Fatigue Mechanisms in Al-Based Metallizations in Power Mosfets Roberta Ruffilli
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Evaluation of Passivation Process for Stainless Steel Hypotubes Used in Coronary Angioplasty Technique
coatings Article Evaluation of Passivation Process for Stainless Steel Hypotubes Used in Coronary Angioplasty Technique Lucien Reclaru 1,2 and Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean 2,3,* 1 Scientific Independent Consultant Biomaterials and Medical Devices, 103 Paul-Vouga, 2074 Marin-Neuchâtel, Switzerland; [email protected] 2 Multidisciplinary Center for Research, Evaluation, Diagnosis and Therapies in Oral Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu sq, 300041 Timisoara, Romania 3 Department of Technology of Materials and Devices in Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu sq, 300041 Timisoara, Romania * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In the manufacturing of hypotubes for coronary applications, austenitic steels of types 304, 304, or 316 L are being used. The manufacturing process involves bending steel strips into tubes and the continuous longitudinal welding of the tubes. Manufacturing also includes heat treatments and stretching operations to achieve an external/internal diameter of 0.35/0.23 mm, with a tolerance of +/− 0.01 mm. Austenitic steels are sensitive to localized corrosion (pitting, crevice, and intergranular) that results from the welding process and various heat treatments. An extremely important step is the cleaning and the internal and external passivation of the hypotube surface. During patient interventions, there is a high risk of metal cations being released in contact with human blood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the state of passivation and corrosion resistance by using electrochemical methods and specific intergranular corrosion tests (the Strauss test). There were difficulties in passivating the hypotubes and assessing the corrosion phenomena in the interior of the tubes. -
Automotive Grade DO-218 Load Dump TVS Series
Issue Number │001 May 2019 New Product Announcement DM5WxxAQ DM6WxxAQ DM8WxxAQ Automotive-Grade DO-218 Load Dump TVS Series Diodes Incorporated introduces a series of new high-temperature automotive-compliant load-dump transient voltage suppressors (TVS) packaged in DO-218. The devices are designed to protect sensitive semiconductors in electronic modules from load- dump surge transients, as defined in ISO16750-2, that generate if the battery is disconnected from the vehicle while the alternator charges. Featuring a choice of reverse stand-off voltage from 10V to 36V (or 43V for the DM8WxxAQ series), these new automotive- The Diodes Advantage compliant TVS devices are offered as unidirectional devices . AEC-Q101 Qualified and PPAP Supported and are able to dissipate up to These devices are qualified to high reliability qualification standards in 3600W (DM5WxxAQ), 4600W accordance with AEC-Q101 and supported by a production part approval (DM6WxxAQ), and 6600W procedure (PPAP). (DM8WxxAQ) per 10/1000µs . ISO 16750-2 Compliance pulse transient. These parts are suitable to protect sensitive automotive circuits against load- All devices are rated to +175ºC, dump surge defined in ISO16750-2 (Pulse A and B). and comply with the automotive . ISO 7637-2 Compliance standard ISO7637-2 (pulses 1, These parts are suitable to protect sensitive automotive circuits against surges 2a, 2b, 3) and load dump ISO defined in ISO7637-2 (pulses 1,2a, 2b and 3). 16750-2 (pulse A and B). High Forward Surge Current Capability and Excellent Clamping Capability The case material is composed of halogen-free “green” molding The high forward surge overload rating ensures more rugged applications and compound for protection of the improves device reliability. -
Si Passivation and Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Nitride: Final Technical Report, March 18, 2007
A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future Si Passivation and Chemical Subcontract Report NREL/SR-520-42325 Vapor Deposition of Silicon Nitride November 2007 Final Technical Report March 18, 2007 H.A. Atwater California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California NREL is operated by Midwest Research Institute ● Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 Si Passivation and Chemical Subcontract Report NREL/SR-520-42325 Vapor Deposition of Silicon Nitride November 2007 Final Technical Report March 18, 2007 H.A. Atwater California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California NREL Technical Monitor: R. Matson/F. Posey-Eddy Prepared under Subcontract No. AAT-2-31605-01 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 This publication was reproduced from the best available copy Submitted by the subcontractor and received no editorial review at NREL NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. -
Designing a Nanoelectronic Circuit to Control a Millimeter-Scale Walking Robot
Designing a Nanoelectronic Circuit to Control a Millimeter-scale Walking Robot Alexander J. Gates November 2004 MP 04W0000312 McLean, Virginia Designing a Nanoelectronic Circuit to Control a Millimeter-scale Walking Robot Alexander J. Gates November 2004 MP 04W0000312 MITRE Nanosystems Group e-mail: [email protected] WWW: http://www.mitre.org/tech/nanotech Sponsor MITRE MSR Program Project No. 51MSR89G Dept. W809 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. Copyright © 2004 by The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. Gates, Alexander Abstract A novel nanoelectronic digital logic circuit was designed to control a millimeter-scale walking robot using a nanowire circuit architecture. This nanoelectronic circuit has a number of benefits, including extremely small size and relatively low power consumption. These make it ideal for controlling microelectromechnical systems (MEMS), such as a millirobot. Simulations were performed using a SPICE circuit simulator, and unique device models were constructed in this research to assess the function and integrity of the nanoelectronic circuit’s output. It was determined that the output signals predicted for the nanocircuit by these simulations meet the requirements of the design, although there was a minor signal stability issue. A proposal is made to ameliorate this potential problem. Based on this proposal and the results of the simulations, the nanoelectronic circuit designed in this research could be used to begin to address the broader issue of further miniaturizing circuit-micromachine systems. i Gates, Alexander I. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to describe the novel nanoelectronic digital logic circuit shown in Figure 1, which has been designed by this author to control a millimeter-scale walking robot. -
Analysis of the Silicon Dioxide Passivation and Forming Gas
&RQIHUHQFH3URFHHGLQJV 6RODU:RUOG&RQJUHVV Daegu, Korea, 08 – 12 November 2015 Analysis of the Silicon Dioxide Passivation and Forming Gas Annealing in Silicon Solar Cells Izete Zanesco and Adriano Moehlecke Solar Energy Technology Nucleus (NT-Solar), Faculty of Physics, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre (Brazil) Abstract The passivation of silicon solar cells by the deposition of SiNx anti-reflection coating is usual in the industry. However, materials such as SiO2, TiO2 and Al2O3 may be a cost-effective alternative and its analysis is mainly reported in silicon wafers. The goal of this paper is to present the development and analysis of silicon solar cells passivated with a thin layer of SiO2 as well as the evaluation of the effectiveness of the annealing step in forming gas. The dry oxidation was performed before the TiO2 anti-reflection coating deposition and the annealing in forming gas was performed in the same furnace. The temperature and time of the oxidation and the annealing step were experimentally optimized. The efficiency of 15.9 %was achieved. The highest average efficiency was found in the oxidation temperature range from 750 ºC to 800 ºC, during 7 minutes, caused by the increasing of open circuit voltage and fill factor. At short wavelengths, the internal quantum efficiency decreases slightly with the increasing of the oxidation temperature. The minority carrier diffusion length (LD) of the solar cells processed with the oxidation temperature of 800 °C was around 1890 Pm. The open circuit voltage shows a slight trend of increasing with the oxidation time. The annealing step in forming gas did not improve the average efficiency of the solar cells. -
H2O2 Hydrogen Peroxide Passivation Procedure
Solvaytechnical Chemicals PUBLICATION H2O2 Passivation Procedure Introduction Hydrogen peroxide is a strong chemical oxidant which decomposes into water and oxygen in the presence of a catalytic quantity of any transition metal (e.g., iron, copper, nickel, etc.). The primary concern with decomposition is the buildup of pressure which can lead to pressure Prepare for passivation by roping off the work area bursts. To prevent this from occurring, any metal surface that comes in and posting warning signs. All open lights and tools contact with hydrogen peroxide must be degreased, pickled and which may spark must be removed from the passivated, even if only used once. The degreasing and pickling steps passivation area. Smoking is prohibited within the chemically clean the metal surfaces. The passivating step oxidizes the passivation area. Prior to preparation of the chemical metal surface. The thin oxide coating, which forms on the metal surface solutions, determine how to dispose of the spent during passivation, renders the surface nonreactive to hydrogen peroxide chemicals. These chemicals must be disposed of in and prevents the metal from decomposing the peroxide. a safe and environmentally sound manner that is consistent with all applicable federal, state, and The passivation procedure consists of: local regulations. 1. Grinding to remove weld spatter and smooth out scratches. 2. Degreasing to remove oil and grease films. Application methods 3. Pickling to chemically clean the surface. The chemical solutions may be applied to the metal surfaces by the four different methods listed below. 4. Passivating with nitric acid to form an oxide film. • The metal surfaces may be sprayed with the 5. -
Advanced MOSFET Structures and Processes for Sub-7 Nm CMOS Technologies
Advanced MOSFET Structures and Processes for Sub-7 nm CMOS Technologies By Peng Zheng A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering - Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Tsu-Jae King Liu, Chair Professor Laura Waller Professor Costas J. Spanos Professor Junqiao Wu Spring 2016 © Copyright 2016 Peng Zheng All rights reserved Abstract Advanced MOSFET Structures and Processes for Sub-7 nm CMOS Technologies by Peng Zheng Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering - Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California, Berkeley Professor Tsu-Jae King Liu, Chair The remarkable proliferation of information and communication technology (ICT) – which has had dramatic economic and social impact in our society – has been enabled by the steady advancement of integrated circuit (IC) technology following Moore’s Law, which states that the number of components (transistors) on an IC “chip” doubles every two years. Increasing the number of transistors on a chip provides for lower manufacturing cost per component and improved system performance. The virtuous cycle of IC technology advancement (higher transistor density lower cost / better performance semiconductor market growth technology advancement higher transistor density etc.) has been sustained for 50 years. Semiconductor industry experts predict that the pace of increasing transistor density will slow down dramatically in the sub-20 nm (minimum half-pitch) regime. Innovations in transistor design and fabrication processes are needed to address this issue. The FinFET structure has been widely adopted at the 14/16 nm generation of CMOS technology. -
Effect of the Electrochemical Passivation on the Corrosion Behaviour of Austenitic Stainless Steel
Effect of the electrochemical passivation on the corrosion behaviour of austenitic stainless steel A. Barbucci, M.Delucchi, M. Panizza, G, Farné, G. Cerisola DICheP, University of Genova, P.le Kennedy 1, 16129 Genova, Italy tel: +390103536030, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Cold rolled SS is also fruitfully used in deep drawing however the presence of scales or oxides on the surface reduces the life of the tools and emphasises creep phenomena of the material. Then a cleaning of the SS surface from these impurities is necessary. Oxides can be formed during the hot rolling preceding the cold one, or during the annealing performed between the several steps of thickness reduction. The annealing helps to decrease the work hardening occurring during the process. Normally this heat treatment is performed in reducing atmosphere of pure hydrogen (bright annealing), but even in this conditions oxides are formed on the SS surface. To avoid this uncontrolled oxide growth one method recently applied is an electrochemical cleaning performed in an electrolytic solution containing chrome, generally called electrochemical passivation. The electrochemical passivation allows the dissolution of the contaminating hard particles on the strips. Few scientific contributions are available in literature, which explain in detail the process mechanism. The aim of this work is to investigate if the electrochemical passivated surface acts in a different way with regard to corrosion phenomena with respect to conventional SS. Electrochemical measurements like polarisations, chronoamperometries and surface analysis were used to investigate the corrosion behaviour of electrochemically passivated AISI 304L and AISI 305. The effect of some process parameters were considered, too. -
Outline MOS Gate Dielectrics Incorporation of N Or F at the Si/Sio
MOS Gate Dielectrics Outline •Scaling issues •Technology •Reliability of SiO2 •Nitrided SiO2 •High k dielectrics araswat tanford University 42 EE311 / Gate Dielectric Incorporation of N or F at the Si/SiO2 Interface Incorporating nitrogen or fluorine instead of hydrogen strengthens the Si/SiO2 interface and increases the gate dielectric lifetime because Si-F and Si-N bonds are stronger than Si-H bonds. Nitroxides – Nitridation of SiO2 by NH3 , N2O, NO Poly-Si Gate – Growth in N2O – Improvement in reliability – Barrier to dopant penetration from poly-Si gate Oxide N or F – Marginal increase in K – Used extensively Si substrate Fluorination – Fluorination of SiO2 by F ion implantation – Improvement in reliability – Increases B penetration from P+ poly-Si gate – Reduces K – Not used intentionally – Can occur during processing (WF6 , BF2) araswat tanford University 43 EE311 / Gate Dielectric 1 Nitridation of SiO2 in NH3 H • Oxidation in O2 to grow SiO2. • RTP anneal in NH3 maximize N at the interface and minimize bulk incorporation. • Reoxidation in O2 remove excess nitrogen from the outer surface • Anneal in Ar remove excess hydrogen from the bulk • Process too complex araswat tanford University 44 EE311 / Gate Dielectric Nitridation in N2O or NO Profile of N in SiO2 Stress-time dependence of gm degradation of a NMOS SiO2 Ref. Bhat et.al IEEE IEDM 1994 (Ref: Ahn, et.al., IEEE Electron Dev. Lett. Feb. 1992) •The problem of H can be circumvented by replacing NH3 by N2O or NO araswat tanford University 45 EE311 / Gate Dielectric 2 Oxidation of Si in N2O N2O → N2 + O N2O + O → 2NO Ref: Okada, et.al., Appl. -
Automotive Electronics
Automotive Electronics Amphenol Advanced Sensors Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Automotive Ethernet Body Control, Safety, Security, and Comfort Telematics, Multimedia, Infotainment, GPS, Navigation, and Camera Head & Interior LED Lighting Battery Management Systems and EV Charging Stations Enabling the Automotive Industry with our Connection Innovation and High Speed Technology 1 ABOUT AMPHENOL ICC AUTOMOTIVE Amphenol ICC brings a broad array of innovative technology and solutions to support the growth in the automotive industry, particularly in plating, signal integrity performance, and power management. As automobiles become more ADAS rich and head towards being a total autonomous operation, the key differentiator between suppliers will be their capabilities, and performance. Amphenol ICC's capable engineering team develops connector solutions according to customer needs, even during the design phase of application. INDUSTRY LEADER TECHNOLOGIES & SOLUTIONS CUSTOMER CAPABILITIES EXPERT SATISFACTION • Products accommodate standards like Open • Leverage in deploying • Automotive offerings in • Meet short lead time Alliance, USCAR, LV214, new solutions for WTB, BTB, I/O, and requirements ISO 8092, Kojiri,and Automotive applications: FFC/FPC • Advocate value-added SAE J 2223 - Signal integrity: • Strength of existing custom solutions • Solutions enable HS Signal Transmission portfolio in modular wherever possible signaling technologies and EMC BTB & WTB • Better value like LVDS and Ethernet - Power contact • Focus on new standard • Close proximity to • Leader in Automotive design and simulation IO connectors and customers’ location Ethernet and capabilities integration of new committed to Open - Contact and connector standard consumer Alliance TC2 / TC9 with miniaturization electronics IO 100 BASE-T1 (100 Mbps) - PCB contact • Interconnect solutions and 1000 BASE-T1 technologies for High Speed (1 Gbps). -
Why Passivate Stainless Steel and What Happens If You Don't
Technical Article Page 1 of 4 Why Passivate Stainless Steel and What Happens If You Don’t By: Patrick H. Banes, Astro Pak Corporation To insure having the maximum corrosion resistance that austenitic stainless steel has to offer, the stainless steel surface must be in a passive state. The passive condition on the surface of the stainless steel is obtained by formation of a chromium oxide film on the metal‘s surface. This is accomplished by passivating the metal. Chemical passivation procedures using alkalines, wetting agents, chelants, and organic or inorganic acids are used to clean the metal surface thoroughly and in conjunction with an oxygen rich atmosphere, a uniform chromium oxide film forms. The key is to have a uniform chromium oxide film with an acceptable chrome to iron ratio (typically>1) and thickness (20-50) angstroms. Passivation is required to restore or enhance the chromium oxide film on the stainless steel surface when it has been manipulated by surface finishing, welding, grinding, external contamination, etc. Mechanical finishing of stainless steel surfaces allows for a very smooth surface and is a prerequisite for sub- sequent electro-polishing. The mechanical action disrupts the existing passive surface and results in a surface with a low chrome to iron ratio. The possibility of surface contamination getting pushed or smeared into the metal surface or sub-surface also exists. Welding stainless steel is one of the primary reasons for passivating. The metal surface is altered and free iron is released from the alloy. The chrome to iron ratio is also lowered in the heat affected zone of the weld. -
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