Durham E-Theses

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses ATONING FOR KILLING: THE PRACTICE OF PENANCE AND THE PERCEPTION OF BLOODSHED AMONG THE EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH, FIFTH TO NINTH CENTURY. BURKE, DAVID How to cite: BURKE, DAVID (2015) ATONING FOR KILLING: THE PRACTICE OF PENANCE AND THE PERCEPTION OF BLOODSHED AMONG THE EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH, FIFTH TO NINTH CENTURY., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11163/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 ATONING FOR KILLING: THE PRACTICE OF PENANCE AND THE PERCEPTION OF BLOODSHED AMONG THE EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH, FIFTH TO NINTH CENTURY. DAVID BURKE Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History, Durham University 2014 ABSTRACT From the introduction of Christianity into Ireland in the fifth century to the arrival of the Vikings in the ninth, the attitudes of the Irish Church towards bloodshed and violence changed considerably. The moral code of pacifism and non-violence, especially towards other Christians, advocated by the Christian Churches came into direct confrontation with the violent necessities of secular life when the Roman Empire adopted the new faith as its state religion. Further difficulties arose when the Roman Empire gave way to Germanic kingdoms, and when the Christian faith began to make its way out to lands unconquered by Rome, such as Ireland; challenged by cultures in which honour and violence were part of the social fabric, and by the idea that victory in battle demonstrated divine favour, the Church had to both integrate itself into these new lands and try to draw them closer to the Christian ideal. Penance for the sins committed in life could be undertaken, but it was an arduous and humiliating process, such that many did not seek redemption until near death, an attitude which did not rest easy with the Church. The monastic system of penance, fixed in term and confessed in private, became available to the laity in the British Isles, a seismic shift which would allow a layman a new avenue to atone for sins of bloodshed, from murder to killing in war. It has, however, been questioned as to whether such penance was widely available to the laity as a whole or only to a specific group from among them. This thesis will explore how this changing attitude towards violence within the Irish Church demonstrates that this new form of penitential practice was indeed available to the whole laity through examining the development in nuance concerning the various sins of bloodshed across not only the Irish Penitentials, but hagiography, canon law, secular law, narratives, and other texts. 1 Contents Abbreviations 4 Statement of Copyright 6 Acknowledgements 7 Introduction 8 Chapter 1: Precursors and Influences 1.1 Continental Penitential Thought, c.300-c.600 20 1.2 The First Christian Mission to Ireland 27 1.3 Patrick the Evangelist 30 1.4 Four British Texts 35 1.5 The ‘First Synod of Patrick’ 39 1.6 Continental and British Influences on Irish Penitential Thought 44 Chapter 2: Continuity and Development in Irish Penitential Thought and the Nature of Bloodshed 2.1 Finnian’s Penitential 47 2.2 The Ambrosianum 54 2.3 The Penitential of Columbanus 61 2.4 Cummian’s Penitential 67 2.5 Changes and Developments in the First Penitentials 73 Chapter 3: Penance and Bloodshed in the Lives of Brigit and Patrick 3.1 The Lives of Saints 78 3.2 The Patrician Texts 3.2.1 The authors and their texts 81 3.2.2 Bloodshed and penance in the Patrician texts 84 3.3 The Brigitine Tradition 3.3.1 The authors and their texts 88 3.3.2 Penance and bloodshed in the Brigitine tradition 93 3.4 Common threads in the Brigitine and Patrician traditions 103 Chapter 4: Adomnán of Iona on Penance and Bloodshed 4.1 The Fearsome Hagiographer 109 4.2 The Cáin Adomnáin 2 4.2.1 A composite document 110 4.2.2 The Law 114 4.2.3 The angel’s directive 117 4.2.4 Impact 119 4.3 The Vita Columbae 4.3.1 Composition and context 121 4.3.2 The Life of Columba 124 4.4 Canones Adomnani 133 4.5 Forging a new status quo 137 Chapter 5: Theodore of Tarsus and His Impact on Irish Penitential Thought 5.1 Theodore’s Penitential 143 5.2 The Bigotian Penitential 148 5.3 Penance in the Vernacular 151 5.4 The Collectio canonum Hibernensis 157 5.5 Prescriptive Texts Influenced by Theodore 166 Chapter 6: The Clients of God 6.1 A Rare Witness 170 6.2 The Tallaght Memoir 174 6.3 Penance at the Monastery of Tallaght 175 6.4 Who Suffered Penance at Tallaght? 189 6.5 The Soldier of Christ 194 Chapter 7: Kings, Killers, and Penitent Laymen 200 Conclusion 224 Appendix Diagram 1: A schematic of the relationship between the various penitential texts discussed in the thesis 234 Diagram 2: A depiction of confraction at Easter and Christimas 235 Table 1: Particular Penitentials 236 Table 2: Comprehensive Penitentials 237 Table 3: Cáin Adomnáin 238 Timeline 239 Bibliography 241 3 Abbreviations Can. Ad. Canones Adamnani AClon. Annals of Clonmacnoise AI Annals of Inisfallen AT Annals of Tigernach AU Annals of Ulster BB Bethu Brigte Bieler, Penitentials Bieler, L., The Irish Penitentials Bieler, Patrician Texts Bieler, L., The Patrician Texts in the Book of Armagh Byrne, Kings Byrne, F. J., Irish Kings and High-Kings Dauid Excerpta Quedam de Libro Dauidis de Clercq, Les canons de Clercq, C., Les canons des conciles mérovingiens (VIe-VIIe siècles) (2 vols.) Etchingham, Church Organisation Etchingham, C., Church Organisation in Ireland A.D.650 to 1000 HE Bede, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum Hefele, Councils Hefele, K. J., A History of the Christian Councils: from the original documents (5 vols.) Hibernensis Collectio canonum Hibernensis Kelly, Law Kelly, F., A Guide to Early Irish Law Kenney, Sources Kenney, J. F., The Sources for the Early History of Ireland: Ecclesiastical. An Introduction and Guide 4 MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica AA Auctores Antiquissimi SRG Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum Muirchú Muirchú, Vita S. Patricii OI Pen. Old Irish Penitential OxDNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (60 vols.) Paen. Amb. Paenitentiale Ambrosianum Paen. Bi. Paenitentiale quod dicitur Bigotianum Paen. Columb. Paenitentiale S. Columbani Paen. Cumm. Paenitentiale Cummeani Pen. Vinn. Penitentialis Vinniani Praefatio Gildae Praefatio Gildae de Poenitentia Sinodus Aq. Sinodus Aquilonalis Britaniae Sinodus Luci Sinodus Luci Victorie Synodus Pat. Synodus I S. Patricii Tírechán Tírechán, Collectanea U ‘The Penitential of Theodore’ VB I / VPB Vita I S. Brigidae; trans. by Connolly, S., ‘Vita Prima Sanctae Brigitae’ VB II / VB Cog. Cogitosus, Vita II S. Brigitae; trans. by Connolly, S., and Picard, J.-M., ‘Cogitosus’s “Life of St Brigit”’ VC Adomnán, Vita S. Columbae 5 Statement of Copyright The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the author’s prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. 6 Acknowledgements I wish to thank my supervisors, Dr Clare Stancliffe and Prof. Richard Gameson, for their invaluable support, guidance, patience, and encouragement over the last few years. I also wish to thank the Department of History, the Institute of Medieval and Early Modern Studies (IMEMS), the Medieval and Early Modern Student Association (MEMSA), and Ustinov College at Durham University for offering a social and academic environment in which to discuss my work and learn from other postgraduates and academics, and for providing funding towards my attendance of conferences and specialist schools. I owe great debt of gratitude to my parents, Marion and Paschal, and my brother, Matthew, for their unwavering faith and endless encouragement. My thanks also go to too many friends to name, but especially to Aversa Sheldon and Anna Dow who read and commented on parts of this thesis. 7 Introduction When Wenilo, archbishop of Sens, provided Louis the German with military support during his invasion of the kingdom of his half-brother, Charles the Bald, in 858, he was explicitly providing material ecclesiastical assistance for the inevitable violence.1 Though the Archbishop would not have personally taken part in the bloodshed, he must have assured the forces under his remit of divine support, and that, though they would be involved in the killing of fellow countrymen, any penance for that sin would be relatively brief. When in 1066 William launched his invasion of Anglo-Saxon England, he had secured papal assent by agreeing to the demand that his men would undertake penance for every life they took, intentionally or not.2 Though separated by centuries, these two conflicts are indicative of an important and far-reaching new line of Christian thought: killing could be condoned by the Church, and it must have been be atoned for, and rather quickly at that. Indeed, not only could killing be forgiven, but the killing of fellow Christians could be absolved.
Recommended publications
  • The Antiphonary of Bangor and Its Musical Implications
    The Antiphonary of Bangor and its Musical Implications by Helen Patterson A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Music University of Toronto © Copyright by Helen Patterson 2013 The Antiphonary of Bangor and its Musical Implications Helen Patterson Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Music University of Toronto 2013 Abstract This dissertation examines the hymns of the Antiphonary of Bangor (AB) (Antiphonarium Benchorense, Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana C. 5 inf.) and considers its musical implications in medieval Ireland. Neither an antiphonary in the true sense, with chants and verses for the Office, nor a book with the complete texts for the liturgy, the AB is a unique Irish manuscript. Dated from the late seventh-century, the AB is a collection of Latin hymns, prayers and texts attributed to the monastic community of Bangor in Northern Ireland. Given the scarcity of information pertaining to music in early Ireland, the AB is invaluable for its literary insights. Studied by liturgical, medieval, and Celtic scholars, and acknowledged as one of the few surviving sources of the Irish church, the manuscript reflects the influence of the wider Christian world. The hymns in particular show that this form of poetical expression was significant in early Christian Ireland and have made a contribution to the corpus of Latin literature. Prompted by an earlier hypothesis that the AB was a type of choirbook, the chapters move from these texts to consider the monastery of Bangor and the cultural context from which the manuscript emerges. As the Irish peregrini are known to have had an impact on the continent, and the AB was recovered in ii Bobbio, Italy, it is important to recognize the hymns not only in terms of monastic development, but what they reveal about music.
    [Show full text]
  • Saint Patrick: Issues of Translation & His Enduring
    SAINT PATRICK: ISSUES OF TRANSLATION & HIS ENDURING PASTORAL MESSAGE A dissertation submitted to the Caspersen School of Graduate Studies Drew University in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree, Doctor of Letters Christina Isabella McGrath Drew University Madison, New Jersey May 2021 Copyright © 2021 by Christina Isabella McGrath All Rights Reserved Abstract Saint Patrick: Issues of Translation and His Enduring Pastoral Message Doctor of Letters Dissertation by Christina Isabella McGrath The Caspersen School of Graduate Studies Drew University May 2021 This dissertation attempts to discover the reason(s) for the worldwide interest in Saint Patrick of Ireland by focusing on the numerous translations of his two writings, the Confessio (The Confession of Saint Patrick) and the Epistola (The Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus). By analyzing seven specific twentieth century translations of the saint’s fifth century writings, the reader will discern subtle differences in each end product, leading to a unique message from Patrick. Working with the assertions that every translation is a political act of some kind and that the translator becomes part of the translation, specific passages from the saint’s writings are examined and discussed through the lens of translation theory along with survey responses from accessible translators. After delving into Patrician scholarship, the historical sources presenting Saint Patrick’s letters have been called into question, due to the personal agendas and biases of his seventh century biographers. Over the past 1500 years, both political and religious factions have usurped him for their own agendas. The end result of this exploration led to the discovery of a man who went to the end of his world to preach the Gospel, to convert the Irish to Christianity, and to share the love of his God with the place and people who once enslaved him.
    [Show full text]
  • Ireland: Savior of Civilization?
    Constructing the Past Volume 14 Issue 1 Article 5 4-2013 Ireland: Savior of Civilization? Patrick J. Burke Illinois Wesleyan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/constructing Recommended Citation Burke, Patrick J. (2013) "Ireland: Savior of Civilization?," Constructing the Past: Vol. 14 : Iss. 1 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/constructing/vol14/iss1/5 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Commons @ IWU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this material in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This material has been accepted for inclusion by editorial board of the Undergraduate Economic Review and the Economics Department at Illinois Wesleyan University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document. Ireland: Savior of Civilization? Abstract One of the most important aspects of early medieval Ireland is the advent of Christianity on the island, accompanied by education and literacy. As an island removed from the Roman Empire, Ireland developed uniquely from the rest of western continental and insular Europe. Amongst those developments was that Ireland did not have a literary tradition, or more specifically a Latin literary tradition, until Christianity was introduced to the Irish.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ideology of Monastic and Aristocratic Community in Late Román Gaul
    roUS. Revista de ideas y formas políticas de la Antigüedad Clásica 6, 1994, pp. 203-220. THE IDEOLOGY OF MONASTIC AND ARISTOCRATIC COMMUNITY IN LATE ROMÁN GAUL Ralph W. Mathisen University of South Carolina The fifth century was a time of great change in the Mediterranean world. The classical, pagan world was being replaced by a new Christian one. And, in the west, there was a new barbarían presence to be dealt with as well. The élite classes around the empire dealt with these changes in different ways. In Gaul, aristocratic society carne under siege during the fifth century. The barbarían settlement in particular caused a crísis for Gallic aristocrats. The barbaríans competed with Gauls for social status, economic influence, and political office. Another problem for the Gauls was that there just were not very many of them. They were scattered far and wide, each focused on his own local interests. If Gallic aristocrats were to survive as a class, they were going to 203 have to devise ways to maintain aristocratic solidarity'. This study will argüe that, unlike other áreas of the empire, where aristocrats often contributed to their own decline by their competition with each other, Gallic aristocrats made common cause^. Few in number they may have been, but they compensated by finding novel means of creating unity from diversity and a new sense of aristocratic community. The Christian church played a significant part in the way that Gallo-Roman aristocrats redefined their roles. One does not normally think of Christianity as advocating an elitist ideal during this period, but the Gauls managed to find aspects of Christian beliefs and practices that were consistent with their own ideologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Columbanus: Abbot of Luxeuil and Bobbio, Born in West Leinster, Ireland, in 543; Died at Bobbio, Italy, 21 November, 615
    Columbanus: Abbot of Luxeuil and Bobbio, born in West Leinster, Ireland, in 543; died at Bobbio, Italy, 21 November, 615. Columbanus, whose birth took place the year St. Benedict died, was from childhood well instructed. He was handsome and prepossessing in appearance, and this exposed him to the shameless temptations of several of his countrywomen. He also had to struggle with his own temptations. At last he betook himself to a religious woman, who advised him thus: Twelve years ago I fled from the world, and shut myself up in this cell. Hast thou forgotten Samson, David and Solomon, all led astray by the love of women? There is no safety for thee, young man, except in flight. Columbanus decided to retire from the world. He encountered opposition, especially from his mother, who strove to detain him by casting herself before him on the thresh hold of the door. But he passed over the prostrate form and left his home forever. His first master was Sinell Abbot of Cluaninis in Lough Erne. Under his tuition he composed a commentary on the Psalms. He then betook himself to the celebrated monastery of Bangor on the coast of Down, which at that time had for its abbot St. Comgall. There he embraced the monastic state, and for many years led a life conspicuous for fervour, regularity, and learning. At about the age of forty he seemed to hear incessantly the voice of God bidding him preach the Gospel in foreign lands. At first his abbot declined to let him go, but at length he gave consent.
    [Show full text]
  • Abortion in the Early Medieval West, C.500-900
    „Alienated from the womb‟: abortion in the early medieval West, c.500-900 Zubin Mistry University College, London PhD Thesis 2011 1 I, Zubin Mistry, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signed: 2 ABSTRACT This thesis is primarily a cultural history of abortion in the early medieval West. It is a historical study of perceptions, rather than the practice, of abortion. The span covered ranges from the sixth century, when certain localised ecclesiastical initiatives in the form of councils and sermons addressed abortion, through to the ninth century, when some of these initiatives were integrated into pastoral texts produced in altogether different locales. The thesis uses a range of predominantly ecclesiastical texts – canonical collections, penitentials, sermons, hagiography, scriptural commentaries, but also law- codes – to bring to light the multiple ways in which abortion was construed, experienced and responded to as a moral and social problem. Although there is a concerted focus upon the ecclesiastical tradition on abortion, a focus which ultimately questions how such a tradition ought to be understood, the thesis also explores the broader cultural significance of abortion. Early medieval churchmen, rulers, and jurists saw multiple things in abortion and there were multiple perspectives upon abortion. The thesis illuminates the manifold and, occasionally, surprising ways in which abortion was perceived in relation to gender, sexuality, politics, theology and the church. The history of early medieval abortion has been largely underwritten. Moreover, it has been inadequately historicised.
    [Show full text]
  • Religious Studies
    RELIGIOUS STUDIES Religious Studies The Celtic Church in Ireland in the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Centuries Unit AS 5 Content/Specification Section Page The Arrival of Christianity in Ireland 2 Evidence for the presence of Christianity in Ireland before the arrival of St. Patrick 6 Celtic Monasticism 11 Celtic Penitentials 17 Celtic Hagiography 21 Other Aspects of Human Experience Section 25 Glossary 42 RELIGIOUS STUDIES The Arrival of Christianity in Ireland © LindaMarieCaldwell/iStock/iStock/Thinkstock.com Learning Objective – demonstrate knowledge and understanding of, and critically evaluate the background to the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, including: • The political, social and religious background; • The arrival of and the evidence for Christianity in Ireland before Patrick; and • The significance of references to Palladius. This section requires students to explore: 1. The political, social and religious background in Ireland prior to the arrival of Christianity in Ireland. 2. Evidence of the arrival of Christianity in Ireland before Patrick (Pre-Patrician Christianity. 3. References to Palladius and the significance of these references to understanding the background to Christianity in Ireland before Patrick’s arrival. Early Irish society provided a great contrast to the society of the Roman Empire. For example, it had no towns or cities, no central government or no standard currency. Many Scholars have described it as tribal, rural, hierarchical and familiar. The Tuath was the basic political group or unit and was a piece of territory ruled by a King. It is estimated that there were about 150 such Tuath in pre – Christian Ireland. The basic social group was the fine and included all relations in the male line of descent.
    [Show full text]
  • Bilingualism in the Cambrai Homily
    Bilingualism in the Cambrai Homily Gwendolyne Knight* The Cambrai Homily (Cambrai, Bibliothèque municipale, MS 679 [s. viii2] ff. 37rb–38rb) is a short prose homily found between two chapters of the Collectio canonum Hibernensis; as the Homily is incomplete, it has been suggested that it was copied from a stray leaf inserted into the exemplar of the Collectio. The Homily itself is estimated to date to the seventh or first half of the eighth century. More salient for the purpose of this anthology, however, is the fact that the Homily code-switches between Latin and Old Irish. Some claim that this text provides us with the earliest record of continuous Irish prose; as such it has long been an important source for early Irish linguistics, as well as evidence for sermons in the seventh-century Irish Church. Nevertheless, the aspects of code-switching between Old Irish and Latin in the Cambrai Homily remain underexplored. This article provides an assessment of existing perspectives on the relationship between Latin and Old Irish in this homily, and offers a fresh interpretation of the code-switching that takes place. Keywords: Medieval homily, code-switching, translation studies, Old Irish, Latin, Cambrai Introduction The manuscript preserved in Cambrai, Bibliothèque municipale, MS 679 (formerly 619) is a partial transmission of the Collectio canonum Hibernensis, containing 38 of 65-69 books of scriptural and patristic extracts, as well as canon law, and Irish synodal and penitential de- crees. It was copied for Alberic, bishop of Cambrai and Arras (763-790), in the second half of the 8th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Or Dissertation
    SANCTI ET LINGUAE: THE CLASSICAL WORLD IN THE EYES OF HIBERNIA _______________________________________ A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts _____________________________________________________ by MARIA MAHONEY Dr. Charles Saylor, Thesis Supervisor MAY 2008 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled SANCTI ET LINGUAE: THE CLASSICAL WORLD IN THE EYES OF HIBERNIA presented by Maria Mahoney, a candidate for the degree of master of arts, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor Charles Saylor Professor Raymond Marks Professor A. Mark Smith ________________________________________________________ Iacobo Bogowith magistro sapienti ac benevolo hunc laborem dedico. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank all the members of the Classics Department who put up with me for two years while I traveled back and forth from Arkansas to the University of Missouri and who adjusted their schedules to accommodate mine so that I could continue to teach my Arkansan homeschoolers. They and I are profoundly grateful. Dr. Schenker helped me to catch up in Greek during my first semester and Silvia Sarais spent hours of her own study time and struggled through our language barrier to give me a thorough grounding in Greek grammar and style. I owe to them my competence in Greek Dr. Smith patiently endured my arguments and tardiness time and again and gave me wonderful, thought-provoking insights both in his medieval philosophy class and during the thesis process. Dr. Marks taught me Greek prose composition during my second year and gave me helpful suggestions for further research.
    [Show full text]
  • Lenition of the Conjugated Prepositions in Irish and Welsh
    Lenition of the Conjugated Prepositions in Irish and Welsh Sanne Jongeleen 3765105 25-07-2016 RMA Ancient, Medieval and Renaissance Studies Supervised by prof. dr. Peter Schrijver Plagiarism Statement I hereby declare that I have committed neither fraud nor plagiarism prior, during or after the process that has resulted in this thesis. 25-07-2016, Sanne Jongeleen 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................. 3 Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... 4 0. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 6 1. Research Questions ........................................................................................... 8 2. Theoretical background ...................................................................................... 9 3. Methodology ................................................................................................... 14 4. Selected Corpus .............................................................................................. 18 4.1 Irish .......................................................................................................... 18 4.2 Welsh ........................................................................................................ 20 5. Selected Prepositions ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Cath Maige Tuired and the Vǫluspá
    Connections: the Cath Maige Tuired and the Vǫluspá Convergence of cultures, history and myth Angelina Kjerstad Johansen Master's Thesis History of Religion UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Autumn 2015 1 Copyright Angelina Kjerstad Johansen 2015 Connections: the Cath Maige Tuired and the Vǫluspá – Convergence of cultures, history and myth Angelina Kjerstad Johansen http://www.duo.uio.no Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo 2 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor, Jens Braarvig, for having the patience to deal with me and my strange ways of doing things. Thank you to Jan Erik Rekdal and Karl Johansson for giving me the idea for this thesis and to my fellow students for great discussions. To all my friends and my amazing family, you know who you are, I love you more and more each day. And to the artists and musicians that make my life bearable, you do not know who you are, but without you I would truly go insane. A special thanks goes to my sister, Monica, for being my co-conspirator and for helping me bore every other member of our family with our academic discussions. May we continue to do so in the future! To Rita, whom I miss beyond words. I dedicate all my triumphs to you 4 5 Introduction The topic of the thesis is the Irish myth Cath Maige Tuired - "The Second Battle of Mag Tuired", which is the story about the battle between the Túatha Dé Danann, the gods of pagan Ireland, and their enemies the Fomoire. What I wish to focus upon in the Cath Maige Tuired is not the battle in itself, which has been compared to the war between the Aesir and the Vanir in Scandinavian mythology1, but a passage at the end of this myth, where the goddess Mórrigan (here in the form of a mortal) comes with a prediction of the end of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Light in the Dark Places: Or, Memorial of Christian Life in the Middle Ages
    Light in the Dark Places: or, Memorial of Christian Life in the Middle Ages. Author(s): Neander, Augustus (1789-1850) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library Description: Augustus Neander began his religious studies in speculative theory, but his changing interests led him to the study of church history. In his book, Light in the Dark Places, Neander©s talent as a writer and a historian is tremendously evident; collected within this volume is an abundance of re- markable information about church history. Neander shares information about the lives of Christian individuals and com- munities during times of darkness and of triumph. Neander also reveals unknown facts about early missionaries and martyrs of the church. This historical analysis will provide today©s Christians with insight into the church©s elaborate past, so that they may learn from previous mistakes and embrace habits of righteousness. Emmalon Davis CCEL Staff Writer i Contents Title Page 1 Prefatory Material 2 Preface to the American Edition. 2 Preface. 3 Contents. 4 Part I. Operations of Christianity During and After the Confusion Produced by the 6 Irruption of the Barbarians. Introduction 7 The North African Church Under the Vandals. 8 Everinus in Germany. 19 Labours of Pious Men in France. 26 Germanus of Auxerre (Antistodorum). 27 Lupus of Troyes. 29 Cæsarius of Arles. 30 Epiphanius of Pavia. 49 Eligius, Bishop of Noyon. 50 The Abbots Euroul and Loumon. 58 Gregory the Great, Bishop of Rome. 59 Christianity in Poverty and Lowliness, and on the Sick Bed. 72 Part II. Memoirs from the History of Missions in the Middle Ages.
    [Show full text]