ( this apple shape is said to promote heart disease). many times larger than just a few years ago. The orig- an electric scooter. But neither should it be seen as a But recent research shows this may not matter nearly as inal Coca-Cola bottles meant for individual con- choice on par with picking a Ford over a Chevy. much as has been thought. Moreover, as a person ages, sumption contained 6.5 ounces. In Europe, they're Moderation and setting limits could work. "If fat tends to shift up, turning "pears" into "apples." still around 8. In the USA, machines now dispensesocial and cultural forces can promote obesity, these "1 only ate a muffin and it was low-fat." Prob- 20-ounce soda bottles, while convenience stores rou- same forces should be able to control it," concludes ably nothing has done more to make America the tinely dispense 64-ounce buckets of drink 10 timesthe Institute of Medicine. Land of the Fat than the low-fat/no-fat fad and the the original serving size. This doesn't mean "oppressing" fat people. Rather, incredible growth of portion sizes. Study after study "It's useless trying to lose weight; after all, 95 per- it means combating that which pushes us in the direc- has shown that hips, thighs and bellies couldn't care cent of dieters just put the pounds back on." That tion of fatness. On top of the barrage of health warn- less whether calories are from fat, carbohydrates orfigure applies only to people in certain government ings and limitations on tobacco advertising, our protein. Only calories count. Part of the confusionstudies of dieters who repeatedly failed in the past.society made smoking uncouth, nasty, inconvenient. is because foods naturally low in fat, like vegetables, Everywhere there are people who have taken off"Thank you for not smoking" became a common fruits and grains, are also usually low in calories andlarge amounts of weight and kept it off, including demand. No one took away the right to smoke; society very satiating. But that low-fat banana muffin eatenyour humble writer, who lost all his excess weight (25took away the right not to be embarrassed about it. this morning was packed with so much sugar it hadpounds) and has kept it off two years. Continued on next page

Body Mass bider. Does your weight put you at risk of health problems? -*(orliow they rate: We calculated each 180185190195200205210215220225230235240245250 model's "Body Mass Index" using the chart Height110115120125130135140145150155 160 165 170 175 at tight, developed by health researchers. 5'0 212223242526272829 ,,,,EparalZEMEZERVIZEIETCHarainACM Model 1, at 5 feet and 170 pounds, has 5'1 212223242528282728291.7f7fr2.7.1F"ti.3EEMETETK2MML1ratlal a BMI of 33. Model 2, 6 feet and 195, has 5'2" 2021222324252827272829mET,c,tr. rilifirallEMMENTICiarang.3 a BMI of 26. The BMI of Model 3, 5-foot-91/2 al- 192021222324252827272829allV4Lk.;.110174.7.-illialEIMENGLIETEM and 175, teeters at 25.5. Scientists have 5'4 19202121222324252627272829faliail MinntaC3 determined that appreciable health risks rjratlararCZE5 202122222324282827272829 ,.., 7 MEMENIMER ME&Era begin at a BMI of 25, so all three models 5'5" 1819 MO are above their optimal weight for health, 5'6" 18191920212223232425.2827272829EtzgatrawaSEMIEMERENTERM however slightly in the case of Model 3. 5'7' 17181920202122232324252627272829 'rrilElELIE3ILIETIMEEMOM 5'8' 1717181920212122232424252627272829,ratairtrariMMEMMEREI How you rate: To determine your 5'9" 1617181819202121222324242528272729290,Mortiarawarjra BMI, find where your height and weight 5'10" 1617171819192021222223242425282727282929Ettnorammitia7tik. intersect on the chart. (Or multiply your 5.11" 151617171819202021222223242425282827282929DuNE-ditDouro weight in pounds by 705, divide by your 2223242425282627282829 height in inches, then divide again by your eV 1516161718181920202122 EMER,E3EMM height in inches.) What the scores mean: 6'1" 1515161617181819202021222223242425282627282829pa:alum 1415151617171819192021212222232424252628272a2829CEOErl,ErgLI n 24 or under: Minimal health risk yr 6'3" 141415161617171819192021E322222324242528262727282929MEMO Ei 25-29: Low to moderate risk 6'4" 131415151616171818191920212122232324242526262727282929Earn 1:7] 30 or over: High risk

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PLEASE CHECK THE CATALOG NUMBERS YOU WANT TO ORDER THE OTHER SIDE: "For millions, _1FREE 3 FREE 5 FREE send coupon to: $10.95 4 FREE 6 FREE USA WEEKEND CATALOGS this approach will be a great disservice" Allow 6-8 weeks for delivery OFFER EXPIRES 12/12/97. Make check payable to USA Weekend. No cash or stamps please. P.O. BOX 358 "It's true that overweight and obese individuals can benefit from improvements in their diet and exercise patterns:. says PLEASE PRINT: DEPT, 91491 Mr._ Mrs._ Ms._ Michael Steelman, president of the American Society of MARION, OH Bariatric Physicians. (Bariatrics is the study of obesity.) Name 43305-358 "However, Fumento's view seems simplistic and denies a Address plethora of medical evidence. For people with minor weight City/State/Zip For advertising rates problems his suggestions may be fine, but for millions of Total cost of catalogs please call: obese individuals this approach will be a great disservice. (212) 715-2115 Very few obese individuals are able to reduce to their 'ideal' Add handling charge FREE weight. Obese people need to be directed toward improving , Total enclosed A J their health, not pushed toward a mythical ideal weight." "To encourage stigma against fat people is size-ist: says Sally Smith, executive director of the National Association to Advance Over Fat Acceptance. "We have to separate weight loss from health issues. What message does it send that no matter what changes Bargain I make in my lifestyle, if it doesn't result in weight loss, I'll drop 37,000 dead? I just turned 39. I'm fine." Cesar G. Soriano Books Videos! Continued front previous page can toll-free1-800-4-MOVIES But America isn't fighting obesity. It's adjusting to the problem indeed. institutionalizing it. A generation ago, dyne 720.page MOVIES UNLIMITED VIDEO WIN, PLACE & SHOW 1 America's &west selection. Save 30% On Cue- physical education was almost universally mandatory. 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I. The Early "Hunting and Gathering Diet Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) isthe number one ForLill'million years human beings lived mostly in small cause of death of American adults today, groups or tribes. They depended on hunting and gathering of taking over roots, berries, wild grasses. eggs, nuts, and sometimes honey one-half million each year. About 5 millionAmericans for their food.While these people did not live as long as we suffer from overt symptoms of CHD, do, because they often died of diseases modern medicine can and countless control, it seems they did not suffer from as much cancer, others have CHD, but don't realize it. Formany, the first heart disease, diabetes or obesity, conditions aggravated by indication they have this disease is our modern diet. a heart attack, which is fatal one out of three times. Besidesits toll on well- II. Farming being and quality of life, CHD cost about85 billion dol- Gradually these small tribes began to experiment with lars in 1987 in medical care and relatedcosts. farming and growing of their own vegetables. This led to more 4 people settling and iiving in one place.Cities developed as this happened. People's diets were quite similar to the hunting and gathering diet, but there was more variety.Dairy products and bread began to be eaten. As trade developed, foods from other areas ware introduced in different environments. Farmer's diets, although higher in fat (because of more meat and dairy products). were relatively healthy and again, people did not die from the diseases of the modern diet.

III. The modern "Western" diet. ALTERING OUR DIET Scientists have shown that the high lat. panics, The farming diet is still :he diet of many cultures larly saturated fat, high cholesterol diet Americans con- fatty luncheon meats. such as salami, andsausages and bacon around the world where farming is still practiced (South sume contributes to elevated blood cholesterol and thus increases risk for CHO. They have also shown that ele- hard shortenings. lard, beet tallow, palm oil,coconut America, India, Asia, Africa). However, around 1900, as the oil and foods such as desserts and pastries made with vated blood cholesterol can be reduced, dramatically by them machinery to process and package food developed in America, reducing saturated fat and cholesterol intake, and that and as more and more people began to move to cities, many when blood cholesterol levels decline, the risk of heart Foods Providing Cholesterol peoples' diets began to change. Rather than growing and attacks also declines. So health professionals recommend lowering the intake of total and saturated fat and egg Yolks eating one's own fresh foods. people started buying canned and cholesterol to reduce blood cholesterol levels and risk organ meats such as brains, sweetbreads, and liver Business people realized for CHO. meat, poultry, fish. seafood processed foods in grocery stores. full fat dairy products there was a lot of money to be made by manufacturing tasty This table shows how much fat and cholesterol Americans eat today compared to how much public foods with catchy names and advertisements that made people health organizations recommend Americans Consume Did you know ... wan: to buy them. Salty and sugar sweetened foods are very to reduce CHO risk. Reducing total fat intake from 40 to ounce for ounce, poultry and fish provide just about as a4.'---ve--they make you want more- so gradually many foods 30 percent of total calories should be accomplished much cholesterol as red meat such as beef or Iamb. began to contain these be.cause people would want largely by reducing saturated fat intake. Poultry and fish, however, are recommended in diets FATS (4 OF TOTAL CALORIES) blower blood cholesterol levels because theyare low to pur:hase more which meant more money far the businesses. emAme. in saturated fat. while red meets are higher in satu- roles vmahnead rated fat. Currant Amarlesn Intake 40 1120 20-24 150.500 Today many nutritionists and doctors believe our diet is Flocommandad tataks 30 10 20 many home-prepared baked goods containing eggs (no more than) 300 can be made lower in cholesterol by substituting an the cause of tooth de:ay. many diseases such as cancer, heart Woman Haan Awawn. use egg white for an egg yolk disease. diabetes. and the high percentage of obesity in our What do these recommendations mean in terms of only foods or animal origin, such as meat, milk and country and in other countries that eat like us. They think specific food changes? They mean cutting down on eggs. contain cholesterol. Vegetables, fruits, and we eat too muoh fat. cholesterol. sugar. carlfeing.and salt in foods high in saturated fat and cholesterol. grains do not contain cholesterol. Cu: processed. fast. and junk foods. Hot enough people pay This table lists foods which are sources of satu- most vegetable oils. such as corn, soybean, olive, and at:en:ion to but rather let advertising influence rated fat and cholesterol. Foods of animal origin, such safflower, are rich in unsaturated (monounsaturated as meat, lull fat dairy products, and eggs, tend to be high and polyunsaturated) fats, and may be used inmod- what the y :hoose ea: in one or both of these: however, these foods are also eration in diets to lower blood cholesterol level. excellent sources of many nutrients, such as protein. tropical vegetable oils, such as palm, palm kernel, and iron, zinc. calcium, and B vitamins. So its important not coconut, are rich in saturated lats. and should be used 72eie to totally eliminate them from the diet, just choose them sparingly in dials to lower blood cholesterol level. less frequently, use smaller portions. or select low fat or skim varieties. SOURCES OF SATURATED FAT ANO CHOLESTEROL Other tips for lowering saturated tatand cholesterol intake include: Foods Providing Saturated Fat subsitute low tat or skim milk dairy products for red meet, especially fatty or well-marbled cuts dairy products. full fat full fat dairy products, such as whole milk. butter, cream cheese, hard cheeses and ice cream choose low fat, low cholesterol breakfastssuch as ready-to-eat cereal and skim milk.

choose lean cuts of meat and trim all fat from the edges: remove skin and fat from poultry. Cancer Deaths grid or broil meats over a drip pan so the fat can escape. More limit egg consumption to 2-3 per week; this Includes than a half-million Americans will die of cancer this year. Here'sa breakdown of which of eggs incorporated into recipes. limit portions 01 meat, poultry. or fish to a piece about the most common cancers areexpected to kill how many men and women in 1993. the size of a deck of cards. limit consumption of baked goods made with butter or solid shortening, such as croissants. doughnuts. and MEN coo Yak other pastries. limit consumption of fried foods. Lung 93,000 cool soups and stews and skim the hard fat layer oil Lung 56,000 the top. Prostate 35,000 Breast Besides reducing fat and cholesterol intake. there 46,000 are other dietary changes which can reduce risk of 4 Colon & Rectum 28,800 Colon & Rectum 28,200 CHD. These include choosing more frequently foods , rich in complex carbohydrates. such as breads, cereals, Pancreas 12,000 fruits and vegetables. Besides being low (at and choles- Ovary 13,300 terol free, these foods are rich sources of many nutrients Lymphoma (lymph system) 11,500 and fiber. Some of these foods, such as oat bran and Pancreas 13,000 products made with oat bran. may actually help reduce Leukemia (blood) 10,100 blood cholesterol. Lymphoma (lymph system) 10,500 Since obesity can contribute to elevated blood Stomach 8,200 cholesterol and elevated blood pressure, it's important Uterus 10,100 to adjust the total amount of food eaten to attain or main- Esophagus 7,600 tain ideal body weight. Limiting consumption of high Leukemia (blood) 8,500 calorie foods which provide few nutrients, such as des- Liver 6,800 serts, colas. chips, and candy. is one of the sensible Liver 5,800 ways to control weight without compromising the nutri- Brain 6,600 tional adequancy of the diet. A gradual weight loss of Brain 5,500 to 2 pounds per week can be achieved by cutting out Kidney 6,500 500 to 1,000 calories from the diet each day. And when Stomach 5,400 body weight is reduced. even by just a few pounds. Bladder 6,500 Multiple Myeloma (bone marrow) 4,600 blood pressure tends to go down, too.

)let- related cancers are in bold type. Source: American Cancer Society. BEM-COM/AVAILABLE f,6,91not t aragdo6(e- -Fe fp 2 GUIDE TO Fish, Legumes, Protein Lowfat (I%) or skimMilk Products All varieties: fresh, Fruits/Veg. Choose these foods: Starch/Breads Fats/Oils Desserts/Snacks LOWERINGCHOLESTEROLLow-fat cooking and food prepara- oz.protein APoultry,cooked serving to 5-6 isMeats sizetheoz/day. sizeof 3 Limit animal cheeseLowfatnonfatmilk yogurt (1%)(I%) cottageor frozen or canned gramscrackers,grainEnriched fat/serving bread,less or than wholecereal, 2 toIfday normaloverweight,6 tsp./day weight 2 tsp./- up FrozenbarsIcesLimit and if yogurt overweight. frozen and fruit tion suggestions:CookBroil,TrimPurchase visible meathake, or or fat Teflonpoultry boil off meatrather or on other abefore thanrack non-stick sofry. cooking. the fat cookware. will Choose these waterShellfish,of afrozen, deck offresh, or cards canned in per (pot,OtherlessLowfatounce than farmer) lowfat cheeses 3 grams Lheeses with fat (lowbiscuitsGrits,rice, fat) pasta, andhomemade muffinspotatoes, canola,VegetableSoftasliquid, tub first olive, margarine, ingredientoil,oils or- corn, water skimPuddingfaUserving.thantofu desserts, 2milk grams made less with change,WhenvegetableSteam,drip off.try preparing boil, stir-frying oil. or bake broth in vegetables, a orsmall soups, amount chillor for ofmeat a or foods shoulderVeal,LeanwithoutPoultry, beefloin, skincooked round or condensedDry skim skins milk milk or McallowedVegetablesoybean,safflower, Butter, oils, sunflower sprayssesame,Butterbuds Molly from PretzelsCocoaAngelGelatinMeringue foodpowder desserts cake poultryoffUseNo theStick, awine lecithin fat broth whentobefore grease untilspray, cooking using fat your such becomes the meats,pan. asbroth. Pam solid;soups, or Mazola spoon and EggDriedouncethanCold whites 2cuts beans grams with or and fat egg less peasper Seeds:notedNuts:SaladMayonnaise dressingAll Pumpkin, except as Jams,drinksMineralunbutteredPopcorn, jellies water, air popped, soft Manyno fat, delicioussaturated fatfoodssauces.Add or cholesterol.low-sodiumnaturally Most of contain theThese broth alcohol includelittleinstead cooks or of oil.off. LambFattysubstitutes cuts of beef milkWhole milk or 2% preparedCommercially with sauces preparedCommercially baked goods bacon,Butter,sesame, chicken lard, sunflower fat,fat back, SherbetbeansIceHardSugar, cream, candy, syrup, ice jelly honey milk vegetables.fruitspasta, and vegetables, breads and starches, grains, dried peas and beans and F-) starchy baconfeet,Pork salt- sausage, pork or pigs MostCottageSour creamcheese chccsc (4%) or butter. CommerciallyCroissants Coconutchitterlings and palm oils Pie,Mousse donuts de EP Instead foodsthese of OrganEggHotMost meats dogsyolks cold cuts or nondairyCream,Butter heavy, creamer light potatoes,prepared orrice, packaged pasta (shortening)Hydrogenatedchickendrippings,Gravies, fat meat ham oils hocks, ChipsCocoarindsWhippedCakes, andmixes cookiesfried cream pork yAZik -.s. macadamia,Nuts:imitation)sourCream, (including brazil, heavy, pistachio cashew, light, cheeseButterMilkshakespopcornPackaged or cream microwave -4* 4,tzIOki 44, stoW " 4144 xrat - 41_11d 4 fy ------5,- _-.:- , :IN ./o T CandycreamsCoconut, bars chocolate, ThanksRiver,nutritionists M.S., to Carolyn for R.D., their HIPCohen, assistance. Medical M.S., CenterR.D., Rita 25') BEST COPY AVA LE 253 CHOOSE THESE Choose these cheeses:SaltSkim reduced or lowSwiss orfat Lorraine,low milk. sodium Dairy FOODS TO CUT FreshchickenFresh, fish or lean orturkey. shrimp. beef, lamb, pork, Meats DOWN ON SODIUM orFresh, low frozensodium without canned sauces Vegetables breads.Whole grain or enriched Breads Fruitfree juice, soda. seltzer and salt Miscellaneous pretzels.Unsalted popcorn, chips or Snacks foods LowcottageAlpine fat cheese. yogurt. Lace and unsalted Saltaddedor sardines.FreshSalt reduced salt. free fish canned Boar'sfrozen tuna,Headwithout salmon Homemade,bakedHomemadeSaltvegetables. free or tomatoboiled. potatoes: salt orreduced V8 mashed, juice. or Pastanoodles.HomecookedbreadLow in saltlow sticks. crackerssalt tomatobarley, or unsaltedrice or HerbTofuhomemadeSodiumHomemade rice prepared reduced saladpuddings without dressings.or UnsaltedFresh nutsor dried fruits. came.LowLil Salt sodium Russer canned cold cuts.chili con or sodiumHomemadelow sodium canned fromcanned tomatoessoup. fresh soup. or or low Homemadewheatrice,Allsauce. Product orbran, Nutrigrain baked puffed 19, shredded products wheatcereals. or withHomemadeandAnne'ssalt. little cheese orPasta no dinner.dinners saltbrand and macaronimade Francescosalt free Rinaldi. tomato sauce: Longcakes.Angelbakingmade cooking food with soda cake lowgrits, or and powder.sodium cream rice of RightMenudinners:Sodiumfrozen Course. Light for reducedHealthy use and later. frozenStouffer'sChoice, Le Instead of ProcessedCocoaButtermilk. mix. cheese, cheese meatCanned, or poultry. salted or smoked andRegular vegetable canned juices. vegetables SaltedPizzaoatmeal.wheat crackers or rice, farina or Thirst quenchers Potato, corn or other salted foodsthese foods and spreads. . herringSmokedsardines* Canned or lox. or fish: shrimp.pickled tuna, fish: salmon, PicklesSauerkrautorFrozen butter vegetables sauce. in cheese contentsDryCannedMacaroni cereal above ravioli salad with 250 or sodium spaghetti. QuickMisoCommercialInstant flavoredpuddings salad rice dressings mixes. Saltedchips.popcorn.Pretzels nuts or snackprepacked mixes. goulash.Cannedsalami.cornedCold cuts: beef, hash, ham, pastrami stew bologna, or or TomatoDehydratedRelishesau gratin.Instant sauceand potato, or olives. orcanned canned potato soups. salad or salt,Bakerymixes.Cake,milligrams baking biscuit products powder per or serving. pancake madeor with frozensnacksreadyConvenienceMacaroni fishsuch made fillets, as and friedentrees foods: cheese Chinese chicken, andfrozen dinners or salmoninBacon runningFrankfurters can waterbe used for or if oneHot NOTE:rinsed minute. Dogs. Regular canned tuna tomatoes. Instantbaking cookedsoda. cereals. Fastdinners.dinners food and meals. many frozen REMEMBERONE TEASPOON OF SALT CONTAINS 2000ALL MILLIGRAMS PURPOSE: OF SODIUM!!! FOR VEGETABLES FOR FISH: Replace the yoursalt in ownyour blends: shaker with basil,1 Tbsp. thyme, garlic parsley, powdertsp. each of the following ground seasonings: AND1 tsp. MEAT: marjoramthyme 1/23/4 tsp. onionparsley powder flakes RestaurantA Note on foods Restaurant may be high Foods: in salt c 254 black pepper, sage savory, onion powder, BEST COPY AVAILABLE 3/41/2 tsp. tsp. rosemary sage 1/2 tsp. paprikamarjoramsage withsodium. sauces Use and discretion dressings and choose foe on the side. Tips For ReducingDietary Sodium SOLONG SODIUM Most of us eat far more sodium than we actually need for good health. comes from processed foods. In fact, 905 of all processed foods Other Tips The National Research Council contain sodium. Read package recommends limiting dietary sodium labels carefully for hidden- so- to 1.1003,300 mg. daily (thereare C. Avoid snack chips 2.000 mg. In one teaspoon of table dium. Sodium will be listed by name or by its chemical symbol most are high In sodium salt) The following tipscan help you and faL reduce dietary sodium which 'Na' The Food and Drug Admini- may in stration has also approved the turn reduce your risk for high blood pressure. following sodium labeling system: { Restrict your use of Redueedsortium means that processed, cured, and product contains at least 757 less smoked meals. Season Without Salt sodium than the standard product; You can begin reducing dietary sodiumires means a food contains sodium by putting away your salt less than 5 mg. of sodium per Avoid "pickled" shaker. Don't add salt to foods serving: very low sodium means no toads and foods soaked while cooking. and alwaystaste more than 25 mg. per serving: and In brine. cooked foods before salting. (Ifyou low sodium means no more than 140 feel you must salt a food,pour a mg. per serving. Check medicine small amount of salt in the palm of labels for added sodium. your hand and "pinch- on a bit at a time instead of pouring iton liber- Sodium - Sensible Diet ally.) Gradually reduce the amount If you know that you are sensitive to Use sodium-reduced of salt you use until you haveman- sodium lif, for Instance. you suffer varieties of your favorite aged to shake the salt habit For from water retention or high blood products. tastier, healthier food, try Savoring pressure) your doctor may recom- with herbs, spices, lemon, lime, and mend guidelines different from Check labels on vegetable-based seasonings. those listed here. But, for most carbonated beverages healthy people. shaking the salt Read Package Labels habit and using the above tips can for added sodium. Much of the sodium in our diets help anyone follow a sodium- sensible diet

~~CM,~~

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~~256 How much sugar do we eat?~~

The average American eats about 125 lbs. ObesityWhile Americans are proud of of sugar every year. Of this tout. about80% growing taller. they often ignore the fact Sugar conies in three jartns: sucrose. is sucrose. More WallMree-founhs ofti his that they are getting tatter even faster. Over from cane orhealsugar: and the. sugar is "hidden" in prepared foods. Sugar 3iof us are overweight. is used not only in desserts but also in Associated DiseasesObesity often is a sugar syrups,glucoseandfructose. condiments ( such as ketchup I. salad dress. contributing factor in the development of Sugar is found in far more foods than ings. soups. canned and frozen fruits and hypertension and high blood cholesterol desserts. It is a member of the food vegetables, juices and many other items. and may trigger the development of family known as carbohydrates. diabetes in adults with a genetic predis. Is sugar important to eat? position. All three problems contribute to which include the fructose in fruits. an increased risk for heart attacks and and the glucose in wheat. rice, Carbohydrates are important in any strokes. potatoes. corn and other starches. balanced diet. which also should include EI.;7own sugar is no healthier than proteins. vitamins and minerals. Carboy Should you eat less sugar? hydrates are the source of most of our white; its dark color is obtained calories. Vet. all carbohydrates may not he Probably. We know it's not easy if you have either during the incomplete last equal in their nutritional benefits. A diet been "sucrose" trained since childhood. stage of purification or by adding that depends on sugar as its prime source but it can be done. Follow these tips. caramel coloring. In its physiological of carbohydrates is not balanced. It lacks Don't keep products loaded with sugar. carbohydrates which provide vitamins. such as candy. in your home. effects. brown and white sugar seem fiber and other nutrients. Get your carbohydrates from fresh identical. Most Americans. need less ( rather than canned) foods that also sugar than they eat. Can sugar cause disease? supply vitamins and minerals. such as vegetables. milk, whole grain cereals and That depends on whom you ask. Sugar is breads. controversial. Most nutritionists believe it is Fat fruit for dessert instead of cake. okay to eat some sugar as long as your total When you do eat something containing diet remains adequate. Others have called sugar, brush or rinse your teeth as soon sugar a causative factor in certain diseases. as possible. Health Education In the middle are those concerned with the -If you have children. don't make them House Calls excessive amount of sugar used by Amen. "sugar addicts." Keep sweets out of their cans and its overall impact on health in the diets. following areas: Dental cariesSugar destroys teeth. Lenox Hill Hospital Societies which do not eat sugar are virtu- Caring about You... ally free of cavities. When You need it must!

SODIUM SENSITIVITY . What Sodium Does To Your Heart ffowee5 eaf eoP#7,4".e you or someone you pressing against the walls of the narrowed 6 Now suffers front high rov5he0441tockme_4. rood pressurea major vessels then increases 5k factor for heart a condition known as seaseyou were hypertension or high obably placed on a blood pressure. 0diumrestricted diet. ad, if you follow your Sodium And Edema ,vetoes instructions and Too much sodium also pritinue to cat a low makes body tissues swell odium diet, you have from water retentiona obably noticed that condition known as paur blood pressure edema. Edema affects ,.ecreased. circulation in general by : aea,_sodium in the diet making it more difficult raise blood pressure, for blood to return to the I at that's only part of thc heart It can also . :ason why too much increase your risk of j vlium can be bad for forming dangerous blood I our health. Learning clots. Edema of the pout what sodium does heart's tissues can cause 0 your heart can help you heart failurethe I nderstand why all of us inability of the heart to s 01 just those with high pump properly. j luod pressurecan Too much sodium upsets the body's fluid balance which can j enefit from reducing the lead m high blood pressure and edema. mount of sodium in our BESTCOPYAVAILABLE icts. Sodium Sense Research indicates that some Sodium And Blood Pressure individuals may be more sensitive //hat Is Sodium? Our bodies require a deflate to sodium than others, but most of odiumis one of three important balance of electrolytes to maintain us can benefit by reducing the cAinerals called electrolytes that the volume of fluids in our bodies. amount of sodium in our diets. regulate the amount of water in our When we cat too much sodium, the Although sodium is not the same body tissues. (The other two balance is thrown °EL Excess thing as salt. common table salt is a electrolytes are chloride and sodium holds excess watts. which significant source of sodium for potassium.) Sodium also helps our results in increased blood volume. most peopleone teaspoon of salt poody use amino acids, and aids in The excess fluid can also make contains about 2,000 mg. of sodium. Nerve transmission and muscle blood vessels overly sensitive to The sensible approach to sodium : :onus lion. The National Research nerve transmission causing them to reduction is to avoid added salts, to avoid processed foods, and to check 25,7 Council recommends that healthy contract or narrow. Not only must adults need 1,1003,300 mg. of the heart work harder to posh more labels on packaged foods for the Jietary sodium per day(thcre are blood through to the rest of our words 'sodium" or its chemical 2.000 mg. in one teaspoon of saki bodies, but the /are of the blood symbol 'Ns.' The SCOOPo SUGAR Experts see problems withnew studies that say sugar is OK for kids

Studies published recently in the phylactic reactions where children lose Rensselaer County, said that she person- New England Journal of Medicine the ability to think clearly, tend to get out ally has not often witnessed the and in Pediatrics fly in the face of of control, bump into tables, and reverse sugar/hyperactivity effect. the widespread belief that sugar can letters when they write. "But I'll tell you that there's no con- cause hyperactivity in children. "The research may be correct (about vincing parents or teachers of that. I've Yet some experts find the conclusions sugar) but is misleading," said Miller. heard colleagues say, 'They're (pupils) "unbelievable" and contrary to all expe- "When kids eat sweets, they're eating going to be off the walls this afternoon. rience, and are warning teachers and par- something different than was studied in Did you see all those kids with the ents to think twice before they begin this investigation... The study was a slushies?"' swapping carrot sticks for cookies. straw man that was set up to knock Van Dyke "It's a shame that a lot of people down." are going to think that sugar has Rapp suggests that teachers could eas- nothing to do with behavior or cog- ily see the effect of sweets by holding nitive function," said nationally dual parties at school. Serve sweets at known pediatric allergist Doris one party and vegetables at another. Then 'Top ten' allergens Rapp, who has treated thousands of compare results. Teachers should check children for food allergies and wrote the children and have them write, read Pediatric allergists have iden- the bestseller Is This Your Child? and draw before and after taking the tified foods they consider.most "Talk with teachers and most will sugar. Those children who are sensitive likely to trigger allergic reac- tell you that they can't teach the chil- to some ingredient in the sweets may tions. Children may be allergic dren much after they've eaten a lot of develop red ears or cheeks and glassy to two or more of the items on sweets. Forget the day after Halloween. eyes, become hyperactive or irritable and the prioritized list. The kids are too revved up," said Rapp. aggressive. Their penmanship and draw- The study in the Journal (Feb. 3, ing skills may deteriorate. .1. milk and dairy products 1994) used one group of children Also, the study tested children only 2. wheat described as being sensitive to sugar and once a week. Rapp said that when check- 3. corn another group of normal children. Kids ing children for food allergies, take them .4. chocolate and families followed a off the food for five to 12 days and then 5. egg different diet each week give the food on an empty stomach. 6. soy Allergy info for three weeks. The Check them in the next five to 15 7. peanuts first week's diet was high 8. yeast Teachers carrobtain4resniefoe.-- minutes. in sugar; rho oecond week's 9. sugar motion about allergies and high in the artificial sweetener aspar- What's in that sweet 10. additives & preservatives sources of help and information Pat Stoll, an elementary reme- tame, and the final week's high in 11. beef by contacting the following: saccharin. dial reading teacher and co-presi- 12. pork The study in Pediatrics recruited dent of the Galway Teachers For a copy of the The School 13. chicken hyperactive children to address the Association in Saratoga County, Allergy Brochure, which pro- 14. tomato suspicion that the artificial sweet- shares the concern about other ingredi- vides practical information 15. citrus ener aspartame adversely affected ents in sweets. "I'm concerned about the about identifying and seeking the brain and behavior. caffeine in chocolate, which has been treatment for allergies triggered Neither study found any effect. linked to mood changes and headaches. in school, send a self-addressed `Straw man' study There may be more involved in candy stamped envelope with 29 than plain sugar." cents postage to: Dr. Joseph "I'm astounded that the Journal In her own family, Stoll has seen that Miller, 5901 Airport Blvd., would publish the article because it'sso sugar substitutes can be a problem. flagrant in its poor design," said Rapp. Mobile, Ala. 36608. "When we read ingredients, we watch for "It's an elaborate study, but lacking in For general information about the aspartame, the fructose (sweetener methodology." from fruit), the corn syrups, the sucrose, children and allergies, contact Rapp noted that the children in the any sweetener. Fructose can be a greater The Practical Allergy Research Journal study were selected because par- problem than plain sugar," she said. Foundation, P.O. Box 60, Buf- ents said they were allergic to sugar. She Galway principal JoAnn Sole said falo, N.Y. 14223. (800) 787-. stressed that a preliminary study would that staff are seeing more students who 8780. he necessary to determine if the partici- are identified and treated as having at- Specialists knowledgeable pants were really allergic to sugar or to tention deficit about chemical sensitivity: something else in the foods they ate. disorder or American Academy of Rapp and Dr. Joseph Miller, author of being hyper- Relief at Last, point out that the sweets Environmental Medicine, active. In people usually associate with sugar actu- P.O. Box 16106, Denver, many in- ally may not have any sucrose, which is Colo. (303) 622.9755. stances, pediatricians granulated sugar made from cane or beet. American Academy of and allergists who treat the chil- Rather, the sweets people mention actual- dren are saying that sugar and Otolaryngic Allergy, Suite ly contain sweeteners derived from corn, diet are not the major factors in 745, 8455 Colesville Road, which is the third ranked substanceon hyperactivity; (the mother's) Silver Spring, Md. 20910. most allergists' top ten list of allergens. prenatal and prefetal care seem (301) 588.1800. Also, many sweets, such as candy to be a stronger link. - Pan-American Allergy So- bars, contain other leading allergens, "Yet, I'd have to say that ciety, P.O. Box 947, Fred- such as wheat, milk, and chocolate. (See around Halloween and Valentine's ericksburg, Texas. 78624. top allergens this page.) Day, when children have all this (210) 997.9853. "Most hyperactive children are react- candy, there certainly is an impact... ing to one or more of the most frequently for a day, a week, a month," said Sole. hidden allergenic foods, but not to Shirley Morgan, a school nurse/ . sucrose," said Miller. teacher and member of the Schodack He said those allergens can causeana- Central School Faculty Association in 24 / NEW YORK TEACHER /714/)66 "9,4258 BESTCOPYAVAfiLABLE Diabetes ar. t'Epidemic' The number of Americans living with diabetes has increased sixfold, to a record 15.7 million, since 1958, and one reason is that people are too fat, the government said yesterday. As of 1997, there were 10 million people alive who had been diagnosed with the disease, compared with 1.6 million in 1958, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said. "We are becoming a more overweight population, we are less active, and we are also getting somewhat older," said Dr. Frank Vinicor, director of the CDC's diabetes division. "If you put all of those factors together, we are seeing a chronic disease epidemic occurring." The CDC and the World Health Organization estimate 125 million p;t1ple worldwide have diabetes. That number is expected to double by the year 2025._ Ny 96047;yat,5

SugarShocker THE AVERAGE AMERICAN consumes about refined 150 pounds sweeteners per of Sugar and year, accordingto the latest U.S.D.A. statistics Compare thatwith what (1995). our grandparents ate: seven pounds a sugar sweetens year. Refined '41 many processed foods. Soft drinks, which nine teaspoons contain ..-4fv.s, per can, account for about a quarter ofour sugar consumption. Now,the dairy industry has developed milk, withas much fruit-flavored sugar in itas soda pop! The high sugar can intake of suppress the immune system and has been many diseases; linked to ---,,;-.-,.. the addition of sugarto the diets *--.. groups parallels of indigenous the increased rates of disease in their populations. (Townsend Letterfor Doctors and Patients, November 1997;21) kei-s Z/ve fikaie 4/99. (1- u1LL1I11A MOT A Lf AEU!LI 0/A Mall11111111

~~BEST CPY AVAILABLE~~

~~251 Teacher Notes2 The TenWorstAdditives letter, Additives," NutritionAction Health (Taken from"The Ten Worst June 1991, pp.8-91~~

~~order, the ten worstadditives are: In alphabetical 1. Acesulfame-K Sold as: Sunetteor SweetOne soft drinks andbaked goods Use: Sugarsubstitute; used in Danger: Causes cancerin animals.~~

~~2.Artificial Colors Sold as: RedNo. 3 Use: Cosmetics,foods Danger: Causesthyroid tumors in rats.~~

~~Sold as: YellowNo. 5 Use: Foods and stuffy nose,occasionally, severe Danger: Peoplesuffer from hives, runny breathing problems.~~

3. Aspartame Sold as: NutraSweet,Equal Use: Food sweetener babies; potential causeof phenylkentonuria (PKU)in 1/20,000 Danger: Causes behavioral change;dizziness, headaches, altered brainfunction and epileptic-like seizures,menstrual problems.

~~BHT 4. BHA & 5. rancidity in foodswith oil. oxidation and retard shelf-life of foods Use: Prevent humans. Other waysto prolong Danger: Possiblycarcinogenic to exist.~~

6. Caffeine in foods Use: Stimulantadded to/found interfere withreproduction, nervousness, nausea,insomnia; can Danger: Can cause aggravate fibrocysticbreast disease affects developingfetus; may cause or (benign lumps).Mildly addictive.

~~7. MonosodiumGlutamate (MSG) Use: Flavoringin foods burning sensationin forearms to headaches,tightness in chest, Danger: Can lead syndrome"). and back of neck("Chinese-restaurant~~

~~ESTCOPYAVAIABLE -87- 2 PEACE BEGINS WITHME~~

8.Nitrites red color, contribute toflavor, inhibit growth of Use:Preserve meat (maintain botulism-causing bacteria). with secondary amines, canform powerful cancer-causing Danger: When combined of frying and nitrosamines which occur mostreadily at high temperatures since fried at high also in the stomach.Special problem: bacon, temperature.

~~9.Saccharin Use:Sugar substitute Danger: Linked with cancerin laboratory animals.~~

10.Sulfites dried fruit, fresh-cut potatoes;control black spots Use:Prevent discoloration in bacterial growth and in freshly caughtshrimp; prevent discoloration, fermentation in wine. Danger: Can provokeallergic reactions, such asdifficult breathing.

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-88- 2 0r' Industrial dyes and other carcinogens used in foodstuff with Impunity in the Capital THE COLOUR OF DEATH Radhlka Sachdev joint director, Sunil Saxena. Worse, The next time you reach out Delhi and Lakshwadeep are the only for your favourite brand of ice-two states in the country where no cream or that plate of saffron- bye-laws have yet been framed for coloured biryani at your favourite the 1997 amendment of the PFA Act. restaurant, remember that it couldWhere the PFA is an ex-cadre debe loaded with textile'and industrial partment under the Delhi government dyes which can cause kidney prob- with no licensing authority. Except for lems or, worse still, cancer. the director and the joint director, the A study, conducted by a team of posts of all the field staff are non- researchers from the Bangalore-transferable. based Indian Institute of Scientists Consequently, the 36 food in- (HS), has concluded that food es-spectors and four local health authori- tablishments in Delhi are using many ties have been on their posts for the unpermitted synthetic agents, mainlylast 20 years or more. "We know they textile and industrial dyes, to colour have all established a nexus with the their foodstuffs, with impunity. traders. So, each successive direc- After running laboratory tests ontor also decides not to send them to 32 varieties of such items includ-conduct raids. Instead, we use .our ing ice-creams, frozen desserts,field staff to spread an awareness flavoured milk, yoghurt, biscuits,campaign amongst the public," says pastries, cakes, candies, IndianSaxena. sweetmeats and savouries the PFA's director, Ashok Bakshi,. team found heavy traces of indus-when questioned, declined to com- trial dyes in each of them. The studyment on the issue. "This is a govern- further states that even permittedment decision. I cannot comment on dyes are being used indiscriminately,it. But, we are told that the bye-laws far in excess of the statutory limits. will be framed very soon, maybe in a The industrial' fortnight. Then dyes discovered in we can exert the tests were more control auramine (yellow), on these food metanil yellow, lead establish- chrornate, ments," he rhodamine (pink), said. Sudan 3 and 4 T h e (red), orange 2 and amended Pre- malachite green vention of all known for their Food Adultera- high toxicity. "In tion Act per- fact,allthese, mits the use of colours can cause acute food poi-only eight food colours, in quantities soning, are mutagenic and most havenot exceeding 100 ppm. However, been identified as potential carcino- only in the case of certain preserved gens," says Dr Arun Patnaik, a re-and canned foods such as peas, searcher associated with the studystrawberries, cherries, tomato juice, who collected his food samples from fruit syrup, fruit squash, jellies, jam, Bengali Market, Green Park, Golemarmalade, crystallised or glazed Market, Chowri Bazar, North Delhifruits is the permitted limit 200 ppm. and Mother Dairy outlets. "Yet, our tests concluded that in A survey of a few restaurants in more than 51 per cent of cases, the Bengali Market by the Delhi Timeslimits were far exceeded," says also revealed that most owners hadPatnaik. For instance, in the case of no clue about which food colours are cakes, pastries, biryani, jalebi, bis- permitted. "The cooks gets thecuits and tomato ketchup, the per- colours from the market," said themitted levels were grossly exceeded. proprietor of one leading restaurant.Even branded items such as ice- Asked if this cook is educated and creams and dairy products do not knows what he is purchasing, he mention the chemical composition of countered, "How can a cook be edu- the colours used on the labelling or a cated? But, he is very experienced.warning of their possible side effects, r. We have been running this restau-as stipulated under the Act. EST CkO)MIAMI is LE rant for several years. There has PFA director Ashok Bakshi says, never been any problem." "We know some food establishments No restaurant in Delhi is licensedare using unpermitted colours or are under the Prevention of Food Adul-using permitted colours in excess. teration (PFA) Act. "All they have is aWe also conduct raids and nab them license from the MCD under the Shopfrom time to time. What else can we 26 and Establishment Act," says PFA'sdo?" rfi-/,4.,161/ c164.4 if 9 g positive impacts on oureconomy andecology

Loco-Vilgains any or ganIc Buying organic food. prozcci:" Theten mosit ilarpoe-tant foods to your family, ilu.! env:ren :mu.. Following are the ten mostfrequently and heavilyPesti- wo. ORGANIC family farni.F, o.nd farm worlcis. cide-contaminated food products. Buying organicfoods can reduce exposure to toxic foods check out your local nat- For example( Bob Scowcroft's family of fourbuys $120 worth of ural foods stores, food co-ops andfarmers' markets. groceries each y reek. About 90% of their purchases areorganic ($108). In a year, his family spends Baby FoodFederal pesticide antibiotics to prevent infections standards do not adequately often caused by the hormone. apprt ximately $5,600 onorganic food. cover infant foods 16 pesti- Corn50 percent of all pesticides cides are detectable in most applied annually in the U.S. find mainstream brands. their home in corn. /10% NONORGANICt StrawberriesThe single most BananasThe pesticides used heavily contaminated fruit or veg- during banana production etable sold in the U.S. include benomyl (linked to birth I f just three additional families adopted Herbicides and insecticides defects) and chlorpyrifos (a neu- Rice this shopping pattern, they have contaminated ground-water rotoxin). near rice fields inCalifornia's Green BeansMexican green would generate Sacramento River Valley. beans are the worst offenders $16,800 annually for the 9.4 percent of the crop is contam- Oats and Other GrainsWith six Taken together, the organic sector. inated with illegal pesticides. to eleven daily recommended four families would servings, you can't afford to PeachesThe FDA cited above- ingest the excessive pesticides average rates of illegal pesticide generate about commonly used on grains. violations on peaches. S22,400 annually, MilkTo stimulate greater milk ApplesDomestic apples have enough to profitably sustain production, many dairy compa- been found to be nearly as cont- one organic farmfor a full year. nies routinely use the growth aminated as strawberries. hormone rBGH, followed up with Evcn if .()I.1 can't bay cs crytli n 2.1,. n CONTACT: Environmental Working Group.1718 Connecticut Ave. NW, tl.il?crencc l))inzeasing (J. Ste. 600, Washington, DC 20009;(202)667-6982. F_:)_t__TTESE"Kr..igli-±1111. T97, SOURCE: Green Light, Volume 8, Issue 3. °11

BESTCOPY AVAILABLE VER wondered why highs, ct.yery essential to protect uswith an increased risk to heartpuleses. green leafy vegeta- BP, high cholesterol ley-,,:agafrist the devils of hyperten-disease and certain specificblesand small amount of els. heart attack or sion or diabetes. cancers. Over emphasis on oilsnuts on a regular basis, a betesarealmostsyn- The fatty acids are obtainedthat are very high in PUFAmajor part of your require- onymous with an urbanfrom a variety of "vegetablecause oxidative effectsmak-ment of essential fatty acid is lifestyle?Researchershavesources" including cereals.ing a person vulnerable to amet with. The vegetableoil 'identified a number offac-pulses, green leafy vegetablesdiseaselike atherosclerosis. that's used while cooking tors responsible for the sameand vegetableoils like soy- So what happens? We can'tadds to the remaining little. but the most important culprit banish the fats from our lives.*Use a combination of cooking seems to be 'fat'. We can't indulge in them.oils.Chooseanoillike Does it mean that an The ideal way is to bal-groundnut or til oil along with p.bsolute "No" to ghee or butter ance theirintake. Thismustard or soyabean oilto and an overemphasis on a cer- is how one could do it.acquirethe right balance. tain brand of cooking oil is the * Incorporate a vari-*Improve on the quality of fats answerto our health prob- ety of visible fats likeinyourdiet.Incorporate lems? Not really. It's time we vegetable oil,ghee orwhole grain cereals like wheat took a good look at the much- butter in your diet butand bajra. Eat pulses at least maligned fats and their role in our diet. We need fats and oils in our diet to make up for the extra calories without increasing the bulk of the diet (more true in case of young children and those who areunderweight) dmore

threeto four times a week. Emphasise on Black gram(Urad). Cow pea (Chawli), Rajmahand Soyabean. Make seasonal green leafy vegetablesa part of at least one of your meals. If you limit the totalintakeare a non-vegetarian. switch to approximatelyfiveto intake of fish two to three tablespoons a day. times a week Don't gofor As pertherecentfriedfish. Steam. bakeor WHO guidelinesforgrillitinstead. Incorporate importantlyto meettheabean,tilor sunflower oilprevention of heartdiseasespices like methi seeds or rat 'requirements of essential fatty(These come under the catego-the recommended level of fat(mustard seeds) in your diet. acids. ry of Poly Unsaturated Fattyintake should range between And. finally, look out for Theessentialfatty acids.Acid or PUFA). They are also15 per cent to 30 per cent ofthose invisiblefat sources needless to say. are an essen-present in 'visible fats' like mar-total calories consumed. Con-likemutton, beef,pork. tial requirement of the body butgarine. ghee. butter. cream andsidering our sedentary urbanorganmeats.processed which cannot be met with bycoconut oil and 'invisibly' inlifestyle we could sticktomeats andeggyolk. Also the body itself. We. therefore.meat, whole milk and its con-the lower limits whichtry not to attack cakes. pas- have to depend on the dietarycentrated products like khoyaamounts to 20-25 gm (four totries or frozen desserts like sourcesto ensure their ade-or ice creams (Called Saturat-five teaspoons a day-). *[f yourice-creams when offered to quacy. These fatty acids in turned Fatty Acids (SFA). diet compriseswhole grainyou. Try a little nibbling at produce a group of vital sub- Eating anything in excess iscerealslikechapati. bhakrithem only once in a while. stances in the body which arebad and fats areassociatedor parboiled rites. a variety ofAnd that's the way to be. 111

~~u,461yeyief,d 5/"1- BESTCOPYAVAll LE 213 HEALTH e~~

HE nexttime you lookn't"actively waging a war against into a mirror, take a good. fat!" theguilt when our exercise hard dekko at what stares So why? Why do most of us bike is used to hang bags on. back at you. A crookedllama poor body image'? Why are And, In the course of all this, nose.perhaps? Lips toowe persistantly unhappy about forget that factors Itke heredity. thin? A shiny pate? You recoil inthe genetic cards dealt to us? our body's frame and how fast horror. And get a good view of "Idon't know why Ifeel so it burns calories have a lot to do 11..,t stomach, which doesn't letunhappy about the way I look." with its size and shape. al see your toes. So you hidesays P Vaiclehi. an attractive, So while the financially better- your Lice with that flabby armintelligent woman inher late equipped go for liposuctions and turn away to show that big20s. "There arc limes when I and cosmetic surgeries others butt... don't want to geloutof the go for themore'convenient' If you can't think of one part crash diets. Ionise because I fecl so ugly. For most, crash of your body that you like. then Nobody can understandit.I diets don't work. Typically any- this pieceis for you Becauselook perfectly okay to them." one who goes on such a diet oral of us. at mostlimes.are "All of us have an inaccurate loses weight for a while, and unhappy about the way we look.body image." writes Hutchinson within a short while gains back We often buy clothes that arein Transforming Body Image. all that they lost. Experts are either a size too big (so that our"We almost always overestimate now telling us that diets actu- so-called fat doesn't show) or tooour size." But if these thoughts ally serve to lower your metabolism in response to what your body perceives as starvation. So. you can't win. This yo-yo dieting is also harmful otherwise. Experts say that repeatedweight loss Oh god and gain can lead to loss of bone mass and increase the risk of osteoporosis. Besides, a bad diet is linked with anaemia, lowered is that en resistance to infection and chronic fatigue. In extreme If that's what you think every timeyou cases thisobsession with look into a mirror, take a second look.For thinness leads to eating dis- orderslikeanorexiaor its not just your cheekbones-- it's also bulimia. your mind that decides how attractive Besides,in search of the perfect body we may just you feel, writes GAYATRI PAGDI lose out on other important things. Said Dr Jeevan s nail (so we hope to lit into itactually start nagging us and Mohadikar. a sexologist. in some day). We aren't sure ifthen go on to take the propor- an interview sonic time ago, acre's room for us in a crowd- tions of a torment each time we "People who are physically self- ed elevator or that we canlook into the mirror, then we conscious cannot enjoy a stueeze in between two peoplehave a problem on hands. We healthy sex life." A study found on a seat. And we are pleasant-could be suffering from what that women who were ashamed lysurprised whenattractive of their bodies reached orgasm psychologistscalltheBody husbands have told us, what wenegative bodyimage directly people show any interest in us.Dysinorphic Disorder (ODD). see around us, ihe culture less often. And that a low body In other results in low self-esteem and words, our appear- Sufferers of ODD not only dis- that we live in and our own image also affected a man's sex- ance. our shape, our size. usu- depression. The phenomenon isual performance. like sonic aspect of how theyexpectations of ourselves."I ally doesn't lel us measure up. more common among women. Probably one of the healthiest look but arc actually preoc-went to a school that seemed toHousewives. more A perfectly unnecessary than thethings we can do for ourselves. cupied with it.causing them-me to be filled with pretty pinkworking women,have their thought. but a fairly commonselves emotional distress.girls." says mediaperson Vaish- whether male or female, is to one. An international body self-worthlinkedwiththeirlearn to accept and appreciate WritesKatherine A Phillips.navi Balamurali. "I was the onlyappearance and body image." image survey done early lastauthor of The Broken Mirror: one who stood out because I was the bodies we have right now. year showed that more than 90 But men don't escape this either. Because good health is some- llrilerstnndinq "Men arc per cent women and 75 per centand Treathw lleasons for a poor body image: To Improve on in you could thing more than the number men are dissatisfied about theirBody Dysmor- increasinglywe see on the weighing scale. Weight gain under pres- appearance and would like to Mac Disorder Stop bad-mouthing And the fact remains that both mproce on it. In 1997 Psychol- *Media's obsession with your body sure to be body image and self-esteem are and director of thinness strong. big, fly Today polled 4.000 readersthe Body Image Shun relationships where perceptions that are not linked Cultural pressures tall." says n a similar survey. Fifty-six per Progranuneat your sense of self-worth is to physical realities. What mat- cut of women and 43 per cent *Physical changes like preg- affected Shivakami.tersis how we decide to feel Butler I iospital, nancy "Being big is tell were dissatisfied with their USA. you Learn to take a compli- about it all. "If perceived as V.;;:iranee. Iligh on the hate- worry Disfigurement due to an ment. People, more often So throw out thatscale. about accident being 'manly'. 4, for women were their hipsyour appear- than not, mean It Refuse to abuse your body by Chronic illness While women idfor men their chests. And ancefor more those starvation routines. And feelthat men Alihatedtheir abdomansthan an hour a the next time someone nags you ssionately. Asif to forthur would prefer aabout your size or shape or day. :Ire anxious at work aiou t how tall and dark. They were alwaysthinnershape than theyactually do. iphasise this point, US- you look. which affect:, yo;.r weight. instead of saying "So. the pnncess in slay and! men iCel women would (re- :ed psychiatrist and authorforniance. and ou'reself-con- was always the bodyguard. It what should I do? Amputate a ria Hutchinson studied 100 fer a larger shape than they actu-leg to weigh less?" remind him scious at social get-togethers. then took me years to realisethatally do." pie chosenespeciallyfor and yourself that looking like a it's a significant problem." theirs wasn't the only body type And so we battle with our bod- r normal weight and no his - How we feet about how we lookthat was beautiful." modelisnot on cards. And of eating disorders. She ies, spending time thinking ofremember what Gertrude Stein is a product of what our fami- Says Shivakami l4ajamutha-what needs work, debating id that only one of them was-ly. friends. relatives. boyfriends,iah, a Clinical Psychologist, 'A had said, "Let me listen to me. which foods to avoid. laying onand not to them."

~~BESTCOPYAVARABLE THE REALITIES OF ANIMAL BASEDAGRICULTURE Facts excerpted from Diet for a New America by JohnRobbins 74fre,5;o6ix~~

~~Reprinted and distributed\ty Peccle for the Ethical Treatment of Animals with permissionfrom John Robbins.~~

Human population of United States: 243 million efficient plant food: 328 Number of human beings who could be fed by grain and soybeans eaten by U.S. Pounds of soybeans produced by the amount of fossil fuel neededto produce one pound livestock: 1.3 billion of feedlot beef: 40 Sacred food of Native Americans: Corn Percentage of raw materials consumed in U.S. for allpurposes to produce current meat- Percevage of corn grown in United States eaten by human beings: 20 centered diet: 33 Percentage of corn grown in United States eaten by livestock: 80 4 Percentage of raw materials consumed in U.S. for allpurposes needed to produce fully Percentage of oats grown in United States eaten by livestock: 95 vegetarian diet: 2 Percentage of protein wasted by cycling grain through livestock: 90 Production of excrement by total U.S. human population: Percentage of carbohydrate wasted by cycling grain through livestock: 99 12,000 pounds per second Percentage of dietary fiber wasted by cycling grain through livestock: 100 Production of excrement by U.S. livestock: How frequently a child dies of starvation: Every two seconds 250,000 pounds per second Pounds of potatoes that can be grown on one acre of land: 20,000 Sewage system in U.S. cities: Common Pounds of beef that can be produced on one acre of land: 163 Sewage system in U.S. feedlots: None Percentage of U.S. agricultural land used to produce beef: 56 Amount of unrecycled waste produced annually by U.S. livestock in Pounds of grain and soybeans needed to produce one pound of feedlot beef: 16 confinement operations: 1 billion tons Pounds of protein fed to chickens to produce one pound of protein as chicken flesh: 5 Relative concentration of feedlot wastes comparedto raw domestic sewage: Pounds of protein fed to hogs to produce one pound of protein as hog flesh: 7.5 10 to several hundred times more highly concentrated Number of children who starve to death every day: 40,000 Where feedlot waste often endsup: In our water Number of pure vegetarians who can be fed on the amount of land Number of U.S. medical schools: 125 needed to feed one person consuming a meat-based diet: 20 Number of U.S. medical schools witha required course in nutrition: 30 Number of people who will starve to death this year: 60 million Training in nutrition received during fouryears of medical school by Number of people who could be adequately fed by the grain saved if Americans reduced an average U.S. physician: 2.5 hours their intake of meat by 10 percent: 60 million How frequently a heart attack strikes in the U.S.: Every 25 seconds Historic cause of demise of many great civilizations: Topsoil depletion How frequently a heart attack kills in the U.S.: Every 45 seconds Percentage of original U.S. topsoil lost to date: 75 Most common death in the U.S.: Heart attack Amount of U.S. cropland lost each year to soil erosion: 4 million acres (size of Risk of death from heart attack byaverage American man: 50 % Connecticut) Risk of death from heart attack by average American vegetarianman: 15 % Percentage of U.S. topsoil loss directly associated with livestock raising: 85 Risk of death from heart attack byaverage American pure vegetarian man: Number of acres of U.S. forest that have been cleared to create cropland to produce a 4 % meat-centered diet: 260 million Amount you reduce your risk of heart attack by reducingyour consumption of meat. How often an acre of trees disappears in the U.S.: Every 8 seconds dairy products and eggs by 10 percent: 9 % Acres of trees spared per year by each individual who switches Amount you reduce your risk of heart attack by reducingyour consumption of meat. to a pure vegetarian diet: 1 dairy products and eggs by 50 percent: 45 C'c A driving force behind the destruction of the tropical rain forests: Amount you reduce your risk of heart attack by reducingyour consumption of meat. American meat habit dairy products and eggs by 100 percent: 90 % Amount of meat imported annually by U.S. from Costa Rica. El Salvador. Guatemala. Rise in blood cholesterol from consumingone egg per day: 12 % Nicaragua. Honduras and Panama: 200 million pounds Rise in heart attack risk from a 12 percent rise in blood cholesterol: 24 % Amount of meat eaten by average person in Costa Rica. El Salvador. Guatemala, Meat. dairy. and egg industries claim there isno reason to be concerned about your Nicaragua, Honduras and Panama: Less than the average American housecat blood cholesterol as long as it is "normal" Current rate of species extinction due to destruction of tropical rain forests Your risk of dying of a disease caused by clogged arteries ifyour blood cholesterol is and related habitats: 1,000 per year "normal": More than 50 re User of more than half of all water used for all purposes in the United States: Your risk of dying of a disease caused by clogged arteries ifyou do not consume Livestock production saturated fat and cholesterol: 5 re Quantity of water used in the production of the average cow sufficient to: Leading sources of saturated fat and cholesterol in American diets: Meat, dairy Float a destroyer products, and eggs Water needed to produce one pound of wheat: 25 gallons Hollywood celebrity paid by Meat Board to tout beefas -real food for real people": Water needed to produce one pound of meat: 2,500 gallons James Garner Cost of common hamburger if water used by meat industry was not subsidized by C.S. Medical event experienced by James Garner in April 1983: Quintuple coronary taxpayers: S35 per pound artery bypass surgery Current cost for one pound of protein from wheat: S1.50 World populations with high meat intakes that donot have correspondingly high rates Cost for one pound of protein from beefsteak if U.S. taxpayers ceased subsidizing meat of colon cancer: None industry's use of water: S89 World populations with low meat intakes that do not have correspondingly Length of time world's petroleum reserves would last if all human beings ate a meat- low rates of colon cancer: None centered diet: 13 years Increased risk of breast cancer for women who eat meat daily compared to women who Length of time world's petroleum reserves would last if all human beings atea eat meat less than once a week: Four times higher vegetarian diet: 260 years Egg Board's advertising slogan: "The incredible edible egg" Principal reason for U.S. military intervention in Persian Gulf: Dependenceon Photographs often accompanying the Egg Board's slogan: foreign oil Young women in bathing suits, emphasizing the shape of their breasts Barrels of oil imported daily by U.S.: 6.8 million Increased risk of breast cancer for women who eat eggs daily compared to women who Percentage of energy return (as food energy per fossil energy expended) of most eneigy: eat eggs less than once a week: Three times higher efficient factory farming of meat: 34.5 Milk Producer's original ad campaign slogan: "Everybody needs milk" Percentage of energy return (as food energy per fossil energy expended! of least energy- What the Federal Trade Commission called the "Everybody needs milk" slogan: "False,

BEST COPY AVA11LABLE 2r',) misleading and deceptive" animals is tested for toxic chemical residues Milk Producer's revised campaign slogan: "Milk has something for everybody" The dye used for many years by the USDA to stamp meats "Choice," Increased risk of breast cancer for women who eat butter and cheese three "Prime" or "U.S. or more No. 1 USDA': Violet Dye No. 1 tidies a week compared to women who eat these foods less than once a week: Three Current status of Violet Dye No. 1: Banned as a proven carcinogen times higher Wingspan of average leghorn chicken: 26 inches Part of female chicken's body that produces eggs: Ovaries Space average leghom chicken is given in egg factories: 6 inches Increased risk of fatal ovarian cancer for women who eat eggs three or more timesa Number of 700-plus-pound pigs in a typical factory farm confinedto space the size of a week compared to women who eat eggs less than once a week: Three times higher twin bed: three Foods U.S. males are conditioned to think of as "manly': Animal products Reason today's veal is so tender: Calves are never allowed to takea single step Increased risk of fatal prostate cancer for men who consume meats, cheese. eggs and Reason today's veal is so whitish-pink: Calves are force-fedan anemia-producing milk compared to men who eat these foods sparingly or not at all: 3.6 times higher diet The Meat Board tells us: Today's meats are low in fat McDonald's brags about: 60 billion sold The Meat Board shows us: A serving of beef they claim has "only 300 calories" McDonald's doesn't brag about: 50 million butchered The Meat Board doesn't tell us: McDonald's clown, Ronald McDonald, tells children: Hamburgersgrow in The serving of beef they show us is only three ounces (half the size of an hamburger patches and love to be eaten 4..average serving of beef) and has been surgically defatted with a scalpel McDonald's clown, Ronald McDonald, doesn't tell children: Hamburgersare ground. The dairy industry tells us: Whole milk is 3.5 % fat up cows who have bad their throats slit by machetes or their brains bashed in The dairy industry doesn't tell us: That 3.5 % figure is basedon weight, and most by sledgehammers. of the weight in milk is water Original actor to play Ronald McDonald: Jeff Juliano The dairy industry doesn't want us to know: The amount of caloriesas fat in whole Diet now followed by Jeff Juliano: Vegetarian milk is 50 % Number of animals killed for meat per hour in the United States: 500,000 Oscar Mayer tells us: It is a "myth" that hot dogs are fatty Occupation with highest employee turnover rate in the United States: Slaughterhouse Oscar Mayer demonstrates their point by favorably comparing the fattiness of hot dogs worker to such low -fat" bastions as: Margarine, mayonnaise, salad dressing and cream Occupation with highest rate of employee injury in the United States: Slaughterhouse cheese worker The Dairy Council tells us: Milk is nature's most perfect food Cost to render an animal unconscious prior to slaughter with captive-bolt pistolso that The Dairy Council doesn't tell us: Milk is nature's most perfect food fora baby process is done humanely: One cent calf, who has four stomachs, will double his or her weight in 47 days, and is Reason given by meat industry for not utilizing captive bolt pistol: Too expensive destined to weigh 300 pounds within a year Percentage of all U.S.- produced antibiotics routinely fed to livestock: 55 The Dairy Council tells children: To grow up big and strong, drink lots of milk. Percentage of staphylococci infections resistant to penicillin in 1960: 13 The Dairy Council occasionally tells children: The enzyme necessary for digestion Percentage of staphylococci infections resistant to penicillin in 1988:91 of milk is lactase Reason: Breeding of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in factory farms due to The Dairy Council never tells children: 20 % of Caucasian children and 80 % of routine feeding of antibiotics to livestock black children have no lactase in their intestines Effectiveness of all "wonder drug" antibiotics: Declining rapidly The meat, dairy and egg industries tell us: Animal products constitute two of the Reason: Breeding of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in factory farms due to "Basic Four" food groups routine feeding of antibiotics to livestock The meat, dairy and egg industries don't tell us: There were originally 12 official Response by entire European Economic Community to routine feeding basic food groups before these industries applied enormous political of antibiotics to livestock: Ban pressure on behalf of their products Response by American meat and pharmaceutical industries to routine feeding The meat, dairy and egg industries tell us: We are well fed only of antibiotics to livestock: Full and complete support with animal products Only man to win Ironman Triathalon more than twice: Dave Scott (six-time winner) The meat, dairy and egg industries don't tell us: The diseases thatare commonly Food choices of Dave Scott: Vegetarian prevented, consistently improved, and sometimes cured by a low-fat World record holder for 24-hour triathalon: Sixto Linares vegetarian diet include: strokes, heart disease, osteoporosis, kidney stones, Food choices of Sixto Linares: Strict vegetarian breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, pancreaticcancer, ovarian Athlete who most dominated Olympic sport in track and field history: Edwin Moses cancer, cervical cancer, stomach cancer, endometrial cancer, diabetes, (undefeated for eight years in the 400-meter hurdles) hypoglycemia, kidney disease, peptic ulcers, constipation, hemorrhoids, hiatal Food choices of Edwin Moses: Vegetarian hernias, diverticulosis, obesity, gallstones, hypertension, asthma, irritable Other notable vegetarian athletes: colon syndrome, salmonellosis, trichinosis Stan Price (World recordbench press) Pesticide residues in the U.S. diet supplied by meat: 55 % Robert Sweetgall (World's premier ultra-distance walker) Pesticide residues in the U.S. diet supplied by dairy products: 23 ei Paavo Nurmi (20 world records in distance running, nine Olympic medals) Pesticide residues in the U.S. diet supplied by vegetables: 6 % Bill Pickering (World recordswimming English Channel) Pesticide residues in the U.S. diet supplied by fruits: 4 % Murray Rose (World records400- and 1500 -meter freestyle swimming) Pesticide residues in the U.S. diet supplied by grains: 1 c.c Andreas Cahling (WinnerMr. International bodybuilding championships) Percentage of U.S. mother's milk containing significant levels of DDT: 99 Roy Hilligan (Winner.Mr. America bodybuilding championships) Percentage of U.S. vegetarian mother's milk containing significant levels of DDT: 8% Pierreo Verot (World record downhill endurance skiing) Relative pesticide contamination in breast milk of meat-eating mothers comparedto Estelle Gray and Cheryl Marek (World recordcross-country tandem pesticide contamination in breast milk of vegetarian mothers: 35 timesas high cycling) .wr Percentage of male college students sterile in 1950:.5 James and Jonathan deDonato (World recorddistance butterfly Percentage of male college students sterile in 1978: 25 swimming) Sperm count of average American male compared to 30 years ago: Decreased 30% Ridgely Abele (Winnereight national championships in karate, including Principal reason for sterility and sperm count reduction in U.S. males: Chlorinated U.S. Karate Association World Championships) hydrocarbon pesticides (including dioxin, DDT, etc.) Percentage of chlorinated-hydrocarbon pesticide residues in American diet attributable Diet for a New America by John Robbins is available from EarthSave, P.O. Box to meats, dairy products, fish and eggs: 94 949, Felton, CA 95018.0949 (S12.95 plus 50c postage, plus 85c when California The Meat Board tells us not to be concerned about the dioxins and other pesticidesin state tax applies). today's beef because: The quantities are so small The Meat Board doesn't want us to know: How potent dioxin and the other For more information on vegetarianism and a cruelty-free lifestyle, contact: pesticides are

The Meat Board particularly doesn't want us to know: A mereounce of dioxin could PEOPLE FOR THE ETHICAL kill 10 million people TREATMENT OF ANIMALS The USDA tells us: Our meat is inspected 501 FRONT STREET The USDA doesn't tell us: Fewer than one out of every 250,000 slaughtered NORFOLK. VA 2351.0 26V PeTA757 -622 -PETA ISFRIrrnPV AVAH ARO rir-firfr/§Wef eirop MEMOUT HEALTH QUOTES

"We recommend more liberal use of grains, fruits, vegetables, "Reduce saturated fat and cholesterol intake by substituting and legumes, development of high quality vegetable protein ...for fatty meats and whole-milk dairy products; by choos- products, and reduction of caloric intake from saturated fats." ing more vegetables, fruits, cereals, and legumes ... Increased Report of the Inter-Society Commission for Health Disease risks of certain cancers and heart disease have been associ- Resources, 15 December 1970 ated in some population studies with diets high in meat..." Report of the Committee on Diet and Health, National "Individual pure vegetarians from many populations of the Research Council, 1989 world have maintained seemingly excellent health. This 4'demonstrates that diets of ... plant foods can be nutritionally "Choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat and cholesterol ... adequate." National Academy of Sciences, May 1974 with plenty of vegetables, fruits and grain products." Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans, U.S. "The diet ... rich in meat, other sources of saturated fat and Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health cholesterol ... is everywhere associated with high rates of and Human Services, 1990 ischemic heart disease, certain cancers, diabetes, obesity." Mark Hegsted, USDA Human Nutrition Center, Jan. 1977 "We are basically a vegetarian species and should be eating a wide variety of plant foods and minimizing our intake of "Americans should increase their consumption of fruits, animal foods." T. Colin Campbell, Director of the Chinese vegetables and whole grains; and decrease their consumption Health Study, Cornell University, May 1990 of meat and fat." Dietary Goals for the U.S., Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, February 1977 "Now some people scoff at vegetarians, but they have a fraction of our heart attack rate and they have only 40 percent "People should consume ... less saturated fat and cholesterol of our cancer rate ... On the average, they outlive other men ... lessred meat ... more complex carbohydrates such as by about six years now. And they outlive other women by whole grains, cereals, fruits, and vegetables." Healthy People about three years ... When you see the golden arches, you're by the U.S. Surgeon General, July 1979 probably on the road to the pearly gates." William Castelli, M.D., Director, Framingham Heart Study, 1990 ir "Both breastcancer and colon cancer have been generally associated with the level of consumption of animal fat." "The major dietary sources of total fat, saturated fat and Arthur Upton, Director, National Cancer Institute, Oct. 1979 cholesterol in the U.S. are meats, processed meat products, whole-milk dairy products, eggs .. ." Improving America's "Epidemiological studies have repeatedly shown an associa- Diet and Health, National Research Council, 1991 tion between dietary fat and increased risk of breast, prostate and large bowel cancer. They have also suggested an associa- "A vegetarian diet deriving no more than 10 percent of tion between dietary protein and increased risk of cancer. calories from fat can actually reverse heart disease." Other epidemiological studies have suggested that consump- Dean Ornish, M.D., Univ. of California, San Francisco, 1993 tion of carotene-rich and cruciferous vegetables are associated with a reduced risk of cancer." Committee on Diet, "There may be more than 20,000 infections due to E. coli Nutrition and Cancer; National Research Council, 1982 (from ground beef) in the United States, many of them unreported ... This is the most serious health problem in "Animal fats, especially those in milk, butter, cheese and food-borne disease, but we've not been able to get the meat, are mostly highly saturated, and an excess intake of message out." Mitchell Cohen, Centers for Disease Control such foods may be partly responsible for the development of and Prevention, 13 February 1994 atheroma, which causes atherosclerosis." Family Medical Guide, American Medical Association "REDUCE YOUR CANCER RISK: 1. Avoid obesity "1.5 million deaths per year in the U.S. are from diseases 2 Eat a varied diet associated with diets high in saturated fats and cholesterol. 3. Include a variety of vegetables and fruits in the daily diet The major dietary sources of fat in the American diet are 4. Eat more whole grain cereals, vegetables, and fruits meat, poultry. fish, dairy products, and fats and oils ... 5. Cut down on total fat intake Dietary cholesterol is found only in foods of animal origin ... 6. Eat less smoked, salted and nitrite-cured foods Reduce consumption of saturated fat and cholesterol. . 7. Greatly restrict alcohol consumption, if you drink at all" Increase consumption of whole grain foods and cereal prod- American Cancer Scciety, Inc. ucts, vegetables and fruits." The Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health, 1988 urrilivElvnt9nrrilr-vvE2

~~BEST COPY AVAILABLE 2(38 fr-iert< ffff 6e se e/c-La- ,9~~

During the last three decades we have seen a steady stream of medi- CANCER cal reports linking consumption of animal fat and meat with elevated A six-year study of 88,000 nurses by Boston's Brigham and Women's risk of "killer" diseases. Here are some recent examples. Hospital found that those who ate meat every day were more than twice as likely to get colon cancer as those who avoided meat.New England GENERAL DISEASES Journal of Medicine, 13 December 1990 A massive study of the diet and health of 6,500 Chinese, conducted by a Cornell University biomedical team, documents conclusively the merits A comparative study of 1,150 patients who died of colon cancer with 6,000 healthy people found that people who ate small amounts of of a diet free of all animal ingredients in preventing heart disease, stroke, grains, vegetables and fruits had 2-3 times the risk of dying of the dis- cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, and even calcium and iron deficiency! ease as those who consumed larger amounts of these foods.National Moreover, while the Chinese consume 20 percent more calories, Ameri- Cancer Institute Journal, 6 October 1992 ....4.cans are 25 percent fatter, because theyconsume three times as much fat. Although the Chinese take in only half as much calcium as Ameri- A review of 156 diet and health studies by researchers from the Na- cans do, they rarely suffer from osteoporosis, because they consume tional Cancer Institute and University of California (Berkeley) charac- less protein which depletes calcium from the bones. Finally, the Chi- terized the evidence linking fruit and vegetable consumption with pre- nese take in twice as much iron as Americans do, mostly from plant vention of several forms of cancers as "exceptionally strong and con- sources.The New York Times, 8 May 1990 sistent." The authors concluded that people with a low intake of fruits A USDA Human Nutrition Research Center study of 508 youngsters and vegetables have twice or more the risk of cancer as people with a found that overweight boys and girls were twice as likely to suffer of high intake.Nutrition and Cancer, September 1992 heart disease later in life and that overweight boys were five times as A study of 1,206 men by University of Buffalo researchers found that likely to have colon cancer and twice as likely to have gout as their thin men who ate the largest amounts of fruits and vegetables had the low- counterparts.New England Journal of Medicine, 5 November 1992 est risk of bladder cancer.Nutrition and Cancer, December 1992 A study of 142 diabetic and 79 healthy children at the Toronto Hospital A study of 47,855 male health workers by Harvard School of Public for Sick Children concluded that drinking cow's milk during infancy Health found that those who ate red meat five or more times per week may trigger juvenile diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed had 2.6 times the risk of developing prostate cancer as those who ate to the disease.New England Journal of Medicine, 30 July 1992 red meat once a week or less. Prostate cancer is the second deadliest A study of 45,619 male health workers by Harvard School of Public form of cancer in men, responsible for 32,000 deaths annually in the Health found that men with the highest intake of potassium, contained U.S.Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 6 October 1993 in fruits and vegetables, reduced their risk of kidney stones by 50 per- A study by Yale University researchers of 800 New Yorkers, including ...rent, while those who ate the most animal protein increased their risk both smokers and non-smokers, found that those who consumed 2.5 by33 percent.New England Journal of Medicine, 25 March 1993 servings a day of fruits and vegetables had a 60 percent lower risk of developing lung cancer than those who ate one or fewer servings. The CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES National Cancer Institute estimates that 22,000 non-smokers (15 A comparative study of 64 vegetarians and 90 non-vegetarian children percent of the total) die of lung cancer each year.Journal of the aged 5-8 at Boston University found that none of the vegetarian chil- National Cancer Institute, January 1994 dren were at risk of future heart disease, whereas 20 percent of the Three studies of 1240 children at the University of Southern non-vegetarian children were.Vegetarian Times, September 1992 California found a link between consumption of hot dogs and A study of 87,245 female nurses by Harvard Medical School found that incidence of childhood leukemia and brain tumors. Children women who ate lots of fruits and vegetables cut their risk of stroke by who ate more than 12 hot dogs per month had nine times the 54 percent. Spinach and carrots, with the antioxidant vitamins (beta- normal risk of developing childhood leukemia. Children born carotene, C and E), were quite effective.American Heart Association's to mothers who ate more than three hot dogs per month during Epidemiology Meeting, March 1993 pregnancy or those conceived by fathers who ate hot dogs had twice the normal risk of developing brain tumors.Cancer Causes A study of 1,851 male employees of Chicago's Western Electric Co. by and Control. June 1994 University of Texas scientists found that men whose diet contained amounts of vitamin C and beta-carotene from 1-2 oranges and carrots INFECTIOUS DISEASES per day had a 30 percent lower risk of dying from heart disease. Pregnant women and the elderly should avoid undercooked meats, deli American Heart Association's Epidemiology Meeting, March, 1993 foods and soft cheeses to reduce their risk of contracting listeriosis study of 1,160 Massachusetts men and women, aged 67-96, which can produce flu-like symptoms, blood poisoning. birth defects, I-Arconcluded that older people should eat five servings a day of fruits and and death. The disease is caused by Listeria monocytogenes, an vegetables to reduce their risk of heart disease and stroke. Fruits and extremely hardy pathogen.Journal of the American Medical vegetables contain vitamin B6 and folate which prevent the formation Association, 15 April 1992 of an amino acid that contributes to arterial blockage.Journal American The Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that Medical Association, 7 December 1993 20,000 Escherichia coli 0157 infections per year occur in the U.S., American Heart Association reports that heart disease and stroke killed though most go unreported. This is the leading cause of bloody diar- 923,422 Americans in 1991. The Association estimates this year's cost rhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome, an incurable disease that can of treating these diseases at $110 billion and the associated loss in cause kidney failure and death in children. The major sources are ground productivity at $18 billion.The Washington Post, 18 January 1994 beef and milk.The Washington Post, 13 February 1994 The number of Salmonella enteridis infections from raw poultry, eggs and other animal products is estimated at 400,000 - 4 million per year, but most are unreported or misdiagnosed as "flu."Background Paper

2 (3 9 BEST C PY AVA1 LE ti..1 AT fr4 e sWei e°4-5 Millions of acres of forestland aredevas- problems, according to a 1991 United hours. Nearly 500.000 pounds of manure /fated through conversion to grazingland Nations report. The study estimates that are produced daily on a standard 10.000 - and cropland to feed farmanimals, both in 430 million acres in the American \Vest is head feedlot. This is the rough equivalent the U.S. and abroad. Runofffrom these t, suffering a 25 to 50 percent yield reduc- of what a city of 110.000 would produce landscarries suspended and dissolved solids, organic matter, nutrients,and pesti- tion, largely because of overgrazing. in human waste. There are 42.000 feedlots cides into our lakes and streams, account- in 13 U.S. states. pollution than all other I .1 mg for more water The United States has lost one third of human activities combined. Overgrazing and intensive cultivation eventually turn its topsoil. An estimated six of the seven Depletion of Fossil Fuels these lands into desert, posing a severe billion tons of eroded soil is directly 10 long-term threat to our survival. attributable to grazing and unsustainable Intensive animal agriculture uses a dis- methods of producing feed crops for cattle proportionate amount of fossil fuels. 4-Deforestation and other livestock. ^ Supplying the world with a typical American meat-based diet would deplete Cattle ranching is a primary cause of Each pound of feedlot steak costs about all world oil reserves in just a few years. " deforestation in Latin America. Since 35 pounds of eroded American topsoil. 1960, more than one quarter of all Central according. to the Worldwatch Institute. It now takes the equivalent of a gallon American forests have been razed to make of gasoline to produce a pound of grain- pasture for cattle. Nearly 70 percent of Water Scarcity fed beef in the United States. The annual deforested land in Panama and Costa Rica beef consumption of an average American is now pasture. ' Nearly half of the total amount of water family of four requires more than 260 gal- used annually in the U. S. goes to grow lons of fuel and releases 2.5 tons of CO: Some 40,000 square miles of Amazon feed and provide drinking water for cattle into the atmosphere. as much as the aver- forest were cleared for cattle ranching and and other livestock. Producing a pound of age car over a six month period. " other commercial development between grain -fed steak requires the use of hun- 1966 and 1983. Brazil estimates that 38 dreds of gallons of water. Producing a Global Warming percent of its rain forest was destroyed for pound of beef protein often requires up to cattle pasture.' fifteen times more water than producing Cattle and beef production is a signifi- an equivalent amount of plant protein. cant factor in the emission of three of the Just one quarter-pound hamburger four global warming gases carbon _..40(mported from Latin America requires U.S. fresh water reserves have declined dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane. the clearing of 6 square yards of rain precipitously as a result of excess water forest and the destruction of 165 pounds use for cattle and other livestock. U.S. Much of the carbon dioxide released of living matter including 20 to 30 water shortages, especially in the West, into the atmosphere is directly attributable different plant species, 100 insect species, have now reached critical levels. to beef production: burning forests to and dozens of bird, mammal, and Overdrafts now exceed replenishments by make way for cattle pasture and burning reptile species. ' 25 percent. massive tracts of agricultural waste from cattle feed crops. When the fifty-five Soil Erosion and Desertification The ereat Ogallala aquifer, one of the square feet of rain forest needed to pro- world's largest fresh water reserves, is duce one quarter-pound hamburger is Cattle production is turning productive already half depleted in Kansas, Texas, burned for pasture, 500 pounds of CO: is land into barren desert in the American and New Mexico. In California, where 42 released into the atmosphere.'" West and throughout the world. Soil ero- percent of irrigation water is used for feed sion and desertification is caused directly or livestock production. water tables have CO: is also generated by the fuel used by cattle and other livestock overgrazing. dropped so low that in some areas the in the highly mechanized agricultural pro- Overcultivation of the land, improper irri- earth is sinking under the vacuum. Some duction of feed crops for cattle and other gation techniques, and deforestation are U.S. reservoirs and aquifers are now at livestock. With 70 percent of all U.S. also principal causes of erosion and deser- their lowest levels since the end of the last grain production now used for livestock tification. and cattle production is a prima- Ice Age. "' feed. the CO: emitted as a direct result is Try factor in each case. significant.' Water Pollution Cattle degrade the land by stripping Petrochemical fertili/ers used to pro- vegetation and compacting the earth. Each O Organic waste from cattle and other duce feed crops for grain -fed cattle release animal foraging on the open range eats livestock. pesticides, chemical fertilizers. nitrous oxide, another greenhouse gas. 900 pounds of vegetation every month. and agricultural salts and sediments are Worldwide. the use of fertilizers has Their powerful hoofs trample vegetation the primary non-point source of increased dramatically from 14 million and crush the soil with an impact of 24 water pollution in the U.S. tons in 1951) to 143 million tonsin 1989. pounds per square inch. Nitrous oxide noaccount, for 6 percent Cattle produce nearly I billion tons of of the global warming effect. As much as 85 percent of U.S. western organic waste each year. The average rangeland. nearly 685 million acres, is feedlot steer produces more than 47 Cattle emit methane. another green- being degraded by overgrazing and other pounds of manure every twenty-four house gas, through belching and flatula- 270 B'ESTCOPYAVALA LE ,Kegeore,e, °*(f tion. Scientists estimate that more than Under pressure from ranchers, the U.S. [8] Lappe, Diet for a Small Planet. 76-77. 500 million tons of methane are released government exterminates tens of thou- [9] David Pimentel and Carl W. Hall, Food and each year and that the world's 1.3 billion sands of predator and "nuisance" animals Natural Resources (San Diego: Academic Press. 1989). 41. cattle and other ruminant livestock emit each year. In 1989, a partial list of animals approximately 60 million tons or 12 per- killed by the U.S. Department of [10] Sandra Postel. Water: Rethinking Management in an Age of Scarcity, Worldwatch Paper 62 (1984), cent of the total from all sources. Methane Agriculture's Animal Damage Control 20. is a serious problem because one methane Program included 86.502 coyotes, 7,158 [11]Pimentel and Hall, 89. molecule traps 25 times as much solar foxes, 236 black bears, 1,220 bobcats, and [12] M. E. Ensminger. Animal Science (Danville, EL: heat as a molecule of CO:. '" 80 wolves. In 1988, 4.6 million birds, Interstate Publishers, 1991), 187, table 5 -9; Based on 9,000 beavers. 76,000 coyotes, 5,000 rac- analysis by John Sweeten, Texas A&NI, for the National Cattlemen's Association, 1990. Loss of Biodiversity coons, 300 black bears, and 200 mountain lions, among others, were killed. Some [13] Pimentel and Hall, 35. 4.. U.S. cattle production has caused a sig- 400 pet dogs and 100 cats were also inad- [14] Alan Duming. "Cost of Beef For Health and Habitat," Los Angeles Times, 3; Based on 65 pounds nificant loss of biodiversity on both public vertently killed. Extermination methods of beef consumed per person per year. The auto CO: and private lands. More plant species in used include poisoning, shooting, gassing, emissions comparisons come from Andrew the U.S. have been eliminated or threat- and burning animals in their dens. Kimbrell, "On the Road." in Jeremy Rifkin, ed.. The Green Lifestyle Handbook (New York, NY: Henry ened by livestock grazing than by any Holt and Co., 1990), 33-42. other cause, according to the U.S. General The predator "control" program cost [ 15] Fred Pearce. "Methane: The Hidden Greenhouse Accounting Office (GAO). =" American taxpayers $29.4 million in 1990 Gas." New Scientist, May 6, 1989; Alan Duming and more than the amount of losses caused Holly Brough, Taking Stock: Animal Farming and Riparian zones the narrow strips of by wild animals. the Environment, (Washington D.C.: Worldwatch Institute), 17; World Resources Institute, World land that run alongside rivers and streams Resources 1990-9/ , 355. where most of the range flora and fauna Tens of thousands of wild horses and 1161Greenhouse Crisis Statistical Review, Sources: are concentrated - have been the hardest burros have been rounded up by the feder- World Resources Institute, Rainforest Action hit by cattle grazing. More than 90 percent al government because ranchers claim Network, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and of the original riparian zones of Arizona they compete with their cattle for forage. Worldwatch Institute in U.S. News and World Report, Oct 31. 1988. and New Mexico are gone, according to The horses and burros are held in corrals, the Arizona State Park Department. [17] David Pimentel, "Waste in Agriculture and costing taxpayers millions of dollars per Food Sectors: Environmental and Social Costs." Colorado and Idaho have also been hard year. Many wild horses have ended up at paper for Gross National Waste Product Forum. hit. The GAO reports that "poorly man- slaughterhouses. Arlington. VA. 1989, 9-10. Pimentel concludes that aged livestock grazing is the major cause substituting a grass feeding livestock system for the present grain and grass system would reduce energy --T6f degraded riparian habitat on federal For several years, cattle ranchers have inputs about 60 percent. rangelands." blocked efforts to re-introduce the wolf, [18] Lester Brown et al., State of the World 1990 an endangered species, into the wild, as (New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Co., 1990). 67; Unable to compete with cattle for food. required by the U.S. Endangered Species Fred Pearce, 38. wild animals are disappearing from the Act. [19] Fred Pearce, 37; Methane emissions from live- range. Pronghorn have decreased from 15 stock from World Resources Institute et al. 1990-91. 346. Table 24.1; Cattle emissions as a per cent of FOOTNOTES million a century ago to less than 271,000 livestock emissions from Michael Gibbs and today. Bighorn sheep, once numbering [1] Catherine Caulfield. "A Reporter at Large: The Kathleen Hogan, "Methane." EPA Journal, over 2 million, are now less than 20,000. Rain Forests." New Yorker, January 14, 1985, 79. March /April 1990. The elk population has plummeted from 2 [2] Ibid. 49. [201 George Wuerthner. "The Price is Wrong," million to less than 455,000.'= [3] Julie Denslow and Christine Padoch, People of Sierra, September/October 1990, 40-41. the Tropical Rainforest (Berkeley: University of 121] Wuerthner. 40: Jon Luonja. "Discouraging California Press. 1988), 169. Words.- Audubon. September 1986, 92. The government has worked with [4] John Lancaster, "Public Land, Private Profit." [22] Wuerthner, 41-42; Denzel Ferguson and Nancy ranchers to make cattle grazing thepre- Washington Post, Al, A8, A9: Lynn Jacobs. Waste Ferguson. Sacred Cows At The Public Trough, dominant use of Western public lands. of the West: Public Lands Ranching (Lynn Jacobs: (Bend. OR: Maverick Publications, 1983). 116. Tuscon. AZ. 1991). 15. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) [23] Ferguson and Ferguson, 158; Lynn Jacobs, 237. [5] Nlvra Klockenbrink, "The New Range War Has has long favored ranchingover other uses. (141 Keith Schneider, "Mediating the Federal War of BLM sprays herbicides the Desert As Foe." New York Times. August 20. the Jungle" New York Times, July 9. 1991. 4E; Carol over large tracts of 1991, G4. Grunewald. ed. Animal Activist Alert. 8:3 range eliminating vegetation eaten by wild [61 Frances Moore Lappd. Diet for a Small Planet (Washington D.C.: Humane Societ of the United l'Entimals and replacing it with monocul- (Nev. York: Ballantine Books. 1982), 80. States. 19901. 3. tures of grasses favored by cattle. (71 Alan Duming. "Cost of Beef for Health and 251 Carol Grunewald. ed, Animal Activist Alert. 8:3. 3. Habitat.- Los Angeles Times. September 21, 1986. "3.

~~I CHOOSE LIFE KICK THE MEAT HABIT! 7-4~~

Beyond Beef. 1130 Seventeenth Street. NW,Suite 300 APGREST OMERICON MERTOUT 107- S101717 Washington, D.C. 20036 (202) 775-1132 Printed on recycled paper. PO Bo. 30654. Iltthttria. MD 30124 2 REST COPY MILABLE Pd 7'44 if9eiefcric ,:"*",;,%; WHAT'S WRONG ,s,z$' GREAT flMERICAN MEOTOUT On the first Day of Spring \,,V k t? I eachfromfood chainshome.day. Their accountTheir massive menus forFOOD one purchasing determine half of McDonald's,all power CHAINS?whatthe food dictatesmillions dollars Burger how of spentpeople King,their awayfood- Wendy's, eat KFC, andWITH other major fastFAST Choose Life: -N-14r-r Po THEbacksreststuffs CHILDREN of are ofthe our procured. food children, industry. They the Instead, environment,should bethey setting maximizeand the a high animals. their standard profits foron the level,andmilliondisease,For formalized simplifyYourself: Americans stroke, your incancer, Your theannually. food kicking and preparation, Thisother the has chronic meat been and habit documented lowerdiseases will your thatreduce foodby cripple hundreds budget. your and risk of kill studies of 1.5heart Kick the Meat Habit! US Dietary Guidelines. It will also raise your energy diSeasewithandsume otherelevated large that harmful amounts cripple risk ofsubstances. andheartof calories, kill disease, over These cholesterol,1.5 stroke, millionFast have food cancer,Americans saturatedbeen chains linked and encourage fat,annually. other conclusively salt, chronic sugar, Most millions of children and others to con- yourwater,nowFor children theYour andfed Hungry: toother Children: animalsand food their Your toYourproduction children. savekicking kicking the theworld's resources meatthe meat hungry habit that habit will people. are willallow vital help grainsto thepreserve andsurvival soybeans topsoil, of THEinterestchains ENVIRONMENT havegroups spurned for a choice repeated of more pleas Millionshealthful from health ofplant acres based officials of tropical entrees. and publicand domestic forests and wetlands animalsForbygrasslands, soil thethe each particles, Animals:Earth: yearand otherfrom debris,Your wildlifecaging, kicking manure, crowding,habitats the and meat pesticides. and habitdeprivation, reduce will pollution save drugging, 35 innocent, of our mutilation, waterways sentient Your kicking the meat habit will help preserve our forests, droughts.habitatsfeedhave thebeen to animalsirrigation leveledwildlife butchered of andand these drained recreation pastures for tofast create toand food humans croplands pastureshamburgers. and depletesand leads croplandsThis toprecious deniesmajor to manhandling, and slaughter.Sign the Meatout Pledge Quit Tips Diet for Meatout Readinga New America by John runoff,abledrinking topsoil, along water turning with supplies. waste millions Watereffluents of acresrunning from of animallushoff these cropland farming lands into androbs desert. slaughter- irreplace- This finetheExploreLearn 'Meatout restaurants the the true Reading' meatless costs ofbooks fare meat at frommany Marcus;VeganRobbins; 1997; 1987; 210pp 424pp $15 - $14 The New Ethics by Erik 81 THEthanhouse ANIMALS all operations, other human contribute activities more combined. pollutiOn burden to our waterways speakMakeJoin out a locala helpfor generous meat-freevegetarian others contribution learn eating society, about and toMeatout PeterAnimalVegetarian Singer; Factories Times ALL1990; byAVAILABLE (monthly) Jim 240pp Mason FROM - $13 FARM POSTPAID. $25/yr crowded,tices"sumablypigs, in chickens,the otherdeprived, treatment fast andfooddrugged, of other chains)pigs mutilated, andinnocent, "culpably chickens.Last and responsible manhandledsummerIn fact, nine the for billioneachBritish cruel High Court held McDonald's (and feeling animals are caged, cows,prac- pre- NametoI explore pledge toa more "kick wholesome, the meat habit, less atviolent least diet."for a day, and Phone GETUS factory INVOLVED! farms and stockyards, largelyCall to888-FARM-USA 2 7 2 serve the fast food industry. year in ReturnCityAddress to: FORM, Box 30654, Bethesda, MD Z0824; 1-800-MEOTOUT State Zip 73 Ffig0 Ro/reid*geAc_ \animalrights\

The concept of animal rights has come to play an important role in several areas of concern over human treatment of other animals. These areas range from the hunting and trapping of animals, to obvious cases of mistreatment of work or sport animals or pets, to less apparent cases such as the widely accepted practices of animal experimentation for scientific purposes and factory farming. Concern further extends to broad ecological issues of human responsibility for the Earth's environment and the threat of extinction to many endangered species.

The question of whether or not animals have any inherent rights has often been raised in religion and philosophy. A-The cultural history of the relationship between humans and animals is complex, but a basic contrast might be made between cultural attitudes that have emphasized the unity of being and those which have placed humanity at the center of creation. In a religion such as Jainism, for example, all forms of life are considered to have souls and are therefore not to be injured. Judeo-Christian thought, on the other hand, has specifically limited the concept of the soul to humans, and the predominant trend of thought in the Western world has been to consider other forms of life as subservient to human needs and desires. With the advent of modern technology and the explosive growth of human populations, this attitude has come under serious attack by a number of persons active in the area of animal rights, for practical as well as ethical reasons.

The view of animals as nonfeeling creatures of reflex, as exemplified by Rene Descartes's philosophy of science in the 17th century, has long since been undercut by other philosophical approaches and by better understanding of evolution and animal behavior. Its effects are still observable, however, in some of the ways in which animals are used today, despite the efforts of numerous humane organizations such as the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Animal-rights activists in the 20th century have sought, with some success, to obtain better control over the use of animals in laboratories for scientific research and the testing of products (see vivisection). A number of activists would eventually ban such use altogether and would also promote the practice -'of vegetarianism.

Bibliography: Fox, M. W., Returning to Eden: Animal Rights and Human Responsibility (1980; repr. 1986); Klaits, Joseph and Barrie, eds., Animals and Man in Historical Perspective (1974); Pluhar, Evelyn B., Beyond Prejudice: The Moral Significance of Human and Nonhuman Animals (1995); Regan, Tom, The Case for Animal Rights (1983); Rowan, A. N., Of Mice, Models, and Men (1984); Singer, Peter, Animal Liberation (1975) and In Defense of Animals (1986).

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c©1997 Grolier Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 7LI kTIONAL. THURSDAY,dew 'lock SEPTEMBER mad-cowi/fole..5 disease 24, 1998 L of whentheBirminghamblood it onto The tanker highway'sleaked, the a highway. was on a highwayin spilledcentral some Englandpolice said. of theTwonear stroyed.ease.Commonly The bloodAn official known ofas themad was also toAgriculture, Fish- cow dis- be Allde- fighters,been causingsplashedclosed two long while Police said police officers,thelines blood withof eighttraffic. blood people three lanes was removed, four fire-who had were cattlebloodtheon hadmorechances eriescondition and been Foodinfected Ministrythan 36of anonymitywere remote months old since many who spokesaid that the had peopleRaises wereBlood 'Mad SpillLONDON, Sept. taken to a in EnglandCow'23 (AP) Fears hospital today Eight saidcleaned authoritiesto erWalsall driverup for andPolice Inspector Manor Hospitalhisfear wife of Clive Isherwoodcontamination. were taken the tank- to be ish beefthemeasurebeen disease. destroyed and didThe European exports in Unionas banned a preventativenot actuallyMarch 1996 carryBrit- stroyedbloodafter infrom a tanker carrying an effort tocattle that 22 tonseradicatewere of de- vineernment'swereblood destroyed came spongiform campaign to from older as part of the believe thatencephalopathy, eradicate bo- cows that Gov- the plekob infatal,between Britaindisease,Britain brain-wasting announcedmad-cow which hassince 1995. disease anda possibleCreutzfeldt-Ja- killed 27 peo-after linkthe 275 BEST COPY AVAILABLE . _ . one farm, many times the number -o11110111111M--oommum 94%. on traditional farms. '89 k '94 '89 '94 The new methods are based on the coat riwt-farming system developed Source: Agricullural Statistics (lewd, U.S.D.A. in 114Achicken industry. They have enabled some hog farmers to stay Charles M. Blow/The New York Times afloat in a pork market that has been state, with 13 million hogs in 1993. 21,000 in 1984, production is up. Last because of the low concentration of dropping sharply. Barbara Grabner, assistant direc-year, hog operations in the state waste. "It is entirely different with On the other hand, some experts tor of Prairie Fire, a farm advocacybrought in $1 billion, making pork as the large contract farms," he said. trace the lower prices to the in group based in Des Moines, said thevaluable to the state as tobacco and Lagoons arenotleak-proof, and crease in the number of hogs on the coming of the contract farms is "thechickens. And while many hog farms something the size of a municipal market, which is partly attributable hottest issue now" among Iowa hoghave shut down, some farmers say waste-treatmentplantwouldbe to contract farming. There are alsc farmers who take pride in their im-the contracting system has allowed needed to render the waste totally widespread complaints about the age as independent entrepreneurstheir operations to stay alive. safe, he said. stench from the large farms. but are looking for ways to become "The company tells us everything In Wilson, N.C., Ann Joyner, 58, The operations have also reduced, more efficient as market prices fall.we need to do for the pigs to perform told of what it was like to live within or perhaps elevated, to a science the Ms. Grabner raised some of the properly," Mr. Rhodes said. He is a mile of a 24,000-hog farm just quaint arts of animal husbandry that same concerns that have been debat- guaranteed a flat fee regardless of outside town. once made 4-ll Club members beam ed in North Carolina. "It's the scalethe day's market price. "There's ab- "The smell of hog manure, urine with pride. of these operations and some of thesolutely no risk here for me," heand ammonia and dust would just In the process, North Carolina has environmental problems they maysaid. float all over and it made me so become the nation's second-largest bring which makes people here ner- Indeed, it is the company, not the depressed and so angry," she said, hog producer, pushingits annual vous, evenwith our wide open farm, that owns the hogs. The farm-noting that damp and rainy days production to seven million hogs inspaces," she said. "They even smell ers, however, buy the equipment and were the worst. last June, she said, 1993, up from two million a decade different and worse than our tradi-.own the buildings. she moved to town "to get away ago. (In 1993, total United States hog tional hog farms." Company-employed experts pro-from it." production was 50.7 million.) Because of the large concentration vide the farmers with stock that is Wendell Murphy, the founder of lint the hog industry has about hit of animals, the area around a hoggenetically manipulated forlean- Murphy Family Farms, a privately its limits in North Carolina because farm is saturated by a nose-wrin-ness and rapid growth, and withheld company that started in the of slaughterhouse capacity and thekling, ammonia-tinged smell of the custom-mixed feed in specificearly 1960's as a feed and grain prohibitivecostofshipping feed animals even on crisp, windy days. amounts needed from one week to trouliete Midwest's corn farms. Most of North Carolina's 8,000 hog the next. 1.a rgelcont r act growers like Murphyfarms are in the eastern part of the By shifting risks away from the Family Farms are preparing to ex-state stretching between the Virgin- farmer, the contract concept has Huge hog farms pand contract farming techniquesia and South Carolina borders. While kept farmers like Jimmie and JoAnn into Iowa, the No. 1hog-producingthe number of farms is down from Stroud in the farming business. They were barely staying afloat five years mean big dollars, ago growing corn and tobacco on their 150-acre farm in Duplin Coun- and foul odors. ty. Now, they run a 2,500-hog nursery under contract to Murphy Family Farms, tending the animals from the business, says he merely picked up time they are 17 days old until they on something that the chicken indus- are about 10 weeks old. try had been doing efficiently for "We tried to be independent with years. "There's a stigma attached to tobacco, corn and soybeans, but it in some places," he said, "but it sometime you can just independent makes sense economically." yourself into a hole," Mrs. Stroud Lastfall,SuccessfulFarming said. "There are some out there who magazine rated the company as the just want to be independent, butI largest pork producer in the United don't mind taking the direction of the States, with 180,000 breeding sows company. I'd rather have part of producing an estimated 3.6 million something than all of nothing." marketable hogs a year. Not everyone feels so kindly. Envi- John Morrison, president of the ronmental groups say the quantum National Contract Poultry Growers leap in the number of hogs on the Association, agrees that the contract farms is matched by an increase in farms are the wave of the future in environmental problems, including the hog and other livestock business- the constant odor, which some fear es, but he fears that hog farmers will may be harmful. In fact, the state find themselves with problems that has created a Hog Odor Task Force chicken farmers have endured. The to study whether there is any risk to contract system has turned many farm workers or neighbors. chicken producers into little more The potential hazards are much than low-paid employees of the large clearer when it comes to the large, broiler companies, he said, totally odoriferous, man-made lagoons into dependent on a single company for a Lit which large farms pump the hog stream of birds to sell and pay their waste and allow it to sit and decom- bills and subject to being squeezed pose. The nitrogen-rich waste water by the company whenever neces- is then sprayed on fields as a fertil- sary. izer. The lagoons attract swarms of So far there have been few com- flies, and if the water is not handled plaints from contract hog farmers of properly in dry weather, heavy con- bad treatment. But, Mr. Morrison centrations of waste in the water can said, it is just a matter of time. get into ground water and contami- Mr. Morrison's organization re- nate the aquifers, and, when used in cently started a new nonprofit foun- Alan S. Weiner for The Ncw York Times fertilizers, can kill crops and grass. dation. "It's called the National Con- 27? A new, mechanized system of hog rearing has increased hog production Dr. Leon Chesnin, a former Uni- tract Growers Institute," Mr. Morri- in North Carolina. But critics have contended that the system, whichversity of Nebraska professor and son said. "We named it that way an expert in waste management on uses huge farms, can cause environmental problems. Hogs stood in because, like with chickens, we know hog farms, said small hog farms the honeymoon will be over soon their pens on the farm of Barney and Joy Rhodes in Rose Hill, N.C. posed few risks to the environment with hogs." TIME UOI907VLV3 33S 113070 110 39V 10 SUM 13 SUMS 01113111M loueudaid alea!idwo3 Alppuv'ewashidw3 , I 010(111e 'aseasiniieaH*Jaaueri sasnp.n Slopping the Hogs, the Assembly-LineWay

Environmentalists HOW IT WORKS Question a SystemNo Straw, No Sticks, No Bricks: Concrete... and Automated Large hog finishing farms, contracted by companies to dying. Hogs generally arrive at a finishing farm weigh- By RONALD SMOTHERS fatten a large number of hogs in a short time, are prolif- ing 50 pounds; four or five months later they leave, at Sp... I io 'I Ito New York Tortes erating in North Carolina, while small hog farms are about 250 pounds. This is how the farms work: ROSE HILL, N.C. Barney Rhodes gave up his father's poultry AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS Turned on at intervals to clean the pen. STAFF Mechanization allows a and corn farm in 1983, trading theOver the grating, the sprinklers keep the area wet, signaling the few people to maintain risks of working on the land for a pigs to leave their wastes. an entire farm. construction business. But about two years ago, he start-FEEDING TUBES Deliver feed at intervals to the troughs. A mechanical pipe 1ed getting other ideas when farmer after farmer asked him to build long,and auger system moves low cinde -blockbuildingsfor athe feed from silos mechanized, assembly-line system outside. of hog rearing. "There was something big going PENS on here," Mr. Rhodes said, "and so I Each pen is about 8 got into the hog-contracting business feet wide and 24 feet I myself a little over a year ago." long, holding about 32 Now, Mr. Rhodes and his wife, Joy. pigs. There are 36 own four long buildings packed with more than 5,000 grunting, snorting pens per building. hogs that they feed for about 2( weeks, starting when the animals are about three months old and unti: they reach a market weight of 250 to 260 pounds. The couple run a finishing farm, one of 400 in North Caroli- Troop na that tend hogs under contract with Murphy Family Farms, a local company that recently became the WASTE country's largest producer of hogs. REMOVAL The "something big" that Mr. The pigs' wastes tall Rhodes spotted could be considered a revolution in livestock farming. II through the grating into a takes a method that had been spotti- concrete channel running the length ly used keeping the hogs inside, of the building. The channel is WATER away from the elements and automatically flushed by a high-pressure Delivered through raises it to a new level. The buildings water system, carrying the waste away for pressure-sensitive are standardized, and the feeding, processing and later use as fertilizer. nozzles. Medication can be watering and cleaning up after the added, if needed. animals are done by automated equipment. Hog Farms In North Carolina The hogs are bred in farrowingSmall Farms Large Farms farms, where they stay for 17 to 20 1994 HOG INVENTORIES BY FARM SIZE As a percent of all hogs days. until they are weaned; then. 999 hogs or fewer 1,000 hogs or more they are moved to the nurseries. North Carolina Iowa U.S. 12 thousand 12 hundred_ Nation's largest where they slay for 10 weeks until small farms they weigh about 50 pounds; finally. lo 10 hog producer they go to finishing farms like the 6% 46I 8 Rhodes's. The mechanization has meant that one farmer can do the work of what 1 1 11 used to take dozens of laborers. And 46 01111 thousands of hogs can be raised on 21N111 2111111 one farm, many times the number large farms ontimsig 01111111111 94% - on traditional farms. '89 '94 '89 '94 The new methods are based on the rontract-farming system developed in the chicken industry. They have Agri"""ahSWsCo"' S D.A. 2 7 8 1E G, 3 6045;4 five zoo,/Sunday, May 31, 1998 noble from farm to table Scientists fear that not," said Kenneth May of the National Broiler Council. antiobiotics farmers Others acknowledge some risk but insist it must be balanced are giving animals are with the realization that antibiot- creating drug- ics are vital to animal health. If farmantibioticsarere- resistant germs. stricted, "the real question What will it do to the world's By Lauran Neergaard food supply?" said microbiologist Associated Press Gail Cassell of Eli Lilly & Co. "My plea is that we needmore WASHINGTON Worrieddata. scientists say farmers using anti- But the Food and Drug Ad- bioticsin chickens, cattle andministration considers the threat fruit orchards are creating drug-serious enough that it.isprepar- resistant germs that can winduping stiffer rules fornew animal in the food people eat,a disturb-antibiotics,including requiring ing twist on the growingconcernmanufacturers to track treated. that antibiotics are fast losinganimalsforearlyresistance their power. signs. Scientists have long suspected "There will be predetermined that farming was adding to theconditions of when the drugcan- problem of antibiotic resistance,not be used anymore," said FDA but now say they're finding theveterinary chief Stephen Sun- first strong evidence: A salmo-did. The requirements "may just nella strain impervious to fivebe too unpalatable for drugcom- antibiotics is rampant in Britain.panies to accept." U.S'.scientists this month esti- Antibioticsarefastlosing mated that it has sickened thou their power againstnumerous sandsof Americans,too germs, particularly those spread including nearly killinga Ver-in hospitals. Most to blameare mont dairy farmer. doctors who overprescribe drugs Chickens soldin Minnesotaand patients who take them im- were contaminated with anotherproperly. germ. campylobacter, resistant to But scientists say antibiotics a powerful antibiotic. on the farm are helping food- The U.S. government is aboutborne germs mutate, too,even as to impose stiff requirementsonthe government is underpres- makers of new animal antibiot-sure to approve more agricul- ics, and the World Health Organi-tural drugs. zationiscallingexpertsto Almost half the 50 million Geneva this week to search forpounds of U.S.-produced antibi- other solutions. otics is used in animals 80 per- "We're at the Point rightnow cent to help animals grow faster. where we...have got to donot treat disease and 40,000 something," said Minnesota epi-pounds are sprayed onto fruit demiologist Michael Osterholm,trees. who discoveredthecampylo- Take fluoroquinolones, power- 27 q bacterrisk.'Milscan'tcon- ful antibiotics reserved for.se- tinue." verely ill neonle until 1Aft5 whpn in the food people eat, a disturb-anuniotics, mcmaing requiring ing twist on the growingconcernmanufacturers to track treated that antibiotics are fast losinganimalsforearlyresistance their power. signs. Scientists have long suspected "There will be predetermined that farming was adding to theconditions of when the drug can- problem of antibiotic resistance,not be used anymore," said FDA but now say they're finding theveterinary chief Stephen Sun- first strong evidence: A salmo-dlof. The requirements "may just nella strain impervious to fivebe too unpalatable for drugcom- antibiotics is rampant in Britain.panies to accept." U.S1 scientists this month esti- Antibioticsarefastlosing mated that it has sickened thou-their power against numerous sandsof Americans.too germs, particularly those spread including nearly killing a Ver-in hospitals. Most to blameare mont dairy farmer. doctors who overprescribe drugs Chickens soldin Minnesotaand patients who take them im- were contaminated with anotherproperly. germ. campylobacter. resistant to But scientists say antibiotics a powerful antibiotic. on the farm are helping food- The U.S. government is aboutborne germs mutate, too, evenas to impose stiff requirementsonthe government is underpres- makers of new animal antibiot-sure to approve more agricul- ics, and the World Health Organi-tural drugs. zationiscallingexpertsto Almost half the 50 million Geneva this week to search forpounds of U.S.-produced antibi- other solutions. otics is used in animals 80 per- "We're at the point rightnowcent to help animals grow faster, where we...have got to donot treat disease and 40,000 something." said Minnesota epi-pounds are sprayed onto fruit demiologist Michael Osterholm,trees. who discoveredthecampylo- Take fluoroquinolones, power- barterrisk"Thiscan'tcon-ful antibiotics reserved forse- tinue.- verely ill people until 1995. when "We know there is a problem,"the FDA approved two of them agreed WIle's Dr. Klaus Stohr. forpoultry.They're put into The question is, How biga prob-chicks' drinking water to prevent lem? a flock-destroying disease, not to Some industry groups denykill the campylobacter alsoin there's proof thatantibiotics onpoultry the leading human the farm harmhuman health. "We don't know if it'strue or Please seeBACTERIA,Page 2E

~~2B0 BESTCOPY AVAILABLE Wisconsin State Journal, Sunday, May 31, 1998 Vt~~

And the CDC is urging the En:.fully guarded human antibiotic. vironmental Protection Agency tovancomycin. Bacteria refuse a Mexican company's request to treat blighted fruit trees Since the ban. preliminary evi- Continued from Page 1E with gentamicin, a widely useddence suggests vancomyc in- human antibiotic. resistant germs in poultry have food poisoner. dropped, said WHO's Stohr. This new fluoroquinolone ex- Meanwhile. Europe last year posure caused campylobacter tobanned an antibiotic used to spur But antibiotics do promote ani- rapidly mutate. said Osterhohn. animal growth.Avoparcin is mal growth, important for produc- He tested 76 chicken productsclosely related to the most care-ing food, Stohr said. sold in Minneapolis-St. Paul grocery stores last year. Seventy-nine percent were contaminated with campylobacter, and 20 percent of www.SCorT©ade.com those were fluoroqu inolone- resistant. Supported By Over 70 People didn't catch this resistant campylobacter before 1995, Offices Nationwide. iER said Dr. Frederick Angulo of the Centers for Disease Control and m- Prevention. But 13percent of 833-1925 human cases tested last year were 514 Potomac lane 1-800-619-SAVE (24 flours) ,. fluoroquinolone-resistant, and the Ot number is rising. (Corner of Odana & Potomac) ith Then there'sthe salmonella ScoThade is the online trading site of Scottsdale Securities, Inc. Is, strain that almost killed a Ver- Limit orders are an additional $5. $2,000 Minimum equity. mont dairy farmer last summer, fil- killed 14 of her cows and sickened TRADES Member SIPC Est. 1980 ed eight of the farmer's relatives. lis The CDC says the family caught iptsalmonella DT104 resistant to fivepopular antibiotics by bitdrinking unpasteurized milk and Make Money. rdhandling sick cows. Nobody knows Inhow the cows got sick or how ith DT104 spreadhere.It'sbeen Save Money. ay widespread in Britain for a decade, causing outbreaks from sau- 'as sage and chicken. Market smart. or The CDC estimates the strain nowinfects68,000to340,000 Americans a year. ass Direct Mail Solutions or Worse, salmonella DT104 in tie Britain appears to be losing its Creative Concept in susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, List RentalMailing Services raising concern it might become o untreatable, Sundlof said. The FDA is weighing this data in debating Bayer Inc.'s request to ":,-51grelgeng)608-252-6287 expand fluoroquinolones' use into cattle.

281 EST COPYVAILABLE an.itit:11..F7-171)Nit( 1.x't)r.11 u711-11Cr TV Fall 1994 Food For Thought,part II by debe becker n the last issue of the Focus we showed Detoxifying Cholesterol Stay away from beer. you the many different ways food can Eat lots of fruits and vegetables, especially become contaminated before it reaches those that are high in vitamin C and betaFighting Asthma your plate. Especially hard hit are fruits andcarotene. Eat anti-inflammatory foods, including vegetables. Eat oils and nuts and seeds. onions, garlic, fatty fish, fruits and Greens play such an important part of our Eat sardines and mackerel rich invegetables. diets. They add fiber to our system and ubiquinol-10. Avoid vegetable oils such as as corn oil supply us with essential vitamins. They can Consume foods high in antioxidant and safflower and sunflower seed oils. aid in treating symptoms of colds, flu,monounsaturated fatty acids, such as olive Eat hot peppery and spicy foods . asthma, heart disease and in some cases oil, almonds and avocados. In the case of an asthma attack when prevent cancer. medication is not handy try strong black Before modern medicine most ailmentsAn Antistroke Diet coffee. were treated by using herbs and teas. Stay away from shell fish, MSG (found Today, more and more Eat lots of fruits and vegetables. Lots! Eat fish, especially fatty fish, at least 3in Chinese foods) and any food that has people are turning towards preservatives, dyes or coloring. natural medicine in their fight times a week. Watch salt intake. against sickness. They are also Drink green tea (found in Asian markets). finding that food, nutrition and Rheumatoid arthritis education are the best Don't eat meat; especially bacon, pork weapons against disease. Cancer Blockers and beef. Fish oil Eat oily fish, such as salmon, herring, mackerel, sardines or tuna. The following is a list of foods that have Cabbage, collard greens and other known to fight certain ailments. cruciferous vegetables. Garlic's ajoene and allicin (which mayColds, Flus and Sinus Diet Prescription for High perform as chemotherapy against cancerous Congestion means mucus in the bronchial Blood Pressure cells in general. tubes. The best way to start the cilia moving The number one thing you can do is eat Beta carotene in deep orange and deep is by eating hot food. more fruits and vegetables of all kinds that green vegetables and fruits. Sprinkle 10-20 drops of Tabasco sauce in are overflowing with known and unknown Triterpenoids.in licorice (which maya glass of water and drink it or gargle with it. blood pressure lowering agents, includingstifle quick-growing cancer cells and cause Chew on a chili pepper. vitaminC, potassium and calcium. some precancerous cells to return to normal Eat a spicy Mexican meal. Vegetarians have striking low rates of high growth. Add a whole peeled garlic clove to your blood pressure. soup. Eat garlic and celery. Breast Cancer Chicken soup, the best remedy. Ginger destroys influenza viruses. Fish is another good blood pressure Eat fatty fish and beans. deterrent. Especially mackerel, sardines, Eat foods that interfere with the pro- Eating right can prevent old age from salmon and herring. cancer activities of estrogen. Including creeping up and give you the strength and Don't eat salt soybeans, cruciferous vegetable and wheat Watch your alcohol intake. Limit your energy for a full and productivelife. bran cereal. Starting your children on a proper drinks to two 'A day. Eat a variety of green vegetables. nutritional diet at an early age gives them a Loose weight if your are overweight. Limit alcohol to I drink a day. healthy beginning to their lives. Eat as Japanese women do. (8oz of fruit, And remember that most of the nutritional Diet Advice for Heart Patients 9 oz of vegetables, 3 oz of soybean product value lies in our fruits and vegetables. Eat less fatty red meat and more fatty and 3 1/2 oz of fish. Very little meat, alcohol Keeping them pesticide free should be our fish, high in omega-3 fatty acids. or milk). Eat garlic, onions and all kinds of number one goal. Let your grocery know what types of food you want them to carry - vegetables and fruits to keep antioxidants in Colon Cancer and above all be a label reader. Education your blood. High fiber diets. Wheat brancereal is a is your best weapon for better nutrition. Use olive oil and canola oil. good source. For more information on the power of Limit alcohol and coffee to a couple of Stay away from red meat. food read "Food Your Miracle Medicine" or drinks or cups a day. Eat chicken and fish. "Food Pharmacy" by Jean Carper. Skim milk and no-fat yogurt.

~~SEW,... 282 PYAV I LE oay eeee, ef a," ea 0/one -51-~~

~~SECTION 8~~

~~CHOOSING YOUR DRILY DIET~~

Many people in America andin the richer Westerncountries eat a "meat and dairy foodsevery day" diet. However,as more people learn about the health benefitsof eating less saturated fats, less cholesteroland more vegetables,fruits and grains, other types ofdiets are becomingincreasingly popular in American society.

The most popular alternativediet is one in which peoplereduce the amounts of meat anddairy foods in theirdiet. They do not eat these foodsevery day, but instead eatmore vegetables, fruits, legumes andgrains.

The next most populardiet is calleda "vegetarian diet.' Vegetarians do not eatany type of meat: no red meat,no poultry,no fish. Some vegetarians, called"ovo-lacto vegetarians" will eateggs and dairy foods. Sometimes,people will eat eggs and not dairy foods,or vice versa, dependingon the reasons they decidedto become vegetarian.

Some people, forhealth and/or ethicalreasons, follow what is calleda "vegan diet.° Vegansare people who eat no meat, eggs or dairy products. A healthyvegan diet can help in reducing cholesterollevels, because plant foodscontain no cholesterol.

~~2$'6 -52-~~

What do "vegans" eat? For breakfast, they might en joy cereals, oatmeal, whole grain breads and fruits. For lunch, they eat salads, vegetable soups, veggieburgers, falafel, peanut butter sandwiches, eggplant fritters, potato pancakes, noodles, vegetable fried rice, etc. For dinner, they might make spaghetti with marinara sauce, bean burritos, chili, or vegetable lasagna with soft tofu instead of ricotta cheese. For dessert they eat puddings made with soy milk,(not cow's milk), raisin oatmeal cookies or fruits.

How do they manage to eat "vegan-style" in a restaurant? When eating out, vegans often go to Chinese, Italian or Indian restaurants, which offer many vegan dishes.In American- style restaurants they might ask for sauteed or steamed vegetables with a baked potato or rice or make their meal a big bowl of vegetable, bean or lentil soup and a heaping plate of vegetables from the salad bar (skipping the high-fat dressings!)

What about fast-food restaurants? People eating "vegan-styles' usually prefer to avoid fast-food restaurants. Most of their items contain meat and/or dairy foods and often also too much saturated fat. But if their friends want to go out for pizzaor a hamburger, vegans don't have to stay home! At pizza places, theycan order pizza without the cheese and with lots of vegetable toppings. At hamburger chains, they can often find onion rings and french fries that have been cooked in vegetable oil, not animal fat. In Mexican fast-food restaurantsvegans can order bean burritos, tacos and rice with guacamole (avocado dip) and salsa (tomato/onion relish.) However they must check that the bean mixture does not have lard (animal fat) mixed with it.In some restaurants thereare baked potatoes with toppings and nowadays, thereare salad bars and juices available in many fast-food restaurants, including the big hamburger chains. 2 8 4 YouL. .a.1.:1gnmenr hea,:ny your foc,i Lai for healthy focd chcice.s. must croanize this 11 c a char t . youstaitF-cl comple and eFamir t.he

Healthy Choices Anytime TRIM TEEN SMART Choose this: Instead of this: EAST FOOD CHOICES , D Vanilla wafers Oren cookies !. Seltzer Soda Freshtrait ff1, ol, Pretzel sods .,1 Potato chips Choose this:Instead of this: r;I:..7 Unbuffered popcorn Corn chips Raw Chocolate Ice Chocolate ice cream vegetables Small hran muffin.Pastries, croissants. or Angel food cake hosted coke criglish muffin biscuits or doughnuts. bagel. Peanuts in shell Salted. conned peanuts Cereal with lowfat Peanut butter on plain crackers Peanut butter sandwich cookies Amthing with butter or Bagels milk. syrup. Frozen gropes or banana chunks Candy bar Fruit juice spritzer Os juke/t: seltzer) Iced tea, Kool -Aid Plain hamburger. Cheeseburger with bacon or "super" Loy.lat or skim milk' Whore milk ors or anything. Frozen fruit bar Chocolate covered ice cream bar ?0101 l'lain baked potatoFrench fries. Small box of raisins M & M's ItiddlINg (or share the bag of Lowfot chocolate milk' Whole chocolate milk or chocolate flavored drink fries with a friend). Nutrigrain. Cheerios Puffed Sugar Goofed cereals 7..__OPaRi Cereal with Chicken (remove Fried chicken, fish or Celery stuffed with cottage Hard candy the skin or coating - cheese or fried anything. ut Putter lowfat milk better yet. skip ill. Lawlor cnoces nor recommenaea for cnPa.en afloat no years of age Salad withlite or Salad with thick creamy Some Additional Snack Ideas reducedcalorie dressing. dressing. Peanut Butter Favorite 1.0111°1Vogul 3 cups of unbuffered popcorn. This crust pizza. Pizza with sausage, Spread one slice of toast with Quench your thirst with 1/2 cup orange I tbs. of peanut butter and top with Juice plus seltzer. tvf plain or with pepperoni or extra 15 small banana sliced. oat hard vegetables. cheese. Banana Crunch Tuna Melt csehee Soft corn tortillas. Tortilla chips. 1 small sesame pita stuffed with Place Vs banana on a popsicle stick. oz. tuna and I oz. cheese. Brown Dip In a mixture of chopped peanuts. burrito. fajitasor chimichangas or refried In toaster oven. wheat germ and crushed dry cereal. taco. beans. Serve as is. or freeze first. Bagel Pizza Newtons Ginger snaps. fig Cookies Top H small toasted bagel with Easy Pail Mix bars, graham or 1 n" ;Um mozzarella cheese and cup of cold cereal (such os Chee- animal crackers. sof pizza sauce. Brown 2 minutes in rios. Spoon-sized Shredded Wheat. ...leer oven. Bran Ches. Puffed Wheat, and/or Frozen fruit bar or lee cream or cake. Puffed Rice). 2 tbs. nuts or seeds. 2 tbs fresh fruit (bring Cheesy Popcorn raisins. Combine and divide In small Crackers from home). Sprinkle2tbs. of grated cheese over sandwich bags. More Snack Ideas Rice cakes. Cereal. Fruit, Popcorn (air-popped). la ssiehlie, non<17 net ,,,, Flow to do it.. ifSOUirce4 Choose leaner cuts of Choose lower tat 4/1;551 meat It is not neces- cookies and plain Limit use of fast food sary to cut meat out cakes without cream restouronts to once per completely use week or less. ground round (95% or frosting: Animal lean or better), ground crackers, graham turkey. top round or crackers. gingersnaps. oatmeal. raisin bars. fig lank steak cen er loin pork shoulder veal bars. homemade fruit breads (banana. oast. Serve fish and poultry. with skin re- date. etc.) are all suitable. moved. more often. Use low fat cold cuts (turkey based products) instead of regular Limit the number of Choose frozen fruit juice bars, sherbert ice high fat IlriDeS such as eggs in the child's diet. liverwurst and bologna. Two to four eggs per milk sorbet, or frozen week is recommended. yogurt instead of Ice In addition, use egg cream for dessert or white Os often os de- snacks. sired for omelets and in Choose nutritious Pancakes. waffles, coke mixes mut fins snacks for after school: etc. Read labels to ovoid fresh fruits (cut u0). buying processed Peanut bullet in Celery foods made with coco- or on an apple. pop- Substitute margarine nut or palm oils (very corn with small amount high in saturated fors), of Margarine (or use for butter Use a tub Of or high sodium content butter buds for butter flavor), low fatriow soft margarine. with o (more than 250 mg so- ugar yogurt, f ozen banana. puddings liquid vegetable oil as dium per serving). mode with skim milk cut up vegetables its first ingredient on the with a iow tot dip, tofu based desserts label (soybean. saf- (tofutti), nuts /seeds flower or corn are ac- Provide children with a occasionally use ceptable choices of oil in margarine low saturated fat dried fruit in moderation. products). breakfast to offset the possibility of a "less than healthy" lunch: Read labels for tot con- low fat cottage cheese tent of toads. 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Skills: Reading comprehension; deduction and inference; identification of continents and countries Objectives: Students will identify foods from different parts of the world (Lebanon, China, India, Mexico) Students will identify three factors affecting regional diet: environment (climate and topography), social/economic conditions, religion/philosophy Students will compare the environmental impacts of producing meat vs. plant-based foods Vocabulary: Couscous, tabouli, falafel, cuisine, plant-based, climate, topography, economic Materials: World map Desk sized world map for each student Activity Sheets 1 and 2(enclosed) Introduction (5 min, suggested script): "Because America is a melting pot of different cultures, we have access to a wide variety of foods from all over the world. In fact, most of us probably eat foods that originated in two or three different countries in a given week. Name some common foods that originated from other countries [examples: pasta, burritos, cous cous, stir fried vegetables, pita bread, tabouli and falafel.] Each of these foods was created to suit the geography, social circumstances, and religious or philospohical values of its country of origin. "Today we're going to explore the traditional foods of four different countries and learn about the environmental, economic, and religious or philosophical factors that led to the creation of these dishes. -4( "One thing all four of these countries have in common is that meat is not a major portion of the traditional diet. In most parts of the world, meat is a garnish or condiment. This is often because vegetables and grains are much easier and cheaper to produce and store, especially in warm climates [environmental and economic factors].In a few cultures, meat isn't eaten at all for philosophical and religious reasons [philosophical/religious factor]. In the United States, meat is generally a much larger part of the diet. While meat production has the same environmental and economic impacts here as it does in other countries, we are a relatively wealthy country, and better able to withstand these impacts for the time being. As we explore the causes and results of food choices in other parts of the world, we will also explore the wide social and environmental impacts of our own daily food choices. Group Activity (10 min):Distribute desk maps and Activity Sheets I and 2. Have students identify the four key countries (Lebanon, India, China, Mexico) on the classroom map and label them on their desk maps. Have them identify foods that originated in each country, if they know of any. Independent Practice (30 min. or homework): Have students read Activity Sheets 1 and 2 silently or aloud, and follow the directions on the sheet. lr Evaluation (10 min): Review Activity Sheets 1 and 2 in class Closure: "Whenever you have an opportunity, try a restaurant that serves ethnic foods. Think about the climate, economic, and philosophical factors that made each dish important to its region" Follow-up: Have an "International Food Fair:" prepare meatless dishes from many countries Invite a vegetarian student to share his or her reasons for choosing vegetarianism Have students research a country experiencing famine and suggest a suitable farming program for that nation.

Our Planet On roar Fork is distributed by FARM in celebration of The Great American Meatout. Information and recipes 2 are available from 1-800-MEATOUT; Meatout, PO Box 30654, Bethesda MD 20824; or www.meatout.org 28S Name: Date: Our Planet On Your Fork

~~Directions: Use the passage and chart below to answer the questions at the bottom of the page.~~

Our Food Our Planet* You have learned that the environment plays an important role in the foods that are available in certain regions. Likewise, the the foods we eat play an important role in the condition of our planet. Our choice to eat a certain food affects the climate and economy of the place that food came from. The typical American diet is meat-centered. This reflects a strong influence from colder climates like that of Northern Europe. People in extremely cold climates tend to eat more meat and fish than people in warmer climates, in part because fresh vegetables and fruits are scarce in cold climates. The meat centered diet also reflects the perceived affluence of American society, because meat is more expensive to produce and store than vegetables, grains, and fruits. An estimated three-fourths of the world's population follows a plant-based diet that is economically and ecologically sound. Most of these people live in developing nations, where resources are scarce and the economy cannot support the extra costs of producing and storing large amounts of meat. Still, these nations are anxious to prove they can keep pace with the US. Developing countries are "Ameri- -.4( canizing" their diets by importing meat and setting up American fast food chains in major cities. Environmentally, the export of American eating habits is a dangerous trend. If developed nations like the U.S. moved towards the more sustainable plant-based diet of less developed countries, this would help preserve the world's dwindling resources. Societies observing plant-based diets require far less resources for food (see chart). With few excep- tions, land that is growing grain for livestock could be growing grain for humans, or left unplowed to anchor topsoil and hold moisture. In the mid-1990's, the world narrowly survived a major shortage of corn, wheat, and other grains. If the "Americanization" of developing countries continues, another crisis will follow. *Heavily excerpted from Healthy School Lunch Action Guide p. 149. References available from FARM (see Teacher Page 2).

~~Chart: 1990 per Person Grain Use and Consumption of Livestock Products (lbs).~~

~~Country Grain Beef Pork Poultry Mutton Milk Cheese Eggs Notes:Grain use is~~

US 1,780 93 62 97 2 597 26 35 rounded to nearest 10 lbs. Milk includes that Italy 880 35 44 42 2 401 26 26 used to produce cheese, IF China 660 2 2 46 7 2 9 15 yogurt, and ice cream. India 440 0.04 0.4 0.2 68 29

Questions: How much of the world eats a plant-based diet? What is the Americanization of developing countries? Which country uses the most grain? Consumes the most livestock products? Which country uses the least grain? Consumes the least livestock products? How do your food choices affect land use?

Oar Planet On Your For is distributed by FARM in celebration of The Great American Meatout. Information and recipes are available from 1-800-MEATOUT; Meatout, PO Box 30654, Bethesda MD 20824; or Itww.meatout.org. 23 1) Name: Date: Our Planet on Your Fork hummus (a dip made from chick peas). Olive oil is used in most Lebanese dishes. China has the world's largest population to feed. China has more than fifty thousand rivers, which provide lush and fertile farmland. The far southern region is the most humid, with lush rain forests, bamboo groves, and rice paddies. A traditional Chinese stir fry may include a wide variety of vegetables, including lotus roots, bamboo shoots, soya sprouts (from soybeans), yams, leeks, water chestnuts, and radishes. India, located in Southern Asia, is the birthplace of Buddhism and Hinduism. Buddhists are vegetarian out of reverence for all forms of life. Many Hindus also consider vegetarianism to be an important aspect of dharma (righteous living). Central India contains an enormous plain irrigated by three rivers. This is the best farmland in India. India is known for flatbreads and fruity or spicy curries. Mexico, located at the southern tip of North America, is hot and dry . Beans and corn form the basis for a wide range of mexican foods. Corn is often ground into flour and shaped into tortillas which make a handy wrapper for a taco, burrito, or fajita.

Questions: 1. What are the three main factors that shape food traditions? 2.What are three traditional Lebanese foods? 3.What are two main ingredients in Mexican food? 4.Where is the most fertile farmland in India? 5. Why is food a precious resource in China?

~~Bonus What animal is sacred in the Hindu religion? Research: What famous vegetarian peace activist was born in India? What are dolmas? (Hint: research mediterranean and middle eastern countries.)~~

Our Planet On Your Fork is distributed by FARM in celebration of The Great American Meatout. Information and recipes are available from 1-800-A4EATOUT Meatout, PO Box 30654, Bethesda MD 20824; or wwwmeatout.org. 25t) Our Planet on Your Fork /Teacher Page 2 Ethnic/Vegetarian Cookbooks: The Vegan Gourmet by Susan Geiskopf-Hadler and Mindy Toomay. Features stir fries and mediterranean dishes. 1995, Prima Publishing, Rocklin CA. $14.95 from bookstores or FARM (1-800-MEATOUT). The New Farm Vegetarian Cookbook edited by Louise Hagler and Dorothy R. Bates. Features burritos, curry, and Greek salad. 1995, The Book Publishing Company, Summertown, TN. $8.95 from bookstores or The Book Publishing Company (1-800-695-2241). Tofu Cookery by Louise Hagler. Features sweet & sour balls, falafel, and guacamole. 1991, The Book Pub- lishing Company, Summertown, TN. $14.95 from bookstores or The Book Publishing Company (1-800-695-2241). The American Vegetarian Cookbook by Marilyn Diamond. Features dolmas, tostadas, and a wide variety of traditional foods from all over the world. 1990, Warner Books, NY, NY. Available from bookstores. Additional Resources: Great American Meatout/ Earthsave International promotes environmen- FARM: The Our Planet on tally sustainable living and youth activism. Write Your Fork Lesson Plan Kit is or call: Earthsave, 600 Distillery Commons, produced and distributed by Louisville KY 40206; 502-589-7676. FARM in celebration of The Farm Sanctuary maintains farm animal sanctu- Great American Meatout, the aries on the east and west coasts, and an educa- nation's largest annual tional center in upstate New York. They offer grassroots dietary education campaign. classroom suitable materials and can schedule Meatout's goal is to encourage people to explore speaking assignments. Write or call FS, Box the many benefits of plant-based eating. 150, Watkins Glen, NY 14891; 607-583-2225 FARM is a national grassroots education organi- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medi- zation located in our nation's capital. FARM cine offers The Gold Plan, a comprehensive offers a wide variety of brochures, books, and cafeteria menu program for schools. Write or videos on plant-based eating and humane treat- call: PCRM, Box 6322, Washington DC ment of farm animals. FARM also distributes 20015; 202-686-2210. The Healthy School Lunch Action Guide, a comprehensive resource for improving meals in Vegetarian Resource Group offers institu- schools. Write or call Great American tional recipes for school cafeterias. Write or Meatout, Box 30654, Bethesda MD 20824; call VRG, Box 1463, Baltimore MD 21203; 1-800-MEATOUT. 410-366-VEGE. On the World Wide Web: Earthsave: www.earthsave.org Vegsource http://www.vegsource.com Meatout: http: / /www.meatout.org World Guide to Vegetarianism: Vegetarian Resource Group: http://www.vrg.org http://www.veg.org/veg/Guide/index.html Veggies Unite!: http://www.vegweb.com

Oar Planet On Your Fork is distributed by FARM in celebration of The Great American Meatout. Information and recipes are available from I-800-MEATOUT; Meatout, PO Box 30654, Bethesda MD 20824; or wwwmeatoutorg. From humblei,-)eginnings in 1985, the Great Verican Meatout has grown explosively to volveorfulandcommunities informationthousands 'lifestivals.' and of tables, Theyallconsumer, 50 ask calledstates. their environment, 'steakouts,'They friends arrange and toand neighborseducationalcooking animal demonstrations,protection to events,"kick the rangingadvocates meat public habitfrom in dinners, oversimpleon March 2,000 exhibitsand 20, col- at in=s-' least for a day, and to explore\The a more growthv MoreVegetarianismwholesome, of thanMeatout 30 less million hasis violent 'in' been withAmericans diet."reflected teens, whohavein important are explored 'kicking US a meatless dietarythe meat trends: diet habit' at a record rate v NationalMajor manufacturers, beef and veal markets, consumptionUSMainstream and Dietary restaurants have Guidelines droppedhealth are advocacy 25marketing for and Americans 70 organizations percent,meatless have respectively meals endorsed are touting vegetarian plant-based diets. eating areorganization planned and formed conducted in 1981 by to local promoteThe activists. Great planetary AmericanFor more health Meatout through is plant-based coordinated eating. nationally All eventsby FARM, a nonprofit, public-interest "Choose Life: Kick the Meat Habit" information, see http://www.meatout.org. 292 EST COPY NAB LABLE 293 ifecec/c-cv 74i-ter.;"&?/

~~QUICK & FAN)" REC'IPEN EOR THECONIPASSIONATE COOK Compassionate Cooking~~

ne of the easiest ways to and deaths of more than 2,400 show your compassion for 0.t. animals in a lifetime! animals is to stop eating them! More than 12 million Heart-smart consumers do it for vegetarians live and eat in the their health. Meat consumptionis United States today, and 1 million now indisputably linked to heart more make the switch to disease, cancer, diabetes, a meat-free diet every osteoporosis, obesity, year. According to Meat "Animals are and other deadly Marketing &Technology, diseases. Animal foods three-quarters of all my fri ends are the leading sources food shoppers are of fat in Americans' diets 'practicing some degree and I don t and the only sources of of vegetarianism."And cholesterol (plant foods while sales of most eat my are 100 percent foods increase by 3 cholesterol-free)! percent to 5 percent a year, sales of meat friends." Environmentalists do it substitutes increased by GEORGE BERNARD SHAW for the Earth. Meat,egg, an amazing 35 percent and dairy production in 1995! consumes one-third of all the raw materials used in the United States, Why's everyone vegging out? and waste from factory farms and Caring people do it for animals. On slaughterhouses flows intostreams factory farms, animals are crammed and rivers, contaminatingwater into tiny stalls and cages, subjected sources. Millions of acres of trees in to painful procedures like debeaking the United States have beencut and castration without anesthesia, down to grow crops to feedcows, pumped full of hormones and pigs, and other animals raised for antibiotics, and then callously meat. Each vegetarian saves oneacre shipped off to slaughter. Everyyear, of trees every year. more than 8 billion animals are killed for food in the United States An additional benefit to goingmeat- alone; millions more die of stress, free: A whole new world ofgreat- suffocation, injuries, or disease tasting foods! Veg fare can be before even reaching the everyday or exotic, easyor elegant. slaughterhouse. The average meat- These recipes will help %N-hetyour eater is responsible for the suffering appetite. Happy eating!

~~BESTCOPYAVAILABLE~~

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Greenare Grains, excellent leafy beans, vegetables, sources and vegetables of beans,calcium.It's easy lentils,are to rich plan nuts, in vegetarianprotein and dried and diets that easily meet nutrient reliableprocessing,such as extent.miso the and Although vitamin tempeh. isvitamin However,not foundVitamin 13,2 in indeficiency the 132plant world is foodsplentiful ofis modernuncom- to anyin some traditional Asian foods imarinatedexoticis page a bowl like12). of Carib-toma- rich, texturizedents;canmenu. be just Formade replace example,vegetable with theall a of meat protein.favorite the samewith chiliSubstitute beans ingredi- recipe or andhummbreakfasts.lesterol-free garlic, us or pastaSandwiches, whiteFrench salads, bean toast, pâtéwith or oreven spreadswith cereal dinnerlemon likefor normallyon the skin. need Those to get who vitamin haveVitamin Din regular foods. D issun Thenormally exposure only foodsmade do that innot the body when sun shinessignificant amounts of vitamin D are those that are fortifiedthismon, vitamin with strict invitamin vegetarians their diet.B, Manyshould commercialbe sure to include cereals a source are of as are many soy products, includ- egetarianI KIT diet is bean burritos (using canned vegetarian 295 leftovers make great lunches. Y AVAILABLE with it, such as commercial breakfast cereals, supple- option.int., some brands of soymilk. Multivitamins are also a good 296 PCRM 3 e ria ismn for Life A Winning Combination "The day that hunger is eradicated from the Earth there will be the greatest spiritual explosion the world has ever known. Humanity cannot imagine the joy that will burst into the world on the day of that great revolution." - Federico Garcia Lorca By Pr.!) avrata Das

Vegetarianism has a long history in In a few words: The largest food revolu- plicity and understanding, there is no harm the Western world: it can be traced to as tion in recorded history is about to take in saying 'vegetarian," so long asWe .1:70W far back as the Greek philosopher, place! Let me explain... that our recipients get more than bodily Pythagoras, some 2500 years past. Dur- There is no doubt that the Hare nourishment. ing the past five years, however, the veg- Krishna movement and Srila Prabhupada's In any case, it is interesting to note etarian diet has experienced unprec- books have done more for the populariza- that there is a growing awareness in the edented support: in scientific journals, daily tion of vegetarianism and cruelty-free liv- vegetarian movement for the need to re- newspapers, movies, television commer- ing than any other person or organization vere and pray over food. Many of the cials, health magazines, and even car- on the planet. The Vegetarian community, speakers at the Congress talked about toonsall in their own unique way, sup- to a large degree, respects ISKCON's the need to develop a deeper, spiritual porting the vegetarian ideal and denounc- contributions, however, what we some- understanding of our food choices, rather ing meat eating as old fashioned, danger- times fail to realize is that the vegetarian than focus on the superficial health rea- ous or inhumane. As a result, Vegetarian community represents our best group of sons. (At the next North American Veg- and Animal Rights movements have flour- allies for spreading Krishna conscious- etarian Congress, I have been invited to ished. Membership has escalated and sig- ness... talk about spiritual food) nificant progress has been made in chang- Srila Prabhupada is often quoted as During the Congress, it was encour- ing the way the world eats. saying: "spintuallife begins at the tongue aging to see so many people wanting to For example, tens years ago, who and "meat eaters cannot understand God" donate or help serve out food on Feed the would have thought that in 1996 the United Considering this, the obvious conclusion World Day. For temples that are short on States Dietary Association would take an then, is that the Vegetarian movement, in hands, this could be your solution: contact official position on vegetarianism, and that a very fundamental way, is helping to build the local Vegetarian Society and ask for in North America alone, 25% of all teenag- the foundation for a global paradigm shift volunteers! In any case, Food for Life ers would go vegetarian? (Americas lead- in spiritual values. Global is going to take the initiative by ing health magazine, Vegetarian Times, Think back a moment to when you producing a guideline on "How to make estimates there are approximately 10 mil- were first introduced to Krishna conscious- spiritual food" for the vegetarians. This lion vegetarians in the USA.) Ten years ness and try to remember how much more guideline will be posted to all the vegetar- ago, who would have guessed that two affected you were after changing over to a ian communities and magazines, along million factory farms in America would be vegetarian diet. Vegetarianism is the ba- with an introduction to Feed the World Day out of business by 1996? sis of a sahViclife, and therefore, a natural to encourage their readers to participate. The world's eating habits are chang- step on the path of spiritual enlighten- The point is that we shouldn't be attached ingand the evidence is overwhelming: ment. to idea that only ISKCON devotees can An estimated 10,000 people give up eat- Recently at the International Veg- celebrate FWD. Just imagine the effect of ing meat every week in the United King- etarian Congress, I met with many of the having the world vegetarian community dom ...and that was before the °Mad Coat world leaders in the vegetarian commu- observing "Feed the World Dar by offer- scandal! The massive publicity bashing nity. All of them were thoroughly apprecia- ing their food on November 23, and serv- and the subsequent import bans on British tive of what ISKCON is doing (although ing out prasada! beef sent shock waves throughout the many didn't know), but they were espe- There awaits a huge resource in the Western world, shortchanging the British cially impressed with Food for Life. To form of the Vegetarian movement for the government and the meat industry billions many of them, Food for Life represents re-spiritualization of the planet. Krishna is of dollars. According to one report: Meat the ultimate vegetarian alternative to the most merciful: every man, women and sales went down 50% in some parts of the world hunger problem. Of course, child has a place in the sankIdana move- Europe. Food for Life is more than a vegetarian ment. Food for Life, in many ways, is So what does this all mean? And food-relief. It would be more correct to say creating the "bridge' to facilitate that op- what does it have to do with Food for Life? prasadamrelief. But for the sake of sim- portunity and change. ©

2,17 BEST COPY MILtiiBLE ASTROLOGYuses a birth chart as through herbs, diet, exercise, yoga, mas- corporatesbirth.a maprelative The of the interpretationto the thepositions relationships location ofof and thethe between planets,momentchart in- of excessearth,tion,meditation.sage, health aromas,fire of an andisAccording theelement. water; tantras,balance to andThree Ayurvedic ofmantras, illnesselements basic istradi- bodyand air,an withwayset creationtoA of rememberCOURSE three is books God IN which and by undoing guilt MIRACLESis Glossaryteach that theour oneness a correctpersealongneedles the thethe imbalance. meridians flow are insertedof life-force to stimulate at in specific pointi order to or dis- tualdifferentotherareaplanets psychology ofsymbolic the andlevels chart the ofindicators ofsigns thein the which emotional ofindividual. theto they examine zodiac, and fall, An spiri- and theas-the congenital,son's(Kapha)types-thin health -have (Vata) seasonal,and great wellness,muscular influence and as electrical(Pitta) do on genetic, and a per-fac- fat forgiving others. It thus focuses on the through trological consultation helps the client to tors. Often diagnosing by checking pulse in statement,betterquestoriginatedhealing wayfrom Aof oftwo Coursein relatingrelationships. 1965,psychologists to in The to responsein Miracles toothers. a re- none- Christian Course find a AcupunctureFelixTheSUGGESTED Complete Book READINGMann of Dr. Stephan Chang AcupunctUre flowintegrated,ratemeaning,explore aspectsof lifedeeper to cycles,to see of understand individualthe how andpersonality seemingly to potential findthe ebbways may dispa- and beto individualthetreatspecificand level areas illness organs, of of cansymptoms, at the its take Ayurvedictongue source responsibility believing correlated rather practitioners thanthat with for anat tualtexts.spiritualChristianity psychotherapytheless The Coursethemes, deviates and reflecting dealsin its with radically from traditionalcan be called a spiri- many ancient universal createdbituallytion,teachesALEXANDER and distortions inefficient functioning how to in movementsimprove TECHNIQUE by inhibiting the ha- body coordina- that have '1 ergiesdrawAstrology,SUGGESTED the symbolized greatest Psychology, fulfillmentREADINGin the chart.& the from Four the en- Ayurveda:SUGGESTEDhealth. The Science READING of Self - HealingDr. Lad ASUGGESTED Coursemetaphysics in Miracles withREADING psychology.Foundation of Inner Peace integration of resultsinglengtheningThe restrictions includetechnique inthea the spinefocuses neck upward feeling, in the head, of physical motion. and head. Theon naturally and free- The Practice and ProfessionAstrologyStephenElementsStephen of Arroyo AyurvedicBIOENERGETICSisYoga of HealingDr.HerbsDr. Lad Frawley & Dr. a systemFrawley of AwakenA Talk From Given the Dream on A CourseGloriaKenneth & Kenneth Wapnick Wapnick in Miracles whenperformingTheafreedom applied lengtheningAlexander artists, to stress-relatedfloat hasand forward Technique, popular with widening of the back. provenand upward, effective and conditions andnewliefssystem,AVATARis "dis-creating"createand based unique your a on"belief technology reality.beliefs, the idea management" Avatarso that thatfor creatingyouroffersyou canbe- a ofReich.rectly chronicbypsycho-therapeutic Alexanderinfluenced It is psychological based Lowen,by on the the bodywork workdefense interconnectionwho of was Wilhelm mecha- foundedmost di- flowsvelopsOrientalACUPRESSURE within when philosophy qi energy, that is the based life us, moves unobstructed good health de- force that on an tism.backproblems,such pain, as slippedhigh anxiety, blood depression,discs, and arthritis,pressure, rheuma- digestion anddiscover,oflifedeliberately a you processes,nine prefer. throughday and workshopItyour isconsciously adelivered naturalseries in ofability whichin createexercises the to form you cre-the theing",tension.trauma,nisms, body. causes such takingThe Exercise, severe tension,as the repressed form breathing,energy known of rigid blockage emotionalas muscularand "armor- psy- in needlesusingergyin ourthrough points fingerbody.as in meridians, areInortraditional hand stimulated or or acupressure, blocked en- pressure instead ofenergy pathways acupuncture. dispersed healingAROMATHERAPY--isBodySUGGESTED artLearning currently READING Michael Gelb growing in popular- an ancient Thepaced,usefulrespectfulate Avatar any non-confrontivein reality.the techniquesof eachareas The person's of health,courses are and extremelyunique education, highly are path. self- SUGGESTEDphysical/emotionalniqueschotherapy/emotional are used READING blocks. to release release these tech- ACUPUNCTURE--is"Shiatsu."acupressure,For definitions see of "Jinthe Shin Jyutsu," various formsa formof of health and throughtifichavetractedity. research. Aromatherapy beeninhalation, from revived herbs each usesand and oil Applied to the skin verifiedessential by scien- oils ex-flowers, which(or combina- or triesAvatartartiesrelationships, and Masters. andis 14taught overall languages finance in personalmore by jobs, than licensed satisfaction.. psychic 50 coun- Ava- abili- thesimpleBIOFEEDBACKusesBioenergeticsAlexander body's electronic functions monitoring and non-invasive,Lowen provide to observe infor- theyearsself.body'smaintenance qi Developed ago,life-force ability it is basedis toin channeledwhich correctChina on thestimulates and almost 6,000 theorybalancein that its con-it- the ancludesproblems,tionaltion understanding of disorder, oils)principles etc. addresses Aromatherapy of of the organ dysfunction, skin massage, diet, and a specific emo- also in- AYURVEDAisLivingSUGGESTED DeliberatelyHarry READINGa holistic Palmer science strumentsespeciallymation useful recordwith to stress. thecontinuous healing Biofeedback processes,information in- tem.stoodnetworktinuous Hair-thin, as flowof an meridians. imbalancedthroughout Disease usually disposable the bodymeridian by a sys- is under- SUGGESTEDThefactors Art of illness.Aromatherapy READINGRobert Tisserand psychological "Ayur"ofknowledge.from longevity meansIndia more whichAyurveda life than andoffers "Ved"5,000-years-old.is healing,the knowledge means rejuve- 4Lir,011111--- 168 New York Naturally 298 BEST COPY AVAILABLE nation, and self-realization therapies NY Winter-Spring 1998 Lime < 169 299 ayurvedic herbs

lute most people are now Used for not just in people, but in the environment, cli- aware of the healing benefits mate, food and herbs. Unlike Western doctors of popular American herbs thousands who often prescribe similar medication for all such as echinacea and gold- patients with a certain disease, Ayurveda calls for cnseal, many do not realize of years different foods, herbs, daily routines and exercises that some of the most potent in India, for different body types in order to restore bal- medicinal plants come from India. In recent years, ance to the doshas. Ayurveda, an ancient Indian healing tradition, hasthese potent "All plants have their own combinations of attracted widespread global attention and become intelligence and elements as well," says lad. "The a popular addition to the "alternative" medicine herbs are element that is excessive or lacking in the human movement. This trend may, in part, be due to the being can be normalized by using the specific profound pharmacology of Ayurveda's vast reperto-finally gain- herbs that provide or reduce that particular ele- ry of herbs. In Ayurveda, herbs arc used for a vari- ing accep- ment." Thus, herbs are often classified by their ety of problems including balancing disturbances ability to increase or decrease vata, pitta and of the mind and body, eliminating toxins, stimulat-tance in the kapha in the body. V;ng the immune system, c cracting inflamma- Researchers arc continually validating trio:1i- tion and rejuvenating organs. Western tional herbal uses that have demonstrated an According to Vasant Lad, (doctor ofworld. Why?esael understanding or the relationship between Ayurvedic medicine and surgery), author of The plants and physiology. tiutll111V1 1.111rl 11'1111 Comphqc Md,. Ayurredie nom,. kewrdie,They work. S' 1111 h Ills 111I11 (I larmony Rooks.' I998), Ayorceda sec, found II.1%, .1111111111.1111111.1hIl .11111 kit ICI 1.11 stemming from imbalances in the doshas, the .111111111111(1 pit,ptAlles.114Aph.ti,.ticti three governing properties in the bndy dim arc ("flillin.11411nt I. I !IA inrIcdf, . \ comprised of live basic elementstiller. air, lire, by IlsCt III11% Ill1.111,:t '5.11 water and earth. As spices. sIll II III. III, The doshas are called vata, pilia and kapha. Martin i 1111111I t 1.111(1.-1. Itell littd (III.1111 Vata is the biological combination of ether and Zucker nary purposes, thest !writsolict phar- air, and involves the principle of movement in the toa,eoti.11aloe," sat, Virendo M.D., an body. Pitta is fire and water, and governs diges- AvurediL physician lased in Belle\kW. W.1,11. tion and metabolism. Kapha is earth and water, As rasayanas or tonic herbs. These plains the structural matter of the body. have broad and significant rejuvenatistOpcts,, "Each human has a unique constitution and little, if any, toxicity when used tin'a (prakruti), a special combination of vata, pitta term basis. They "rebuild the body /mind, prevent and kapha," says Lad, who is also the 'director of decay and postpone aging." say Lad and David the Ayurveda Institute in Albuquerque, N.M. Frawley, 0.M.D., in their book The Yoga of Herbs Ayurveda is all about balance. Diseases occur (Lotus Press, 1986). from uncorrected imbalances of the doshas As pharmaceutical-grade herbs,to "affect brought about by stress, poor lifestyle habits and specific disease conditions or organs or make your poor food choices. body function in a more optimal and balanced ',..:Qualities 'of vata, .pitia And .kapha:-akliieSent way," says Sodhi. In addition to the common spices traditionallyused in A typical dose is one teaspoon twice a day in powder form, Ayurveda, the following popular Ayurvedic herbs aregeneral-or two 300-mg capsules three times daily. Insomniacs should ly available in the United States: use it before bedtime. THEWOMAN'S HERB: Shatavari(asparagus root "Ashwagandha also acts as an aphrodisiac and is good for or Asparagus racemosa)is a primary female tonic. In Sanskrit, sexual vitality," says Lad. shatavari means "the woman ready to marry a hundred times." THE REJUVENATING HERB:Shilajit (mineral It strengthens the female hormones, namely estrogen,and is pitch) is a blackish-brown material found in the rocky excellent for promoting lactation, reducing pitta, regulatingfoothills of India, Afghanistan, China, Nepal and Tibet. It is acidity, and healing peptic ulcers and gastritis. composed essentially of humus, the organic part of soil creat- Lad recommends a female herbal ed by the partial decay of leaves and combination of shatavari and vidari - ASHWAGANDHA other vegetable matter. "This is a fasci- kanda (Ipomoea digitata), a relative of (left) Is helpful In nating substance," says Lad. "It pacifies the sweet potato that promotes proges- generating energy excess vata and kapha but may be rather terone formation. The twohelp to regu- and counteracting strong for pitta people, who should only late hormones, reduce symptoms of the negative take a small amount." PMS and menopause, and prevent effects of stress. Shilajit is a "geriatric rasayana." It osteoporosis. Both are used at the sonKOLA (below) helps to prevent osteoporosis and is dosage of one-half teaspoon and can be boosts brain power. used to treat diabetes, arthritis, obesity, taken two to three times daily. urinary tract infections, kidney stones, THE DE-STRESSER HERB: stomach ulcers and a benign enlarged Ashwagandha (winter cherr or prostate. "It is the best herb for Withania somnifera) is the leading cataracts," says Lad. "If you use it early herbal tonic for men. It balances vata, in the development of cataracts, it will acts on the musculoskeletal and nervous arrest further progress." systems, generates energy and vitality, John Douillard, D.C., director of the induces natural sleep, improves analyti- LifeSpa Ayurvedic Clinic in Boulder, Colo., and author of Body, Mindand cal ability and acts as an adaptogen is an somewhat like ginsengthat is, it helps Sport (Harmony Books, 1994), expert in usingAyurvedic principles for counteract the effects of stress."People fitness and athletics. Shilajithelps ath- under a lot of stress should take it," says letes increase staminaand energy, or Sodhi.

FOLLOW Are you in balance? c eckli Vata relates primarily to movement, mind, emotions, respiration,circula-How toprevent , 771 alert- you fl 41 tion and the nervous system. Balanced vata contributes to energy, or correct a 11of your ness and creativity. An imbalance can causeanxiety, insomnia, an over- vata imbalance artilos active nervous system, constipation and high blood pressure. Keep a calming, regularroutine. needjo balan Imbalanced vata can result from too much exercise, insufficient rest, Go to bed early. va , LJoverwork, fear, grief, worry, excessive raw food and overexposure tocold. Eat meals at the sametime or kap every day. -to I need calming Have regular elimination. These are signsofvata imbalance: Keep warm in coldweather. liquids. I often feel restless, unsettled. Drink plenty of warm My sleep comes slowly or is easily interrupted. Avoid stimulants. and salty foods. I tend to overexert myself. Favor sweet, sour I'm easily fatigued. I tend to be constipated. Herbs tocorrect I feel anxious, and worry too much. a vataimbalance guggul, I'm underweight. Fresh ginger root, cinnamon, triphala Total vata cumin, fennel and

~~42 June 1998 Let's Live~~

301 BESTCIPY AMIABLE anybody looking for more energy, THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY because it helps the body break down HERB: Boswellia(Boswellia serata or fat and use it for fuel, he says. Indian frankincense), "is a wonderful The recommended dosage for shilajit is herb for arthritic conditions and any one-fourth to half a teaspoon twice daily. kind of inflammation," says Sodhi. THE SKIN-SOOTHING HERB: "Inflammation is a pitta disorder. I have Neem(Azadirachta indica) is a well- cured patients with [boswellia] who known herb from the leaf of a hardy have ulcerative colitis and Crohn's dis- evergreen tree growing throughout India. ease, inflammatory conditions of the It balances pitta and has been traditional- intestines." ly used for eczema, psoriasis, rashes and Researchers have demonstrated that other skin conditions. "Neem is curative the gummy extract of the boswellia tree but can also be used preventively if one is effectively shrinks inflamed tissue, the prone to skin problems," says Lad. He BOSWELLIA (above) underlying cause of pain in many con- advises 300 mg of neem three times a works well for ditions. It is also found to improve the day. Externally, neem oil can be applied arthritis, colitus blood supply to affected areas and pro- directly to the skin for relief. and Crohn's mote repair of local blood vessels dam- THE DETOXIFYING HERB: disease. NEEM aged by proliferating inflammation. Triphalais the classic Ayurvedic detoxi- (left) Is used to Sodhi reports excellent results with fication formulamade up of three treat skin problems rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis powdered fruitsthat cleanses the small such as psoriasis. patients. Boswellia often permits a intestine, colon and liver. It can be patient to be weaned off anti-inflamma- taken on a regular basis, dissolved in warm water or in capsuletory drugs that canhave adverse side affects. Improvement form. Robert Svoboda, B.A.M.S., a consultant for the generally takes about three to four weeks., Ayurvedic Institute in Santa Fe, N.M., says, "People who have The recommended dose is 300 to 500 mg three times a day. never undergone a detoxification program before may feel aTHE MEMORY HERB: Gotu Kola(Centella asiatica) is little strange or have loose stools for a few days, but afterward one of the most important rejuvenating herbs in Ayurveda they will experience increased well-being." and has a particular revitalizing effect on the nervous system Adds Frawley, "Triphala is a mild laxative for chronic consti- and brain cells. According to Frawley and Lad, it increases pation. It also improves absorption, aids in combating chronic intelligence, longevity and memory, purifies the blood, and disease and boosts the immune system." fortifies the immune system and adrenal glands.

Pitta involves heat, digestion and metabolism. w to [0Kapha is structure and solidity. Balanced kapha Balanced pitta generates good digestion, focuswavenr gives strength, stamina and good immunity; imbal- and contentment. An imbalance causes anger, COTtraga ances, sluggishness, depression, excess weight and skin rashes and ulcers. Alcohol and spicy, sour rp5Na allergies. Sleeping during the day, lack of exercise .21 - or salty foods can cause an imbalance. umlbakans and certain foods can cause imbalances. Li :I-1.0 ,EJai,r 71 need coang Practice moderation. Stimulation is vital. These are signs of pitta imbalance: Avoid excessive heat or These are signs of kapha imbalance: Avoid excessive rest I tend to be demanding or critical. exposure to the sun. I often feel complacent or dull. and oversleeping. I'm a perfectionist. Avoid alcohol and My skin is oily to normal. Favor spicy, bitter and I get frustrated or angry easily. smoking. I tend to have slow digestion. astringent-tasting I have sensitive skin. Manage stress. I feel lethargic. foods. I get irritable and impatient easily. Avoid excessive activity I can be possessive, or over-attached. Don't eat too many My hair is prematurely gray or thinning early. or overwork. I tend to oversleep. heavy, oily foods. I don't tolerate hot weather well. Avoid spicy, sour or I'm overweight. Get plenty of exercise. _Total pitta salty foods. Total kapha Seek out variety in life. Herbs t© coTrraet Avoid skipping meals. MSTbZ©co1 sec Keep warm in cold, wet Warta Eribaance a kapha hvaballance weather. Shatavari powder, aloe vera, rose, sandalwood, Ginger powder, cardamom, black pepper, myrrh, coriander, coconut (as fruit or chutney), mint licorice root, green tea, garlic

~~Let's Live June 1998 43~~

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