東京大学 2004.2.12 シンボルマーク+ロゴタイプ 新東大ブルー

基本形

漢字のみ

英語のみ Is the Current Process to Select Big Projects Appropriate? Hitoshi Murayama (UC Berkeley, Kavli IPMU Tokyo) SCJ Symposium “Exploring new horizon in Astronomy & Astrophysics” Different Systems US, Europe, Japan

Disclaimer: vastly oversimplified based on my impressions US system US system

• Massive battles among proponents • choose three ground-based, three space projects as the highest priorities • typically only 1~2 funded in the end • but the community stands behind the priorities • losers wait out till the next decadal survey • interesting “forced marriages” among projects from different subfields • WFIRST: dark energy, exoplanets, infrared astrophysics • Report to the funding agencies • yet funding not guaranteed, subject to Congress • approved projects may be killed later European system European system

• can achieve big projects because of contributions of many countries • consensus based decisions • funding agencies from all participating countries must agree • all scientists must agree on the management model • a lot of diplomatic skills needed, takes time • difficult to take risks? • Report to the funding agencies • funding pretty much guaranteed if approved Japanese system Japanese system

• Guerrilla war • not massive projects like US, Europe • find niche with good nose • sometimes risky, sometimes fails • very small teams working incredibly hard • yet often good payoff • SCJ Master Plan does not report to funding agencies, a self-defined process • no analysis of costs and funding profile • no prioritization among projects on the master plan • Yet followed by MEXT roadmap study • no guarantee for funding • funding levels “stable” 東京大学 2004.2.12 シンボルマーク+ロゴタイプ 新東大ブルー

基本形

漢字のみ

英語のみ Is the Current Process to Select Big Projects Appropriate? Hitoshi Murayama (UC Berkeley, Kavli IPMU Tokyo) SCJ Symposium “Exploring new horizon in Astronomy & Astrophysics” No! It’s broke. Evidence #1 WPI

• Government solicited proposals to fund ~¥130okuyen over 10 years to create new international research institutes • 33 proposals in 2007 • 5 chosen • One of them was awarded to somebody with • no management experience • no working experience in Japan • completely useless research • at the age of 42 • and he didn’t want to do it Evidence #2 SuMIRe

• a 5+5 year survey program • exploiting FOV ~1.5° of 8.2m Subaru • Imaging with Hyper-SuprimeCam (HSC) • 870M pixels • ~20M galaxy images, 1400 sq. deg. Subaru • 2014–2019, 300 nights • spectroscopy with PrimeFocusSpectrograph (PFS) ≠ PSF • 2400 optical fibers • ~4M redshifts • 2020–2025? 300 nights? • like SDSS on 8.2m telescope! HSC PFS Not on Master Plan

• SCJ didn’t create Master Plans before 2010

• It was discussed by Subaru Advisory Committee, Subaru Users Meeting, and also graded as one of “medium-size projects” by the SCJ astrophysics and astronomy group

• No formal approval process within the community FIRST

• Economic Stimulus Package after Lehman shock • ¥3000 okuyen to 30 scientists • 565 proposals in July 2019 • 90 chosen for presentation in August 2019 • SuMIRe 5th from the bottom • Awarded to somebody • not an astronomer • no project management experience • only a half time in Japan • And he didn’t want to do it funding

• 9/5/2009: approved • 9/16/2009: Hatoyama cabinet • 10/17/2009: massive cuts • 3/29/2010: 32 okuyen award • 6/1/2010: 2 okuyen “boost” • divide up • HSC 12 okuyen • PFS 22 okuyen • cf. PFS turned out to be about 80 okuyen HSC collaboration PFS collaboration PFS collaboration

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17 Lessons

• Japanese system is not as rigorous as US • which may be sometimes good • proposals are rather sketchy • can be adjusted and refined later • The bigger the proposal, the less expertise on selection committee • easy-to-understand presentation is the key • Sometimes decision seems somewhat random • decision process may not look transparent • It also means opportunities • decisions can be quick in some cases • need to be ready to grab opportunities Falling into cracks?

• Traditional wavelength-based contingents • can diminish creativity • not suitable for multi-messenger science • Current groups: • 宇宙電波懇談会 • 光学赤外線天文連絡会 • 宇宙線研究者会議 • 高エネルギー宇宙物理連絡会 • 太陽研究者連絡会 • 理論懇談会 • demolish them? (Kaifu) • Perhaps add 「その他懇」？ Big vs Small Physics Letters B 716 (2012) 1–29

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect PHYSICS LETTERS B 716 Volume 716, Issue 1, 17 September 2012 ISSN 0370-2693 1 Physics Letters B Abstracted/Indexed in: Current Contents: Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences/INSPEC/Zentralblatt MATH/MathSciNet. Also covered in the abstract and citation database SciVerse Scopus ®. www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb Full text available on SciVerse ScienceDirect ®

Volume 716, issue 1 17 September 2012 HSC ETR o.716/1 Vol. B LETTERS PHYSICS Contents Observation of a new particle in the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson ✩ Observation of a new particle in the search Primordial black hole evaporation and with the ATLAS detector at the LHC for the Standard Model Higgs boson spontaneous dimensional reduction ⋆ J.R. Mureika 171 .ATLAS Collaboration Observation of a new particle in the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson with the Significance of tension for gravitating masses This paper is dedicated to the memory of our ATLAS colleagues who did not live to see the full impact and significance of their ATLAS detector at the LHC in Kaluza–Klein models contributions to the experiment. ATLAS Collaboration 1 M. Eingorn and A. Zhuk 176 Observation of a new boson at a mass of Phenomenology 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC article info abstract

CMS Collaboration 30 ( Higgs portal, fermionic dark matter, and a 2012 Article history: A search for the Standard Model Higgs boson in proton–proton collisions with the ATLAS detector at Standard Model like Higgs at 125 GeV Received 31 July 2012 1 Experiments the LHC is presented. The datasets used correspond to integrated luminosities of approximately 4.8 fb− L. Lopez-Honorez, T. Schwetz and ) Received in revised form 8 August 2012 1 1–254 collected at √s 7TeVin2011and5.8fb− at √s 8TeVin2012.Individualsearchesinthechannels Search for the Standard Model Higgs boson in J. Zupan 179 Accepted 11 August 2012 ( ) = ( ) = (⋆) H ZZ ∗ 4ℓ, H γγ and H WW ∗ eνµν in the 8 TeV data are combined with previously the H WW ℓνℓν decay mode with Available online 14 August 2012 → → → → ( ) → ( ) →1 → Revisiting the T2K data using different published results of searches for H ZZ ∗ , WW ∗ , bb and τ +τ − in the 7 TeV data and results from 4.7fb− of ATLAS data at √s 7TeV Editor: W.-D. Schlatter ( →) ¯ = models for the neutrino–nucleus cross improved analyses of the H ZZ ∗ 4ℓ and H γγ channels in the 7 TeV data. Clear evidence for ATLAS Collaboration 62 → → → sections the production of a neutral boson with a measured mass of 126.0 0.4 (stat) 0.4 (sys) GeV is presented. ± ± Search for high-mass resonances decaying D. Meloni and M. Martini 186 This observation, which has a significance of 5.9 standard deviations, corresponding to a background into τ -lepton pairs in pp collisions at fluctuation probability of 1.7 10 9,iscompatiblewiththeproductionanddecayoftheStandardModel Geometrical CP violation from − √s 7TeV × non-renormalisable scalar potentials Higgs boson. CMS= Collaboration 82 I. de Medeiros Varzielas, D. Emmanuel-Costa © 2012 CERN. Published by Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Search for heavy, top-like quark pair and P. Leser 193 production in the dilepton final state in pp 125 GeV Higgs, type III seesaw and collisions at √s 7TeV gauge–Higgs unification 1. Introduction 120–135 GeV; using the existing LHC constraints, the observed lo- CMS Collaboration= 103 B. He, N. Okada and Q. Shafi 197 cal significances for mH 125 GeV are 2.7σ for CDF [14],1.1σ for Search for TeV-scale gravity signatures in = The apparent excess in the Higgs to di-photon The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics [1–4] has been DØ [15] and 2.8σ for their combination [16]. final states with leptons and jets with the rate at the LHC: New Physics or QCD The previous ATLAS searches in 4.6–4.8 fb 1 of data at √s ATLAS detector at √s 7TeV tested by many experiments over the last four decades and has − uncertainties? ( ) =1 ATLAS Collaboration= 122 been shown to successfully describe high energy particle interac- 7TeVarecombinedherewithnewsearchesforH ZZ ∗ 4ℓ, J. Baglio, A. Djouadi and R.M. Godbole 203 ( ) → 1 → tions. However, the mechanism that breaks electroweak symmetry H γγ and H WW ∗ eνµν in the 5.8–5.9 fb− of pp col- Evidence for the associated production of a → → → B D vs. B D lision data taken at √s 8TeVbetweenAprilandJune2012. W boson and a top quark in ATLAS at ¯ τντ ¯ µνµ in the SM has not been verified experimentally. This mechanism →D. Becireviˇ ¯ c,´ N.→ Košnik¯ and A. Tayduganov 208 = √s 7TeV [5–10],whichgivesmasstomassiveelementaryparticles,implies The data were recorded with instantaneous luminosities up to = the existence of a scalar particle, the SM Higgs boson. The search 6.8 1033 cm 2 s 1;theyarethereforeaffectedbymultiplepp ATLAS Collaboration 142 The top quark and Higgs boson masses and × − − the stability of the electroweak vacuum for the Higgs boson, the only elementary particle in the SM that collisions occurring in the same or neighbouring bunch crossings Astrophysics and cosmology S. Alekhin, A. Djouadi and S. Moch 214 has not yet been observed, is one of the highlights of the Large (pile-up). In the 7 TeV data, the average number of interactions per Low-temperature light detectors: Afurtherstudyofµ–τ symmetry breaking at Hadron Collider [11] (LHC) physics programme. bunch crossing was approximately 10; the average increased to ap- Neganov–Luke amplification and calibration neutrino telescopes after the Daya Bay and Indirect limits on the SM Higgs boson mass of mH < 158 GeV proximately 20 in the 8 TeV data. The reconstruction, identification C. Isaila et al. 160 RENO measurements of θ13 at 95% confidence level (CL) have been set using global fits to pre- and isolation criteria used for electrons and photons in the 8 TeV ( ) Z.-z. Xing 220 cision electroweak results [12].DirectsearchesatLEP[13],the data are improved, making the H ZZ 4ℓ and H γγ Acosmologicalconcordancemodelwith → ∗ → → dynamical vacuum term Top decays with flavor changing neutral Tevatron [14–16] and the LHC [17,18] have previously excluded, at searches more robust against the increased pile-up. These analy- J.S. Alcaniz, H.A. Borges, S. Carneiro, Higgs interactions at the LHC 95% CL, a SM Higgs boson with mass below 600 GeV, apart from ses were re-optimised with simulation and frozen before looking J.C. Fabris, C. Pigozzo and W. Zimdahl 165 C. Kao, H.-Y. Cheng, W.-S. Hou and J. Sayre 225 some mass regions between 116 GeV and 127 GeV. at the 8 TeV data. ( ) Both the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations reported excesses of In the H WW ∗ ℓνℓν channel, the increased pile-up de- (Continued inside) → → miss events in their 2011 datasets of proton–proton (pp)collisionsat teriorates the event missing transverse momentum, ET , resolu- centre-of-mass energy √s 7TeVattheLHC,whichwerecompat- tion, which results in significantly larger Drell–Yan background in = ible with SM Higgs boson production and decay in the mass region the same-flavour final states. Since the eµ channel provides most ELSEVIER 124–126 GeV, with significances of 2.9 and 3.1 standard deviations of the sensitivity of the search, only this final state is used in (σ ), respectively [17,18].TheCDFandDØexperimentsattheTeva- the analysis of the 8 TeV data. The kinematic region in which a tron have also recently reported a broad excess in the mass region SM Higgs boson with a mass between 110 GeV and 140 GeV is http://www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb 0370-2693(20120917)716:1;1-H

✩ ©CERNforthebenefitoftheATLASCollaboration. ⋆ E-mail address: atlas.publications@cern.ch. 1 The symbol ℓ stands for electron or muon.

0370-2693/ © 2012 CERN. Published by Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.020 ATLAS Collaboration / Physics Letters B 716 (2012) 1–29 17 ATLAS Collaboration / Physics Letters B 716 (2012) 1–29 2019 ATLAS Collaboration / Physics Letters B 716 (2012) 1–29

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Lassnig 30,P.Laurelli47,V.Lavorini37a,37b,W.Lavrijsen15,P.Laycock73,T.Lazovich57,O.LeDortz78, R. Reece 120,K.Reeves41,E.Reinherz-Aronis153, A. Reinsch 114,I.Reisinger43,C.Rembser30,Z.L.Ren151M., Moreno Llácer 167,P.Morettini50a,M.Morgenstern44, M. Morii 57,A.K.Morley30,G.Mornacchi30, P. Steinberg 25,I.Stekl127,B.Stelzer142, H.J. Stelzer 88,O.Stelzer-Chilton159a, H. Stenzel 52,S.Stern99, E. Le Guirriec 83,E.LeMenedeu12, T. LeCompte 6, F. Ledroit-Guillon 55,H.Lee105,J.S.H.Lee116, A. Renaud 115,M.Rescigno132a, S. Resconi 89a,B.Resende136, P. Reznicek 98,R.Rezvani158,R.Richter99, J.D. Morris 75, L. Morvaj 101,H.G.Moser99,M.Mosidze51b,J.Moss109,R.Mount143,E.Mountricha10,z, G.A. Stewart 30, J.A. Stillings 21,M.C.Stockton85, K. Stoerig 48,G.Stoicea26a,S.Stonjek99,P.Strachota126, 151 176 169 136 98 15 21 5,af 78 105 148 119a,119b 20a 94, 84 58a 123 21 98 8 44 147 146a,146b 117 109 S.C. Lee , L. Lee ,M.Lefebvre ,M.Legendre , F. Legger ,C.Leggett ,M.Lehmacher , E. Richter-Was ,M.Ridel ,M.Rijpstra ,M.Rijssenbeek ,A.Rimoldi ,L.Rinaldi , S.V. Mouraviev ∗,E.J.W.Moyse ,F.Mueller ,J.Mueller ,K.Mueller ,T.A.Müller , A.R. Stradling ,A.Straessner , J. Strandberg , S. Strandberg ,A.Strandlie ,M.Strang , 30 7 24d 126 172 54 40 12 89a,89b 112 75 85,k 81 30 153 129 105 102a,102b 143 111 144b 174 114 76, G. Lehmann Miotto ,X.Lei ,M.A.L.Leite ,R.Leitner ,D.Lellouch ,B.Lemmer , R.R. Rios , I. Riu ,G.Rivoltella ,F.Rizatdinova ,E.Rizvi ,S.H.Robertson , T. Mueller ,D.Muenstermann , Y. Munwes ,W.J.Murray ,I.Mussche , E. Musto , E. Strauss , M. Strauss ,P.Strizenec , R. Ströhmer , D.M. Strom ,J.A.Strong ∗, 58a 145b 105 175 30 44 10 118 28 82 53 106 128 125 54 12 160 157 65 40 14 25, 148 175 42 151,u V. Lendermann ,K.J.C.Leney ,T.Lenz ,G.Lenzen ,B.Lenzi ,K.Leonhardt ,S.Leontsinis , A. Robichaud-Veronneau ,D.Robinson ,J.E.M.Robinson ,A.Robson ,J.G.RochadeLima , A.G. Myagkov , M. Myska ,O.Nackenhorst , J. Nadal ,K.Nagai ,R.Nagai ,K.Nagano , R. 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66 83 81 158 152 29 89a 63 155 155 155 155 66 134 (a)INFN Sezione di Roma Tre; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy K. Tani ,N.Tannoury ,S.Tapprogge , D. Tardif , S. Tarem ,F.Tarrade ,G.F.Tartarelli , K. Yamamoto ,S.Yamamoto ,T.Yamamura ,T.Yamanaka ,T.Yamazaki ,Y.Yamazaki , 135 (a) (b) 126 125 37a,37b 15 135d 77 92 22 87 173 82 109 146a,146b 91 33a Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies – Université Hassan II, Casablanca; Centre National de l’Energie des Sciences Techniques P. Tas , M. Tasevsky ,E.Tassi ,M.Tatarkhanov ,Y.Tayalati ,C.Taylor ,F.E.Taylor , Z. Yan , H. Yang , H. Yang , U.K. Yang , Y. Yang ,Z.Yang , S. Yanush , L. Yao , Nucleaires, Rabat; (c)Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech; (d)Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier and LPTPM, Oujda; (e)Faculté des 86 159b 115 30 75 15 65 130 40 25 4c 123 171 sciences, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat, Morocco G.N. Taylor ,W.Taylor ,M.Teinturier ,F.A.Teischinger ,M.TeixeiraDiasCastanheira , Y. Yao , Y. Yasu ,G.V.YbelesSmit , J. Ye ,S.Ye ,M.Yilmaz ,R.Yoosoofmiya ,K.Yorita , 136 76 48 30 151 65 155 80 6 155 143 118 22 25 8 112 DSM/IRFU (Institut de Recherches sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers), CEA Saclay (Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique), Gif-sur-Yvette, France P. Teixeira-Dias ,K.K.Temming ,H.TenKate ,P.K.Teng , S. Terada ,K.Terashi ,J.Terron , R. Yoshida ,K.Yoshihara , C. Young , C.J. Young ,S.Youssef ,D.Yu ,J.Yu ,J.Yu , 137 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States 47 158,k 21 78 48 18 66 106 30 39 62 128 30 138 Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States M. Testa ,R.J.Teuscher ,J.Therhaag ,T.Theveneaux-Pelzer ,S.Thoma ,J.P.Thomas , L. Yuan ,A.Yurkewicz , M. Byszewski ,B.Zabinski , R. Zaidan ,A.M.Zaitsev ,Z.Zajacova , 139 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom 35 18 158 53 36 132a,132b 99 25 175 125 39 21 E.N. Thompson ,P.D.Thompson ,P.D.Thompson ,A.S.Thompson ,L.A.Thomsen , L. Zanello , D. Zanzi ,A.Zaytsev ,C.Zeitnitz ,M.Zeman , A. Zemla ,C.Zendler , 140 Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan 120 28 86 87 35 15 125 128 144a 122a,122b 115 57 33b,ak 141 Fachbereich Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany E. Thomson ,M.Thomson ,W.M.Thong , R.P. Thun ,F.Tian ,M.J.Tibbetts ,T.Tic , O. Zenin , T. Ženiš ,Z.Zinonos , D. Zerwas ,G.ZevidellaPorta ,D.Zhang , 142 Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada 94 107,f 96 83 176 83 88 6 33d 115 108 33b 64 118 V.O. Tikhomirov ,Y.A.Tikhonov ,S.Timoshenko ,E.Tiouchichine ,P.Tipton ,S.Tisserant , H. Zhang ,J.Zhang ,X.Zhang ,Z.Zhang , L. Zhao ,Z.Zhao ,A.Zhemchugov ,J.Zhong , 143 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, CA, United States 5 161 163 69 144a 65 87 163 151 33d 42 87 33b 98 144 (a)Faculty of Mathematics, Physics & Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; (b)Department of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak T. Todorov ,S.Todorova-Nova ,B.Toggerson ,J.Tojo ,S.Tokár , K. Tokushuku , B. Zhou ,N.Zhou ,Y.Zhou ,C.G.Zhu , H. Zhu ,J.Zhu ,Y.Zhu , X. Zhuang , Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic 88 101 31 103 14 17 64 99 60 64 21 21 48 K. Tollefson , M. Tomoto ,L.Tompkins ,K.Toms ,A.Tonoyan ,C.Topfel ,N.D.Topilin , V. Zhuravlov , D. Zieminska , N.I. Zimin ,R.Zimmermann ,S.Zimmermann ,S.Zimmermann , 145 (a)Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg; (b)School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 30 114 78 167 83,ad 83 139 141 5 35 128, 173 20a,20b 146 (a)Department of Physics, Stockholm University; (b)The Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden I. Torchiani , E. Torrence , H. Torres ,E.TorróPastor ,J.Toth ,F.Touchard , D.R. Tovey , M. Ziolkowski ,R.Zitoun , L. Živkovic´ ,V.V.Zmouchko ∗,G.Zobernig ,A.Zoccoli , 147 Physics Department, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden 174 30 30 159a 15 78 16 106 30 T. Trefzger , L. Tremblet , A. Tricoli ,I.M.Trigger ,G.Trilling ,S.Trincaz-Duvoid , M. zur Nedden ,V.Zutshi , L. Zwalinski 148 Departments of Physics & Astronomy and Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States 70 25 158 55 89a 142 149 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom M.F. Tripiana ,N.Triplett ,W.Trischuk ,B.Trocmé ,C.Troncon ,M.Trottier-McDonald , 1 School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 150 School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 39 39 30 118 105 90 M. Trzebinski ,A.Trzupek ,C.Tsarouchas ,J.C.-L.Tseng ,M.Tsiakiris ,P.V.Tsiareshka , 2 Physics Department, SUNY Albany, Albany, NY, United States 151 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 5,ai 10 12 48 51a 95 3 Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada 152 Department of Physics, Technion: Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel D. Tsionou ,G.Tsipolitis ,S.Tsiskaridze ,V.Tsiskaridze ,E.G.Tskhadadze ,I.I.Tsukerman , 4 (a)Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara; (b)Department of Physics, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya; (c)Department of Physics, Gazi University, Ankara; (d)Division of Physics, 153 Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 15 21 65 148 139 26a 26a (e) 154 V. Tsulaia ,J.-W.Tsung ,S.Tsuno ,D.Tsybychev ,A.Tua ,A.Tudorache ,V.Tudorache , TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, Ankara, Turkey Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece 31 39 127 4e 105 89a,89b 35 5 LAPP, CNRS/IN2P3 and Université de Savoie, Annecy-le-Vieux, France 155 International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan J.M. Tuggle ,M.Turala ,D.Turecek ,I.TurkCakir , E. Turlay ,R.Turra ,P.M.Tuts , 6 High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States 156 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan 74 146a,146b 129 9 21 155 29 7 157 A. Tykhonov ,M.Tylmad ,M.Tyndel , G. Tzanakos ,K.Uchida , I. Ueda , R. Ueno , Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan 14 21 54 160 30 25 163 8 Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States 158 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M. Ugland , M. Uhlenbrock ,M.Uhrmacher , F. Ukegawa ,G.Unal ,A.Undrus , G. Unel , 9 Physics Department, University of Athens, Athens, Greece 159 (a)TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC; (b)Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada , 10 160 Y. Unno 65,D.Urbaniec35,P.Urquijo21, G. Usai 8,M.Uslenghi119a 119b,L.Vacavant83, V. Vacek 127, Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan 85 15 125 20a,20b 167 126 11 Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan 161 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States B. Vachon , S. Vahsen , J. Valenta ,S.Valentinetti ,A.Valero ,S.Valkar , 12 Institut de Física d’Altes Energies and Departament de Física de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and ICREA, Barcelona, Spain 162 Centro de Investigaciones, Universidad Antonio Narino, Bogota, Colombia E. Valladolid Gallego 167,S.Vallecorsa152, J.A. Valls Ferrer 167,R.VanBerg120,P.C.VanDerDeijl105, 13 (a)Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade; (b)Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia 163 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States 105 105 105 105 30 14 Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 164 (a)INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine; (b)ICTP, Trieste; (c)Dipartimento di Chimica, Fisica e Ambiente, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy R. van der Geer ,H.vanderGraaf ,R.VanDerLeeuw ,E.vanderPoel ,D.vanderSter , 15 Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States 165 Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States N. van Eldik 30,P.vanGemmeren6,I.vanVulpen105,M.Vanadia99,W.Vandelli30, R. Vanguri 120, 16 Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany 166 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden 6 42 78 132a 84 15 8 17 Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 167 Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC) and Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear and Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica and Instituto de Microelectrónica de A. Vaniachine ,P.Vankov ,F.Vannucci ,R.Vari ,T.Varol ,D.Varouchas ,A.Vartapetian , 18 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom Barcelona (IMB-CNM), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain K.E. Varvell 150,V.I.Vassilakopoulos56,F.Vazeille34,T.VazquezSchroeder54,G.Vegni89a,89b, 19 (a)Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul; (b)Division of Physics, Dogus University, Istanbul; (c)Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep; 168 Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (d) 169 115 124a 30 132a 72a,72b 84 Department of Physics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada J.J. Veillet ,F.Veloso ,R.Veness ,S.Veneziano ,A.Ventura ,D.Ventura , 20 (a)INFN Sezione di Bologna; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy 170 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom 48 158 119a 138 105 105 21 Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany 171 Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan M. Venturi ,N.Venturi ,V.Vercesi ,M.Verducci ,W.Verkerke ,J.C.Vermeulen , 22 172 44 142,d 165 145b,aj 145b 118 Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States Department of Particle Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel A. Vest ,M.C.Vetterli ,I.Vichou , T. Vickey ,O.E.VickeyBoeriu ,G.H.A.Viehhauser , 23 Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States 173 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States 168 20a,20b 167 47 29 30 24 (a)Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro; (b)Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora; (c)Federal University of Sao Joao del Rei (UFSJ), Sao Joao 174 Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany S. Viel ,M.Villa ,M.VillaplanaPerez , E. Vilucchi ,M.G.Vincter ,E.Vinek , (d) 175 64 136, 15 172 42 48 3 del Rei; Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Fachbereich C Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany V.B. Vinogradov , M. Virchaux ∗,J.Virzi ,O.Vitells ,M.Viti ,I.Vivarelli ,F.VivesVaque , 25 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States 176 Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States 10 98 127 21 127 47 86 89a 26 (a)National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest; (b)University Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest; (c)West University in Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania 177 Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia S. Vlachos , D. Vladoiu ,M.Vlasak ,A.Vogel , P. Vokac , G. Volpi ,M.Volpi ,G.Volpini , 27 178 99 48 21 126 12 167 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Villeurbanne, France H. von der Schmitt , H. von Radziewski ,E.vonToerne ,V.Vorobel ,V.Vorwerk , M. Vos , 28 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom 30 175 73 136 105 125 29 Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada R. Voss ,T.T.Voss ,J.H.Vossebeld ,N.Vranjes ,M.VranjesMilosavljevic , V. Vrba , 30 a Also at Laboratorio de Instrumentacao e Fisica Experimental de Particulas – LIP, Lisboa, Portugal. 105 48 30 31 175 120 175 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland M. Vreeswijk , T. Vu Anh ,R.Vuillermet ,I.Vukotic ,W.Wagner ,P.Wagner ,H.Wahlen , 31 Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States b Also at Faculdade de Ciencias and CFNUL, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. 44 101 87 71 98 141 176 32 (a)Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago; (b)Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile c Also at Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom. S. Wahrmund ,J.Wakabayashi , S. Walch ,J.Walder , R. Walker ,W.Walkowiak ,R.Wall , 33 (a) (b) (c) Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui; Department of d Also at TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 73 176 45 173 173 33b,ak 151 55 (d) P. Waller ,B.Walsh , C. Wang , F. Wang , H. Wang ,H.Wang ,J.Wang ,J.Wang , Physics, Nanjing University, Jiangsu; School of Physics, Shandong University, Shandong, China e Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, CA, United States. 103 151 21 85 28 77 48 34 Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, Clermont Université and Université Blaise Pascal and CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France f Also at Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia. R. Wang , S.M. Wang , T. Wang , A. Warburton , C.P. Ward , D.R. Wardrope ,M.Warsinsky , 35 46 42 66 18 18 150 Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington, NY, United States g Also at Fermilab, Batavia, IL, United States. A. Washbrook , C. Wasicki ,I.Watanabe ,P.M.Watkins ,A.T.Watson ,I.J.Watson , 36 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark h Also at Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. 18 138 82 150 77 17 54 37 (a)INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Arcavata di Rende, Italy M.F. Watson , G. Watts , S. Watts ,A.T.Waugh ,B.M.Waugh ,M.S.Weber ,P.Weber , i 38 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow, Poland Also at Department of Physics, UASLP, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. 31 118 99 54 48 30 25 j J.S. Webster ,A.R.Weidberg ,P.Weigell , J. Weingarten ,C.Weiser ,P.S.Wells ,T.Wenaus , 39 The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland Also at Università di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy. 16 151,u 30 30 21 48 30 40 Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States k Also at Institute of Particle Physics (IPP), Canada. D. Wendland ,Z.Weng ,T.Wengler , S. Wenig ,N.Wermes ,M.Werner ,P.Werner , 41 l 163 58a 161 55 29 163 8 Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States Also at Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. M. Werth ,M.Wessels ,J.Wetter , C. Weydert , K. Whalen ,S.J.Wheeler-Ellis ,A.White , 42 DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany m Also at Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States. 86 122a,122b 118 163 60 115 43 Institut für Experimentelle Physik IV, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany n Also at Dep Fisica and CEFITEC of Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal. M.J. White , S. White ,S.R.Whitehead ,D.Whiteson ,D.Whittington ,F.Wicek , 44 o 175 129 173 129 21 75 Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom. D. Wicke , F.J. Wickens ,W.Wiedenmann , M. Wielers ,P.Wienemann ,C.Wiglesworth , 45 Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States p Also at Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. 48 77 99 42,r 126 30 46 SUPA – School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom q Also at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan. L.A.M. Wiik-Fuchs ,P.A.Wijeratne ,A.Wildauer , M.A. Wildt ,I.Wilhelm , H.G. Wilkens , 47 r 98 35 120 35 84 18 143 INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy Also at Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. J.Z. Will ,E.Williams ,H.H.Williams ,W.Willis ,S.Willocq ,J.A.Wilson ,M.G.Wilson , 48 Fakultät für Mathematik und Physik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany s Also at Manhattan College, New York, NY, United States. 87 5 48 30 143 81 49 Section de Physique, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland t Also at CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France. A. Wilson ,I.Wingerter-Seez ,S.Winkelmann ,F.Winklmeier ,M.Wittgen ,S.J.Wollstadt , (a) (b) 50 INFN Sezione di Genova; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy u Also at School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guanzhou, China. 39 124a,h 41 87 39 30 (a) (b) M.W. Wolter , H. Wolters , W.C. Wong ,G.Wooden ,B.K.Wosiek ,J.Wotschack , 51 E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia v Also at Academia Sinica Grid Computing, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. 82 39 53 53 73 173 49 52 II Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany w Also at Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, UPMC and Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France. M.J. Woudstra ,K.W.Wozniak ,K.Wraight ,M.Wright ,B.Wrona ,S.L.Wu ,X.Wu , 53 SUPA – School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom x 33b,al 35 46 36 136 48 33b,z 139 Also at School of Physics, Shandong University, Shandong, China. Y. Wu , E. Wulf ,B.M.Wynne ,S.Xella ,M.Xiao , S. Xie , C. Xu ,D.Xu , 54 II Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany y Also at Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy. 150 145a,am 65 155 155 65 55 Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Joseph Fourier and CNRS/IN2P3 and Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France z Also at DSM/IRFU (Institut de Recherches sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers), CEA Saclay (Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique), Gif-sur-Yvette,France. B. Yabsley ,S.Yacoob ,M.Yamada ,H.Yamaguchi ,Y.Yamaguchi ,A.Yamamoto , 56 Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, United States aa Also at Section de Physique, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland.

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57 Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States ab Also at Departamento de Fisica, Universidade de Minho, Braga, Portugal. 58 (a)Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; (b)Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; (c)ZITI Institut für ac Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States. technische Informatik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany ad Also at Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary. 59 Faculty of Applied Information Science, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan ae Also at California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States. 60 Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States af Also at Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. 61 Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck, Austria ag Also at LAL, Université Paris-Sud and CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France. 62 University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States ah Also at Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington, NY, United States. 63 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States ai 64 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Dubna, Dubna, Russia Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom. aj 65 KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan Also at Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom. 66 Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan ak Also at Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. 67 Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan al Also at Department of Physics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States. 68 Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto, Japan am Also at Discipline of Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. 69 Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan ∗ Deceased. 70 Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina 71 Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom 72 (a)INFN Sezione di Lecce; (b)Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy 73 Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom 74 Department of Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia 75 School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom 76 Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom 77 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom 78 Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, UPMC and Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France 79 Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden 80 Departamento de Fisica Teorica C-15, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 81 Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany 82 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom 83 CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France 84 Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States 85 Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 86 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 87 Department of Physics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States 88 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States 89 (a)INFN Sezione di Milano; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy 90 B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus 91 National Scientific and Educational Centre for Particle and High Energy Physics, Minsk, Belarus 92 Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States 93 Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada 94 P.N. Lebedev Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 95 Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia 96 Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute (MEPhI), Moscow, Russia 97 Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 98 Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany 99 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München, Germany 100 Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan 101 Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan 102 (a)INFN Sezione di Napoli; (b)Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy 103 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States 104 Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen/Nikhef, Nijmegen, Netherlands 105 Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands 106 Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States 107 Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 108 Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY, United States 109 Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States 110 Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan 111 Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States 112 Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States 113 Palacký University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic 114 Center for High Energy Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States 115 LAL, Université Paris-Sud and CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France 116 Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 117 Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 118 Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom 119 (a)INFN Sezione di Pavia; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy 120 Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States 121 Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia 122 (a)INFN Sezione di Pisa; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 123 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States 124 (a)Laboratorio de Instrumentacao e Fisica Experimental de Particulas – LIP, Lisboa, Portugal; (b)Departamento de Fisica Teorica y del Cosmos and CAFPE, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain 125 Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic 126 Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic 127 Czech Technical University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic 128 State Research Center Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia 129 Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom 130 Physics Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada 131 Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan 132 (a)INFN Sezione di Roma I; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy 133 (a)INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy Big Projects

• HSC ~150 • LIGO ~1000 • LHC ~4000 • Can young people shine in big groups? • Too long lead time for graduate students? • Yet most research done by small teams 3~10 • young people do find their own topics once vast shared data obtained • Need staggered projects, combination of big and small Fixed Budget Fixed Budget

Small Projects

Big Projects

• No bigger projects possible? • end of small projects? Fixed Budget

Small Projects

Big Projects

• No bigger projects possible? • end of small projects? Comments

• Yes, big projects are squeezing small ones

• Yes, big projects are getting more expensive

• Yet people can always find their own space

• Japanese guerrilla war system seems to have advantages for small and medium size projects

• big ones can come smaller with technology Consensus?

• Need a good balance between big and small • make sure to avoid favoritism to “establishment” • but exploit input of “wise men/women” • need more transparency • yet avoid bureaucratic overhead, heavy reviews • need clear priorities • don’t keep changing funding programs • need stability to have long-term view • Don’t fight with other fields over funding • keep arguing for boosting whole science • education & outreach crucial for basic science Never stop dreaming!