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Development of Strategies for AOB and NOB Competition Supported By processes Review Development of Strategies for AOB and NOB Competition Supported by Mathematical Modeling in Terms of Successful Deammonification Implementation for Energy-Efficient WWTPs Mehdi Sharif Shourjeh 1 , Przemysław Kowal 1 , Xi Lu 1,2, Li Xie 2 and Jakub Drewnowski 1,* 1 Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; [email protected] (M.S.S.); [email protected] (P.K.); [email protected] or [email protected] (X.L.) 2 Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 SiPing Road, Shanghai 200092, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Novel technologies such as partial nitritation (PN) and partial denitritation (PDN) could be combined with the anammox-based process in order to alleviate energy input. The former combination, also noted as deammonification, has been intensively studied in a frame of lab and full-scale wastewater treatment in order to optimize operational costs and process efficiency. For the deammonification process, key functional microbes include ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria (AnAOB), which coexisting and interact with heterotrophs and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The aim of the presented review was to summarize current Citation: Sharif Shourjeh, M.; Kowal, knowledge about deammonification process principles, related to microbial interactions responsible P.; Lu, X.; Xie, L.; Drewnowski, J. Development of Strategies for AOB for the process maintenance under varying operational conditions. Particular attention was paid and NOB Competition Supported by to the factors influencing the targeted selection of AOB/AnAOB over the NOB and application Mathematical Modeling in Terms of of the mathematical modeling as a powerful tool enabling accelerated process optimization and Successful Deammonification characterization. Another reviewed aspect was the potential energetic and resources savings con- Implementation for Energy-Efficient nected with deammonification application in relation to the technologies based on the conventional WWTPs. Processes 2021, 9, 562. nitrification/denitrification processes. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9030562 Keywords: deammonification; NOB suppression; microbial interaction; influencing factors; energy Academic Editor: Kostas Matis consumption; model-based analysis; kinetics Received: 9 December 2020 Accepted: 15 March 2021 Published: 23 March 2021 1. Introduction Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral The excess amount of the nutrients (in particular nitrogen and phosphorus), released with regard to jurisdictional claims in to the environment from the point sources, such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), published maps and institutional affil- is associated with eutrophication process acceleration and threatens aquatic life. While iations. effective phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater could be ensured by coagu- lation, in terms of nitrogen removal, reasonable costs are obtained exclusively for the biological treatment. Thus, the principles of biological nitrogen removal (BNR) methods have stimulated interests worldwide [1]. A combination of the nitrification and deni- trification is a conventional method for removing nitrogen from wastewater [2]. In the Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. frame of the first process—nitrification ammonium is oxidized to nitrite by ammonia- This article is an open access article oxidizing bacteria (AOB) (nitritation), and nitrite is subsequently converted to nitrate distributed under the terms and by nitrite-oxidizing-bacteria (NOB) (nitratation). After transition into anoxic conditions, conditions of the Creative Commons under limited dissolved oxygen concentration, nitrite/nitrate is reduced to dinitrogen gas Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// by heterotrophic denitrifies with organic compounds such as methanol, ethanol, acetate, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ or glucose, which serve as electron donors. On the one hand, systems based on conven- 4.0/). tional nitrification/denitrification (N/DN) enable to achieve high efficiencies of nitrogen Processes 2021, 9, 562. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9030562 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/processes Processes 2021, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 25 Processes 2021, 9, 562 2 of 25 erotrophic denitrifies with organic compounds such as methanol, ethanol, acetate, or glu‐ cose, which serve as electron donors. On the one hand, systems based on conventional nitrification/denitrification (N/DN) enable to achieve high efficiencies of nitrogen re‐ removal,moval, on on the the other other hand, suchsuch efficiencyefficiency comes comes at at high high operational operational costs costs (basically (basically due due to highto high oxygen oxygen demand demand to ensure to ensure full nitrification) full nitrification) and sufficient and sufficient amount amount of easy of bioavailable easy bioa‐ carbonvailable source carbon for source denitrification for denitrification has to be has assured to be assured [3,4]. For [3,4]. example, For example, N/DN N/DN processes pro‐ consumescesses consumes approximately approximately 50% to 90%50% of to electricity 90% of electricity under pilot-scale under pilot conditions,‐scale conditions, which is 15–49%which is of 15–49% the total of operational the total operational costs [5,6]. costs [5,6]. Currently,Currently, novel novel technologies technologies of of nitrogen nitrogen removal removal have have been been intensively intensively investigated investigated inin order order to to implement implement solutions solutions for for energy energy consumption consumption savings savings and and to to lower lower carbon carbon de-de‐ mand,mand, which which is is based based on on partial partial nitritation nitritation (PN) (PN) and and partial partial denitritation denitritation (PDN). (PDN). These These ap- proachesapproaches could could be combinedbe combined with with the the anammox-based anammox‐based process process as shown as shown in Figure in Figure1. 1. FigureFigure 1. 1.The The schematic schematic pathway pathway ofof nitrogennitrogen transformationtransformation withwith implementation of technologies basedbased on on anammox anammox process. process. InIn particular, particular, combination combination of of the the partial partial nitritation nitritation (PN) (PN) and and anaerobic anaerobic ammonium ammonium oxi- dationoxidation (anammox, (anammox, noted noted as A), as so calledA), so deammonification, called deammonification, seems to beseems the mostto be promising the most approachpromising in approach that field in [ 7that,8]. field During [7,8]. PN During process, PN nearly process, 50% nearly of ammonia 50% of ammonia is oxidized is oxi to‐ nitritedized andto nitrite subsequently, and subsequently, the rest of the ammonia rest of ammonia with nitrite with as nitrite an electron as an electron acceptor acceptor under anoxicunder conditionsanoxic conditions are converted are converted together together to nitrogen to nitrogen gas [1,4]. gas Several [1,4]. studiesSeveral have studies proved have thatproved PN/A that process PN/A can process be successfully can be successfully applied for applied lab and for full-scale lab and designs full‐scale for side-stream designs for linesside‐ instream plants lines due in to plants the elimination due to the of elimination carbon demand of carbon for denitrification demand for denitrification and having cost- and effectivehaving cost benefits‐effective [9,10 ].benefits This pathway [9,10]. This has divertedpathway attention has diverted due toattention its appropriate due to its benefits appro‐ suchpriate as benefits cost-saving such approaches,as cost‐saving reducing approaches, the oxygen reducing demand, the oxygen inhibiting demand, the activitiesinhibiting ofthe denitrifies, activities eliminatingof denitrifies, carbon eliminating affinity forcarbon denitrification, affinity for improving denitrification, sludge improving handling processsludge inhandling comparison process with in conventional comparison with methods conventional to remove methods nitrogen to from remove WWTPs nitrogen [11]. Deammonification-basedfrom WWTPs [11]. Deammonification technologies have‐based been technologies applied for more have than been 100 applied full-scale for plants more aroundthan 100 the full world‐scale [1 ,plants12]. Strass around WWTP the has world been [1,12]. known Strass as a forerunnerWWTP has plant been that known has used as a theforerunner deammonification plant that method has used successfully the deammonification since 2004 [2, 13method,14]. successfully since 2004 [2,13,14].Up to date, different systems based on the deammonification process implementation have beenUp to validated, date, different including systems single based reactor on the for highdeammonification activity ammonium process removal implementa over‐ nitritetion have (SHARON), been validated, completely including autotrophic single nitrogen reactor removal for high over activity nitrite ammonium (CANON) whichremoval is anover example nitrite of (SHARON), SNAP (single-stage completely nitrogen autotrophic removal nitrogen using anammox removal andover partial nitrite nitritation), (CANON) simultaneouswhich is an example partial nitrification, of SNAP (single anammox,‐stage nitrogen and denitrification removal using (SNAD) anammox (Figure 2and)[ 15 partial–18]. nitritation), simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox, and denitrification
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