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Tianfeng Wan the Tectonics and Metallogenesis of Asia the Tectonics and Metallogenesis of Asia Tianfeng Wan Tianfeng Wan The Tectonics and Metallogenesis of Asia The Tectonics and Metallogenesis of Asia Tianfeng Wan The Tectonics and Metallogenesis of Asia 123 Tianfeng Wan China University of Geosciences Beijing, China ISBN 978-981-15-3031-9 ISBN 978-981-15-3032-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3032-6 Jointly published with Geological Publishing House The print edition is not for sale in China (Mainland). Customers from China (Mainland) please order the print book from: Geological Publishing House. ISBN of the China (Mainland) edition: 978-7-116-12013-6 © Geological Publishing House and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publishers, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface There are lots of special characteristics in the Asian continental lithosphere, and however, it was not paid attention to in early time when the Plate Tectonic Theory was proposed. The author considers that the Asian continental plate is composed of 28 giant blocks and more than hundreds of small blocks, which have undergone multi-periodic subductions, collisions and convergences to form 38 collision zones and widespread intraplate deformations by more than 14 tectonic events. As a result, those tectonic events could destroy or preserve the mineral deposits, control the topographic evolutions, change the ecological environments, form several tectonic detachments in the lithosphere and show two special types of lithospheric tectonics in Asia. Undoubtedly, it is possible and reasonable for us to understand the formation and evolution of continental tectonic units and their tectono-metallogenesis by the Plate Tectonic Theory that focuses on the horizontal migration. It is a great pity, some researchers have ever thought that the Plate Tectonic Theory would not be suitable for the continental tectonics. Based on the collected data of 242 giant or supergiant ore deposits, fields and provinces in Asia, the author synthetically analyzes the formation and distribution of endogenic and exo- genic deposits and researches the tectono-metallogenesis in the Asian continent. The impor- tance of intraplate extension metallogenesis in the Asian continental lithosphere has been recognized. Finally, from the view of tectono-metallogenesis, it will be useful for the future exploration of mineral resources in the unknown areas of the known tectono-metallogenic belts, and some reasonable common views have been obtained for readers’ reference. It is so difficult to study the tectono-metallogenesis in the Asia continent because the Asian continental lithosphere is the largest and extremely special continental lithosphere in the world. In addition, the predecessors have never made a profound study on the tectono-metallogenesis in the Asia continent. Therefore, we must open our minds to avoid blind work, only in this way can we get the truths. In recent years, China is known as “the Workshop of the World.” As to the poor and backward old China in the past 100 years, it seemed to be very proud of China to be called as “the Workshop of the World.” In fact, it is unfair to all Chinese people and not worthy bragging about. On the one hand, a large number of mineral and energy resources in China have been consumed to serve global development, and on the other hand, it has resulted in such serious environmental pollution in China. This resource-consumed development mode will not last for a long time in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to scientifically exploit the global mineral, energy and other resources, reasonably integrate the global mining enterprises, effectively control the environment pollution, prevent the giant natural disasters from threat- ening our human beings and finally make the global people enjoy a good life. For geologists, we must strengthen the basic research on the mineral resources, energy and ecological envi- ronment to make our contributions to all mankind. This monograph of The Tectonics and Metallogenesis of Asia has just taken a very small step. I hope that the more young geologists will make their great contributions to society. In the monograph, there may be some mistakes. Comments and suggestions are most welcome! v vi Preface Acknowledgements Many leading scholars or authors have provided useful information for this monograph, including Academicians Tingdong Li, Xuchang Xiao, Rongfu Pei, Zhiqin Xu, Jishun Ren, Jingwen Mao, Wenjiao Xiao; Profs. Xiufu Qiao, Jingyi Li, Zuoheng Zhang, Fengxiang Lu, Hong Zhu, Shaofeng Liu, Changhou Zhang, Yu Wang, Yalin Li, Junlai Liu, Xinqi Yu, Deliang Liu and Xiaohong Ge. They have also made some beneficial comments on this monograph, introduced lots of data and discussed some important professional issues with me. Professor Xiangnan Liu with his graduate students Da Liu and Xiaopen Xia, as well as Dida Jinghua Working Group helped me draw the Asian tectonic unit map and all figures in the text. Mrs. Xiuhua Cao helped me do many experiments and routine researches. Their hardworking helped me complete the monograph, and here, I would like to express my sincere thanks to them. Professor Barber A. J. and Prof. Hall R. (Royal Holloway, University of London, UK), Dr. Pospelov I. I. (Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Commission for the Geological Map of the World), Dr. Tay Thye Sun (Far East Gemological Laboratory, Singapore), senior geologist Yu Jie (Shell Co.) and Prof. Chang J. H. (South Korea) sent their new monographs or maps to me. Their support is very useful for this monograph. This research has been supported by the China Geological Survey and the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources (China University of Geosciences). The editors at Geological Publishing House, Mr. Zhiru Wei and Kaiming Li, have made their efforts for this monograph. Lisa Fan, the editor of Springer Beijing Representative Office, has given a lot of help in co-publishing, and here, I would like to express my sincere thanks to them. Here, I must give my earnest thanks to my wife Guangxi Zhao. If she had not provided me a cozy and comfortable life, I could not do my further research, yet complete this monograph. At last, at the time of completing this monograph and reviewing my research life, I must thank my teacher, Prof. Peiren Zhuang, specially. In 1960, he taught me the structural geology and tectonics and pointed out that I should pay attention to details and microstructures first and then focus on large-scale tectonics; first, study the Mesozoic and Cenozoic structures and then the more ancient structures. Thus before more than fifty years, I have learned the research methods for the rock deformations of geometry, kinematics and dynamics from a small area to a great region. Under his guidance, as well as valuable help from many old professors, experts, colleagues and students, I am able to get on with a rather smooth research way, in addition, during the period of China’s reform and opening up, I can complete this monograph. Beijing, China Tianfeng Wan Contents 1 Introduction ................................................... 1 References ..................................................... 8 2 Tectonic Domains and Tectonic Units in Asian Continent ................ 11 2.1 Siberian Tectonic Domain .................................... 11 2.1.1 Siberian Plate (1600 Ma) [1] ............................ 11 2.1.2 Southern Margin of East Siberian Sea Jurassic Collision Zone (200–135 Ma) [2] ................................ 14 2.1.3 Verkhojansk–Chersky Jurassic Accretion–Collision Zone (200–135 Ma) [3] .................................... 15 2.1.4 Kolyma–Omolon Plate ( 850 Ma) [4] ..................... 16 2.1.5 Transbaikalia (or Mongolia–Okhotsk) Jurassic Accretion–Collision Zone ( 170 Ma) [5] .................. 16 2.2 Central Asia–Mongolia Tectonic Domain ......................... 17 2.2.1 Altay–Middle Mongolia–Hailar Early Paleozoic Accretion–Collision Zone (541–419 Ma) [6] ................. 19 2.2.2 Karaganda–Kyrgyzstan (Qirghiz) Early Paleozoic Accretion–Collision Zone (541–419 Ma) [7] ................. 22 2.2.3 Turan–Karakum Plate ( 420 Ma) [8] ..................... 22 2.2.4 Western Tianshan Late Paleozoic Accretion–Collision Zone (385–260
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