Catoctin Mountain Park Catoctin Mountain Park Table of Contents
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National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory 2002 Catoctin Mountain Park Catoctin Mountain Park Table of Contents Inventory Unit Summary & Site Plan Concurrence Status Geographic Information and Location Map Management Information National Register Information Chronology & Physical History Analysis & Evaluation of Integrity Condition Treatment Bibliography & Supplemental Information Catoctin Mountain Park Catoctin Mountain Park Inventory Unit Summary & Site Plan Inventory Summary The Cultural Landscapes Inventory Overview: CLI General Information: Purpose and Goals of the CLI The Cultural Landscapes Inventory (CLI), a comprehensive inventory of all cultural landscapes in the national park system, is one of the most ambitious initiatives of the National Park Service (NPS) Park Cultural Landscapes Program. The CLI is an evaluated inventory of all landscapes having historical significance that are listed on or eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, or are otherwise managed as cultural resources through a public planning process and in which the NPS has or plans to acquire any legal interest. The CLI identifies and documents each landscape’s location, size, physical development, condition, landscape characteristics, character-defining features, as well as other valuable information useful to park management. Cultural landscapes become approved CLIs when concurrence with the findings is obtained from the park superintendent and all required data fields are entered into a national database. In addition, for landscapes that are not currently listed on the National Register and/or do not have adequate documentation, concurrence is required from the State Historic Preservation Officer or the Keeper of the National Register. The CLI, like the List of Classified Structures, assists the NPS in its efforts to fulfill the identification and management requirements associated with Section 110(a) of the National Historic Preservation Act, National Park Service Management Policies (2006), and Director’s Order #28: Cultural Resource Management. Since launching the CLI nationwide, the NPS, in response to the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), is required to report information that respond to NPS strategic plan accomplishments. Two GPRA goals are associated with the CLI: bringing certified cultural landscapes into good condition (Goal 1a7) and increasing the number of CLI records that have complete, accurate, and reliable information (Goal 1b2B). Scope of the CLI The information contained within the CLI is gathered from existing secondary sources found in park libraries and archives and at NPS regional offices and centers, as well as through on-site reconnaissance of the existing landscape. The baseline information collected provides a comprehensive look at the historical development and significance of the landscape, placing it in context of the site’s overall significance. Documentation and analysis of the existing landscape identifies character-defining characteristics and features, and allows for an evaluation of the landscape’s overall integrity and an assessment of the landscape’s overall condition. The CLI also provides an illustrative site plan that indicates major features within the inventory unit. Unlike cultural landscape reports, the CLI does not provide management recommendations or treatment guidelines for the cultural landscape. Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 1 of 152 Catoctin Mountain Park Catoctin Mountain Park Inventory Unit Description: Catoctin Mountain Park is a 5,770-acre park in the northwest corner of Frederick County, Maryland (a small part is in adjacent Washington County) managed by the National Park Service for public recreation and nature conservation. The park is named for its location in the Catoctin Mountains, 1,000 to 1,700 feet above the Monocacy River Valley. These ridges are part of the northern Blue Ridge. The park is approximately 2.5 miles northwest of Thurmont and 13 miles east of Hagerstown. It is bounded on the south side by MD 77, which crosses the Catoctin Mountains in an east-west direction, on the northeast by MD 540 and Owens Creek and on the west by Quirauk School Road. A single public-access road called Park Central Road winds through the lower portion of the park, along which the two cabin camps, Camp Misty Mount and Camp Greentop, are situated. Other facilities within the park include an educational and resource management area, called Camp Round Meadow, a visitors center, a park administrative building, vehicular and tent camp sites, picnic areas, park maintenance facilities, a network of hiking trails, and interpretive sites. The park also contains Camp David, the retreat of the President of the United States. The mountainous terrain is rocky and thickly forested, bisected by numerous creeks and their tributaries and threaded with hiking trails. Federal ownership of this land originated with two laws in 1933, the Emergency Conservation Work Act and the National Industrial Recovery Act, that ushered in the economic and social recovery programs known collectively as the “New Deal.” Funds authorized under these acts were used to create Catoctin Recreational Demonstration Area, which initially comprised approximately 10,000 acres. In 1954 the State of Maryland was given the southern half of the recreational demonstration area, now Cunningham Falls State Park. The northern section, which contains the majority of the facilities developed during the New Deal years, was retained as a unit of the National Park System and renamed Catoctin Mountain Park. More facilities were added, especially between 1956 and 1966, which was a period of nation-wide National Park repair and development known as Mission 66. The Catoctin Mountain Park landscape bears the imprint of two historic periods. The first (1770-1903) is the span of years during which the landscape was utilized by the nearby iron furnace, an important example of the nation’s early iron industry. The mountain forests were culled for timber, and small charcoal hearths dotted its slopes. A hierarchy of roads funneled wood to the hearths and the resulting charcoal to the furnace. Even before 1770, when the furnace land was being assembled, settlement had begun on the west side of the mountain and in surrounding valleys, where the topography and soils permitted farming. In the second period of significance (1934-1942), a portion of the mountain landscape was recast for recreation and conservation when the federal government developed it as a recreational demonstration area (RDA), one of about 40 nationwide. To obtain the necessary land for the RDA, about 130 properties from more than 50 different owners were purchased. The majority of the tracts were vacant timber land, but some were farms and other habitations. In developing the land for recreational use, nearly all of the domestic and farm structures were demolished. Three camps were built, each comprised of clusters of cabins, staff housing, craft buildings, bathrooms, a central dining hall, recreation hall, swimming pool and showers, along with additional support buildings. A headquarters area, built as the staging area for development of the RDA contained offices, workshops, garages, and other structures. A visitors contact station was also developed. All were designed in a rustic style of park architecture, specifically generated by National Park Service architects in the 1930s. In the Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 2 of 152 Catoctin Mountain Park Catoctin Mountain Park Catoctins, the building materials included downed chestnut trees, oaks, hemlocks and several kinds of stone, all gathered from the mountains. The cabin camp structures had more detailed rustic styling, while the garage and work buildings were distinctly utilitarian. Sites that formerly contained farms, clearings, and a sawmill became the locations for some of the park facilities. Hiking trails and the park road were developed from the farm, charcoaling and logging roads. The camps were opened and operated for several summers before the onset of World War II. In 1941 the third camp was renovated as a retreat for President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the entire RDA was closed for the duration of the war. Catoctin RDA reopened in the late 1940s and the two camps (Camp Misty Mount and Camp Greentop) have been in operation ever since. As was the original idea, the camps are utilized by organized groups. One of the camps has served the same organization for children with disabilities (originally children with polio) since it first opened. The third camp, which became the presidential retreat, was renamed Camp David in the 1950s by President Dwight Eisenhower. National Register recognition for Catoctin Mountain Park includes historic district listings for each of the two camps (Misty Mount and Greentop) and a multiple property listing for the Emergency Conservation Work (ECW) architecture. The boundaries for the two historic districts enclose 72 and 40 acres, respectively. The multiple property area extends to the park boundaries (NR nomination, 1988, E,4). In addition to significance for the New Deal programs and park architecture, this cultural landscapes inventory (CLI) identifies the earlier period of rural industry and settlement as significant and proposes a boundary that includes the entire park. Camp David, though considered a part of the park and counted within its acreage, is a separate entity and has not been studied for this inventory. While for the first period of significance,