Experiences and Initial results from Terna’s Energy Storage Projects
Anna Carolina Tortora Head of Innovation Research and Development
1 Agenda
Introduction to the TSO
The Context
The Approach to Energy Storage
The Projects
The Tests • Grid Scale • Lab Scale
Main Lessons Learned
Future Developments
Annex
2 Agenda
Introduction to the TSO
The Context
The Approach to Energy Storage
The Projects
The Tests • Grid Scale • Lab Scale
Main Lessons Learned
Future Developments
Annex
3 Terna is….
. ...the largest independent transmission system operator (TSO) in Europe and the sixth in the world . ...the owner of the Italian High Voltage National Transmission Grid . ...responsible for the transmission and dispatching of electricity throughout the Country . ...in charge of the development and maintenance of the Grid, employing a workforce of ~3,500 . ...listed on the Italian Stock Exchange since 2004, with a market cap of about € 8,7 Billion.
Numbers ... … and Premises
Grid ~ 72,000 Km of three-phase conductors in Italy 22 Interconnections lines with foreign countries 841 Substations
Montenegro Assets 8 Transmission Operating Areas 8 Distribution Centers 3 Remote-Control Centers
1 Foreign Subsidiary Serbi a Electricity Market 310 TWh of energy consumption (2014) Transmission Operating Areas 59,400 MW demand peak (July 2015) Distribution Centers Remote-Control Centers Foreign Subsidiary
4 4 Agenda
Introduction to the TSO
The Context
The Approach to Energy Storage
The Projects
The Tests • Grid Scale • Lab Scale
Main Lessons Learned
Future Developments
Annex
5 The Italian Context…back in 2010
Causes Effects Mitigating actions
•Economic crisis and subsequent • Fast and massive growth of RES: loss of many big consumers (i.e. Rise in congestion-related curtailments national demand decreased 7% (i.e. 2010 500 GWh lost) from 340 TWh to 318 TWh) Rise in demand for non-spinning Optimize integration of RES and •Aggressive policy of incentives reserve increase flexibility of national promoting RES + imminence of • Traditional power plants running at grid (i.e. smarter grid) grid parity minimum load: •Short time to fortify and develop Loss of inertia in smaller insular the grid to support new scenarios systems (i.e. Sicily and Sardinia) Loss of available frequency reserves
Optimize RES Integration and increase system’s reserves Ease Power Problem Congestion Energy Problem
Compensate for low inertia
6 The Tools for the Defense of the Grid
Past Future
The physical resistance (inertia) of the system against frequency change due
to an imbalance.
Instantaneous/ Spinning Reserve Spinning
Ensures that
f Imbalance Primary Secondary Tertiary power Primary frequency (in Stops Imbalance
Europe) is
Primary Regulation
always kept at
50 Hz
Time
Ensures that
power frequency Power (in Europe) is brought back to
50 Hz
Regulation
Secondary
Partially complements Time and finally replaces 30 Seconds all of Europe responds Secondary Reserve by
re-scheduling 100-200 Seconds The country in which the event happens responds
Tertiary Regulation
generation. 15 – 120 Minutes The country in which the event happens responds
7 Distributed The adequacy The Changing Generation of the Grid Energy Mix Definition methods methods are necessary alone ineffective so new makes approach this increase The net in Means that all of of demand highest assessing point the evaluated by traditionally Has been tomorrow’s Grid today’s asaswell be adequateto assets planned must Scenarios Different Asset to react to Capacity of an Defined as the Flexibility Focus on Loss of Inertiaand of Flexibility
is is
DG DG
Generation Loss
of
a
Group
caused
coupled
a
very
fast
with
Frequency
the Example 2011Event in Sicily
<10 <10 s system’s Group Event: Loss of a Generation
drop
PV 49.7 Hz: Loss of Distributed
and very Load Shedding 49 Hz: Activation of Emergency
the
low
activation
Inertia
of and
Emergency
the
high
Load
amount
Shedding
of
Distributed
8
Agenda
Introduction to the TSO
The Context
The Approach to Energy Storage
The Projects
The Tests • Grid Scale • Lab Scale
Main Lessons Learned
Future Developments
Annex
9 Terna’s Energy Storage Strategy
Analysis of Storage Knowledge of different TECHNICAL ANALYSIS BEST TECHNOLOGY PER applications energy storage APPLICATION technologies Testing phase to analyze
the technology’s Selection of the constraints Market arbitrage/load technologies shifting Transmission
avoidance/deferral
Energy intensive applications
System operationPrimary reserve
ORIGINATION ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS Secondary/tertiary reserve Benefits’ evaluation and Distribution Costs’ quantification avoidance/deferral
PV and storage
Off-grid
DEFINITION AND DEVELOPMENT OF A VIRTUAL STORAGE PLANT A Platform capable of integrating the characteristics and limitations of each technology while maximizing their performance and reducing additional costs stemming from non-optimal usage
10 Consumers System Operators Generators There are Many More Applications… Consumers and Domestic ConsumersConsumersand Large Public Service, Industrial DistributionTransmission and Thermal and Renewable
Generators
T&D T&D InvestmentDeferral/Avoidance OptimizationConsumption ofFuel Support to EnergySupportEfficient Techs Secondary Reserve( Secondary Primary Primary Reserve Compensation Regulationto Grid Services Primary ReservePrimary ( Renewable Management Congestion Management Generation Smoothing Demand ManagementDemand SyntheticInertia Load Following Peak Shaving UPS Service UPS E - mobility
f
f and V) and
and V) and
11
Terna’s Storage Technology Portfolio
30 -60 seconds 0,5 – 1 hour 2 – 4 hours P & E are decoupled 7 hours
• Procurement
on going Power Intensive Power 9,2 MW 3,4 MW 0,85 MW 35 MW Intensive Energy installed installed procured installed
Grid support (e.g. frequency regulation)
Grid Defense System Congestion management
Power Quality & UPS Load Shifting Main applications
12 Terna’s Storage Projects
Energy Intensive Power Intensive • Mission : reduce grid congestions • Mission: increase safety of grid • Total Power: ≈35 MW • Total Power: ≈ 40 MW • Solution: NaS Sodium Sulfur • Solutions: Li-Ion, Zebra, Flow, Supercaps • Number of sites: 3 • Number of sites: 2 • Investment Size: 160 €mln; • Investment Size: 93 €mln;
Site 1: Ginestra • Total Capacity: ≈ 12 MW PHASE I: 16 MW Storage Lab • Status: operational Site 1 Codrongianos • Total Power: ≈ 9,15 MW Site 2 Flumeri • • Status: operational ≈ 5,4 MW Total Capacity: ≈ 12 MW • in commissioning ≈ 2,1 MW Status: operational under construction ≈ 0,4 MW procurement initiated ≈ 1,25 MW Site 3 Scampitella Site 2 Ciminna • Total Capacity: ≈ 10.8 MW • Total Power: ≈ 6,8 MW • Status: operational • Status: operational ≈ 5,1 MW under construction ≈ 0,45 MW tender to be submitted ≈ 1,25 MW
PHASE II: 24 MW Casuzze and Codrongianos: to be initiated
13 Agenda
Introduction to the TSO
The Context
The Approach to Energy Storage
The Projects
The Tests • Grid Scale • Lab Scale
Main Lessons Learned
Future Developments
Annex
14 Power Intensive Projects
1st Phase Storage Lab (16 MW) 2nd Phase (24 MW)
Sardinia: Sardinia: 10 MW 12 MW Codrongianos Codrongianos
Sicily: Sicily: 6 MW 12 MW Casuzze Ciminna
Provide essential services: • Frequency regulation; Develop an Advanced • Secondary Regulation; Assess the performance Control System for the • Integration in TSO’s characteristics of multiple management of multiple control systems; Energy Storage Systems EESS Technologies (Virtual Storage Plant) OBJECTIVES • Power Quality.
15 Energy Intensive Projects
Benevento 2 – Celle San Vito Benevento 2 – Bisaccia 380
IVPC VOLTURARA CAMPOBASSO
EDENS VOLTURARA VOLTURARA CERCEMAGGIORE MONTORSI IVPC ALBERONA
FLABRUM WIND ENERGY EDENS ALBERONA ALBERONA IVPC POW3 FOIANO CASTELPAGANO FOGGIA FOIANO ROSETO IVPC4 ROSETO ASI T. FV IVPC EDENS C.S.V. TROIA FOIANO FEO FORTORE E. R. DAUNIA SEA 12 MW EDENS S. FAETO MARGHERITA FOIANO GIORGIO L.M. MONTEFALCONE CELLE S.VITO COLLE SANNITA EOS FAETO FORTORE E. GINESTRA CER EOS4 F. CASTELF. IVPC4 C.S.V. 12 MW GINESTRA DEGLI MARGHERITA F.. IVPC M. SCHIAVONI W.F. U. SAVIGNANO FS EDENS M. AVINO DAUNIA W. Flumeri ECOENERGIA MONTELEONE DAUNIA CALVELLO SAVIGNANO IRP.
ARIANO IRPINO
PRESENZANO BENEVENTO APICE FS NUOVA SE BENEVENTO IND. GONGOLO GONGOLO BENEVENTO 2 VALLESACCARDA BENEVENTO FS Ginestra FLUMERI S. SOFIA FOIANO
AIROLA / MONTEFALCONE TROIA MONTESERCHIO
AVELLINO STURNO SAVIGNANO FS
SAVIGNANO ACCADIA IRP. PRESENZANO BENEVENTO ARIANO IRPINO APICE FS ARIANO VALLESACCARDA BENEVENTO 2 BENEVENTO IND. BENEVENTO FS SCAMPITELLA FLUMERI LACEDONIA DURAZZANO BISACCIA AIROLA S. SOFIA STURNO MONTESARCHIO
BISACCIA
X MATERA X ANDRETTA PRATA P.U. FIAT PRAT.S. UTE NOVOLEGNO Provide essential services: FMA PRATOLA SER. GOLETO CALITRI 12 MW S.ANGELO AVELLINO CASTELNUOVO N Reduce local SOLOFRA •Frequency regulation; CALABRITTO congestions on • Secondary Regulation; Scampitella CONTURSI FS TUSCIANO CONTURSI MONTECORVINO BUCCINO the HV grid SICIGNANO •Tertiary reserve; CAMPAGNA TANAGRO
LAINO ROTONDA OBJECTIVES •Voltage Support.
16 Agenda
Introduction to the TSO
The Context
The Approach to Energy Storage
The Projects
The Tests • Grid Scale • Lab Scale
Main Lessons Learned
Future Developments
Annex
17 Overview of Terna’s Testing Activities
•Frequency Regulation Purpose of testing is to collect enough knowhow to be able to select the best •Grid •Voltage Regulation
technology according to the desired Scale(>1MW) •Power Quality application •Increase in Reliability
testing •Grid Stabilization The Storage Lab project has been •Efficiency analysis designed to analyze the Focus om EESS’s EESS’s om Focus performances of selected
technologies when used to solve
Network issues
START ?
• Aging Test Technologies: •Module scale •Lithium-Ion • Performance Test (<100kW) •Zebra • Thermal Test •Supercaps • Overcharge/discharge Test •Flow Testing • Overload Test
• Short Circuit Test Focus on Modules’on Focus
Module Tests executed by: Lab
18 Agenda
Introduction to the TSO
The Context
The Approach to Energy Storage
The Projects
The Tests • Grid Scale • Lab Scale
Main Lessons Learned
Future Developments
Annex
19 Grid Scale – AC/AC Round Trip Efficiency Test
Purpose of testing
Validate the performances of each EESS in terms of: Targets Nominal Energy Efficiency of the system
Standard cycle: the cycle used consists in a discharging phase followed by a charging phase;
during the test it is admited the interposition of
Definition and stand-by phases validation of procedures Each technology supplier has been requested to propose the profile of the cycle to be used
cycle Standard during the test session (*) Test Execution Active Power (MV) Discharging Phase Active Power absorbed by auxiliaries (LV) Charging Phase
Acceptance criteria
Analysis and validation of •Correct execution of the cycle proposed without any interruption or abnormal behavior results •Discharge energy and efficiency of system (including auxiliaries consumption) should be compliant with the Technical Specifications requests
(*) the cycle will be repeated 3 times on order to validate the results 20 Grid Scale – AC/AC Round Trip Efficiency Results
Energy absorbed E during charging phase Energy released during in discharging phase Eout EESS Energy absorbed by auxiliaries during charging
Eaux phase (Eoux, in) and during discharging phase (Eoux, out)
System Technology AC/AC Efficiency
SODIUM NICKEL CHLORIDE ̴ 80%
(*) SODIUM NICKEL CHLORIDE Data not available yet
LITHIUM TITANATE ̴ 86%
LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE ̴ 83%
LITHIUM NICKEL COBALT ALUMINA ̴ 84% (**)
LITHIUM MANGANESE ̴ 85%
(*) LG Batteries LITHIUM NICKEL MANGANESE COBALT Data not available yet
(*) Installed only in Sardinia 21 (**) Result obtained in Sardinia Site, in Sicily the efficiency is lower due to the different capacity of the system Grid Scale – First islanding on HV Grid 4 EESS installed at the Codrongianos substation were successfully tested in an islanding procedure involving one Synchronous Compensator (250 MVA), one ATR 380/150 kV (250 MVA), one 150/15 kV transformer and two busbar assemblies (380 and 150 kV)
System in Islanding Batteries start giving power
Island at steady-state 50,2 Hz Island’s frequency 50,1 Hz
50,0 Hz
49,9 Hz
49,8 Hz Synchronous ATR Storage Lab Compensator 4 MW
2 MW P From Storage Lab 380 kV
0 MW 150 kV 0,5 s 220 kV 3 s
Scope of the test was to demonstrate the effective use Energy Storage Systems as a means to increase grid reliability
22 Grid Scale – Short Circuit Test
The test was performed in order to verify the correct behavior of the inverters during a short circuit while in islanding mode
Fault Recorder
MV protection
SCI
The inverter control system interrupts the current almost instantly PCS (few milliseconds)
Controller
EESS n EESS
EESS 1 EESS 2 EESS
BMSBMS MV Protections are to slow to correctly identify the fault and open the circuit.
(*) MV: Medium Voltage 23 Agenda
Introduction to the TSO
The Context
The Approach to Energy Storage
The Projects
The Tests • Grid Scale • Lab Scale
Main Lessons Learned
Future Developments
Annex
24 Lab Scale – Aging Tests During the tender phase it became necessary to create a standard cycle in order to best compare and rank the different technologies
1,5 CiclaggioStandard Standard Cycle
1 • Discharge @ Pn, DOD 80%;
0,5
.] • Complete Charge @ Pn; 0
p.u 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 P [ P Potenza [pu] -0,5 • No resting time between one -1 Procedure Test cycle and the other(*) -1,5
Furthermore, to compare each technology against the frequency regulation service, another cycle profile was identified: it was obtained by taking a real continental 24h frequency signal, filtered and compressed in order to attain a meaningful and challenging power profile (average value 50 Hz, max frequency deviation > 100 mHz)
FrequencyAndamento frequenza behavior 50,15 Service parameters: •Frequency droop 0.075%; 50,1 •Deadband 0 mHz. •Starting SOC: 100%;
50,05 [Hz]
•SOC max :100% (no over-charge);
50 •SOC min: 0% (no over-discharge);
Frequenza [Hz] Frequenza 49,95 •If SOC min is reached, then recharge the battery and nominal
Frequency power and continue with the power profile;
49,9 Procedure Test
49,85 •Every10 days the reference cycle will be executed in order to 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 timetempo [sec] [sec] determine the electrochemical parameters of the battery.
* This procedure was adapted for each supplier in order to account for the specifics and limitations of each technology 25 Lab Scale – Comparison Between Aging Cycles Compared to the standard cycle, the frequency regulation cycle is, from a thermal and energetic point of view, less stressful and yet…
Power profile for frequency regulation service
] • Average power:
pu
P [ P •Standard Cycle: Pn •Regulation cycle: 0.4 Pn
•Daily equivalent(*) cycles: time 1,5 CiclaggioStandard Standard Cycle •Standard cycle: 5-12 1 •Regulation cycle: ≈5
0,5
.] •Daily power inversions:
0 p.u
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 cycles between Comparison
P [ P Potenza [pu] -0,5 •Standard cycle : max 24
-1 •Regulation cycle : over 1000
-1,5 …Tests have shown that frequency regulation cycle ages batteries much more than the standard cycle
* Equivalent cycles are obtained dividing the daily energy discharged, by module’s nominal energy 26 Potenza [pu] - - P [p.u.] 1,5 0,5 0,5 1,5 - 1 New test profile 0 1 0 Lab Scale
- - - - - C-Rate 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1 - In In toif verifyorder frequent numerousand inversionspower impact aging the of 1 0 1
0
2 30 Ciclaggio Standard the the batteries morethan heata cycleenergy ornewhas defined been
60 Standard Cycle 3
90
120 New 4
150 time time [sec] Cycle – 5
180
Next Aging Next Aging Tests
210 6
240 7
270
300 8
330
• • •
Daily Daily power inversions Daily equivalent(*) cycles Average C P [pu] Power Power profile for frequency regulation service - rate :
:
time :
Test initiated in in 02/2016
≈ 0.46 ≈ 2800 5.6 27
Lab Scale – Test results Standard Cycle TERNA Regulation Cycle TERNA 100% 100%
95% 95%
E % E % E
90% 90%
No test data available for Lithium 1 (next gen). 85% 85% 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Equivalent cycle Equivalent cycle
Module Number of cycles Technology Cycle under test 100 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 4000 5000 6000 Standard Cycle Terna 100% 95% 85% 75% ------Lithium 1 NCA Regulation Cycle Terna 98% 95% 88% ------Data at- Jenuary- 2016 - Standard Cycle Terna 99% 98% 97% 97% 96% 94% 93% 92% 91% - - - - Lithium 2 NCM Regulation Cycle Terna 100% 100% 98% 97% 96% 90% ------Lithium 1 (next Standard Cycle Terna 100% 99% 99% 98% 97% ------NCA gen) Regulation Cycle Terna ------Standard Cycle Terna 100% 99% 98% 97% 97% 96% ------Lithium 3 LFP Regulation Cycle Terna 97% 95% 94% 94% 92% ------Standard Cycle Terna 100% 99% 99% 99% 98% 96% 96% 94% 93% 91% - - - Lithium 4 LMO Regulation Cycle Terna 100% 100% 99% 98% 97% 95% ------Standard Cycle Terna 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% 98% 97% 96% 96% 95% 95% 94% Lithium 5 LTO Regulation Cycle Terna 100% 100% 99% 99% 99% 99% ------
* Equivalent cycles are obtained dividing the daily energy discharged, by module’s nominal energy 28 Agenda
Introduction to the TSO
The Context
The Approach to Energy Storage
The Projects
The Tests • Grid Scale • Lab Scale
Main Lessons Learned
Future Developments
Annex
29 Lessons learned Thanks this toexperience, Terna achievedhas asignificant learning amount expertise. of and Main lessons learned To date Ternastorageof commissionedhasMWh270more MWthan / 47 systems. (*)The (*)The four arephases mostlyrelated to Lithium and Zebra technologies Procurement
Design Howtocalculate cost real different the the of technologies
Learned Know How controltoimprove systemthe the of (*)
How to better specify what we need we Howtobetter what specify Construction& -
Installation how in in maintenacemanagementandhow
Today Operations Still Still learning…
30
Service Technology requirements Technology Requirements requirements requirements Service Evolution of the Technical Requirements • • • • • •
challenging enough Defense systemintegration Tertiary regulation Secondary regulation Primary regulation Roundtrip efficiency not Minimum cyclelife not required Technical Requirements 1.0
2012
• • • • • • • •
Other Other smartapplications grid Defense systemintegration Tertiary regulation Secondary regulation Primary regulation detailed Inverters works more Civil and challenging required Technical Requirements 1.1 Roundtrip efficiency more Minimum cyclelife not 2014
-
2015
Technical Requirements 2.0 Future installations
31
Control, Maintenance and Operations
•Each solution needs specific signals and •Terna’s operator needs an adequate alarms for optimal management selection of commands/alarms for
optimal assets management
Identification of the most relevant signals/alarms
Unbalanced cells
•Some modules disconnect due to unbalanced cells (placed inside) and no critical alarm is generated because
the system can still ensure nominal power. Most needed improvements needed Most
Significant alarms have to Smart “balancing solution” be generated when a has to be developed specific number of (balancing cycle/ modules are disconnected SOC calibration)
32 Importance of Thermal Design
Module’s thermal design greatly modifies the System layout and Performances performances of the complete system Lithium 3
Adding a fan and metal heat sink to the module’s design allows the system to cycle continuously without needing stand-by phases for ensuring cycle life
Three hours stand-by needed Codrongianos
Lesson learned and applied to Ciminna installation
Continuous cycling Ciminna
33 Agenda
Introduction to the TSO
The Context
The Approach to Energy Storage
The Projects
The Tests • Grid Scale • Lab Scale
Main Lessons Learned
Future Developments
Annex
34 New Technologies (1of2) – Redox Flow Batteries Redox Flow Batteries A Redox Flow Battery system is made up of a number of electrochemical cells. Each cell has two compartments, on for each electrolyte, usually physically separated by a membrane. The electrolytes are stored in two tanks and are pumped through the cell stack across the membrane where one form of the electrolyte is oxidized and the other is reduced during discharge and vice-versa during charge.
EESS Installation Tipical size: during P: 0.4 – 0.5 MW 2016 E: 1.0 – 1.5MWh
35 New Technologies (2of2) – Super-capacitors
There are two main categories of Supercapacitors
Electrical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC) Hybrid Capacitors
•The electrical charge is electrostatically stored in the • The basic design of a hybrid SC uses two electrodes made double-layer, naturally formed at electrode-electrolyte of different materials and, eventually, using different interface under voltage. operating processes •Hybrid structure: energy is stored both electrostatically •Electrodes are usually made of Active Carbon and chemically •Negative Electrode is made of graphite like lithium-ion batteries
Tender to be published during 2016
36 Agenda
Introduction to the TSO
The Context
The Approach to Energy Storage
The Projects
The Tests • Grid Scale • Lab Scale
Main Lessons Learned
Future Developments
Annex
37 Codrongianos – Installation Layout Tecnologie installate Lithium Iron 1 MW 1.231 MWh Phosphate
Lithium Nickel 1.2 MW 0.928 MWh Cobalt Aluminium
Lithium 1 MW 0.916 MWh Manganese Oxide Lithium Nickel 1.08 MW 0.540 MWh Cobalt Manganese
Lithium 1 MW 1.016 MWh Titanate
1,2 MW 4.15 MWh Sodium–nickel Other Technology 1 MW 2 MWh Sodium–nickel
Other Other Technology Technology
7 Ciminna – Installation Layout
Tecnologie installate
Lithium Iron 1 MW 1.231 MWh Phosphate
Lithium Nickel 0,9 MW 0.570 MWh EPC Cobalt Aluminium
Lithium 1 MW 0.916 MWh Manganese Oxide
Lithium 1 MW 1.016 MWh Titanate
1.2 MW 4.15 MWh Sodium–nickel
Altre tecnologie
Altre tecnologie Altre tecnologie
39