DOCSLIB.ORG

Fast Learning of Simple Perceptual Discriminations Reduces Brain Activation in Working Memory and in High-Level Auditory Regions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fast Learning of Simple Perceptual Discriminations Reduces Brain Activation in Working Memory and in High-Level Auditory Regions Fast Learning of Simple Perceptual Discriminations Reduces Brain Activation in Working Memory and in High-level Auditory Regions Luba Daikhin and Merav Ahissar Downloaded from http://mitprc.silverchair.com/jocn/article-pdf/27/7/1308/1783003/jocn_a_00786.pdf by MIT Libraries user on 17 May 2021 Abstract ■ Introducing simple stimulus regularities facilitates learning tion induced a larger activation in frontoparietal areas known to of both simple and complex tasks. This facilitation may reflect be part of the working memory network. However, only the an implicit change in the strategies used to solve the task when condition with a reference showed fast learning, which was successful predictions regarding incoming stimuli can be accompanied by a reduction of activity in two regions: the left formed. We studied the modifications in brain activity associa- intraparietal area, involved in stimulus retention, and the pos- ted with fast perceptual learning based on regularity detection. terior superior-temporal area, involved in representing auditory We administered a two-tone frequency discrimination task and regularities. We propose that this joint reduction reflects a re- measured brain activation (fMRI) under two conditions: with duction in the need for online storage of the compared tones. and without a repeated reference tone. Although participants We further suggest that this change reflects an implicit strategic could not explicitly tell the difference between these two con- shift “backwards” from reliance mainly on working memory net- ditions, the introduced regularity affected both performance works in the “No-Reference” condition to increased reliance on and the pattern of brain activation. The “No-Reference” condi- detected regularities stored in high-level auditory networks. ■ INTRODUCTION rarely been studied, although it is probably crucial to The dynamics of perceptual learning, particularly its ini- subsequent learning dynamics (e.g., Ortiz & Wright, tial stages, are not well understood. Previous studies have 2009; Hawkey, Amitay, & Moore, 2004; Karni, Jezzard, focused on the specificity of learning to trained stimuli, Adams, Turner, & Ungerleider, 1995). which was shown to be consistent with the specificity One of the key features of the training procedure, par- of the sensory areas (Spang, Grimsen, Herzog, & Fahle, ticularly at the early training stages, is the consistency of 2010; Van Wassenhove & Nagarajan, 2007; Amitay, Hawkey, stimuli across consecutive trials. Consistent training with & Moore, 2005; Seitz & Watanabe, 2005; Demany & similar stimuli leads to fast, condition-specific (Cohen, Semal, 2002; Ahissar & Hochstein, 1993, 1996; Levi & Daikhin, & Ahissar, 2013) learning (e.g., Otto, Herzog, Polat, 1996; Karni & Sagi, 1991). However, such speci- Fahle, & Zhaoping, 2006), whereas training with a broad ficity mainly characterizes later stages of learning, when range of stimuli, whose sequence is not predictable, leads some expertise had been obtained (Jeter, Dosher, Liu, & to slow learning (Parkosadze, Otto, Malaniya, Kezeli, & Lu, 2010; Ahissar & Hochstein, 1997; Karni & Sagi, Herzog, 2008) if any (e.g., Kuai, Zhang, Klein, Levi, & 1993). Ahissar and Hochstein (Ahissar, Nahum, Nelken, Yu, 2005; Adini, Wilkonsky, Haspel, Tsodyks, & Sagi, & Hochstein, 2009; Ahissar & Hochstein, 1997, 2004) 2004; Yu, Klein, & Levi, 2004). A very clear example of suggested that when finer resolution is required, per- this dissociation was recently reported in the auditory ceptual learning may progress backwards along the per- modality for training on frequency (pitch) discrimination ceptual hierarchy from crude generalizing representations between sequentially presented tones. Whereas dis- to more local ones. This theory, termed the Reverse crimination between tones whose frequency was ran- Hierarchy Theory, posits that perceptual learning is not domly chosen from a broad frequency range improved limited to a specific brain site and progresses from high- slowly (within hundreds of trials), substantial and fast to lower-level areas with practice. Nevertheless, it does improvement was achieved when the first tone in a pair not address the brain mechanisms underlying the very had a fixed frequency (Nahum, Daikhin, Lubin, Cohen, & early stages of learning, when the task and its broad Ahissar, 2010). This rapid improvement was attributed to stimulus characteristics need to be sorted out. This initial the ability to form effective predictions for the incoming stage is typically short and difficult to track and hence has stimuli when training with stimuli that obeyed a simple regularity (Ahissar et al., 2009; Ahissar & Hochstein, 2004). Here we inquired whether the impact of intro- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem ducing simple regularities that facilitate learning, perhaps © 2015 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27:7, pp. 1308–1321 doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00786 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/jocn_a_00786 by guest on 28 September 2021 by facilitating the “reverse hierarchy” process, is accom- initial stages of learning the regularity and then decrease panied by a detectable concurrent change in the pattern its activity with repetitions of this regularity (Karni et al., of brain activation. 1995, 1998), as long as the reference containing condi- Although serial discrimination is considered a simple tion is not interrupted. perceptual task, it requires two types of management To test these hypotheses, we measured both behavior processes, both of which involve frontoparietal networks. and the BOLD response when participants performed a First, as in any new task (or situation), its basic structure simple perceptual two-tone frequency discrimination in terms of neural representations should be set (Miller task. On the basis of the observations of Nahum, Daikhin, Downloaded from http://mitprc.silverchair.com/jocn/article-pdf/27/7/1308/1783003/jocn_a_00786.pdf by MIT Libraries user on 17 May 2021 & Cohen 2001). Many studies suggest that this task- et al. (2010), participants in the current study were setting is implemented by high-level networks, which administered the following two conditions. In one, the include extensive frontal and parietal regions. These same tone was consistently presented in the first interval networks are largely general-purpose and form the of each trial. This regularity is known to be detected “task-set” for various tasks (and were hence termed “the quickly and yields fast and substantial improvement multiple-demand” network; Duncan, 2010; Duncan & (Cohen et al., 2013; Nahum, Daikhin, et al., 2010). In Owen, 2000). Second, task performance requires the the second condition, the same task and similar stimuli retention of the relevant value of the first stimulus in each (though drawn from a broader frequency range) were trial during the interstimulus interval and a comparison of used, but there was no cross-trial tone repetition. In this this value with that of the second stimulus. This retain- condition, participants’ improvement has been reported and-compare process is a working memory operation to be very slow and does not reach the same level of (e.g., Romo, Brody, Hernández, & Lemus, 1999). Such performance even after many practice sessions. operations were also shown to activate frontoparietal Wepresentedblocksofthesetwoconditionsinaninter- regions, which were thus termed the working memory leaved manner (3 blocks of one condition followed by network (Fedorenko, Behr, & Kanwisher, 2011; Koelsch 3 blocks of the other condition). Because the stimuli were et al., 2009; Baldo & Dronkers, 2006; Rainer, Asaad, & similar and the task was the same, participants were unaware Miller, 1998). The exact role of this network in the retain- of the switch in conditions. We asked which brain areas and-compare operation is still being debated. Previous were sensitive to the difference between the two conditions, studies have suggested that these working memory areas and activity in which brain areas was modified as a function both manage and store the task-relevant stimuli. However, of the rapid improvement we anticipated in the condition very recent studies (reviewed in Sreenivasan, Curtis, & involving a simple, easily detected stimulus regularity. D’Esposito, 2014) posit that the stimuli are stored in pos- terior sensory areas, and the role of the working memory network primarily involves task-related management. METHODS “ ” Additional related term is attentional resources, whose Participants recruitment when a task is generally more demanding also activate partially overalapping posterior-parietal regions Nineteen participants (age = 29 ± 5 years; 10 women) (Magen, Emmanouil, McMains, Kastner, & Treisman, 2009). took part in the study. Each of them performed fre- The behavioral observation that a simple regularity in quency discrimination and another task (not reported perceptual discriminations leads to fast perceptual learn- here) in the magnet (except one, who was administered ing, which is specific to the trained regularity (Cohen only the frequency discrimination task) and had an addi- et al., 2013; Nahum, Daikhin, et al., 2010), implies that tional anatomical scan at the end of the session. Before the load on management processes decreases. This de- entering the scanner, participants practiced a short version crease is expected because utilizing the regularity, that of the behavioral protocol that they performed during is, the repeated reference,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Eleanor J. Gibson from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Eleanor J. Gibson From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Eleanor Jack Gibson (7 December 1910 – 30 December 2002) was an American psychologist who focused on reading Eleanor Jack Gibson development and perceptual learning in infants and toddlers. In the 1960s and 1970s Gibson, with her husband James J. Gibson, created the Gibsonian ecological theory of development which emphasized how important perception was because it allows humans to adapt to their environments. Perhaps her most well- known contribution to psychology was the "visual cliff", which studied depth perception and visual or motor impairments in both human and animal species. This led to a new understanding of perceptual development in infants. The environment provides information for the sensory system to develop with increased Eleanor Gibson - Keynote Address - 1993 APS stimuli, so perceptual development corresponds with Convention environmental stimuli. Infants develop from adapting to the Born December 7, 1910 environment. Gibson was elected to the National Academy of Peoria, Illinois Sciences in 1971 and as a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1977. In 1992 she was awarded the Died December 30, 2002 (aged 92) National Medal of Science, which is the highest scientific honor Columbia, South Carolina in the United States, and only five of which have been awarded Fields psychology to psychologists. Institutions Cornell University Alma mater Smith College (B.A., 1931) (M.S., 1933) Contents Yale University (Ph.D., 1938) Doctoral Clark L. Hull 1 Biography advisor 2 Legacy timeline Known for Visual Cliff, Differentiation and 3 Representative research 3.1 Perceptual learning Enrichment of Embedded Structures 3.2 Visual cliff Influences James J.
    [Show full text]
  • Perceptual Learning, Awareness, and the Hippocampus
    HIPPOCAMPUS11:776–782(2001) PerceptualLearning,Awareness,andtheHippocampus JosephR.Manns1 andLarryR.Squire2* 1DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofCalifornia, SanDiego,California 2VeteranAffairsHealthcareSystem,SanDiego,and DepartmentsofPsychiatry,Neurosciences,and Psychology,UniversityofCalifornia, SanDiego,California ABSTRACT: Declarativememorydependsonthehippocampusand independentofthemedialtemporallobeanddience- relatedmedialtemporallobeanddiencephalicstructures.Declarative phalicstructuresimportantfordeclarativememory. memoryhasusuallybeenfoundtobeavailabletoconsciousrecollection. Afundamentalissueaboutthesememorysystemsis Arecentstudy(ChunandPhelps,NatNeurosci1999;2:844–847)found thatdamagetothemedialtemporallobe(includingthehippocampus) whatcriteria,asidefromanatomy,mightusefullydistin- impairedperformanceonaperceptuallearningtask,yetthelearningwas guishthem.Onecriterionthathasbeenusefulisthat accomplishedintheabsenceofmemoryforthestimuli.Thisfindingraised declarativememorysupportstheflexibleuseofacquired thepossibilitythatsomehippocampus-dependenttasksmaybeinacces- knowledge,whereasnondeclarativememoryismore sibletoawarenessandmaybeperformedwithoutevokingconscious closelytiedtotheoriginallearningsituationandisless memoryprocesses.Usingthesametask,weshowthatwhendamageis confinedlargelytothehippocampalformation,perceptuallearningis accessibletootherresponsesystems(Cohen,1984; intact.Thus,theavailabledatasuggestthatdamagelimitedtothehip- Gliskyetal.,1986a,b;SaundersandWeiskrantz,1989; pocampalformationdoesnotimpairnonconscious(nondeclarative)
    [Show full text]
  • Varieties of Perceptual Learning
    Learning & Behavior 2009, 37 (2), 119-125 doi:10.3758/LB.37.2.119 Varieties of perceptual learning N. J. MACKINTOSH Cambridge University, Cambridge, England Although most studies of perceptual learning in human participants have concentrated on the changes in perr- ception assumed to be occurring, studies of nonhuman animals necessarily measure discrimination learning and generalization and remain agnostic on the question of whether changes in behavior reflect changes in perception. On the other hand, animal studies do make it easier to draw a distinction between supervised and unsupervised learning. Differential reinforcement will surely teach animals to attend to some features of a stimulus array rather than to others. But it is an open question as to whether such changes in attention underlie the enhanced discrimination seen after unreinforced exposure to such an array. I argue that most instances of unsupervised perceptual learning observed in animals (and at least some in human animals) are better explained by appeal to well-established principles and phenomena of associative learning theory: excitatory and inhibitory associations between stimulus elements, latent inhibition, and habituation. According to one definition, perceptual learning “im- a discrimination between a circle and a triangle, the first proves discrimination between stimuli that could not be group learned substantially more quickly than the second. discriminated before the learning; observers may learn The apparently unreinforced prior exposure to circles and to perceive something new that they could not perceive triangles had made them easier to tell apart. The learn- before” (Fahle, 2002a, p. ix). Although Fahle (2002a) used ing that occurred during this phase of the experiment the second part of his definition to exclude (wrongly, in was unsupervised.
    [Show full text]
  • Perceptual Learning and the Technology of Expertise Studies in Fraction Learning and Algebra*
    Perceptual learning and the technology of expertise Studies in fraction learning and algebra* Philip J. Kellmana, Christine Masseyb, Zipora Rothb, Timothy Burkea, Joel Zuckera, Amanda Sawa, Katherine E. Aguerob, and Joseph A. Wisec aUniversity of California, Los Angeles / bUniversity of Pennsylvania / cNew Roads School Learning in educational settings most often emphasizes declarative and proce- dural knowledge. Studies of expertise, however, point to other, equally important components of learning, especially improvements produced by experience in the extraction of information: Perceptual learning. Here we describe research that combines principles of perceptual learning with computer technology to address persistent difficulties in mathematics learning. We report three experiments in which we developed and tested perceptual learning modules (PLMs) to address issues of structure extraction and fluency in relation to algebra and fractions. PLMs focus students’ learning on recognizing and discriminating, or map- ping key structures across different representations or transformations. Results showed significant and persisting learning gains for students using PLMs. PLM technology offers promise for addressing neglected components of learning: Pat- tern recognition, structural intuition, and fluency. Using PLMs as a complement to other modes of instruction may allow students to overcome chronic problems in learning. Keywords: algebra, fluency, fractions, learning technology, mathematics instruction, mathematics learning, pattern recognition,
    [Show full text]
  • On Perceptual Learning and Perspectival Sedimentation
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 5-2020 Perceptual Characterization: On Perceptual Learning and Perspectival Sedimentation Anthony Holdier University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Cognitive Psychology Commons, and the Epistemology Commons Citation Holdier, A. (2020). Perceptual Characterization: On Perceptual Learning and Perspectival Sedimentation. Theses and Dissertations Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3656 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Perceptual Characterization: On Perceptual Learning and Perspectival Sedimentation A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Philosophy by Anthony Holdier Colorado State University Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology, 2009 Denver Seminary Master of Arts in Philosophy of Religion, 2012 May 2020 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. ________________________ Jack Lyons, Ph.D. Thesis Director ________________________ ________________________ Amanda McMullen, Ph.D. Eric Funkhouser, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member Abstract In her analysis of perspectival effects on perception, Susanna Siegel has argued that perceptual experience is directly rationally assessable and can thereby justify perceptual beliefs, save for in cases of epistemic downgrade or perceptual hijacking; I contend that the recalcitrance of known illusions poses an insurmountable problem for Siegel‘s thesis. In its place, I argue that a model of perceptual learning informed by the dual-aspect framework of base-level cognitive architecture proposed by Elisabeth Camp successfully answers the questions motivating Siegel‘s project in a manner that avoids such issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Gibson E J. Principles of Perceptual Learning and Development. New York: Appleton- Century-Crofts, 1969
    NUMBER 41 This Week’s Citation Classic OCTOBER 8, 1979 Gibson E J. Principles of perceptual learning and development. New York: Appleton- Century-Crofts, 1969. 537 p. This book surveyed traditional and current “It is gratifying, therefore, to see that the theories of perceptual learning and problems discussed in this book and the presented the author’s theory, that attempt to provide a frame-work for perceptual learning is a process of understanding them have had an impact. differentiation of distinctive features of objects, permanent features of the spatial The book alone, however, was not layout and invariants of events. The theory responsible for the progress that has taken is applied to phylogenetic development of place since its publication in our knowledge perception over species and especially to of perceptual development. There is always development of perceiving objects, an element of luck in the success of a book or places, events, and pictorial and symbolic a theory. There has to be an audience ready information in children. [The Science to listen and experimental progress depends ® ® Citation Index (SCI ) and the Social on concomitant advances in technology. Sciences Citation Index™(SSCI™) indicate that this book has been cited over 365 Fortunately, the theory and these factors times since 1969.] appeared together at the right time. Psychologists were dissatisfied with S-R learning theory and were ready to pay attention to a theory of perceptual learning. At the same time, new methods of studying Eleanor J. Gibson perception in infants were being worked out Department of Psychology and a whole new field of research opened Cornell University up.
    [Show full text]
  • Perceptual Learning Style As an Influence on the Practising of Instrument Students in Higher Music Education
    Perceptual Learning Style as an Influence on the Practising of Instrument Students in Higher Music Education Albi Odendaal Sibelius Academy of the University of the Arts, Helsinki Studia Musica 56 Sibelius Academy of the University of the Arts, Helsinki Department of Music Education, Jazz and Folk Music Studia Musica 56 © Albi Odendaal 2013 Printed in Cape Town, South Africa www.printondemand.co.za Initial layout and typesetting done with OpenOffice.org 3 by Oracle. Gratitude is expressed to the developers and opensource community. ii Abstract Odendaal, Albi (2013). Perceptual Learning Style as an Influence on the Practising of Instrument Students in Higher Music Education. Sibelius Academy of the University of the Arts, Helsinki. Department of Music Education, Jazz and Folk Music. Studia Musica 56. Doctoral Dissertation. 138 pages. This thesis reports an investigation of the applicability of the theory of perceptual learning style to the practising of Western Classical instrument students in higher music education. Perceptual learning style claims that it is possible to differentiate between individuals on the basis of their preference for gathering information through one of three sensory modality channels: visual, auditory or kinaesthetic. The application of these claims to musical learning is shown to be problematic through two studies that are described in the thesis. The first study used a researcher-designed questionnaire on practising strategy selection to investigate whether patterns that emerge from the self-report of students in the Sibelius Academy conform to the claims of perceptual learning style theory. The questionnaire was based on claims by authors who argue for the application of perceptual learning style to musical learning.
    [Show full text]
  • Embodied Cognition and the Arts Conference CTSA UCI 8-10 Dec 2016
    ! Perceptual Learning and the Emergence of Performer-Instrument Interactions with Digital Music Systems Proceedings of A Body of Knowledge - Embodied Cognition and the Arts conference CTSA UCI 8-10 Dec 2016 Adnan Marquez-Borbon Marquez-Borbon 2 Abstract The relationship between human and computers within the area of HCI has shifted from being represented by cognitive, information-processing approaches to more recent situated and embodied perspectives. This matter has analogously developed within interactive digital musical system research. However, the nature of this interaction, while commonly drawing upon J.J. Gibson’s theory of affordances for analysis, often fails to characterize the emergent relationship between performer and musical system. This has led to regard affordances as mere design features, as well as taking for granted the skillful contributions of the performer. Interactions in this manner are represented as static. In this paper, I present the findings of a long-term phenomenological research study describing the evolving nature of performer-instrument interactions. I resort to E.J. Gibson’s perceptual learning approach to frame the experiences of performers, both individually and socially, as they learned to play a new digital musical instrument, the Pulley Synth. I argue that the nature of such interactions is grounded on learning and that the changing perception of the system contributes to the process of enskilment. In this view, more than being an acquisition of conceptual knowledge of the instrument’s operation, learning suggests a holistic behavioral change towards the system in which musical and sonic possibilities of the entire performer-instrument-environment ecology are explored and enacted.
    [Show full text]
  • Gibson's Theory of Perceptual Learning
    Gibson’s Theory of Perceptual Learning Karen E. Adolph Kari S. Kretch New York University This entry describes the key ideas of the influential psychologist Eleanor J. Gibson, developed over 70 years of research with infants, children, adults, and a wide range of nonhuman species. Gibson’s ecological approach to perceptual learning and development describes how perception—extracting meaningful information from the environment to guide actions adaptively—improves with experience, the acquisition of new means of exploration, and the development of new perception-action systems. Keywords: affordance; cognitive development; comparative psychology; developmental psychology; differentiation; ecological approach; exploratory activity; infancy; learning; perception; perception-action; perceptual learning; psychology Cross-references: Cognitive development during infancy and early childhood; Perceptual development during infancy and early childhood; Development of motor skills during infancy and early childhood; Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; Acquisition of reading skills during infancy and early childhood; Neonatal phase of human development; Infancy phase of human development; Early childhood phase of human development; middle childhood phase of human development; adolescent childhood phase of human development; Applications of laboratory observation in developmental psychology; Applications of experimental paradigms in developmental psychology; Play during infancy and early childhood; Learning theories and educational paradigms; Learning to learn; Cognitive development: Learning and instruction; Comparative evolutionary psychology; Human behavioral ecology; Learning to Perceive or Perceiving to Learn? failing to capture how infants learn to detect the perceptual information for guiding action adaptively as their percep- Eleanor Jack Gibson built her theory of perceptu- tual-motor systems are developing. In fact, she considered al learning over a 70-year research career.
    [Show full text]
  • Infants' Understanding of Physical Phenomena : a Perceptual Hypothesis
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1997 Infants' understanding of physical phenomena : a perceptual hypothesis. Thomas Harold Schilling University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Schilling, Thomas Harold, "Infants' understanding of physical phenomena : a perceptual hypothesis." (1997). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 3272. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/3272 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UMA8S { 3150bb ono 3 FIVE COLLEGE DEPOSITORY :i? i ,T : - ’ ’ r ' / ' ; !vi; , ' ' - ‘ • - XM 4 , v" - ' - - ;:- a -\ ' . > \-; . v 'r* : M ?, '• ‘"“‘ r 1 • v - v v- v , ; : zb . S • " r - ' •' *! INFANTS’ UNDERSTANDING OF PHYSICAL PHENOMENA: A PERCEPTUAL HYPOTHESIS A Dissertation Presented by THOMAS HAROLD SCHILLING Submitted to the Graduate School of the fulfillment University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 1997 Psychology Department Copyright by Thomas Harold Schilling 1997 All Rights Reserved INFANTS' UNDERSTANDING OF PHYSICAL PHENOMENA: A PERCEPTUAL HYPOTHESIS A Dissertation Presented by Thomas H. Schilling Approved as to style and content by: A^ cgr/-£^ Rachel K. Clifton, Chair S Melinda Novak, Department Head Psychology Department DEDICATION To Richard DeCesare who introduced me to the enduring epistemological questions of western philosophy and Beverly Roder who introduced me to the scientific methods that have allowed me to inquire and attempt to develop my own answers.
    [Show full text]
  • Music Review, © 1987 Harwood Academic Publishers Gmbh 1987, Vol
    Contemporary Music Review, © 1987 Harwood Academic Publishers GmbH 1987, Vol. 2 pp. 1-61 Printed in the United Kingdom Photocopying permitted by license only Music: A science of the mind? Stephen McAdams Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique, Paris, France (psychologist) There is an increasing interest in psychological studies of music for the advancement of both musical and scientific thought. An historical perspective of psychological considera- tions of music reveals a trend leading from physical thought through theories of sensation and finally up to modern cognitive psychology. What might truly be called the field of music psychology can be shown to exist by an overview of the domains of research covered by contemporary theorists and researchers. Within the framework of cognitive psychology one can demonstrate the importance of mental representation of the various dimensions and structures of music and of organizational processes underlying music listening. The relation between a musical structure and the form that is "accumulated" by a listener depends to a large extent on his or her musical experience within a given culture. A difference in experience may be hypothesized to result from the nature of mental schemata acquired by listeners. A great deal of work is still needed, however, to approach more affective and aesthetic aspects of musical experience. KEY WORDS music psychology, cognition, internal representation, organizational processes, musical form, musical structure. There is one real, and graded, distinction between sciences like the biologies and the physical sciences. The former are unrestricted and their investigator must be prepared to follow their problems into any other science whatsoever.
    [Show full text]
  • The Amount of Exposure Determines Generalization in Animal Perceptual T Learning Using Short Inter-Stimulus Intervals ⁎ Sergio A
    Behavioural Processes 166 (2019) 103900 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Behavioural Processes journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/behavproc The amount of exposure determines generalization in animal perceptual T learning using short inter-stimulus intervals ⁎ Sergio A. Recioa, Adela F. Iliescub, Isabel de Brugadaa, a Department of Experimental Psychology & Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain b School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: While human and animal perceptual learning (PL) had sometimes yielded similar results, there is evidence of Perceptual learning some striking discrepancies. It has been proposed that such differences reflect the existence of multiple species- Associative learning specific mechanisms, especially regarding to humans. However, it is also possible that those discrepancies are Discrimination caused by procedural differences. One of the most important differences between PL experiments in humansand Exposure effects laboratory animals is the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) used. In the former, short ISI reliably produces PL, while in Rats the latter reducing the ISI leads to paradoxical results. We report two experiments with rodents to prove that the length of exposure is a key element under such conditions. In the first experiment we replicated the paradoxical results already present in the literature using a short exposure. In a follow up experiment, we increased the exposure trials and obtained normal PL in animals using short ISI. Our results support current associative the- ories of PL and highlight the impact of procedural differences on this phenomenon. 1. Introduction exposure distributed throughout several days (Mackintosh et al., 1991; Symonds and Hall, 1995).
    [Show full text]