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ENVIRONMENT MINISTRY Water Resources Secretariat National Action Program to Combat Desertification and Mitigate the Effects of Drought PAN-Brazil 2004 Water Resources Secretariat SGAN – Quadra 601 – Lote 1 Edificio Sede da CODEVASF – 4º andar CEP.: 70830 901 – Brasilia/DF Telephones: (61) 4009 1291 – 4009 1292 Fax: (61) 4009 1820 e-mail: [email protected] portal: http://www.mma.gov.br/port/srh Technical Coordination to Combat Desertification - Executive Secretariat SGAN – Quadra 601 – Lote 1 Edificio Sede da CODEVASF – 4º andar – sala 401 CEP.: 70830 901 – Brasilia/DF Telephones: (61) 4009 1295 – 4009 1861 Fax: (61) 4009 1820 e-mail: [email protected] portal: http://desertificacao.cnrh-srh.gov.br MMA Editions Environment Ministry – MMA Centro de Informação, Documentação Ambiental e Editoração Esplanada dos Ministérios – Bloco “B” – térreo CEP.: 70068 900 – Brasilia/DF Tel: 55 61 4009-1235 Fax: 55 61 3224-5222 e-mail: [email protected] ENVIRONMENT MINISTRY Water Resources Secretariat National Action Program to Combat Desertification and Mitigate the Effects of Drought PAN-Brazil 2004 ELABORATION STAFF Technical Coordination for Combating Desertification José Roberto de Lima (Coordinator / SRH-MMA) Celso Marcatto (SRH-MMA) Eliana de Fátima Fernandes de Souza (SRH-MMA) Luiz Augusto Bronzatto (SRH-MMA) Marcelo Penalva Rufino do Nascimento (SRH-MMA) Marcos Oliveira Santana (SRH-MMA) Ruth Maria Bianchini de Quadros (SRH-MMA) Vânia Apolônio de Trajano (IICA) Support Bráulio Gottschalg Duque (SRH-MMA) Flávio Pereira Freitas (SRH-MMA) Vanessa Agustinho de Oliveira (SRH-MMA) Consultants/Collaborators José Otamar de Carvalho (Final Consolidation of the Text) Gil Floro Azevedo (Consultant) Geraldo de Araújo Barreto Campelo (Consultant) Jean Marc von der Weid (Consultant) Anselm Duchrow(GTZ) Gertjan B. Beekman (IICA) João Otávio Malheiros (AMAVIDA/ASA) Sílvia Alcântara Picchioni (ASPAN/ASA) Sílvio Rocha Sant’Ana (FGEB/ASA) Editorial Staff Editorial Coordination: José Roberto de Lima Review: Nara Albuquerque (Ibama) Cataloging: Alderléia Milhomens Diagraming: Fernando Brandão Cover: Ricardo Crema dos Santos Photos: Luís Gonzaga, Sérgio Tavares de Melo Marcelo P. R. do Nascimento and José Roberto de Lima ISBN 85-87166-66-2 National action program to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought: PAN-Brazil. – Brasilia: Environment Ministry. Water Resources Secretariat, 2004. p. 224: il. 1. Desertification. 2. Poverty. 3. Natural Resources. 4. Sustainable Development. I. Brazil. Environment Ministry. Water Resources Secretariat. CDU 551.435.77 NATIONAL ACTION PROGRAM TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION AND MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF DROUGHT – PAN-Brazil Interministerial Work Group João Bosco Senra (Coordinator, MMA) Alexandrina Sobreira de Moura (SECTMA-PE) Antônio Félix Domingues (ANA) Eliana Filomena Barbosa Nicolini (SAEI/GSI-PR) Eudoro Walter de Santana (DNOCS) Francisco José Araújo Bezerra (BNB) Ioman Leite Pedrosa (SEMARH-PB) João Otávio Malheiros (AMAVIDA/ASA) Jorge Almeida Guimarães (MCT) José Giácomo Baccarin (MDS) Luciano José de Oliveira Accioly (EMBRAPA) Luzineide Dourado Carvalho (RESAB) Maria de Fátima Gomes Brandalise (MDA) Maurício Carvalho de Oliveira(MAPA) Ramon Flávio Rodrigues (MI) Raquel Porto Mendes Fonseca (MPOG) Reginaldo Alves Paes (CODEVASF) Romeu Aldigueri de A. Coelho (SEMACE) Sílvia Alcântara Picchioni (ASPAN/RIOD) Sílvio Rocha Sant´Ana (FGEB/ASA) Tereza Lúcia Muricy de Abreu (CRA-BA) Collaborators José Alberto de Almeida (DNOCS) Devanir Garcia dos Santos (ANA) Ivonice Aires Campos (MCT) Parliamentary Work Group Dep. Edson Gonçalves Duarte – BA (Coordinator) Dep. João Alfredo Telles Melo – CE Dep. Luiz Alberto Silva dos Santos – BA Dep. José Francisco Paes Landim – PI Dep. José Sarney Filho – MA STATE FOCAL POINTS State Governments Aldo Carvalho de Andrade – BA Alexandrina Saldanha S. de Moura – PE Enaldo Moura dos Santos – ES Francisco José Coelho Teixeira – CE Gleidineides Teles dos Santos – SE Ioman Leite Pedrosa – PB José do Carmo Neves – MG José Roberto Valois Lobo – AL Milcíades Gadelha de Lima – PI Othelino Nova Alves Neto – MA Vera Lúcia Lopes de Castro – RN Civil Society Conceição Aparecida Luciano – MG Emídio Gonçalves de Medeiros – RN Ivete Gomes da Silva Oliveira – PI Joel José de Farias – SE José Amaro Nogueira – MA José do Rego Neto – PB Paulo Petro – PE Ricardo Ramalho – AL Rodrigo Vaz Caminha – CE Selvo Antônio dos Reis – ES Silver Alves Jonas Farfan – BA Members of Parliament Augusto Bezerra –SE Fernando Mineiro – RN Francisco Tenório – AL Helder Salomão – ES Herbert Lamarca – PE Íris Tavares – CE Paulo Henrique Paes Landim – PI Ricardo Duarte – MG Sargento Denis – PB Telma Pinheiro – MA Zilton Rocha – BA Summary List of Figures .................................................................................................................... x List of Abbreviations and Acronyms................................................................................... xi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xv Presentation....................................................................................................................... xvi Executive Summary........................................................................................................... xvii Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter I – Semi-aridity, Desertification and Climate Changes......................................... 3 1.1 Dimensions and Factors Responsible for the Process of Desertification.............. 4 1.2 The Spaces Affected by the Droughts and the Official Semi-arid Region............. 6 1.3 Areas Susceptible to Desertification – ASD .......................................................... 13 1.3.1 Nuclei of Desertification............................................................................... 13 1.3.2 Semi-arid Areas and Dry Sub-humid Areas................................................. 16 1.3.3 Areas surrounding the Semi-Arid areas and the Dry Sub-humid Areas ...... 17 1.3.4 New Areas in Process of Desertification ..................................................... 23 1.3.5 Chief Characteristics of the Areas Susceptible to Desertification – ASD .... 28 1.3.6 Relation of the ASD with the Caatinga Biome, the Drought Polygon and the Semi-arid Region of the FNE ................................................................ 36 1.4 PAN-Brazil, Global Warming and Climate Changes ............................................. 38 Chapter II – Combating Desertification.............................................................................. 41 2.1 The Previous Situation .......................................................................................... 41 2.2 What was done in the Northeast up to 1994 ......................................................... 46 2.3 Initiatives in the Period from 1994/1998 in Brazil .................................................. 49 2.4 Actions put into Practice in Brazil in the Period from 1999/2003........................... 52 Chapter III – Process of Construction of PAN-Brazil ......................................................... 54 3.1 Methodological Bases ........................................................................................... 54 3.2 Institutional Engineering........................................................................................ 55 3.2.1 Technical Coordination to Combat Desertification – CTC ........................... 56 3.2.2 Work Groups ............................................................................................... 56 3.2.2.1 Interministerial Work Group – GTIM................................................. 56 3.2.2.2 Parliamentary Work Group............................................................... 57 3.2.2.3 Work Group of ASA – GTCD ........................................................... 57 3.2.3 State Focal Points ....................................................................................... 58 3.3 The Process of Construction................................................................................. 59 Chapter IV – Strategy of the Action Program to Combat Desertification ........................... 66 vii 4.1 Strategic Landmarks of the PAN-Brazil................................................................. 66 4.1.1 Orientations of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.. 66 4.1.2 Strategic Orientation of the Federal Government........................................ 67 4.1.3 Declaration of the Semi-arid Region – DSA ................................................ 68 4.1.4 Other Orientations ....................................................................................... 69 4.2 Thematic Axes of PAN-Brazil................................................................................ 69 4.2.1 Expression of the Thematic Axes ................................................................ 70 4.2.1.1 Reduction of Poverty and Inequality................................................. 70 4.2.1.2 Sustainable Increase of Productive Capacity................................... 71 4.2.1.3 Preservation, Conservation and Sustainable Management of Natural Resources........................................................................... 73 4.2.1.4 Democratic Management and Institutional Strengthening................ 74 4.2.2 Significance