Alfield of Scotland

ALFIELD OF

SCOTLAND ,

I N A D ESCRIPT O OF ARE I I.

INCL UD I NG THE msmwm or

GRANGE MO UTH ; CUM BE RNA ULD ; CASTLE

’ OA A Y AND BONN YBRI D GE ;

B N B. c. . C MPTO N M INXMA A. RA a L . W . H , , . R . n ;

M. E SO N M. A . and MACGREGO R m E. M. AND R , , , , R ae ,

WITH CO NTRIBUT IO NB BY

Tax m c. T. CL O UGH,

’ m LO RBS CO MMIBS OF 8 R S 9 03W BY oam O F M E BB [113 MA TY S Tumm y .

ED IN BURGH PRINTE D UND ER THE AUTHO RITY O F HIS MAJESTY ' S STATIONE RY O F FI CE BY O RRISO N GIBB LI ITED M , M ,

And to be purchased from FO R 2 13 and 1 ow o E . STAN D 1 4 L A L , , n , emma HN L I IT D 2 87 m O STOH E . m S t e W. a A K. J t u s unnm . M , a , ea nonczs meets a 1.1mm 104 0 m m: 84 W , Bau m. any Agent for the sale D IO vdnenoe Sun Mn O ’ P E hr an Bookseller from T. F ISHE R UNWIN SMI I E T Or t ough y , , , 1 W C who t e e a . . 2 so a Tunn el , L m , , is h l Wholes le Agent to the Trade

outside the County of L ondon .

1917.

P rice F our Shillin s and Sale g m Net.

M M IRS F HE V Y E O O T GEOL OGICAL SUR E .

SCOTL AND . — THE EJ NOMIOE EOLOGY

THE CENTRAL COALFIELD OF

SCOTLAND ,

F A II D E SCRIPTION O RE A .

I NCL UD I NG THE D I STR I CTS OF

’ D E NN Y AND PL E AN ; BANKNOCK ; CARRON AND GRANGE MO UTH CUM BE RNA UL D CASTL E CA R Y AND BONN YBRI D GE ;

F AL KI RK AND SL AM ANNAN .

W I NX A N M N M E L . . M B RA PTO . . c. . C C . M , ’ , , . ;

B . A R M A . N R A B. n M RE O . E M E D O N M c a d M . . S . . CG G D S . Sc , , , , . ,

wn'ru CO NTR I BUTIO NS BY

THE TE C. . CL O UGH L L . D . LA T , ,

’ P BL I SHE D BY O RD E R O F THE O RD S CO ISSI O N E RS O F HI S M AJ E STY S TRE AS R U L MM U Y.

E D INBURGH PRINTE D UND E R THE AUTHORITY O F HIS MAJESTY ’S STATIONE RY O FF ICE

BY ORRISO N GIBB L I ITE D T I E L D . M , M , ANF

And to be purchased from

E . STANFORD 12 13 and 14 L O NG ACRE L O D O N , , , N W 8: A . K H D :E W S U RE E D I BU RG H . . JO NSTON L I ITE D 2 Sr . A N I , M , Q A , N

HOD GES F 4 R TO S I RE E T D BL I . I GIS a CC. L I ITE D 10 , G , M , G AF N , U N F rom any Agent for the sale of O rdnance Surv ey Maps ; O r throu h an B o H N WI N L I ITE D 1 A D E L P HI o kseller from T. F IS E R U g y , , M , TE R RACE L O D O W 2 Who is the sole Wholesale A ent to the Trade C. , N N, . , g outside the County of L ondon

1917.

e o n s an Six ence Net P ric F ur Shilli g d p . ( 0 ? T N?) 6 6Hi :

P R E F A E C .

THIS Memoir is the third of the series dealing with the economic O f C a C a of S o a u sh I t geology the entr l o lfield c tl nd to be p bli ed . deals with the second O f the nine areas into which the Central Coalfield of Scotland is divided for the purposes of geological A I I I n M sc . a as s a de ription re . , will be een by the dex p which s F s u s o - as r of form the ronti piece, incl de the n rth e te n corner the - S 31 a s a a of S 39 and s a s one inch heet , with m ll p rt heet , lie lmo t Cou a s S . S o wholly within the nty of tirling ever l imp rtant field , d fi r l a an ec a are n a W . in which co l y bei g mined , f ll ithin it The greater part of the distl ict was originally surveyed in 1869 1 B P and D r. N h f L . t e a s a a as o 7 by . . each rem ining m ll re inlithgow L anarkshires by [Sir] Archibald Geikie and the late [Prot ] James o f i u in Geikie . The geol gy of that part o the area which s incl ded S 31 was s E a of a S u s heet de cribed in the xplan tion th t heet, p bli hed 18 9 in 7 . s su s are o o The revi ion, of which the re lt given in the f ll wing s was out a s 1904 —1910 s u of page , carried in the ye r — , the di trib tion a as o o s a D Banknock the work h ving been f ll w the Ple n , enny, , a o n l D r m o F a Ca G m u a d A coalfie ds . C a rron, r nge th irth by r pt n ; lkirk

d M E M . W an r. and S a Mr G a so . . S lamann n by the late J . . r nt il n A s Cu au Cas l and B s ts nder on ; the mbern ld, t ecary onnybridge di tric Mr Hinx man sma a a A a by . ; the ll re east of the river von by the l te

. . C ou and a a s of o e su s Dr C. T l gh ; the m rgin l trip c al m a re in the - R Mr . a u s G . C u . so th we t by . rr thers

M o r h . Hi man s as b M r. nx The em i been edited y . The thank Su are due t 1111 r f a and ﬁ 1ecla of the rvey : o the 1 6.n e co l y mining s i en rs a o s ot s c a companie , m ning ginee , nd ther , . n pe i lly mentioned in the body of the HOM E; for val uable assistance rendered during ss the progre of the revision . ssu of or due to War has o Pre re w k , the , delayed the c mpletion of o ssu at the geological maps f the area described . They will be i ed he e r s s t a lie t po sible date . A S RA AN . T H , D irector .

GE OL O ICAL SURV E Y FFI CE G O , 8 J ERMY N STRE E T L ND 2 O . W. , ON, S , ih F ebr r 1 1 7 ua y 9 7. C T N T O N E S.

C AP R H TE I .

I NTR O DUCTI O N A rea under Description General Structure

HAP E R I I C T .

CAR BO NI FE R O US L I ME STO NE SE R I E S Denny and Plean District L ower L imestone G roup L imestone Coal G roup F aul ts I neous I ntrusions g . E xtention of th e L imestone Coals beneath higher Carboniferous Strata of the A rea U pper L imestone G roup Cast cary and C umbernauld District eU per L imes tone Group in e is ric K n D t t . wper Limestone G roup gﬁ North Hainings Bore

R I I I CHAPTE .

MI LLSTO NE GR I T Castlecar umbe n uldand Bonn v brid e y, C r a g The L ower F ireclay U p er F ireclay and Ganister Torwo and Plean I nv eravon District

HA E R I V C PT .

CO AL ME ASUR E S The Banknock Coalﬁeld Coneypark Banknock D ennyloanhead The Carmuirs F ield The Carron and Grangemouth Fields The A irth F ield ' 1he F alkirk F ield Crosscroes and Cockmalane The Slamannan F ield n Igneous I ntrusio s . General Section of the E ast Stirlingshire Coalﬁeld Wester Glentore

M s (1 L td Wt 7-17 RIBS? 2 7 R CHAPTE V.

Sornnn cru . D u osITs Carse of Kinneil F alkirk District Buried Riv er Channels Peat

I NDE X

F IG RE I N E X U S T T.

F IG -i r r Sheets included m A rea I I . 1. I ndex Ma showin six nch ua te . g Q , and geo ogical formations Pi enn Ma oal Seam 1n uarter t . 2 . Section of the in C D Q , y 3 Horiz n l Section from west to east alon the Banknock Coal . o ta g Measure O utlier Diagram showing relations of faults and dolerite dykes in the F alkirk Coalﬁeld

L A E P T S.

TE I I ndex Ma of the Central Coal eld f PL . ﬁ o Scotland F rontis iece A p I I Seczgion o the Bann b rn oi . ock u Main Coal Seam in the Plean . l istrict I I I Sections O f Millstone Grit Str I h e . ata n t e A v on Vall y c i Millstone ri IV . Se t ons of G t 1n the Plean A rea Sections of U er L imestone Gro h nn V . pp uPin t e De y and Plean District (continuation of Pla te I V I Sec ions of L imeston l V . t e Coa Group In Denny and Plean (con tinuati n o P late V o f —. ) V II North Haini s Bore U er Part . ng I North Haini n s B re I l r k VI I . g o dd e Pa t (continuation of P lat e c e — p IX North Hainin s Bore L ower P r ita ti o . a t cont in on Plate 1 g ( f 1 I I V I . ) THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL COALFIELD OF OTL ND SC A .

ARE A II .

- — The six inch Ma included in this A rea are as follows z Stirlin 23 N E ( g, . S E 24 N . . N. W S. W S 25 N S 2 E . W . W. N . . . . 9 E S 30 N ; , ; , ; , E ; . W. N . E . W S. . S E 1 W W S . 4 N . 3 N . E 5 . W 3 N . . N. E . 36 N W. , , ; 3 ; , ; . L inl ith ow 1 N . S W 4 W. . . S E 5 N W S. W n . L a ar W . . 3 N. N E g , , , k, . , .

CH A F TE R I .

I N R UC I N T OD T O .

THIS Memoir forms one of—a series which it is proposed to publish in —description of the geology mainly from the economic point O f view O i C a C a of S o a u s not o h the entr l o lﬁeld c tl nd , which incl de nly t e whole of the L anarkshire coal basin but also portions of the counties D S i l L o and Ed u W of R u a . n enfrew, mb rton , t r ing, inlithg w inb rgh ithi it is contained t he whole of one-inch Sheet 31 together with parts of 9 P a S ts 22 23 24 30 and 3 . o s hee , , , The l te forming the fr nti piece shows the division of the Central Coalﬁeld into separate areas for r u a a a in ua M s s s a . I t de c iptive p rpo e , e ch re h v g an individ l emoir also indicates the boundaries and numbers O f the revised geological - six inch Quarter Sheets contained in each area.

I Ma F i . 1 s o s on a s a u The ndex p ( g ) h w , larger cale, the rea abo t be s r w u six- ua e S s to de c ibed , ith the incl ded inch Q rt r heet and the o o a o s surface area occupied by the chief ge l gic l f rmation . The area described in the following pages extends from Plean and A C s F ann side M u S a and irth a tle in the north to y ir, lam nnan A i th s ut I t u es L s Goals a d o vonbr dge in e o h . incl d the ime tone n ir n stones of D enny and Plean ; the valuable ﬁreclays and ganisters of Cas B and Glencr an and the Coa M asu s tlecary, onnybridge y , l e re ﬁeld Banknoc Carmuirs Ca o and G ra ou A and of k, , rr n ngem th , irth F or u s s o of S a ' alkirk . F descriptive p rpo e the wh le the l mannan 1

The F ife area on the north side of the F orth is not referred to in this i Memo r. The v il l e of Slamannan at one time a reat minin centre does not t ag , g g , actually lie within the coa l licld to which this name has for conv enience been i en g v . I r duction nt o . coalﬁeld n u of S lin is a s u a u lyi g within the co nty tir g l o incl ded , ltho gh so s a s . me of thi ﬁeld f ll within the adjacent area , V

GE NE RAL STRUCTURE or THE A RE A.

A a I I s -e s s of L a re . fall within the north a tern exten ion the an rk s a s O f n os due o shire ba in, the xi the fold extendi g alm t n rth from

— R Ma Of r a I F I G. 1. I nde A e I p .

l a to F o a c di s a s o s a a . S m nn n the rth ne r Kin ar ne Thi xi , h wever , lie considerably nearer to the eastern than the western margin of the district under description : consequently on the western limb O f the syncline the greater part Of the Carboniferous L imestone Series and o of M s G are s r as on the wh le the ill tone rit repre ented, whe e the eastern side of the basin only small parts of these formations come a a within the re . A dominant feature in the structure of the ground to the north of enera l tructure o the A rea G S f .

F a is o u fau s u i lkirk the p werf l lt, with downthrow to o th , wh ch branches from the Ca mpsie fault between Kilsyth and Benton and traverses the area in an easterly direction to the F orth the at G a u . A au t a o a r ngemo th nother f l , with c ntr ry throw to o s s a o ar L ow Ba n rth , diverge from the former di loc ti n ne nton, and a u r for s a s o s , fter r nning pa allel with it ever l mile , j in it

a a a t s B s of G an u . B s g in Ker e ridge , we t r gemo th etween the e two faults lie the Banknock Coal Measure outlier and the Carmuirs

coalﬁeld . The a a u to o w D and the F o is re f rther the n rth , bet een enny rth , also crossed by a series of more or less continuous lines of fracture an a ox a s and o o o with ppr im te ea t west directi n . The d wnthr w of es au ts is os as s to sou and ou o s O f th e f l in m t c e the th , the tcr p the Coal Measures and Millstone Grit are in consequence stepped su ss to s s a aus au cce ively the we t, the di pl cement c ed by the f lt which passes north O f Torwood and Kinnaird amounting to upwards of a mile . o - s a Ca o ous s a a u On the n rth we t m rgin, the rb nifer tr t , incl ding the sou o o a o of S o r s o a on to thern pr l ng ti n the tirling d le ite ill, verl p the a o s as of the Ca s s and is volc nic r ck of the e tern end mp ie Hill , it doubtful whether any Calciferous Sandstone sediments exist within

W. . L . the area . H

The most important structural feature O f the southern part of the - area is con nected with the L enzie Torphichen whin dyke . This dyke separates the Slamannan from what for purposes O f description will be F a coalfi eld a r is a as u the termed the lkirk . The l tte t ken incl ding n s r s of Po o Br o s M uirav onside Shieldhill mi ing di t ict lm nt, ight n , , , J a wcrai and Bonn hill as as a ou o of g y , well the immedi te neighb rh od F a lkirk . to o o s and ro a os a o a The dyke referred f ll w , p b bly r e l ng , line of s o a o w ow to sou O f at one o t a ou 4 0 di l c ti n , with do nthr the th p in b t I t ar a r o w oa s h c fathoms. app ently acted as feede t hin fl t w i h branch O ff from it at different levels on its northern and southern a to u i o Coa M su s and aff s s s. s s u ide Th t the o th intr ded int l ea re , ect at ff I t u s di erent places various Of the workable seams. nderlie the o of S a an a coalfield and r s s to su a a r wh le the l m n n , i e the rf ce in ange the of low hills which stretch southwards from A vonbridge . On

' northern side the intrusion occupies in one place a horizon a little a ov I L s o and ro a s s a b e the ndex ime t ne, p b bly never ri e higher th n the

' as O f M r It is to s a all b e the illstone G it. likely be pre ent bene th the sout a F a coalﬁ eld but at too a a to hern p rt of the lkirk , gre t depth aff Coa M a ure a F ur h a to ect the l e s se ms. t er reference will be m de this sill in the pages dealing with concealed areas O f the L imestone o I I C a s C a . . 1 . 8. l , h p p Co s or s to o of inciding with thi dyke , lying lightly the n rth is the a s of an a un as and w s or at it , xi nticline r ning e t e t , right a s to th e I ts ff is s ngle direction O f the main syncline . e ect een in br inging the Millstone Grit along the A von v alley to the west O f A o v nbridge . A similar eas t-and-west anticlinal fold separates the subsidiary basin O f the F alkirk coalﬁeld from that O f Carron and Airth in the I ntr oduction.

Th u of s s i ev r in s d . e s r north contin ity the e fold , how e , ome eg ee u h nkn k interr pted by t e Ba oc trough fault already referred to.

A . E . M.

A narrow strip of Coal Measures along the northern border of the Greengairs coalﬁeld falls within the south-western margin of Area I I Coa M su s au e w a s Mil e . The l ea re are here f lt d do n ag in t the lston G a of s oc e s rit to the north by line di l ation, which, to the a t of F dderlan o w L - e d s e s . L W H , f llo the nzi Torphichen dyke . . . CHAP TE R I I .

R IF CA BON E RO U S L I ME STONE SE RIE S.

D enn and Plean y .

irli 2 N E S E 24 . W S W St n 3 . . . N . . 29 N. E ( g, , . , . . )

A L MOST the whole of this district is occupied by the members O f the Ca f ous L s o and M s o G S s s rboni er ime t ne ill t ne rit erie , which tretch northwards across the area from the boundary-fault of the Bank u a a nock Coal Measure o tlier in two par llel b nds of varying breadth . n s r of s a a s to o and s u h The ge eral t ike the bed pproxim te n rth o t , is as and the a of a s s the dip e terly, ngle inclin tion highe t in the we t, in the neighbourhood of the overlap on to the volcanic rocks ; east wards the diminishing angle O f dip causes the outcrops of the Upper L imestone Group to be considerably broader than those of the lower members of the Series in the west. The continuity O f the outcrops is I nterrupted by a series of large au a s a a a a s -and- s f lts which tr ver e the re with gener l ea t we t trend. The largest of these dislocations passes north O f Carbrook House to Woodcockfauld a a s a a u of , where it ppe r to br nch into n mber o au s all i ma of a u do to the min r f lt , , l ke the in line fr ct re, throwing wn u s au s ts ou o s of u s o es so th . Thi f lt hif the tcr p the pper lime t n for a a to w s and o s the u ar a ne rly mile the e t, f rm bo nd y between the Ple n lﬁ ld A s o st to o a au a and ua coa e s. t Q rter h rt di ance the n rth , f lt wi h contrary downthrow to north runs east immediately south Of Plean us and ss St n oa at i u s to Ho e, , cro ing the irli g r d Plean v llage, t rn the - o o O f au at a u north east. The n rtherly thr w this f lt Ple n Ho se is not a 6fms but as s a in o of Carno k c . more th n . incre e r pidly the directi n

. B . L C . C , . W. H.

Recent mining operations have added largely to our knowledge of s of s s and s u s ra a u the rock thi di trict, the eq ence of t t in the two pper ou s Ca ous L s o S s as as in the o gr p of the rbonifer ime t ne erie , well ver M ls o G is far er o a at of lying il t ne rit, bett kn wn th n the time the

su a a s a o. s a o a a original rvey , more th n fifty ye r g Thi dditi n l inform tion has been chiefly derived from the deep diamond bores and pit shafts put down in recent years in the Plean area by the East Plean Co o To ou s of the Offi ia s a o lliery C mpany . the c rte y c l of th t C mpany f M r W and a cu to ss o . a a o , in p rti lar, the kindne ll ce Thorneycr ft, we are for a ss to ou a s and s of o n s and indebted cce the j rn l core the b ri g , u o o a o odi o n a for m ch ther general inf rm ti n emb ed in the f llowi g p ges. We hav e also been permitted to publish graphic detailed sections of t r a o s in P a s t and of it s a the h ee princip l b re the le n di tric , the p h ft l P s I -V I V . W. . See L . . at the Plean col iery ( late . ) H 5 Carbon erous L ime if stone Series.

F or information regarding the D enny coalﬁeld we are indebted to M rs A So Herb r shire Co r ss . s e t M r a so to R . . e ddie n , llie y ; l . T Moo G B for a s r n a a o r re, det il conce ni g the b nd ned wo kings on the Castl rankine a e est te .

WE R I E T L O L M S ONE GROUP. Concerning the rocks O f this group not much is known ; they reach their greatest development in the ground west of D rumbowie and Castlerankine and a so o u s a but , l cc r to the we t of Ple n , in the Denny and D unipace district their position at the surface is occupied o o a ous and us ous o o by c ntemp r ne intr ive igne r cks. Tw thin lime s o s are s the R Ca o a s o t s a a o Car t ne een in iver rr n , h r di t nce b ve ron M o of a 2-f m G o s s t . a a ss s was r ve ill the l we t the e, b nd with rine fo il , ra considered by Dr. C mpton to represent the Blackball L imestone O f L s O f O d o s a the Glasgow district . ine l w rking long the Chough Glen and a s a at ua o h and as of uar r bove the tre m High Q rter , n rt e t Q te us a u o of a a s o o a Ho e , indic te the o tcr p d rk encrinital lime t ne, pr b bly a au ma a as one the Hos repe ted by f lting, which y be reg rded of ie

L o O f L o G ou . s s . ime t ne the wer r p M. M

L I ESTONE COAL G ROU P M .

The D enny and D unipace coalfield is geographically intermediate w a of Ba on and s to sou - st and os O f bet een th t nt Kil yth the th we , th e u - W h P a and Ba o to o as . o v r le n nn ckb rn the n rth e t hile, we e , the n ra s u ma ns sa ou ou L s o C a ge e l eq ence re i the me thr gh t, the ime t ne o l Group is much thinner and contains fewer workable seams than that r B I n h D either O f Kilsyth o annockburn . t e enny and Plean district the thickening O f the strata from west to east takes place chiefly in U L s o G ou bu t R su see . t a os the cceeding pper ime t ne r p ( p ehill , O n as s O f P a coalfield and u h or in the e t ide the le n , f rt er n th the o of Carnock n r as in t n ss O f s o directi n , the i c e e the hick e the bed bel w In o es W mar d d st ro ha or on to the dex bec m ell ke , the i ance f m t t h iz h n oa n a t as 30 fms. a r an in t e D the M ai C l bei g le t gre te —th enny field . P a I V I V . See o ara a s t o s s . ( c mp tive vertic l ec i n , l te )

GE NE RAL SE CTI ON OF L I ME STONE COAL STRA TA IN THE

D E NNY D ISTRI CT.

I ndex L imestone.

r a mainl fa es and ﬁ recla with locall thin coals St at , k y, , y, y

foul enerall thin 6in . to CO AL ( ), g y r ta sandstones and fakes St a , CO foul u to AL, p i h s me fi recl and bl es a sandstones and fa es w t o a a v . Strata, k , y U PPE R D E NNY BLACKBAN D I R O N STO NE mainl sandstones with thin coals near to Strata, y , p L O WE R D E NNY BL ACKBA N I) I R ONSTO N E trata fakes and fi recla about S , y ( ) nearly all sandstone CO AL a few inches ta chie fa es about 1 2 O Stra , fly k ( ) CO A L 0 1 3 a sandstone ov er blaes about 1 3 0 Strat , ( ) 10 in to 0 l 3 CO AL .

Carbon er L imes e er if mes ton S ies.

Strata sandstones and fa es , k

CO foul O thic ens to N. and AL, . KN TT ( k Strata fa es and sandstones , k Black Meta—ls I RO TO E B T N CL A Y BA ND . NS N AN O . Strata fa es and bless , k I R O NSTO NE and CO AL (withpartings) Strata fa es , k '

CO I S H CO iI I NG l . AL, KL YT Strata fa es and sandsto ne , k

The detailed description O f the L imestone Coal Group in the Denny and Plean area is as follows

s L s s O f L The Top Ho ie ime tone, the highe t member the ower L i s G u is o u r su ss a s s me tone ro p—, f llowed in pwa d cce ion by erie , 14 15 fms ss a s O f a o a . s ppr xim tely in thickne , of bl e with thin rib l d to o a u a of c ayban ironstone . Hence the l c —l eq iv lent the Kils yth Coking Coal the distance is about 4 4 4 5 fms occupied chieﬂy a s and sa s s s s and bless by f ke nd tone , with everal thin coal with cla band s y rib . — Kilsyth Coking Coa l z The seam correlated with this elsewhere valuable coal does not appear to be Of workable thickness any r s ar a and as o s a o s whe e in thi e , , rec rded in ever l b ring in the Denny a s 12 n s and is a ss Two o s ﬁeld , r rely exceed i che , gener lly le . b re l nkin 3 d a a on Cast era e 00 s. o s s , y p rt, give the foll wing ection 1 ih 2 i n 1 1 a 1 NO . a 15 n o o i oa 3 NO . . o s I ( ) co l , ; ( ) c l , . ; ir n t ne , . ; c l ,

in. a 2 in a 1 o . . ; p rting , ; c l , in S o 2 s s ho to u c o a the ecti n ( ) eem , wever , be q ite ex epti n l in O f s a thickness the e m . Bores on the E ast Plean estate show that the coal thickens

o a s cast but o s not 18 . t w rd the , d e exceed in i P i 16 in n f nd A t N 4 P t a s . an a a s s O s a O . , le n , it ; ly i the wa hed dried cores gave the following result

F ix ed Carbon CO KE Sulphur A sh

Hydrocarbon u “ Sulphur ﬂA M E? Moisture

n r a a o n oa This coal ca not be egarded s c ki g c l . The Kilsyth Coal was a t one time wrought in the long since o M o G o Pit s ua ar the the aband ned ilt n r ve , it ted ne point where -G as ow oa oss s Ba o Bu a and a a Stirling l g r d cr e the nn ck rn, mile h lf A r a I Th s o at s beyond the northel n margin of e I . e ecti n thi pit was said to be

F akes and blaes GO A L KI SY ' ‘ l lin E Sc it ho g . 0C R I N } gO A L CO coarse AL, F aky blaes Sandstone i L mestone Coal Group .

The distance separating the Kilsyth Coal position from the r 1 fm at Castlerankine base of the Black Metals varies f om 7 s. to 4 s r s s a a s NO . at . 19 fms. Plean Pit The t ata con i t m inly of f ke d s o s but a s a s O f a s an sand t ne , in the lower p rt everal b nd bl e with r I n are ou O f s ironstone ribs appea . the Denny ﬁeld there f r the e

10 fms r s he s C . o s : 2 5 . t h rizon , , 7 and e pectively above Kil yth oal l l -in a : s The third is in one case recorded as an g . blackb nd otherwi e cla bands the ribs appear to be y . I n the Plean section a horizon with two clayband ironstone ribs - 4 fm the s C a overlying a 10 inch coal occurs at s. above Kil yth o l position. — Black Meta l ou as ls o ms s i s Of s This gr p, e ewhere, f r a er e dark 1 fm ss s and se s cla band a s 2 s. bl e , 7to in thickne , with rib am of y o ou u but os a u a o a of ir nstone thr gho t, m t b nd nt in the l wer p rt the

h s cla band s or two fms. a o bas group. The t icke t y lie one b ve the e ; at U o s o 2 1 in at i r o as 2 6 . . it s ec rded ft . in pper Th ma t n ; ft . L 15 n at Castlerankine and 1 . at o rid 1 in to i . B w ge ; 0 . ft ittle Pi P s o is r 3 D I n N0. 4 t s enny . — , lean , thi horiz n epre ented by in -i i 1 ft . and 3 . t s a s s 2 in . iron tone , , here correl ted with the band I o s o Benton Clay r n t ne. o o u u w s u A a ss s P s etc. as as b nd with marine f il ( r d ct , ) p ed thro gh 0 1 Bo 3 fms a o a f Ca Ma s N . s O in the rbrook in . re, b ve the b e the s Black Metal . F u s s s a a a s a s sa o r to even fathom of tr t , lmo t entirely f ke and nd s s h a a os a o to O f the B a M a s tone , wit , locally, thin co l cl e b ve the p l ck et l , a u a o Knott Coa l s a a . ep r te th t gro p from the next n med h rizon , the This seam is best developed in the extreme northern part O f the P r A s a a of a was ou to 18 lean dist ict . m ll rea the co l wr ght prior 84 s a s s a and A uchenbowie o on the e t te of We t Ple n . The f llowing s o O f s am was asu 1895 a d su ecti n the e me red in , in blin pit nk 5 fms Ma o Co at a 2 d a 00 s. s . from the in to the Kn tt al point y e t o A uchenbowi Ga L and d W e 0 . N 0 s W. 7 . . s fr m te odge , y of We t

Plean House .

Hard pav ement

Analysis Of the two leaves of the seam gave :

TO P CO . BO TO M CO AL T AL .

° 52 ‘ 4 1 ' 63

Total Sulphur Phosphorus

C us and s u a u e a u of ash r hing wa hing wo ld h ve red c d the mo nt , and a o e u a o a but s a h rd c k co ld be m de fr m the co l , the ulphur and os o us s u e us ph ph r content wo ld b un ually high. Carbon erous L imeston Series if e .

A considerable area of this seam was also formerly wrought from ’ M ki on ac s s 00 ds. a u o O f Pit, 7 y to the north , ne r the j ncti n the Ro R a a n S -G s s o man o d with the m i tirling la gow road . The ecti n here was said to be

O n the E ast Plean estate the seam becomes very thin : a series s ir ailin F a O 4 Pit a h of bore between Mu m g rm and N . show th t t e osi is h of F u p tion ere represented only by a few inches coal. rther k to the east the seam again thic ens. The seam representing the Knott Coal position in the Denny area is not of workable thickness : it is usually split into two thin r s or oa a A Castl ranki s s a a a s. t e ne leave , ep —ted by bl e c ly f ke the o F u 8 1 m a i a s o s o a 3 . 6 n s s 7 . ecti n h w l co l , —to coaly f ke , to ; co l , l d C a 4 in a 15 9 . B a faul s o 1 s 5 1 e . . 1 7 to in On l, ; f ke , ih ; coal, to in I n so a s oa is o in s os o . me pl ce no c l rec rded thi p iti n . The strata between the Knott and the Main Coal vary in thick f r and a ss o 6 10 ms. a e a s s s o s ne fr m to they chieﬂy f ke nd t ne , with locally one or two thin coals Of a—few inches each . The Bannockburn Main Coal s u s a u Thi val able e m, the eq ivalent C C Of s t o u s ou h u and of the loven oal Kil y h , cc r thr g o t the Denny “ ” a a in s s ara or s o a n s Ple n rea three leave , ep ted by dirt t ne p rti g Of n ss TO s av s ff a s varyi g thickne . the e le e di erent n me have been given in the different collieries as below

HE BE RT HI R E R E R E S PL E A N CA RRO NR I GG . R S . QUA T A T 1 T oaI Ste m l . o G a . . l ( ) Steam Goa . 2 2 Mig } . Bottom l 3 P ment Coal or 3. Coa or . av e

burn Main Bannoc burn Main . Bannock . k

A t Carronri s was u u Of gg, where the eam wro ght nder the name Ma C a u a 1906 s s at u o a s the in o l p to the ye r , ection fo r l c litie in the Old workings give

2 3 l . .

NE R OO D H E D E . O F C S E A I T E N . A W A . A TL L T L P KI F RM O F NO 1 I T. RAN NE A . .

I I n . I n . —n. CO AL 9 10 CO AL l l CO AL 12 Stone 7 D irt 10 Dirt 12 CO AL 14 - 15 CO AL 17 CO AL 17 Stone 8 Dirt 18 CO AL with rib 18 CO AL with in rib 1 4 1} . 7}

The Carronrigg Colliery yielded a steam and smithy coal of ’ excellent quality.

550 s as o o No. 2 A t a point about ft . lightly e t of n rth fr m Pit, the coal was found to be burnt ; the burnt coal was traced for

d a s ha S. E . I t o u a 300 y s. in direction omew t of pr ved nwork ble , and was said to have shown columnar structure : at least one patch o o u aff a s o n of good c al , h wever , occ rred within the ected rea , h wi g ” l l s o Scotland . 172 See Dron Coa ﬁe d f , p , Ban kburn Main Coal noc .

r u a . S u 10 fms eas s the burning to be ir eg l r o th of the . t and we t N 2 Ma C has b and ou o au O . f lt, at Pit, the in oal een worked f nd in go d condition between the crop and a line drawn south of the pit : it h u to e s Of is a as not been wro ght the a t that line, where it prob bly u b rnt. s u of Castlerankine ec s n To the o th the coal b ome thi ner , an av erage section in the D rumbowie ground reading as follows

P ss to Herbertshire Co o s S ea a ing the lliery w rking , where the t m Coa is st a s in o s a O f l ill being r i ed , we ﬁnd the m re we terly p rt the ar O ld Blaefaulds ro s o a s o s ar ﬁeld , ne the i n t ne pit , ecti n very imil I n h a o a H r h r f rr nri . e st t e b r i N 3 to a o Ca o t e ts e O . th t gg e , h wever , P it o s a is s a a o s ea or u s , the l we t le f ep r ted fr m the t m pper coal by s a of a s and is w as Pa Coa ever l feet f ke , kno n the vement l . A r s o Herbertshire S a C a o s os ecent ecti n in the te m o l w rking , cl e l l f l O 1 h the s Of O d B ae au ds N . s s to ite the Pit, ow I n. 14 18 24 — 24 thic enin e k g to ast. 22

The Steam Coal of Herbertshire Colliery furnishes a navigation ua a s s is as o coal of high q lity. The naly i foll ws

Gas tar etc , , . VO LATI LE MATT E R Sulphur Water

h a o 15 l v en I n A a s s NO 2 as The e ting p wer g n ly i . lb. of ° 1 l 212 F . a a b f o r O a . wate at ev por ted y lb. c a s O ff m smo but o s a The co l give little ﬂa e or ke, d e not coke re dily .

I n r a the of B u the Plean a e , bottom leaf the annockb rn Seam is now rou u am of B the principal coal w ght , nder the n e the annockburn M N u o on C a . e s s of ain o l ar the o tcr p, the we t ide the ﬁeld , the oa is o 18 to 22 s but is oo ua c l nly inche thick , very g d in q lity . Separated from the Main Coal by a band of dark sandy ﬁ reclay of ar ss is a s a of o oa 18 to 2 n h v ying thickne nother e m inferi r c l , 0 i c es

u us a s. thick, with n mero thin dirty p rting

o 1 b Wm ll ce l s ow 1 N . Wa G a 5 N . a 88 O 2 b M . essrs l y , , ; . Tat ock and g y

Thomson, 1902 . Ca rbon erous L imestone Series if .

The ss Of ls ases e s ds the is thickne the coa incre a twar to dip, and accompanied by a constant variation in the thickness and character of e s the int rvening dirt band . This variation in the character of the sea m in different parts O f P i ms F i 2 and s s a s a a . the lean di trict gr phically hown in the di gr ( g , P are Mr o a a o . late for which we indebted to . W ll ce Th rneycr ft F i 2 s th O f s m now a g. give e section the whole ca in the ab ndoned ua 2 f m I s t C u 00 ms. so Q r er olliery, at a depth of abo t and e f mile s u c ea t of the o t rop. B B C Ba u M C P etween the ottom oal, or nnockb rn ain oal of lean , and the rock pavement is a bed of ﬁ reclay with two inches O f dirty o the a has at c al next rock. The mid dirt p rting the bottom a a Of a s a h ss and so s a se b nd h rd tone , vari ble in t ickne metime b nt a o O f s a at two u s lt gether . The top band dirt, ep r ing the pper leave of oa i s out to and ss s a oa c l , th n the north pa e into bed of dirty c l, which

- D i r V C O A L

ero u s '

' - ‘ F i n es /a; l Z e IG f GO A L 8 ‘

n l Sc a le Ho r t z o t a ‘ 7 0 locofu t 50 500 5 o — 2 Section of the ain Coal Seam in uarter Pit D enn . F I G 2 . . M Q , y thickens to the north and becomes the Mid Coal Of the E ast Plean workings. The coal at Quarter does not coke and is of a dry and dusty

a e ash. ch ract r, rich in A n approximate average analysis Of the whole seam is given s a are below : there are cleaner rib of co l , which higher in ﬁxed carbon. Moisture Volatile Hydrochrbon F ixed Carbon A sh .

1000

I I s s scam Plate . show the ection of the in the northern part of S n u c a s e the Plean workings. tarti g near the o t rop on the Ple n e tat , d ockfauld s o - s u north O f Woo c , it extend n rth ea tward thro gh 4 s as s u the Of NO . No . 3 and Pit , and thence e t by o th in direction

Pleanmill . The Cowie Pit shaft section is also given in order to show the a us n the s Of es nt further ch nge to the north , j t beyo d limit the pr e a are . The B ttom C l B n urn M i C a r e s s u n o oa , or an ockb a n o l p op r, re t po hard sandstone with a thin daugh parting sometimes increasing to 6 8 is e w u s. s s t so ub c r ct : or inche Thi coal om wha ft, ith a c i al f a re it proved very suitable for smithy purposes and for coking ; the average analysis is as follows

Moisture Volatile Hydrocarbon F ixed Carbon A sh

This Bottom Coal has been worked for many years past near the o and rea su of s a un s for th cr p, the dy pply a good mith co l acco t e numerous small forges at one time foun in the neighbourin v s u s e ur - s and al illage , where, d ring the la t c nt y , hand made nail O - r u d kinds f light wrought i on work were prod ce . This industry has now died out owing to the competition of machine-made factory u s prod ct . a Bo Goal is s e The p rting above the ttom a dark, andy , laminat d ﬁrecla ses ss ro E II an y which increa in thickne f m D to (Plate . ) d s eas a s u G is es a h a thence thin tw rd ntil at it repr ented by t in, bl ck , s andy rib. A o s a o s so a and a b ve thi p rting generally f llow a ft , pli ble f irly e coa su s ft h u us a cl an l , cceeded by a o coal wit n mero thin intercal tions of black sandy sclit : this layer is O ften known as the Mid Coa I t so s s an . s o l metime contain b d of harder c al, very high in ash as , known wild coal. The average analysis of the Mid Coal between the points D and F is approximately as follows :

Moisture Volatile Hydrocarbon F ixed Carbon Ash

1000

o a a o as Coa is u The c al immedi tely bove , w rked the Top l , m ch “ a nd o s a s s. a cleaner, with only few dirt parting me eye The aver ge analysis Of this band between D and F is

Moisture Volatile Hydrocarbon F ixed Carbon A sh

1000

o and as a as oss When f rmerly ﬁlled together picked cle n p ible , To and Mid Goals s a o ta d a out 18 the p of thi rea c n ine b per cent. of ash : us W f a s a o a ro th , hile they af orded te m coal of go d he ting p erties ash e was u a to its m a u p , the high cont nt prej dici l arket v l e . By a more recent process the coals ai'e crushed together and passed through apertures of g-inch diameter : the mixture is then washed in a specially designed machine which separates it into 2 r 13 2 r s 1 a u a s . . ( ) pr ctically p re co l, with p g ; ( ) a compa ative mall

u of u u u s r. 14 3 . q antity the do btf l prod ct, p . g to and ( ) dirt s su is u sa s a hus a ffo s Thi re lt q ite ti f ctory , and the coal t tre ted a rd - - . b u s a ﬁ rst class metallurgical coke for y prod ct oven . The Top and Mid Coals contain an unusual amount O f phosphorus us which cannot be removed by cr hing. 1 Of a is a s a s u 8 . t a The roof the se m trong bl e abo t ft thick , wi h - I has e u s a well marked musselband nea r the top. t be n s gge ted th t the excess O f phosphorus in the underlying coal may possibly be connected with this shell-bed : a series Of comparative analyses O f c a -s s o o s musselbands u o l eam in pr ximity or therwi e to wo ld , however,

be necessary to determine the value O f this suggestion . ” I n the Denny area a mussel rib was recorded in a bore at m C rronri M C : s is Blaefaulds a ou 3 f s. a , b t 5 above the gg ain oal thi a prob bly on the same horizon . ° B F a e a u 1000 s 10 s u O f eyond the point (Pl t bo t ft . ea t o th NO 4 a u h s l a Of Plean . Pit, f rther c ange take p ace in the ch racter scam the . s of a s u and h ss The band wild co l increa e in n mber t ickne , M d t s while two distinct dirt bands appea r in the i Coal . Of he e the upper soon dies out : the lower gradually thickens for a distance 2 in d a dl as s to a ss O f 4 . 4 00 ds. an of y , then r pi y incre e thickne , com pletely cutting out the Mid CoaL This parting continues to 225 F s 3 h . as u at t e o G 0 s . incre e ntil p int , ft ea t of , it become feet su a To S a C a is s d thick , with the re lt th t the p or te m o l too far eparate o w u a s to be w rked ith the nderlying co l . The change in character of this parting begins a little to the east o F : u o o ss s o a a a sa of the p int the pper p rti n pa e int h rd , bl ck , ndy s o o s a s so ﬁrecla or dau h a ua t ne with c al tre k , while the ft y g gr d lly thins out until the lower layer O f the Mid Coal is onl y separated M C a a s . from the ain o l by hard, andy rib A t Co C a two s - s the wie olliery , ne rly mile to the north ea t, the dirt parting has thickened to over 5 ft while still further to the at Carnock ss s ra s a s s has dip , , the thickne of the t ta ep rating the eam u 21 increased to pwards O f ft. — I n the southern part O f the Plean workings separated from the o or a a A uchenbowie au a is n rthern p tion by br nch of the f lt, the co l a and a a a a and ui thicker , h rder cle ner th n in the northern re , q te different in character from that Of the Quarter Collieries to the west. sou ous M a C a is u 22 To the th of Plean H e the in o l abo t in . thick , and is a fairly hard bright coal with some eyes and a few pyrite I i for ou n balls. t s suitable h se a d navigation use : many trial trips Of amous boats were run with this coal : it also makes very good cOée . The average analysis of the scam in this area is

Moisture Volatile Hydrocarbon F ixed Carbon A sh

r 32 38 fm The L ower Blackband lies at a depth v arying f om to s. l I Lim s o u s s o to be ow the ndex e t ne, in m ch the ame po iti n relatively s as Ma F ssil I ns o O f Cadder that lime tone the in o ro t ne the ﬁeld , L is r a e G s . a s G s la gow ike the blackb nd of the la gow area, it va i bl a r k ss out a s u both in ch racte and thic ne , thinning to few inche ro nd the s e r e se t as in s is edge of the ﬁ ld. The ave ag c ion proved bore as follows

The lower seam of parrot varies as a rule in versely with the ir s : s out L D u s u on tone it thin on ittle enny, and f rther o th the whole se e s s 12- c am app ar to be repre ented by a in h coal . Thesection of the Upper Blackband at Tygetshaugh is given above it was s s R s D rimalier B and A s al o rai ed in the i k, , roomhill nchor Pit , I s in u L ow u e M s M s . and al o in the ngli ton e, o th of Q art r ill I — n u t s o s C ar 8 10 . the Q ar er area it h w oal (generally p rot), to in s 4 1 in 4 . iron tone, 7in ; coal , to Both north and south of the Dunipace Quarter area the Upper B a s a s ass I n a s a a a o lackband l o ppear to p into a coal. m ll re pened out a sou Herbertshire C s s m by a mine immedi tely th of a tle, the ea was ou atu T etshau h f nd to be of a more coaly n re than at yg g , while —- further to the south across the Carron river it becomes a 9 13 inch d i an s as an o s . coal , not workable ir n tone — While it is evident that these blackbands like the F ossil Iron s s of G s a a e a tone—the la gow re , with which they may be g ner lly corre a ss a s a o l ted pa laterally into co l , an exact correl ti n with any ula partic r coal seam in adjoining fields is seldom possible. There is so for a Green ards 20- , however, good rea n the belief th t the y inch of Bannockburn and the U pper 20-inch of Plean are on approx i the s as L B a of D e mately ame horizon the ower l ckband enny , whil the coal wrought at Carronrigg under the name Of the Carronrigg S ma s B sm mithy y here repre ent the Upper lackband. Only a all r Carronri S Co was s a ea of—the gg mithy al worked, and the eam s C 12 . 1 s a s 1 2 . I 8 . ts howed oal, in tone, to in coal , in di tance bove M a Coa f s a o N 1 a 36fms. the in l in the h ft o . Pit w s The L ower Twenty-inch Coal of Plean is worked over a consider a ou a s I t s in n ss o u able rea the Ple n e tate . varie thick e fr m abo t 22 s u a s s s a out inche nder Plean vill ge, decrea ing we tward tow rd the o A t 3 . N . cr p o Pit it is only 16inches thick and unworkable . A a s in ss is hard, d rk, andy rib, 4 to 3inch thickne , generally ou the u s ia of cla band f nd in pper part of the eam, and a var ble band y o s o s a o is ir n t ne in the blae b ve worked along with the coal . s s u s s a n as a o u Thi eam f rni he good coki g g co l, c ntaining abo t 60 per cent . of fixed carbon . The U er Twent -inch Coal a u e s u pp y , ltho gh ext n ively worked f rther s is i as a is to the north and ea t , where it a good cok ng g co l, not a a su or ua work ble bject on the estates of E ast and West Plean Q rter. s a i s No. 4 s The ection of the e m at Pit, Plean CO AL Dark fi reclay CO AL The i r c a f ua a . s e e o a ith u 58 er c n . c n o l h r f i q lity, w abo t p e t fixed rbo — F ul I ous a ts gne Rocks.

The intermediate band of dark ﬁreclay seems to die out eastwards and become replaced by coal : westwards towards the outcrop the

co s eco er. L . w. H . M. al b me thinn . ; M

F AULTS.

In addition to the large east-and-west faults referred to on W n . d E 3 N . a S . s c s c s r a n u e p , three . di lo ation of on ide able m g it d have been proved in the workings of the Steam Coal at the Herbert shire Colliery. The most westerly Of these crosses the ﬁeld from L M a o h w N O f 3 as E . 5 to ittle Denny to e d wbank, and a downthro to . 4 fm A h 0 s. mine as recently been driven through this fault to Open u n W s l p the Steam Coal o the S . ide in the neighbourhood of the O d Blaefaulds C The se u u s u imm di olliery . cond fa lt r n a parallel co rse e a e sou of M dub s u s as t ly th y , with a downthrow to o th e timated a o a 3 and 4 M du A 0 0 fms. b a us ppr xim tely between near y f rmho e . third fault with the same trend passes through L ittle Denny Paper M and has an o i h to s ut of 4 fm 0 s. ill , appr x mate downt row o h I n the abandoned Carronrigg M ain Coal workings two east-and wes u s O ne se oss h t fa lt were proved. of the cr es t e ﬁeld just south of No 1 Pi o o o 20 f s t t m . o , with a d wnthr w north of ; the ther, with a co 10 fms m a a . u s N 2 . ntr ry throw of , r n i medi tely north of o Pit

M . M.

I NE O US I NTR SIV E RO K G U C S.

Two east-and-west quartz -dolerite dykes have been proved in the Her hi e Co s A t u 2 berts r lliery working . Denny they are abo t 00 yards a a are r a at an a O f a ou p rt , and inclined to the ve tic l ngle b t F ur s a oa one a o and a ther to the we t they ppr ch n ther, prob bly coalesce before reaching the dolerite sill at Myot Hill . Beyond the sill this intrusion appears to be continued in the dyke which tra verses the volcanic rocks Of the Campsie Hills : eastwards the more northerly of the Herbertshire dykes contin ues across the Carron and lﬁ ld F o se u - u G a u coa e s e . r a n r ngemo th to the rth ( p T o gh f lti g, to ou a s has o the the am nt of few fathom , been proved l cally along course of these dykes at Denny .

A prolongation of the great intrusive sheet of quartz-dolerite which forms the A bbey Craig of Stirling extends across the north w Of a Ca s and is o u est corner the rea to the rron we t of Denny , c ntin ed ua o M ot No south Of that river in a greatly atten ted f rm to y Hill . rth of C ou o s is o a 1 s the arron the tcr p of the ill m re th n ; mile in width ,

but oss s su s o 500 ft. n out where it cr e the river it mea re nly , wide ing M again considerably on yot Hill . The thickness of the intrusion appears to be variable : in the r u sou S is a ou 50 a ho s at E as ua g o nd th of tirling it b t f t m t Q rter , N W of o e was r a to a of . . Denny, the d lerit pie ced by bore depth 46 fms. s s som a in s o a s us The sill ri e ewh t the metal t w rd the dip, th a s ss a a but a o ou o is ih showing its tr n gre ive ch r cter , l ng the tcr p truded at a fairly constant horizon a short distance above the Hurlet

Limestone . The intrusion met with on exactly the same horizon further to rb erous Lime one s Ca onif st Serie .

s a Benton a is u the s e the we t, on the m rgin of the rea, no do bt am s but s u M ot at eas one s a s a. ill , to the o th of y Hill l t other ill ppear at o zo s us uns s u s e n higher h ri n . Thi intr ion r o thward to the north r u a - u Banknock coalﬁeld a a ua trans res bo nd ry fa lt of the , with gr d l g s ta s r s a s s B a k ion of the me l , i ing from po ition omewhat below the l c

‘ a u Metals to a horizon above the M in Coal . The b rnt or blind coals of the southern part O f the Carronrigg and D rumbowie ﬁelds ma u a u ff s s s ffs s y, no do bt, be ttrib ted to the e ect of thi ill or o hoot

o M. M. fr m it .

E XTE NSION or THE L I MESTONE CO AL S BENEATH THE HIGHER

CARBONIFE ROUS STRATA or THE A REA .

- s of a w the L s e On the north we tern margin the r—ea, here ime ton Coals s to su as s the re lie near—e t the rface, they have de cribed in p ceding pages been followed eastward from the crop beneath the o U L s o and M s G and is s l verlying pper ime t ne ill tone rit , there til a large ﬁeld further to the dip in which these coals might probably be a u at proﬁt bly worked tho gh a greater depth . is a L s Coa s sou of the Ca The ex tence of work ble ime tone l th nal , in

Cas ar and Cu u s is o u u a . the tlec y mberna ld di trict, a m re do btf —l m tter The S—urvey have no information with regard to any bores ii such exist that have been put down to these seams within this part of I m u a . t a s a O the rea y, however, be t ted, from evidence btained f rther to s us a the we t j t beyond the margin of the area, th t in the neigh bourhood of Cu au a a o o s mbern ld vill ge whin ﬂ at or d lerite ill , with

4 8 f 2 I L s . ss ms. s 3 a o s a a thickne of , lie f th m bene th the ndex ime tone How at a a s s us s far, and wh t depth in the met l thi intr ion extend s a s t B a a is as no a il ea tw rd in o the onnybridge re , there yet va able s but s O f s ou a evidence to how , the pre ence the ill w ld h ve to be e a s di o r ckoned with in any boring oper tion in this recti n .

L . . W H .

Any attempt to prove or work the L imestone Coals beneath the deeper parts O f the basin is likely to be deferred until a search has a a I n been made in the re s where these coals are nearer the surface . making such an enquiry the following points would require to be considered (1) A sill of dolerite probably underlies the whole of the southern a F Coa ﬁ I n u o a ou a p rt of the alkirk l eld . the deep bore p t d wn b t mile to the west of Slamannan this sill was met with at a horizon s a o I L s o and to a a k ss lightly b ve the ndex ime t ne , proved h ve thic ne of ss a 20 a o s s s is o a o uous to a s not le th n f th m thi ill pr b bly c ntin , w rd s a of the s Coa as a s s the we t , with th t Kil yth lﬁeld , while e tw rd it ri e to su a a s of I t is in the rf ce in the dolerite cr g Torphichen . there

a at or s a o of Cas a L s . tr ded , lightly b ve , the level the tlec ry ime tone I t is probable that 20 fathoms is a very moderate estimate for the ss of s l is to s u s thickne the il , which likely exceed thi fig re over mo t of sou a of F a I i o im C . t s the thern p rt the lkirk oalfield , h wever , of portance to note that the surface exposures of the intrusion show a i i n o certain mpers ste ce. The T rphichen sill dies out a little over two s O f i a of a a s s mile to the north the v ll ge th t n me , while the Kil yth ill is t w s o - s and ma as a hinning to ard the n rth ea t, it y be re on bly inferred th a t the underground connection of these two intrusions behaves in a si us a u n f milar manner. Th bore p t down ear the town O F alkirk would in all probability find the igneous rock to be thinner than two or t e I s ur s u . n s s s o hr e mile f ther to . the o th any ca e the ill lie pr b a b I L s s of s s and is ly above the ndex ime tone over mo t thi di trict, th u s rather an O bstacle to sinking operations than a likely cause of eter ora s a s ms d i tion in the e m the elves. (2) A nother consideration Of importance is the extent to which th e s a are to be l as a L tr ta likely rep aced , they are ne r inlithgow , by con e o us o s an e I n a r r t mp raneo v lcanic lava d agglomerat s. bo e nea - L i M ou a m o s Li t . ttle ill, ab t ile n rth ea t of nli hgow, practically the wh o of L s o C G u is ff is ne le the ime t ne oal ro p a ected in th man r . Th ese coals are Worked beneath the foreshore for some distance to ’ — th e s of B ss but a at No s see 27and we t —o n—e , in bore rth Haining p . l a s V I -F P te I I X . everything beneath the Seven oot Coal is again re ac o a er a s p l ed by v lcanic m t i l , howing that the area of replacement s s s L and ss f extend we tward from inlithgow , may po ibly af ect the un r a a a of F a i C a I n of de lying coals bene th p rt the lk rk o lfield . view hi s n and of ha has a e n s t conti gency, w t lr ady bee tated with regard to the o t s u s o to o es d leri e , the mo t hopef l po ition for a b re pr ve th e ow s u o s of F a l er coal wo ld be t the we t of the town lkirk . The thickness of strata between the Slatyband at the base of the Coal M easures and the I ndex L imestone may be taken as roughly about 250 E a s. . . A f thom M .

U PPER L I EST NE GROUP M O .

There are few surface exposures of the rocks Of this Group within th P o o I e a and a . s le n Denny rea Of the principal h riz n , the ndex L s is s the R Ca o a S a M ime tone een in iver rr n , ne r toneywood P per ill ,

re is s o 3 . ess a u whe it a hard lime t ne , ft in thickn , with b ndant P roductus la tissimus B s o s S s has u . The i h pbrigg and tone been wro ght i C n Blackcrai u a P a ous . s L s o g Q arry, ne r le n H e The a tlecary ime t ne is poorly exposed in Torwood Glen and in O ld workings east of Donovan House ; at the former locality the upper portion is a l ss ous a s o o a o an -s a and ca my fo ilifer bl e , f ll wed b ve by inferior oil h le ﬁre la o u O f an O il -s a s s o has c y. The cc rrence h le in thi po iti n been recorded at many widely separated localities on either side of the L a a s r as n rk hi e b in . s o s is s su a None of the intermediate lime t ne vi ible at the rf ce . O ur ow of the o s s G ou is a kn ledge r ck of thi r p therefore, like th t L s o C a G ou s a and of the ime t ne o l r p, chieﬂy derived from the h ft

on 5. a s bore sections already referred to p . Vertic l ections of the Upper L imestone strata passed through in mining operations will be

d of o u . u a V . at en fo nd on Pl te , the the v l me Consideration of these sections and of others in the area south of Denny shows that the strata of the U pper Group thicken eastwards from Plean and northwards from D enny in the direction of West u to s u and as s F ife . E vidence obtained f rther the o th e t prove that this is merely a local exhibition of a wide-spread phenomenon affecting the Upper and Middle Groups of the Carboniferous L ime s o S s s a a ra to sou s o t ne erie , the tr t thinning pidly the th and we t fr m a line of maximum thickness in the south-west part O f the County F of ife. ar rous L mestone Series C bonife i .

The local thickening of the U pper Limestone strata from west to V is s east is expressed in the graphic sections giv en on Plate . ; it al o shown by the following ﬁgures

DE NN CA RBROO E . RO SE HI . Y . LL ms 4 2 fms lm L im tone to O rchard 40 fms 34 f . Ca y es . O rchard to L onerosa 19 27 30 L yoncross to ndex 4 2 50 62 Calmy to I ndex 101 111 134

I t will be observed that the increase in thickness takes place in the beds below the Orchard L imestone : it appears to be mainly due to the thickening Of the sandstones throughout the lower part of the u seq ence.

I ndex L imestone s is G u r s as The , at the ba e of th ro p, fo m a on a ss 3 it usu S l rule e bed , with an aver ge thickne of } , ally hel y at P la issimus and b s h a u a u us O f . t the top a e, wit b nd nt large Prod ct the h 4 o 30 k s a s is 1 t . type. The overlying blae wit limy b ll ft thic ; the a s lower part contain s marine fossils. The norm l thicknes of the s n s o e i 5 f b th u Bisho bri Sa d t n s 0 60 t. ut s e s cceeding p gg to , thi and s s o Cad ers L oan Rock s s so next and t ne horizon , the g , are ometime largely developed as to occupy almost the whole of the interv al between the Index L imestone blues and the Quarry or L yoncross C a s sto s s a n a in s l s o l, the and ne being only ep rated by thi p rt g of b ae or coal . The Bishopbriggs rock has been worked for some time in the Blackcrai u a is a hue- a s s on and g Q arry , Ple n ; it gr ined , white and t e, o u -s o u aff rds a b ilding tone of go d q ality. Ca s L n is s and s h t The dger oa rock coar e and gritty, omew a i 0 t o e s 6 . I o a felspathic : ften exc ed ft in thickness. n a n rm l section several thin coal and ironstone positions are found between this and B s s S n s l Ros e a 15- the i hopbrigg a d tone be ow, and in the ehill bor inch a i impure limestone. One of these co ls s probably on the horizon of C G C a of s but o Of e e s 11 the hapel reen o l Kil yth , n ne them xce d

inches in thickness. There are also several thin coals in the beds immediately above Ca s L oa R s Of those as uarr the dger n ock ; the lowe t , known the Q y l n s 2 Coa a s es . n a I t is ro , re che a thick of } ft in the Den y rea. p a u a L oncross C G s o s b bly the eq iv lent of the y oal of the la g w di trict . H I n s Of NO . 3 erbertshire C l h s is 2 the haft Pit, ol iery, w ere the eam

ss us as s C . ft. thick , it pa ed erroneo ly the Hir t oal A s ous s a s thin lime tone or calcare hale, containing l mellibranch 3 5 fm Co and as e s s. e ua has g t ropod , to abov the Q rry al , been met was ass u R s but is with in Denny, and p ed thro gh in the o ehill bore , not recorded in all the sections : it may be correlated with the r ne L yonc oss L imesto . The Orcha rd L imestone position has been recognised in bores and u a I t shafts througho t the are . is a Shelly and often faky limestone

u 2 . ss usu s s u a t abo t ft in thickne , and ally re t directly pon hin coal or o 4 or f s e 5 ms. s L in ula parroty blae , foll w d , below, by dark blae with g o cla band A and one or m re y ironstones. bove the limestone is a consider—able thickness Of dark blaes with limestone and ironstone B e nodules the Orcha rd lu s. The Orchard L imestone and Blaes have yielded the following — ossils C n ds Orthoceras Gl hioceras E u hemus urei E nem f ri oi , , yp , p , ha lus P roductus lon i inus P costellatus : r ments of lamelli p , g m , . f ag ra n n n een he C l b chs. Other thi limesto es are met with betw t a my and I e but com ar son of o e sections in d fferent arts of the nd x , p i b r i p the a ea s ws ese ca careous rizons are inconst nt and are r ho that th l ho a , a t to sa ea he the ic s n n s su h as the Cad er p di pp r w n th ker a dsto e , c g s L oan B s r l Th Calm L im s are we l de e o ed. e estone and i hopb igg , l v p y , here as sew e l se lies the H rst Goals but the thic ness el h re, c o ly over i , k of s trata separating the two horizons is somewhat greater than in the are s th es a to e w t. Hirst Coats are e ev elo ed in is d stri but The fairly w ll d p th i ct, n r r i Th U i c ease apidly n thickness from west to east. e pper Hirst in h t e e s easu 13 nch bu is 2 ft. 9 es to es t in. at D nny ﬁeld m r only 7 i , Car r o in h o es ess of 4 2 in. t e Roseh ll o b k, and reach a thickn ft. i b re. Similarly the Lower Hirst increases from 12- 14 inches at Denny to 2 f . 3 . a t in t Rosehill. The rs C ls a e not e u in h ar Hi t oa h v b en wro ght t is ea.

The ferruginous and calcareous blaes immediately beneath the Ca lmy L imestone have yielded the lamellibranch E dmondia p uncta tella a oss r s his or zo ov e a i e re and , f il characte i tic of t h i n r w d a a, t er or ua e as an h ef e val bl index in boring operations. Ca lm L imestone is el in h I u ual The y well dev oped t is region. t s ly ons sts of s s u s ure n c i two, three , or ometime fo r bed of imp limesto e or a a ous s a s ara b blues a s : c s c lc re h le, ep ted y p rting the thi kne s of the Who s a the D is 4 to 6ft and e le e m in enny ﬁeld . , incr ases eastwards d 8 P a i a n s . to 7 ft . in the le n di tr ct The Calmy L imestone is succeeded above by a grea t thickness of a O t m asur as u a 6 a s s 0 . L d rk bl e , f en e ing m ch ft ike the Orchard B a s art o a s o u s a l e , the lower p c nt in limy n d le , the higher l rge ball s of nd o s on N a the to h s a s of l clayba ir n t e . e r p of t i m s b ues there is s s r s t of s o e u a ds Of a ometime p e en a band lime t n , pw r foot thick, con a a u o s u n P roductus and S ir e t ining b ndant brachi pod , incl di g p if r . a s s s a so o an u au a The bl e them elve l c ntain ab ndant marine f n , amongst which the following forms have been determined by the Survey L in ula m tiloides J Sow g y . . Pugnax pugnus P roductus of semereti culatus t e yp . E dmondia transv erse H ind. - Nuculana laev istriata Meek and Warthen ( ). P rotoschizodus fragilis (M Pt chom halina marcoui a Gein y p an ( itz). F rom —the Calmy L imestone the following fossils have been O z Ser ulites Orbiculoidea nitida L in ula m tiloides btained p , g y , i u tu lon is s Sow. w P roduc s . So . u J . g p , J The blaes above the Calmy are followed by a considerable thick f sa s o s and a s t a s s ness O nd t ne f ke , wi h bl e parting . Between the Calmy and Castlecary L imestones of this area there are three well-marked calcareous horizons containing abundant oss s s s s s as a u marine f il . The e were ﬁr t e tabli hed res lt O f the ex amination by the Survey Of the cores from borings put down by the East Plean Colliery Company ; they have therefore been given the P lean L imestones 1 2 and 3 names of the , , . Carbon erm L im s ne Series if e to .

I n Ca oo M of an C u a ns No. 3 o s s the rbr k i b re, 5 mile ea t Ple h rch , where these horizons are particularly well developed (see Plate

s P 1 4 m o C l L s o . a No. s 0 f s the lowe t band , le n , lie . ab ve the a my ime t ne

I t is S 2 o . st 5 . 7 a helly lime one, ft . in thick, followed bel w by in of

S ess and s s u h s o . a helly bl , re t pon a t in coal po iti n The next b nd, m S f . NO 2 24 f . o 15 . s u s u ns s s , higher p in the eq ence, co i t in of helly l f s a is s 5 . o a I t u ime tone and in limy bl es. sho ld be ob erved th t th or 2 ha all sec o s a NO . s h izon , Ple n , not been detected in the ti n hitherto 3 F ou o P No. in . a s Ca is exam ed r f th m above in the rbrook bore lean , r t 8 ou S ll s s n u o rep esen ed here by in . of calcare s he y blae re ti g p n coaly blaes. I n R s h 1 is e e S ll s NO . s the o e ill bore, repr ent d by he y blae with

l fm a 16in. a s 3 s. a Ca N 3 s limy b l , 7 bove the lmy ; o. by limy f ke , ,

22 fm 2 is u u . s h Cas a o No. . t e e s below tl c ry. The po iti n of do btf l The fossils found in the two upper calca reous bands resemble ne those of the shales associated with the Castlecary L imesto . as - e lim st s e Of U The l t nam d e one, the highe t memb r the pper in P a L s n G u has an ss Of 2 . ime to e ro p, average thickne ft the le n s but a a s e sou a s owa s D u di trict, ppe r to thick n thw rd t rd nipace , where r I n is a 20- s it eaches 4 to 5 ft . the Carbrook bore it inch lime tone followed above and below by calcareous Shelly bless : at Rosehill the solid limestone is 2 it also between beds of limy bless ; the total m 5 . thickness of the see in each case is 3 ft. in I t is usu l a - ou s stal i s al y light col red, omewhat cry l ne lime tone s n s a s ar s a o with encrinite . The overlyi g h le contain m ine form , m ng which are the following S iri p fer sp . L eiopteria squamosa Nucula ibb sa F g o lem. Nuculane tenu F l at ate ( em ) . San inolites clav atus R ( . E up emus urei Pt ch m h lin ui n e z y o p a a marco a a (G init ). O rthoceras s p . F rom the economic standpoint a knowledge of the strata of the U pper L imestone Group is chiefly of value as a guide in sinking bores or shafts to the coals and ironstones O f the L imestone Coal l Group be ow . With the exception of the E dmondia p a nciutella blaes which u Ca L m s o are o o s a s nderlie the lmy i e t ne, there no h riz n th t can be aid o o to be abs lutely identifi able by the f ssils which they contain . I n S s a o a of a o a a t o of pite of thi f ct, the imp rt nce pr per ex min i n the s O f s o t oss s and for asso a core boring , b th for heir f il content the ci tion and s u of a a s oa os o s fi recla s sa s s eq ence m rine b nd , c l p iti n , y , nd tone , r o - s a A o a h . a s s of etc. , can ha dly be ver e tim ted c mp r tively ort ection a core is sometimes sufficient to fix with certainty the position

e o . C . B. C r ached in the b re .

as tlecar a nd Cumberna ul C y d.

li E 30 W N ir n S. . N 4 St . S W. 3 . E ( g, . , . )

Rocks belonging to the U pper Group of the Carboniferous L ime S r s o u a a o u a a o the s u - stone e ie cc py n rr w , irreg l r belt l ng o th western d l nh v margin O f this area between Castlecary an G e o e.

Carbon erous Limestone Series if . and a i als Netherwood s s accomp ny ng met in the Pit, a hort di tance e s S 29 E n S . b yond the we tern margin of tirli g,

U PPE R HI RST O R SHIR V A

LO WE R HI R ST O R SMITHY

I n s at T l ark U fm o the haft ol p the pper Hirst was 20 s. fr m the su ac . s a s a s but to the s the rf e The bed are lying in h llow ba in, ea t of Cumbernauld road this is succeeded by a gentle anticline whose axis o s in of Cas n o s f llow the l e the tlecary gle , bey nd which the bed dip as sou - as M s o G r e t and th e t beneath the ill t ne it. The higher part of the stratigraphical sequence between the Calmy and Castlecary L imestones is fairly well exposed along the Cal o R a Glenv ault Of Cu rnau S a ed nian ailw y in , north mbe ld t tion , s f s ﬁ s s O s s a s recla s. a a where it con i t chieﬂy and tone , f ke and y H lf mile south -east of Cumbernauld House the outcrops of a thin coal and a ar ow- u a s h d , grey, yell weathering , lentic l r lime tone can be w for s a a follo ed ome dist nce on either side of the glen . The railw y cutting at the signal post affords the following section

F n t I . . Thick-bedded sandstone Dark blaes CO AL F ireclay San s ones fakes and fak sandstones d t , y Dark faky blaes Gre I E S O E lenticular y L M T N , White sandy ﬁ reclay White faky sandstone

The coal appears to have been worked in past times from mines o along the cr p . 2 A s a u a s 0 to . ss and imil r lentic l r lime tone, ft in thickne , prob abl on sa is s u to sou the O ld y the me horizon , een f rther the th in s ua s O f a o Glencr an Bu is free tone q rry ea t the ro d , ab ve y rn , where it ﬁrecla s and t sa s o s a at associated with y hick nd t ne . The l tter were f r -s o one time quarried o building t ne . ar a s a s and s s s s alon the ou s of The d k bl e , f ke and tone expo ed g c r e L u a r o and Tennoch C a o s the ggie W te , ab ve below the hemic l W rk , r to Car o us L s o S r s but the lie nea the p of the b nifero ime t ne e ie , exact position O f the upper limit of the Group in this section cannot be ar a of Cas L sto in a a determined. The v i bility the tlecary ime ne ch r cter s r I n and thickness is well illustrated in thi dist ict. the Netherwood uar e the imest ne is ex osed lon the to the eastern Q ry , wher l o p a g p of face of the o lo in se uen e is s e : the higher opening, f l w g q c di play d

— - Hard re encrinital L I MES O NE C S E C RY 15 18 in g y T A TL A . Dar blues with thin coal 6 5- k ( 6ft. er hard ter 6f V y —t. Root ﬁrec 4 y 6ft . Thic yellow sandstone 30 it

The es is 3 to 4 hi in he bo u n w lim tone ft. t ck t res p t dow bet een N etherwood F r us and t e Canal and a the C F re a mho e h , t astlecary i a s a a l to the east the h ss the se has cl y Work , h lf m—i e , t ickne of am u t 6 Th s r a f r her increased to 7ft. e eam ave ages s follows

F t. I n .

18 in i i s u o o u to . estone s s e The pper p rti n , p , of the lim omet m ”

a and a and of a u is e ca bo . h rd bl ck , little v l e ; it call d lo lly the nnet s is se ere for u n and r u u u oses The lime tone rai d h b ildi g ag ic lt ral p rp , and has a so use as ﬂux i sme u n es l been d a in ron lting f r ac .

’ Ana l sis o L imestone rom the Castlecar F irecla Com an s Works y f f y y p y , Castlecar Stirlin shire y, g .

S l 4 m . a e NO . ( p , V Silica S1O s Titanic oxide T IO , Alumina M 208

F erric ox ide F egoa I ron pyrites E esg Nickel ox ide NiO Manganous oxide MnO Calcium oxide CaO Barium ox ide a M esium oxi(1e gs?) F iﬁ . K, o

Soda Na20 L ithia L 130 Carbon diox ide ° r 105 C 11 0 Wate at . 2 ° b v 10 H O Water a o e 5 C . Q

Phos horic oxide P20 5 nh $ Sulp uric a ydride 03 Chlorine CI

100 59

Cementation I ndex

F errous oxide (F eO ) was determined directly and was found to a u 09 t but as is ss r s of a mo nt to 7 per cen , it impo ible, in the p e ence su su t s a u is o of o lphide , to be re that hi v l e c rrect, the whole the ir n o and has been calculated as ferric xide iron pyrites. The carbon dioxide present is no more than sufﬁcient to combine with the lime and a s . . m gne ia arb erous Limest ne Series C onif o .

The Castlecary L imestone preserves the same thickness for some ’ distance to the east of the Red Burn glen ; at Stein s ﬁreclay pit it a s 6 and in os s u - es O f re che ft a bore cl e to the railway, o th w t f 66 m . s oo su 7 at a O f s o u a . I t W dend , mea red ft depth fr m rf ce has also been wrought from a number of mines and shallow pits o ou o o s s of Cas O f the al ng the tcr p on b th ide the tlecary glen, north D oo au unns W d f lt. to low a and of ou con Owing the ngle of dip the form the gr nd , a siderable surface-area within the policies of Cumbernauld House is o u Cas L s and the has e cc pied by the tlecary ime tone , rock b en exten siv ely worked here in past times both by mines and open-cast a small of s a h h quarries. Over part thi are t e limestone as a thin covering of sandstone and fakes belonging to the overlying Millstone G rit. The position of this limestone to the east of A bronhill is proved in s v a o s a a Bu n at a e er l b re between th t place and the W lton r , depth of 8 o 18 fms e us s a s a e on r r t . The calcar o h le with l rg c c etiona y lime s u s and es o a s t a s a tone nod le , lim t ne b nd wi h the l rge encrinite ch r acteristic of s s Wa Bu at l a to thi horizon , een in the lton rn Ki t , appe r o represent the outcr p of the sca m. The beds along the burn are ﬂat t low a l s or rolling a ng e . The position of the outcrop to the south of Glenv ault is indicated w Mid F an Old uar no ss o s . by q ry , gra ed over , near re t I n Glencr an M s u u us s the y ine ection , a ro gh ferr gino lime tone ,

s ss a ou 45 . o us 7 inche in thickne , b t ft bel w the cement, m t be s C s a L es on A s regarded as repre enting the a tlec ry im t e . imilar bed occurs at the same position in a tributary O f the Shank Burn at s : a s Greenfoot a G and o s L imekiln l o at , ne r lenboig , in b re in the W arnkirk s . L . G ba in . H .

Kinneil A rea .

On the east side of the basin a small patch of U pper L imestone

a a s s Of A I I . No a s at strat f ll within the limit rea near rth H ining , the r Kin i southern margin of the Ca se of ne l. The Castlecary L imestone s o at Crai nbu k 300 e e S . c ds. W at one . S. was time ext n ively w rked g , y Heinin s a m us a so u sou a t of North g f r ho e, and l f rther to the th , lit le of a a a u ss the A A t to the east the r ilw y vi d ct cro ing river von . the last named locality the section is as follows

I ES O E re cr stalline L M T N , g y y Blaes L I E S O E concretionar M T N , y L I E S O E com act blue M T N , l es bl ue and ark re B a , g y F aky sandstone and dark blaes

The limestone is exposed in the railway cutting a quarter of a mile Of No t a s or : it is a is - o o S E . r h H ining , dipping n th yellow h grey d l r of 28 mitic limestone with a speciﬁc g avity 6. The workings near

N . 6 0 d . E o u x 0 s . ou o and the A von viad ct e tended y fr m the tcr p , the limestone probably continues considerably further in that direction - u at U Kinn il before bending north west ro nd the fold pper e . was u to a ou 18 6and was se The limestone mined p b t the year 7 , nt s to the Kinneil blast furnace . N th Haini s Bore. o—r ng — N or th H ainings Bore A deep bore was put down in 1902 4 ’ near N or t h Hainings with the hope of proving the Bo ness Cools in ood con dit i on the s ern s e Kinneil n s but the g on we t id of the worki g , r su ts w er no Th C m L im e in h t c u a n . e est ee e l e en o r gi g al y on , t r ea es wi t h a w a u 5 fm s s as sse r 0 s. the l v blae p rting , p d th o gh at , h ar d 1 10 I . d th dex ft. a 4 5 a 82 fm . an fm t s e t 1 s. Orc ft in . , n , 7 , The p o s wion of the Seven-foot Coal was recognised at a depth of 32 fms . b e w I but elow t s o n the e asse lo the ndex, b hi p i t bor p d through a n abnormally large roportion of whinstone and volcanic ash . Th e a t s o 0pthe Sm C was e o se char c eri tic ro f ithy oal not r c gni d , but it s eems certain that the whole Of the rocks representing the ’ "i osit o n w Th h h p i o f the Bo ness Coals as pierced. e total dept of t e or e w 4 5 f b a s 2 ms. Th r o u ou M B CO O f es ess s . B gh the c rt y of r . W aird othwell Coll er ies to e a s m e r se n the i , we are able giv i plifi d g aphic ctio of Nor t h V I I I I H a s o see Plates I . ining b re ( V , M o s t of the whins indicated in this section are behaved to be ’ con tem ora ous lav a o s s ose se ne B ss p ne fl w imilar to th expo d ar o ne . These flows differ essentially from intrusive whinstone either in the form o f floats (sills ) or gews (dykes) in that they rarely pro duc r u ace e m uch burning o deterioration in q ality of the adj nt coals. I t is p r obable that a few of the whins in the North Hainings bore are n t us a u but a t a u i r ive in n t re , the gener l de erioration in v l e of the L mes t o Coa s ass h ou the is be a u not i ne l p ed t r gh in bore to ttrib ted , ” to t h e u n st s but to the r s e b r ing of exi ing coal , o iginal ab enc of good c oals owing to adverse conditions for their formation

“ ” S ee also The Geolo of the nei hbourh of E dinbur h gy g ood g , S ur v e 1910 . 136 14 2. y , , pp , I I I CHA P TE R .

M IL L S NE GRI TO T.

mberna ld a nd Bonn brid e Castlecar Cu u . y, y g

S irli 2 E S . E so N S 34 N E t n 9 N. . . . W. W. ( g, , , . . )

THE thickness of this series in the districts under consideration is considerably greater than in the Glenboig and Glasgow areas to th e - A s u s ut s . t Rashiehill s Sl n n t h e o th and o h we t , a mile we t of aman a , ss M lls G e a C M su s is a thickne of the i tone rit, b ne th the oal ea re , p 516ft a Sou u Bo s ma . t a u re proxi tely ; th Dr m , nnybridge , it reache ﬁg d 2 o a o 4 0 as com are w 6 . bore appr xim ting t 7 ft . p ith 7ft in the deep at Gartsherrie Coa . s ss s s to be , tbridge The increa e in thickne eem o to i art s u a v s ons O f c nﬁned the h gher p of the eq ence, the rel ti e po iti the horizons from the L ower F ireclay downwards remaining v ery constant along the outcrop from south to north between Garnkirk an as d C tlecary. Good natural sections of the L ower F ireclay and Cement L imeston e o s L u at h horiz n are expo ed on the ggie W er, immediately below t e h oad Green air u A Ru bridge on t e r from g s to C mbernauld . t mbly

S. . Torbr x s u is a 0 d . e s o u s 3 0 s. b g , y W W of , the eq ence bel w

Sandstone WE R White F IR E C L O . LAY — ndston F riable gritty sa e o 10 15 Gre F I R E C White strea shal at base y LAY, k, y , v ariable I n thickness E E Dar Shell L I E S O E with Orthotetes C M NT . k y M T N k bla s with 2 in CO Dar e . AL F irecla inferior shal at base y, , y F aky sandstone Soft friable sandstone Dark blaes with ironstone ribs and nodules

firecle is a s s s Glentore The white y l o een at the crop at We ter . Three shallow bores put down for water immediately south of Wester 6 Burntri o fi recla 4 . 4 . . a 30 g proved a g od y, ft to ft in thick , bene th t and i t is a a 35 . s s to ft of and one, prob ble that a field of workable cl y lies at no great distance beneath the surface in the ground between n Glencr an Bu the head of the L uggie Water a d the y rn . The Glencryan Mine has been driven more than mile north o he t e Lo F a ff s a eastwards t t dip of h wer irecl y , and a ord an dmirable a s s section of the lower p rt of the erie . fi r l 1 on u o ec a s u 5 . Starting the o tcr p of the y, which lie abo t ft d C L st s a a u 250 s. above the ement ime one een in the tr mw y c tting , y

n u asses 100 ds. ou u from the mi e mo th, the mine p , at y , thr gh a fa lt Glencr an Firecla Mine y y .

o n o s th u h thr wing dow t the outh . On e f rt er or upthrow side of the fault the section begins a short distance below the Castleca ry L ime s o L F a and n s sto i r e t ne , the ower irecl y overlyi g and ne be ng ep ated. h se u s e o er is as s The w ole q ence , in de c nding rd , follow I F t. n . Hard yellow sandstone roof of mine) LO WE R F I RE CLAY (min Sandsto ne I nferior ﬁ reclay CE E L I E S O E in two bands with blaes rtin M NT M T N pa g . Dark blaes CO AL F aky ﬁ reclay Sandstone Dark blaes with ironstone nodules B f M lls Gri ase o i tone t.

Rough ferruginous L I MESTO NE (CASTLE CARY) lees Soft sandstone with hard ribs and ﬁreclay hands

This section compares very closely with that found at the Greenfoot

u r G o . Q a ry, lenb ig 580 d o A t air s a No. 2 s. u n the h ft, , y fr m the mo th of the mi e, the

l o F is 50 . su a e s E N E at wer ireclay ft below rf ce ; the b d dip . about The Glencryan clay is of excellent quality and is used for the u a u of u s o s s ornamental man f ct re f rnace brick and bl ck , drain pipe ,

tiles and other ﬁreclay goods.

Ultima te ana lysis of fireclay f rom the Glencryan Mine; ca rried out b Mr Radle y . y.

Silica Titanic oxide A lumina F erric oxide Man anous oxide Coba t and Nickel ox ide Barium oxide Cal cium ox ide Magnesia Potash Soda L ithia °

Water at 105 0 . °

Water abov e 105 C. Phosphoric acid I ron Pyrites ' O rganic matter Carbon dioxide

l a a l sis b Mr Wa lter C Hancock Ra tiona n y y . .

Clay substance Quartz F elspar The l o wer F ireclay was worked at an earlier period from a mine d l n r an 3 s. N E . G e Mid F st 00 . e e c n ar ore , y from the lin of the y ﬁr la S C L es and u n Mi . ec ne The y, helly ement im tone nderlying thi coal are exposed in a natural section behind the farm steading at F Mid orest . The clay has also been mined on the east side of the lower end A Glenv ault s s a s Low bronhill . se of , a hort di t nce we t of The workings have recently been ra-opened : the seam has an average d is u but th r ta ar ou d ss of . an e st a e thickne 7ft of good q ality, tr ble h nd a u towards t e north a ppear to be approaching a la rge fa lt . Al u ou s of Bu B e ong the pper c r e the Walton rn , above Kilt ridg , where the lower strata of the Millstone Grit Series are undulating at a s s Lo F a s n low ngle , the bed immediately below the wer irecl y po itio u u on a o ut 900 ds are bro ght p a gentle nticlinal fold at a p int abo y . - - as G F u east north e t of lenhead e s. The section exposed in the bed of the stream is

Sandstone Nodular F I RE CLAY CEME NT Gre Shell L I ME S O NE . y T r b with 4 in coal D a laes . G rey faky ﬁ reclay Sandstone

The L ower F ireclay position lies immediately above the higher s s o s n s s and is u a a ﬁ of and t ne ee in thi ection , it not nlikely th t eld this clay may be present in the ground on either side of the burn rowbank Bandominie between C and . The centre of the shallow syncline that lies to the west of Castlecary village is occupied by the lowest beds of the Millstone h G ul a . I n s art rit , beneat a thick covering of bo der cl y the deepe t p h s s a u 4 3 o s M s G s u in of t i ba in bo t fath m of ill tone rit trata, incl d g L o F s are s the wer ireclay po ition , repre ented. L F i is u C s F e C The ower reclay wro ght by the a tlecary ir clay o.

a C s St o . as Lo F c from pit at a tlecary ati n The—b e of the wer ire lay, Ma S a no as s 25 30 . a o Cementstone here k—wn the in e m , lie ft b ve the nd 9 10 fms. Cas a L a above the —tlec ry imestone . The Main Seam has an a a ss of 8 9 ft . but u sur a i f ver ge thickne , the pper f ce s O ten much r aus a o s a a o the su of bed e oded , c ing c n tant v ri ti n in mea rement the . The section of the seam where wrought at the present time is as follows

F t. I n. Sandstone Bastard ﬁ reclay MAIN F I RE CL AY Rockﬂoor

The bastard ﬁ reclay is sometimes absent and the good clay

s s to o 5 . ss. A s of ﬁ recla i increa e ver ft in thickne lower eam y, ly ng of Cas a L 3 . s as ft above the top the tlec ry ime tone, h recently been opened and worked On a small scale : the clay appears to be of good r 8 A s . ua . ss w q lity nothe eam of clay, ft in thickne , as passed through in a mine recently driven from the Old limestone workings to catch h M S a . s as s the ain e m Thi clay been analy ed , and promises to yield r o i : se s to u r nd h good ref act ry mater al it em be of local occ r ence , a as o e met in n u s s u sou n t be n with at ral ection f rther to the th.

The accuracy of the results as determined for clay substance and a s s is to s u felspa r by Rational an ly i open con iderable do bt . The Ri Cl s New Y 1906 h s is usse . se matter a been d c d by H in ay ( ork, ) D r M o in u d . . . 66 . an s p . , etc , at ome length by J W ell r Q antitative

65 e c. G fﬁ . t I norganic A nalysis ( ri n), p 7, Comparison between the results of the Rational analysis and those calculated from the ultimate analysis shows that the felspar ” R a s s is the s s to in s found in the ational naly i , in ample referred thi a u a t l u e on ssu t ch pter, m ch lower th n tha ca c lat d the a mption tha u o is e as s a a u s all the sodium and potassi m xide pr sent fel p r. The v l e Ra a sis is s a for quartz are much closer . The tional naly of con ider ble for o o u but of u u a u value determining the pr porti n of q artz , do btf l v l e for ascertaining the clay substance and felspar in different kinds of a s cl y .

A n excellent section of the beds from the base of the Series up to the L ower F ireclay seam above the Cementstone is exposed in various openings and old crop workings on the west side of the Castlecary

a ou s ut of . a es glen , b t 1 mile o h the village The d rk bla that overlie h s L s a ou 18 s su ede t e Ca tlecary ime tone , here b t inche thick , are cce d s s a d a s of by the gani ter de cribed bove, followe by lternation s s o s ﬁrecla s and s ns s u Ce and t ne , y blae with iro tone rib p to the ment os is s in s a ua a u stone p ition, which well een a m ll q rry halfw y p the I t is s t 14 - s s bank . here repre en ed by a inch helly limetone with I a i Orthotetid s l s. s s oa he l mmedi tely beneath the lime tone a thin c l , o a u a s Cu I s of and ab ve it bed of nod l r iron tone, the rdly ron tone au ous is su u s ﬁrecla s the F ldh e d trict, cceeded pward by y, fake and a thick sandstone .

On the further side of the low anticline whose axis coincides o the C s a s ra s with the bott m of a tlec ry glen , the t ta dip teadily ’ s s at low es and at S s F a W o s as ea tward angl , tein irecl y rk , i mile e t a as M s Gr f and as a s 0 ms. of C tlec ry vill ge , the b e of the ill tone it lie 7

fm . o su the L ower F ireclay 60 s bel w the rface. The Millstone Grit is cut off to the south by an east-and-west fault with a downthrow - s to the north of 50 60 fms. The po ition of the base of the Series in the drift-covered area on the south side of the dolerite dyke that follows the line of fault eas t of Walton is only approximately shown on ma a ut a us of Bandominie is the p ; bore p down ne r the farm ho e , a ss u Cas L s however, believed to h ve pa ed thro gh the tlecary ime tone and i r aso u s L F 25 fms. t s o s at , here g od e n to ppo e that the ower ire clay may be present at no great depth beneath the surface between l Bandominie and A bronhil . a of u to s u o A wide tr ct gro nd the ea t , incl ding the high m orland ou of F ann side is u sa s s gr nd —y , occ pie—d by the white gritty nd tone with pebbly bands the Moor Rock which form the upper part of the N a G o s F ann side Mu two S s. erie e r lenhead , on the n rth ide of y ir, thin coals appear in the san—dstones ; these were at one time w—orked from the crop : an ironstone known as the Palacerig ironstone and ss on the Ginstane the F u us s po ibly horizon of the of a ldho e di trict , - was a so o u o c s 500 ds. s a l f rmerly wro ght, pen a t y north we t of the he d of F ann side L or of s L u Co at y och , and n th the pre ent abo r lony ri Palace g. U m: F irecla m y.

A group of ﬁreclays and ganisters situated in the upper part of th e M s o G s the su B s ill t ne rit come to rface in the onnybridge di trict, wh s c s ar ns a u ere the e ro k e of co iderable v l e. To these seams the name of the Upp er F irecla y has been given to distinguish them from the similar beds of the Lo wer F ireclay near th e s of S ba e the eries. The outcrop of these clays can be foll owed south-westwards from B o nnyside to Woodend ; one of the ﬁreclays and the accompanying c oa l is seen at several points along the crop south of Bonnybridge es o and S urn a ua t s u r erv ir in the kipperton b , q r er of a mile o th of th e No B rth ritish Ra ilway . The dip of the beds is somewhat v ariable and at a very low an . w L . n. gle .

The U Fir n u es a s and a pper eclay i cl d both refractory cl y g nisters. I n so s s two s a s of fi recla and a s r me ca e there are or three e m y g ni te , in others a ganister separates two thick beds of fi reclay : there is a lso generally associated with these seams a somewhat impure coal v ar in ss a s u wa f ying thickne from few inche to p rds o 2 feet. This coa is ss on sa o as Bowhousebo Coa l very po ibly the me horiz n the g l . The group is generally overlain by a massive and pure white sa s o nd t ne. The fi reclays of this horizon are usually dark in colour some of

° the s are howev er li ht a t of or dd s be t , , g grey with inge lilac re i h b o u oo s a d o t o o . are as a u n a u s r wn They , r le, f ll of r tlet , f en c nt in n d le of ironstone and rounded or lenticular masses of hard siliceous sand s tone . The ganisters would be more correctly described as ganister-like sa s o s : are i - o u ﬁ ne- a so a a ous nd t ne they l ght c lo red , gr ined , mewh t mic ce s s o s a u o u a is a s ous and t ne , f irly nif rm in text re ; the m trix p rtly ilice and a a i a u p rtly rg ll ceo s. S s of a s o Cast a and Bo pecimen g ni ter fr m lec ry nnybridge , ex

m n . a re a i ed u r ros . s a s nde the mic cope by Dr H Thom , de cribed by him as follows : A ll these rocks approach the E nglish ganister very closely in s s s o e s a the s and a u a of ome re pect , m r e peci lly in ize ng l rity the uar a s ff o a r ro o o of q tz gr in ; they di er, h wever , in the l rge p p rti n mica i and the greater amount of argillaceous matter n the matrix . The E s a s rs a a o or ss u s ous and I ngli h g ni te h ve m re le p re ilice cement , should expect that these Scottish rocks have a lower silica percentage r and highe alkalies and lime. The Bonnybridge ganisters have a silica percentage of to 955 a a s ar o 2 6 to ' 30 and s o a ; lk lie v y fr m , lime percentage fr m trace only up to The Upper F ireclay has for many years been wrought from mines and shafts along the outcrop between Glenyards and Bonny s A 1916 ﬁrecla s and a s are ide. t the present time ( ) the y g ni ter w r ra ff o a s all of in being o ked by seve l di erent c mp nie , whom, a t o to s n ma a in raw s a a r ddi i n elli g the teri l the t te, h ve b ick works of their own situated near the Main North British Railway l ine .

These ﬁgures are taken from analyses supplied by the Bonnybridge ﬁ reclay com i es pan . Mill e ston Grit.

The Bonn side F irecla Works : s D u So s L td. y y Jame o gall n , The section Of the Bonnyside workings is as follows

F t I n. . Sandstone roof Tor F I R E CLAY CO AL wnstone rib Bro . CO AL Tor GA NI sTE n MI D F I RE CLAY BO TTOM GANISTE R BOTTO M F I R E CLAY Rock pav ement The seams vary in thickness from point to point the full work

. i m 111 . Th ing ranging from 13 to 22 ft The shaft s 17f s. depth e e s are u the s oo s s e b d wro ght on t p and room y t m , the top clay in a Mid F a is n 9 . working bei g kept some ft adv nce . The irecl y regarded as the best seam : it prov ides suitable material for patent

s s s s a o s. topper , nozzle and other peci l go d

o is s a us but is us as u for o s. The c al omewh t pyrito , ed f el the b iler The two seams Of ganister are also wrought here and supply ground ganister as well as materi al for ganister bricks suitable for u in u n s and u a s se f r ace crown c pol lining . The upper seam is dark and rooty : the lower one white with a faint i “ yellow tinge. The top seam s considered the better of the two . A t the workings of The Bonnybridge Silica and F ireclay Comp any i lo L td. s s as s , the ection fol w F I n t. . Sandstone roof TO P F I R E CLAY 5 0 1 4 ir CO AL F st working. Brown rib O 5 MI D F I R ECLAY 2 O G I S E R 3 0 e i AN T S cond work ng. BO TTO M F I R E CLAY 6- 8 0 To F a is so s a s sa s The p irecl y metime b ent, the nd tone resting

r on a . s a s as usu o s di ectly the co l The e m , al , vary c n iderably in thickness : the lowest fireclay is the best and no doubt corresponds Mid F a Bonn side The s in part to the irecl y of y . eams were formerly 1 ra s a 2 fms. s a but now u a mi i ed from h ft, are wro ght from ne. - - 3 ft . a s is a s or . I t is a lou fi The g ni ter l o w ked light co red, ne a s e us is so u gr ined ilic o rock , and chiefly ld in the gro nd condition s s are a ome ganister brick lso made . ' The Upper F ireclay and Ganister was formerly raised from a shallow s at Glen ards a s s a sou O f G i u haft y , hort di t nce th reenh ll J nction . Owing to trouble with subsidences and water these workings were a a a t s a u b ndoned and mine driven to ca ch the e m f rther to the east . The average section O f the seam in the Old workings was as below F t I n Sandstone roof Sandstone and blaes F oul CO AL F I RE CLAY GANI sTE n F I RE CLAY Sandstone

F or anal ses and h sical tests Of ﬁrecla from Bonn side r s 5 Wo see . 3 y p y y y k , p . T s s o is u s as t at Bonn brid but the hi ecti n m ch the ame tha y e, p o sition Of the top clay of that working is here occupi by sand st o n and e blaes. h m T e i ed to bo e s u ﬁrecla a d h 7f s. m ne referr a v tr ck y at ept of , bu t s a u the e m proved to be thin and very irreg lar.

At Rou hcastle F irecla Works u one m east the g y , abo t ile of B o n Sta o ee se ms Of ﬁrecla s are ou nybridge ti n , thr a y or gani ter wr ght th e lowest O f these lies in the Millstone Grit and occupies the same o s as U F r f r p ition the pper i eclay o Bonnyb idge. The section shows

—The fi reclay beneath the coal is locally represented by a ganister a s ha ri fine- r e ac us s s a - e in omew t f able , g ain d mic eo and tone, p le gr y co ou and s a d c o c us e l r tre ke with arb na eo matt r. The Roughcastle fi reclay supplies ordinary fi rebricks and blocks fo r steel furnaces and gasworks : it has been also in large demand for st - s use uri ove back for army d ng the war.

The range Of ﬁreclay goods manufactured from the U pper F ireclay O f Bo r i I t u s s and c s the nnyb idge district s wide. incl de brick blo k for ff a ts of s u c s as o u s as u l di erent p r teel f rna e , g pr d cer , bl t and p dd ing u a s o s and as s and ma u ses f rn ce , c ke oven g work , ny other p rpo . rou a is a so so o and st e The g nd cl y l ld , b th in the wet dry at , to u i s s and a s. s s s su fo ndrie , teel chemic l work The gani ter al o pplied

in o t . c s s e s the milled c ndi ion for lining onverter in te l work , etc a t some O f the works it is also made into silica bricks for furnace

c s u a i . . rown and c pol l nings M . M

A nalyses of two sa mp les of the Upp er F ireclay f rom the Bonnysid eF irebriclt bo tor Works B o n brid e mad e a t the overnment L a ra . , n y g , G y

° t d ed at 105 R a iona l or P roxima te Anal ysis of Clays ri C.

l N m le NO m . 1 S Sa e O a . ( p , ( p

V . V . e Per cen P r cen t . t .

° 25 ° 4 8

b l Calculated f rom Ultima te Ana lysis (see e ow).

Clay substance Quartz F elspar

i bout 5 er cent. O f stones which were rem ed This sample conta ned a p , ov be re nal si fo a y s. l e Mil ston Grit.

t s er F irecla Bonn sid e Firebrick Works Ultima e A naly is, Upp y, y , n Bon ybridge.

m )Is o 1 Sa N . I ,

V . 1442. Silica Titanic oxide Al umina 32 74 F erric oxide F errous oxide ron rites I py . Man anous oxide g . Calcmm oxide Barium oxide Magnesium oxide Potassium oxide Sodium oxide L ithium oxide Sulphuric anhydride Chlorine Carbon dioxide ° W r bov e 05 ate a 1 C. ° Water at 105 C Carbon (or ic)

Hydrossn mo 0) .

L oss on ignition

l Tests F irecla s rom Castle r and Bonn sid P hysica of y f ca y y e.

Tasra O N UNBUR NT MArE arA L

av s ( er. diam. mm . ) Silt

diam. m (av er. ms. ) D ust sand a mms (av er. di m. . )

Sand .o

av diam. m . ( er. m s ) TE srs O N BUBNr MA ‘I E BIA L

° ° iﬁc rav it at 15 5 C. Spec g y, ”

material burnt to 1200 C. 2 722 ° Shrinkage at 500 C. ° 800 C.

° ° 1000 C. 5 4 /

° ° 1200 C. 8 0/ ° a nin 12 0 C 5 ° 50 Porosity fter bur g to 0 . Abov e cone 30 Abov e cone 30 Above cone 30 Fusin oint ° ° ° g p Abov e1 30 b 1 7 C. A ov e 30 . 7 0 Above 1730 C. Torw d nd P lea n oo a .

’ The texture was determined by Schoenes Method as described ’ ” in R 138 s C s . ie lay , p . The actual dimensions O f the particles as measured are shown in t h e table. ’ The f usion p oint was determined by the use of Seger s cones ; the temperature Of fusion as determined from the cone is also given in the table. ’ - A to R s ss n hese cla s are sem a r . ccording ie cla iﬁcatio , t y i refr cto y The Stirlingshire clays have fusion points which are near the border r r and se - e act c ss and the u line between the ref acto y mi r fr ory la , y o ght a ss as perh ps to be cla ed refractory.

Torwood and Plea n.

Stirlin 24 ( g, N. W. ,

Our knowledge O f the Millstone G rit strata in the ground to the north and north-west of L arbert has also been largely increased in recent years by the information supplied from the bores Of which in mention has already been made the preceding chapter (p . By the examina tion of the cores from these borings certain deﬁnite fossiliferous horizons have been established which have not as yet been met with elsewhere on the west side Of the L anarkshire s es o s are at use f os s u ba in . Th e h rizon of gre in ixing p ition d ring O a o s s a ar ua ﬁrecla s Of boring per ti n , e peci lly with reg d to the val ble y

this formation .

ar a is for os a but a The e the m t p rt deeply covered with drift, l rge glaciated surfaces Of sandstone are exposed in Torwood and in the an P a M and Ca oo ous es con pl tations near le n ill rbr k H e . The b t t u u a u a is u in o w d G in o s n t r l section fo nd T r oo len . The beds dip ° more or less in an easterly direction at angles not exceeding 5 or The surface position of the base O f the Coal Meas ures northwards from L arbert can only be approximately laid down on the map ; that O f the Castlecary L imestone on the west side O f the area can t be more accurately determined . The mean bread h O f the outcrop of the Millstone Grit between these two boundaries is nearly

ten miles. A u as -and- s aul o ow to sou powerf l e t we t f t , thr wing d n the th , oss s area o t Of Ca oo Hous and s ts out ro O f cr e the n r h rbr k e , hif the c p the base O f the formation from the foot O f Torwood Glen to Carbrook Ma s s O f a hi u to o in , a di tance nearly mile, w le f rther the n rth the outcrop is cut O ff by another fault which brings down the Millstone Grit against Carboniferous L imestone strata above the Calmy

L imestone to the east O f Plean village. The total thickness O f the Millstone Grit in the Plean area cannot be deﬁnitely ascertained in any measurable section : 113 f o S r s ms. O f strata belonging t this e ie were passed through above C s e L s o Ros o but a ou O f the a tl cary ime t ne in the ehill b re , the m nt s u s s s o is u o A n s a higher bed nrepre ented in thi ecti n nkn wn . e tim te based on the breadth O f outcrop and average angle O f dip gives an a ox a s for W o S r s O f 900 to f ppr im te thicknes the h le e ie 960 t . The excellent natural section exposed in Torwood Glen has been xam ne Mr a t and ss s co e d hav e bee e . te su mi i d by T i , the fo il ll c n b tted ‘ D e i o r n o Th to f r t t . e r to r. Wh el n H nd de e mi a i n To wood section 4 Mills o Gri u n s ws es 1 0 . e b t is im orta t o ly ho the low t ft of the t n t, p n since it affords good exposures of the fossiliferous horizons and the ﬁrecla s i is n uis r art se ue y wh ch d ti g h the lowe p of the q nce. The Torwood Glen section is giv en in detail below

Blaes Shelly L imestone

Marine Band

No. 3

. Probably on the horizon of the L O WE n F I R E CLA Y

Marine B n N 2 on a d o. Shelly L imest e. Sandstone Blaes Poor sandy L imestone M nd B i sh blaes arine Ba No. 1 Clg F ireclay Shale im ne CAsTL E O A aY L esto ,

The two bores in which the fossiliferous horizons already referred 1 D a R s o are NO . o Bo s 1 m s to are best h wn i m nd re, o ehill , ile ea t of d No 3 D a o Bo Ca o r o M a s an . s Carb o k in ; i m nd re , rbro k, l mile ea t by north of the farmhouse of that name (see Plate The cores of these bores have been examined by the offi cers of u and a a s and s su res ec the S rvey , the l mellibr nch plant bmitted p d D r Kids for W o an . ton D r. o tiv ely to heelt n Hind determinati n . I n each of these bore sections and in the natural section of G a o are s - a e Torwood len , given b ve, there pre ent three well m rk d calcareous horizons characterised by an assemblage of marine forms not o u u S r s s s are which do cc r higher p in the e ie . The e horizon d 6- ma as Ma Ba u s an s s Nos. disting i hed , hown on the inch p rine nd , o or O f a h 1 2 3. s es s as , and The ec nd middle th e b nd been correlated with the Cement L imestone of the Glenboig and fi recla s and is o of o a as an x Castlecary y field , theref re imp rt nce inde F n i mark for the position of the L ower ireclay. I th s district it s n Of firecla was r underlies a con ta t and thick bed y, which fo merly o oo worked at the crop in T rw d .

“ ind O n the L amellibranch and Gastero od F auna f n Wh eelton H , p ou d in ” l T Soc E d nd rans Ro . inbur h l l l n Grit of Scot a . . . v o . x v i. 1909 the Mil sto e y g , , , 3 1 p 3 .

Millstone Grit.

fm I n a B ms two a s of i a s 8 s. the C rbrook ore it for b nd l my bl e , and 4 a o Cas c L s o s 8 fms. ft. b ve the tle ary ime t ne, and contain

L n l m il i J w i a yt o des . So Progzotus s semireticulate P [ ] . hi us he l Swa l Sc zod w e eri ( l ow) . E uphemus sp Nat1co si s brev ispira (dc Ryclcholt) . Murc isouid O rthoceras sp - m . I n Ros hi Bo is a 9 in. s l s 10 f s the e ll re it bed of helly ime tone , a Cas bove the tlecary , with

D rb s e yia p . m l J L in l ti oidcs ow. u a y . S gi us Product sp . i ae ual s J d 0 Sow. ucula e . N q . N ibbosa F lem . g . h l w Schizodus w ee eri (Swa llo ). The third or highest Marine Band in the Torwood section o s s s two a s of limmtone a s s c n i t of b nd cement with bl e above , eparated ﬁ r la nd a u 1 h ll ° 1n 1 of ec a s s . s s s e by 7ft. y nd tone The pper lime tone y , the lower bed the fossils are contained in the overlying blaes they are as follows :

D erb i s y a p .

L in ula sp . Pro uctus sl Schizodus wheeleri S a l w ( w lo ). Bellero hon s p p . I n the Car—brook Bore this horizon occurs as three thin bands Of 3 fm o Cas a L a s 34 5 s a s . limy bl e , . b ve the tlec ry ime tone F ossil contents Chonetes sp l m il idc J m u a t o s Sow. . Pro uctus on is inus J Sow p . . Pr s mir t c l oductus . se e i u ate f ] . Rhipidomel a michelini Schizophoria resupinata M artin) E dmondi nebr c is G a as ens ( einitz). M iol sub lli i M od a e pt ca eek. E u h emus s p p ~ hi i Murc son d. Natico sis brev is ira de R ckholt p p ( y ). I n the Rosehill Bore there are also three fossiliferous bands at o a a st of 2 fm 5 this horiz n within vertic l di ance s. ft the lowest a C s a L n 38 fms. s being bove the a tlec ry ime to e . They contain the following forms :

Rosso h llum nov um Stuc p y k. D erb ia s y p . L in ula m tiloides J Sow y . . Proguctus sp Schizophoria resupinata art ) E dmondia nebrascensis einitz San uinolites occidentalis Mesiand Ha den g ( y ) . E utalis ornata deKen . E uphemus urei (F lem Macrocheilina rectilinea M rchisonid u . h r O rt oce as. I D i nveravon strict.

These fossiliferous horizons have also been recorded in some of t h e r s ut the st e o w d and D u ac older bo e p down on e at of T r oo nip e. S heno teris obtusiloba Bron t ra e st U Car p p g , a cha ct ri ic pper bonifer D Kids t o us t has r. on R s B r plan , been identified by from the o ehill o e ; 5 ms. fm . 3 it o urs s 54 f 7 s . su ace or i cc at two horizon , and ft from rf , , n m M t he a te se 63f s. e se s G A l t r ca , abov the ba of the ill tone rit. bout m f t he s os 50 58 f s. su owin ame p ition , from to from r ace , the foll g f i a L in nla m tiloid es L o s s . s ua mi rm were obta ned in the me bore, y y , q ul uct Ser nla an u ormis Orbic oidea nitida P rod us s . d Con lar ia I f , , p , p . t is noteworthy that the fossils seem to be confined to these species and tha t none of the lamellibranchs characteristic of the three M arine Bands below are present. The higher parts of the sequence passed through in the Rosehill r o s s fi ne- n ua os s sto es and rse bo e c n i t chiefly of grai ed q rtz e and n coa , r s sa s s su s a a ds l g itty, fel pathic nd tone , with b idi ry b n of thin , coa y f s i c s. As al s e st blae and th cker ire lay ready tat d , the highe beds of the Millstone Grit Series do not appear within any of the known s s is r u fi recla s and ection in the Plean d t ict , nor have the pper y an st s O f Bo r et in s a g i er nnyb idge y been identified thi rea .

C. B. C.

' is r I n veraoon D t ict.

L inl h 1 it ow N . W S W ( g , . . )

This district includes the course of the River Avon between ’ inkabout M and o s M and a so s a a A a I I J ill T d ill , l the m ll p rt of re . - i E c f r that lies north east of the r ver . x epting o small cuttings on and s o a o s am m E S E a . I the railw y the ecti n l ng the tre l ile . . of nver A a o osu s s a on . U u a von, the nly exp re are tho e l g the von nfort n tely s are not o nuous and are oss au s ff the e c nti cr ed by f lt , the e ects of ar n t u a I t s e s o a which e o q ite cle r . e m pr b ble that the beds vary n a I a f rapidly in developme t from pl ce to place . nste d o attempting a

a s o on P a I 1I . s or s s ff gener l ecti n we give, l te , three h t ection of di erent localities the east side O f the railway v iaduct ; (2) the north ’ h A o 1 0 ds be o o s M d as s of t e 0 . an 3 A e t ide v n, y l w T d ill ; ( ) the von a u S o 1 and o Valley just east of the vi d ct. ecti n m st O f Section 3 lie of A a I I a little beyond the limits re . The bituminous shale is seen just above the Castlecary L imestone

on o s of 120 ds. a a u the n rth ide the river, y bove the vi d ct . The 2 f u O ld ss s osu is t. b t s o thickne in thi exp re 5 , in the lime t ne working it was in some places a foot more (see p . The journal of the o o Bo on the o s of r 4 00 or 500 b re in the Will w g, n rth ide the iver , ft. sou Of I nv erav on a s no o of the s a ou a th , m ke menti n h le, th gh lime s was is to Cas tone pierced which believed be the tlecary . The bituminous shale in the A von is certainly in the position of the Lev enseat S a was o on as s f h le, which formerly w rked the e t ide O A sa f th L ev enseat as an uc . o e L ev enseat S a oil prod er mple h le, s at B o ur ton o s of u Oil of s . r te ted r xb n, gave per gall n cr de p g . a on a l b u ? d lbs of su a a . an . lph te of mm i ( t be) The three bands of ironstone or ferruginous limestone that lie “ ” M O il Shal es of the L othians om. Geol . Surv e 1912 4 6 T . 1 he ( y), , p . an sis of a sam le of crude oil ot from the same shale is i en on 155 aly p g g v p . of m ir the same me o . Millstone t Gr i .

4 and 12 fms v the as S c 1 are u between . abo e b e of e tion no do bt either in or near the position of the Cement L imestone of L anark shire and of the Curdly Ironstone which in most districts is found 4 -ft u u j ust above that limestone. The . imp re ferr ginous limestone or in ha a 21 m 5 6 . s s of he u r blaes t f s. ft . yielded remain t pec lia lamellibranchs which were first described from the Coal Measures of N s but a now D r ebra ka, h ve been identified by . Wheelton Hind from ‘ a considerable number of Scottish localities. -in o a S o 1 was The 8 to 10 . c al ne r the middle of ecti n formerly r 80 ds be o u a s at o s . a nd vi ible the n rth ide of the rive , y l w the vi d ct, has been worked also on the same side Of the river a little lower down au on the upthrow side of a small f lt. 4 in h fi r la a 11 fms. S o 1 as e The thick ec y t ft . ecti n b en mined by da s of the us s of th a u a y level on the north ide river j t ea t e vi d ct . I t is ua and us in u sa believed to be of good q lity, m t be m ch the me s a L o F e a G o geological po ition s the wer ir cl y of lenb ig . - a 8 f a 1 . and I n S 2 a s s s at ms. ection the cl y h le with m rine hell , ft s ll s us a s of e u the he y iron tone j t below, both contain rem in the p c liar ll us a au a but are a a s mo c n f n already referred to, they pp rently a ome what higher horizon than the beds which yielded the similar remains i S a Old a s a r a s o a c h Section 1. ever l dit h ve been d iven h rt dist n e ’ ff 1 ds lo o for a u 00 . s M su a into the river cli bo t y be w T d ill, pre m bly u s a -s a firecla the p rpo e of winning the cl y h le and y below . S 3 a o a a u u s s are ection , t ken fr m the r ilw y c tting, incl de bed that ’ ou - s s of A o to M l also seen on the s th we t ide the v n close Tod s i l . h - fm a i fm fi r la at s. s n I n T o . ec a e 7 y varie r ther rapidly ch ract r. one place it showed the following subdivisions F n ms F t. I . . DAR K GR E Y F I RE CLAY l 2 O PALE A N D DAR K GR E Y F I R E CLAY 2 3 O PUR PLE A N D R E D F I R E CLAY O 4 O F I RE CLAY WI TH I RO NsTO NE NoD U L Es 0 5 0 PALE F I R E CLAY 0 5 O F I R E CLAY A ND GANI STE R 0 5 0 n - m w F ireclay belo ging to this 7f . bed as formerly worked near the us sou - s of a a u t crop j t th we t the r ilw y c tting, where it cer ainly f o 2 Mo M es s o S . ss s. M Hurll overli the bed ecti n re recently e r P . . s a ous sa s firecla u are have te ted v ri mple of the y in the c tting , and Hurll a a r M . r a . s prepa ing to work the cl y g in M . tates that the dark at to i s a s and s grey clay the p g ve the p le t be t bricks. He believes - r la utt is a h that the 7fm. fi ec y in the c ing the s me as t e thick clay in S o 1 s for an as -and- s au a ss s ecti n . Thi it may be , e t we t f lt th t cro e ’ A o ea s M has a a o n o s u the v n n r Tod ill cert inly d w thr w to the o th, i u is difli cult ts a a u . tho gh it to fix ex ct mo nt On the other hand, there is no very close resemblance between the beds in Section 3 and s on su s o to sh ou r s w tho e which , the ppo iti n referred , ld co re pond ith 1 I f s a S o 3 ar them in Section . the lower trat in ecti n e not also the s S 1 a us be' below o u top bed of ection , the l tter m t the f rmer, the fa lt m a s of but s a a u between the being perh p m ll mo nt . -fm fi recla of u n be o - s u The 7 . y the c tti g can traced n rth we t ntil it ’ o e s a u 14 00 o O comes d wn to the riv r ide at a point bo t ft . n rth f Tod s M l i l .

O n the L amellibranch and Gasteropod F auna found l n th e MillstoneGrit ” i ol xl i f c tl nd T o . Soc E d n . v v . 1909 . 33 o S o a ra ns. R . . 1. , y , , , , p I rav nve on .

16- a is s e - s s O f a The ih . co l e n on the north ea t ide the railw y line 1 N a u 900 . N N E . a u . o s a a a s to bo t ft . . of the vi d ct e m th t ppear correspond to this is recorded in the journal of a recent bore put A - f o u . 6 s a . t o down about 700 ft east o the exp s re ih . plin co l int which two small trial holes have been made in the small burn about E E I nv 1 - n a 6i . s S . erav on ma oss s j mile of y p ibly repre ent the e m , h -f but s i u A o t e s oa a 1 t . s thi s ncertain . little bel w plint c l helly i N0 u o d o a o s. s o ironst ne s seen about 120y s. bel w the tri l h le ch ir n s o is os a u but ma in an t ne exp ed in the railw y c tting, it y be hidden o s u s ~B s of s s us the s b c red pace. ed and tone which m t lie above plint coal are seen in the Avon a little below the foot of the small burn a u ll ded to . ou a of s ut o a ou 3000 The j rn l a bore, aid to have been p d wn b t ft. - i N . n o ﬁ N E . of a u t s not s s . the vi d c , doe i pire c n dence . The depth as 50 fm is o sa a s. s o given , and no lime t ne rec rded ve ne r the top, at a u fm 9-i a fms s s s. n bo t 7 coal t 9 . may perhap repre ent the - 16 C. T. C inch sea m. . HA PTE R I V C .

A L M A CO E SURE S.

The Banknock Coa eld lﬁ .

i l n N W. N E St r i 29 . . . so N . W. (—g, , ; ) General D escrip tion The Banknock field lies on the north side of F o C Ca a Benton and Bo the rth and lyde n l, between nnybridge , and s an u s of Coa M su s o form o tlying trip l ea re , let d wn by two roughly parallel east-and-west faults in a deep trough between the Carboniferous L imestone on the north and the Millstone Grit on the ou s th . The Coal Measure strata in this outlier are arranged in three s n s s s ar a o a s o a s di ti ct ba in , ep ated by n rr w nticlinal ridge ; the l nger xe N E r a N E o N . d ll of o s a . . t . . an a s the f ld h ve a gener l t end, the e u are u a a au s ou a struct res tr ncated by the p r llel f lt which b nd the rea. The axes of folding thus agree in general direction with that of the - R s and are con well known anticline of the iggin at Kil yth , in a s s o C a formity with the gener l y tem of f lding of the entr l Valley . The has o s at s o s field been w rked in three epar e ecti n , dependent to some extent on the structure of the ground : these are known s t s s as Cone ark Banknock re pec ively, from we t to ea t, the yp , and n D ennyloanhead worki gs. Mining operations at Coneypark have been confined to the deeper r f os s s as s and on o pa ts o the m t we terly of the e three b in , lie the d wn throw side of a fault which crosses the basin and separates the k Coneypark workings from those of Ban nock. The latter chiefly u s a s a s s u occ py the h llower ea tern p rt of the yncline, the even pper k u a s D seams of the Coneypar seq ence being here b ent. The enny loanhead workings include the Broomrigg and Bonnyrigg basins in the eastern half of the outlier. F i i a The accompanying horizontal section ( g. 3) s dr wn from west to east along the Coal Measure outlier and illustrates the general I t al so s o s s ess and structure described above . h w the greater teepn consequent depth of the beds on the western or Coneypark side of the - a of oa Coneypark Banknock basin . The n mes the c l seams corre sponding to the numbers given on the section will be found in the 4 a b e 7. t le . pag Al ong the south side of the outlier the Coal Measures are thrown u a au is u against Millstone Grit. The northern bo nd ry f lt of m ch a t m ns o s Coa M su es e a ai s s r t gre er di e i n , the l ea r b ing let down g n t t a a ranging in position from above the Calmy L imestone in the east to i C west o in la te a e the Kilsyth Cok ng oal in the , the thr w the t r c s M" l eld The Ba nknock Coa fi .

mou ha 5 fm s a nting to more t n 00 s. Thi ’“ dislocation joins the great Campsie fault N N E n w . d s a a s . s a s . of Kil yth , extend e t rd to sea at G an u a s a of the r gemo th , di t nce mor a e th n 14 miles. A number of smaller faults branch O ff obliquely from the boundary faults but usua out ou oss n fi d lly die with t cr i g the el . The direction of throw of these minor dislocations is generally the same as that of the line of disturbance from w r and a ou O f hich they dive ge, the m nt th row lessens gradually from their point of or r a n A n igin to thei termin tio . ex ception is found in the c urved faul t to the north of the Knowehead workings ; this makes a sharp convex bend to a s o and at a r w rd the n rth , e ch ext emity a roa s and o a o s pp che , pr b bly j in , the sou r u a au I ts ro is the n bo nd ry f lt. th w , o r o to the sou h weve , d wn th . The amount of throw of the faults varies considerably from point to poin t ; this variation is due not only to the reasons given above but also to the o of s a a a f lding the tr t . The gener l dip of the rocks outside the trough-fault o to as t ro of bl ck being the e t , the h w the boundary faults is greatest at the W s end of s h s e t the field , ince the hig e t horizons in the Coal Measures are met with at either extremity of the u o tlier. I n spite of its small size and isolated position the Banknock field includes nearly the Whole sequence of the Pro ductiv e Coal Measures of the L anark s r a s s a ou h hi e b sin . The highe t e m wr g t occupies about the position of the E 11 Coa L s o s s on l of anark hire , the l we t lie the horizon of the Mill or A uchingane Co F a a B s al of the alkirk re . etween the e s o s 15 oa s s are and po iti n c l eam known, a at o ou h ve one time or ther been wr ght, While still lower coals have been met o s with in b re . I t is doubtful whether any of the Barren Red Measures are represented in the area ; indeed the apparent thickness of strata above the highest coal does not admit the presence of the base of the “ See The Geology of the Glasgow D is ” trict M m Ge 1 1 e 66. ol. Surve 191 . , . y, , p 4 53 fms u asu s in C s is r . pper me re , which the oatbridge di trict d awn above the U pper Coal of L anarkshire. The coal seams of t—he Banknock fields have acquired l—ocal names from their correlation in most cas es probably correct with the h L r a U o u a ff s seams of t e ana kshire b sin . nf rt n tely di erent name have sometimes been given to the same coal in different parts of the a u V ir uewell of D enn loanhead was or at Co are . Th s the t y w ked ney ’ u a L a Ha t he L w D rum ra park nder the n me of the dy , while o er g y of Coneypark is the Jewel of Banknock and the Mid D rumgray of D enn loanhead a is al so s s y . The n me of Jewel ometime given to r n o of D nn loanh the L adyg a ge c al the e y ead field . To s us o u Banknock C a avoid thi conf i n in nomenclat re , the o l Company has adopted the system of numbering the seams down w—ards 1 NO i t . 1 s NO . o from 7, beginning with the h ghe t worked coal the C Cone ark Thick oal of yp .

A s a 3 in ss is o to a e m ft . thickne rep rted h ve been met with n ark a 24 fm a o the near the top of the Co ey—p section nd about s. b ve s Thick Coal of Coneypark No. 1 : this may possibly repre —ent the r a Nos 1 3 se Coa L a s . s se s . e U pper l of an k hire The highe t m , (

a . o s a s o s T ble , p w rked in thi are eem to lie between the h rizon of the E 11 and Pyotshaw and Main Coals of the L anarkshire u seq ence. The strata immediately above and below the Musselband Coal 6 are usua o ou and o s s red s s s and (No. ) lly red in c l r c n i t of and tone h n are usuall two s marls and blaes wit ironsto es. There y iron tone Nos 5 and N of o o i o o s . e s s s s h riz n between o . 7; ach the e ir n t ne b nd locally a mussel a . The coals numbered 7 and 8 are generally separated by a con siderable ss a s o s a s and o thickne of met l fr m the e m above bel w them , and the red strata so constantly met with throughout the field in this barren part of the sequence m—ay indicate a cha—nge in the No 9 i o o s of s a o . Sh Coa s a a s c nditi n ediment ti n . the ale l lw y accompanied by a musselband and oil -shale ; it thus forms a constant or o and ma o a t the Kilton ue index h iz n, y c nfidently be correl ted wi h g M usselband of L anarkshire and with the Miller or Two-F oot-Coal of ur r s s is su Coa the district f—the to—the ea t. Thi cceeded by the Main l k k N 10 u a Kil n u of of Ban noc o. to e s the eq iv lent of the g the we t, nd a a na o a Cone ark an D n l anh d a c lled by th t me b th t yp d en y o ea . A t a o a Kilton ue is s o two s a ms o the l tter l c lity the g plit int e , the l wer o a of Lo S B part g ing by the n me the wer plint or lackband (No. These two coals are represented in the Carron field by the two leaves C o Coa a NO 12 is s of . s . the r w l The next named e m , , alway asso a a musselband and is a as u a of ci ted with , reg rded the eq iv lent Ma Coa Of Ca and U D rum ra of L a a s the in l rron the pper g y n rk hire, both of which are similarly distinguished by an overlying

musselband. a 2 s s NO . 1 as s e The three next e m below , will be een in the tabl ff a o s Banknock below, are di erently n med in the three w rking of thc No 13 L o D rum ra on ark i lﬁ ld. f coa e . o C e s , the wer g y yp , the Jewel of Banknock and the Mid D rumgray of D ennyloanhead ; it is also M i 14 s to s d S Ca o : No. con idered repre ent the plint of the rr n ﬁeld , he Coxr d f Cone ark is no n as U D rum ra t t o o yp , k w the pper g y or Dir

Co l Measures a .

w N o 5 and i i B t s. s V irtuewell of L anarkshire. e een 7 a fairly w de interv a r e musselbands un l , cha acteriz d by and one relatively i a s e s s m r l mportant co l. Thi may r pre ent the i ilarly ba ren interva between the V irtuewell and Virgin coals of L anarkshire ; it is thus o a u u NO 5 ma be u p ssible that the se ms incl ded nder . y the tr e - - A to equivalents of the Humph Splint Virgin group of the west. s the correlation of the higher seams we are not at present in a

o an o E . . A . p sition to hazard y deﬁnite opini n . M

A more detailed account of the different workings in the area will now be given .

e ark Con yp .

The coals of this ﬁeld occupy a deep basin whose centre lies a r u A n ld little to the north of Coneypark fa mho se. O pit was sunk at that spot to the Kiltongue Coal which lay at a depth variously stated

m o su f . as 98 or 110 f s. fr m r ace A t as s s s old s a are s but le t three ection of thi h ft in exi tence, the N 6and N 9 o a s O f s u O . . a s ar and h det il the eq ence between o c l v y, t e s ﬁgures are consequently unreliable . The ection given below has been drawn up from these shaft sections in conj unction with the o ut o in 1888 Cone ark P a o a s b re p d wn in the yp l ntati n, which p s ed ou all s at b n Cone ark Coa 1 thr gh the tr a etwee the yp Thick l (No. ) To t s w and the M usselband Coal (No . hi as added the informa t ion derived from a cross-cut mine driven from the V irtuewell (8) to the S 5 at o the a a and a ou 600 plint ( ) immedi ely n rth of r ilw y, b t ft . nkno k St The asur s a ro west of Ba c ation . me ement taken c ss the dip 6 d of d s s b NO . an No 9 in this mine the i tance etween . coals are o s a ss os old s s o s and c n ider bly le than th e given in the haft ecti n , more in accordance with the section between these horizons in the Denny loanhead area I n o Old s at Cone ark F a oll w n additi n to the haft yp rm, the f o i g s a an s a o in o oa s h fts d mine h v—e been empl yed w rking the c l . d nOr h f Cone ar 1 Stack ard Pit 250 s. t o k ous 2 . 5 fms y y yp H e ; .

8 o V irtuewell . to No. c al ( ) um n Pit -B s a a 300 ds - P i . . 2. o p g e ide the r ilw y line , y n rth east of N 1 l n u f o 0 Ki to e . 6 ms . the last named ;—7 . to ( g ) P it B s a a n 600 t N W 3 West . of . e ide the r ilw y li e, fee . Coney S a fm N . 9 Coa d us 22 s. to o an su to N 1 park Ho e ; (the h le l) nk O . 2 um ra (Upper D r g y). s s all s N 9 The e three pit were connected with working in o. s has s s v ou h coal, the eam which been mo t exten i ely wr g t at a k Coneyp r . fm o V irtu w ll u 3 s. t e e Coa 80 A s 7 0 . nother pit, nk the l , ft east of Pum Pit is o u a o a da r the ping , in c mm nic ti n with y level eme ging ir u l near the Bankier distillery. The V t ewel and Kiltongue were r u f o s and S a C a a - also w o ght r m the We t Pit, the h le o l by cross cut u the s : D rum ra and Coxr mine 300 ft. f rther to we t the g y od seams have been formerly worked over small areas from two mines near

Jewelbank Cottage .

The following table shows the stratigraphical sequence at Coney pa rk : the local names and numbers are appended to the different oa a c l se ms.

F ms F t I n — . . . Strata id to be chiefly r d s ndstone 6 0 0 CO A L 1gp re"resentin8 tfie aWer Cos l of Tandem S—trata about CO CO NE r PA R x THI CK CO or PrO T R w — AL — AL s A Nos 1 3. . S—trata sandy fi reclay CO AL CO N—E Y PAB K MAI N Strata fa es and bless ith i ns e rib — k w ro ton s CO AL HUMPR N — O . 4 . Stra f —ta akes CO S E E AL T—L . Strata fa es blaes and ironstone ribs — k , , CO AL SPL—I NT No. 5. Stra f n fi cla —ta akes a d re y CO AL VIR—GI N Strata mos ] red sandstone — t y . No 6 CO MossE L RAND . . AL — Strata mostl red sandstone y . — ’ NO 7 CO L HA . . AL ADY . S—trata NO 8 CO I T E E L L R F IV E UA RTE R . . AL V R U W O Q Strata — - No. 9. CO SH E with musselband and oil shale AL AL , S—trata NO 10 CO KI L T NO UE . . AL O Strata

No 11. CO . AL S—trata 2 D R U MGR AY NO 1 . O P R C U E . . AL P S—trata N D A Y O . 13 CO A L L O WE R R U MGR . Strata N — O . 14 CO L Cox RO D . A

The sections of the higher seams as given in the Coneypark l B ut 1888 as s P antation ore, p down in , are follow

F t I n . . Thick sandstone Blaes CO NE Y PA R K THI C CO K. AL Dark fakes and ﬁ reclay CO AL Black coaly blaes CO NE Y PA B K M I CO A N . AL Dark ﬁ reclay Blaes and ironstones

s o c far o o t s c a s and i Thi b re annot be fr m the cr p of he e o l , there s no information available as to the amount that remains to be worked in these seams. F t I . n . Blaes with ironstone ribs L HUMP R . CO A F akes and ﬁ reclay S E E CO ﬁne T L. AL ( ) . Dark fakes

There is believed to be a considerable area of the Humph Coal l Me re Coa asu s. still to be worked : the lower seam does not appear to have been touched.

F t. I n. Black bless and ironstone ribs SrmNT CO . AL Dark coal blaes Dark fi rec y F akes and fireclay I R I CO V G N . AL Dark fireclay and ironstone balls Red fakes and sandstone

The Splint has been raised to a greater extent than the Humph ; ma a oo a ou there y be still g d de l of the Virgin Coal unwr ght. Musselba nd Goal is 1 8 is oca The ft . } in . thick in the bore and l lly a o a a musselband ro I t un s of cc mp nied by i nstone. derlie a thick bed s s and has a o an ﬁ recla l sm red and tone thin ro f d ﬂoor of y. On y a all area of this seam has been wrought by a cross-cut mine from the S o s plint w rking . ’ — The L ady H a and Virtuewell There appears to be a certain a ou Of us o in a i of s o s of m nt conf i n the n m ng the e c al , the higher o a r es s V irtuewell of L a ar s which pr b bly epr ent the n k hire . I n the cross-cut mine west of Banknock Station the thickness of ’— L Ha u a i 3 9 a of s s as . the —ady the pper e m , given ft in th t the lower s a V i tu w ll 1 r e e as . 9 o o e m the , ft in. The secti n of the f rmer in the Pumping Pit is as follows

F t. I n. Sandstone Blaes CO AL F ireclay Bastard ﬁ reclay and of the latter on the old plans.

F t I n . .

I t would thus appear that the thicker seam has been called the ’ L Ha and V irtuewell - o s ady in the mine the in the lder working , ’ L a of u Pit i while the dy Ha the P mping s the thinner upper seam . This coal has been very little wrought : the lower seam or V irtuewell of old o s has o o a a ea but a the w rking been w rked ver large r , con siderable amount of this seam must still remain untouched in the and as a s a centre e tern p rt of the b sin . Sha le Coal - s has s s u The . Thi been the mo t exten ively wro ght of se s at Cone ark and a s a in as the am yp , only m ll area the e tern part of the ﬁeld remains unworked . The section is as follows

F t. I n .

During the later years of the working of this field the Oil -shale w a out o s for o u I t is a as t ken with the c al and di tilled petr le m . d rk u ou u s u and u s bl e in col r, c rl readily nder the knife, b rn with a bright a c s un ants n s fi sh s s of fl me ; it ontain ab dant pl , fragme t of and hell

The available records of the Kiltongue Coal workings at Coney a are o is to a ua s a m and p rk very inc mplete ; it believed be a v l ble e , its estimated thickness in the sections of the old shaft at Coneypark F a I o rm ranges from 4 } to 5 ft . t has probably been w rked ov er a a a P u l rge area from th t pit or from the —mping Pit. The D rumgray and Coxrod Goa ls The West Pit is said to have ee su r N but o s b n nk to the Upper D umgray seam ( o. no w rking exist in these coals except those in connection with the two mines at ewelbank C es o a s J ottage . Th e are driven fr m ne r the crop of the Cox rod L D rum ra but U D rum ra has and ower g y, the pper g y alone to an I n Ai r se been worked y extent. the Pit connected with the

n s 1 8 in is ou 4 fms. a U worki g a coal ft. . thick f nd, bove the pper D rum ra ma s E ll Banknock L g y, which y repre ent the of and ower S D enn loanhead plint of y .

Section of er D rum ra Section of Coxrod. Upp g y .

I F I n . F t . n. t. F aky ﬁreclay 1 10 CO AL 1 11 0 6 F ireclay l 10

k Ba nknoc .

The fault which separates the Coneypark and Banknock workings N W r ou s s . S E s t o decrea e from . to , and p obably die bef re reaching n a f u To es f the souther bound ry o the o tlier. the w t o the Victoria Pit this fault brings the V irtuewell (8) against the Splint and

Virgin a throw of about 30 fms. The Victoria Pit is sunk in the deepest part of the Banknock basin to the V irtuewell at a depth O f 53 fm is o a t a so of the s ar s. ; it theref re prob ble h t me higher eams e a a ou s U u a present in a small re r nd thi pit. nfort n tely no detailed section of this shaft is available . — The work—ings at Banknock and those at D ennyloanhead next to s o os of Cone ark the be de cribed are better kn wn than th e yp , for reason that coal is still being raised in these areas ; a n umber of o s a a so ut o s of b re h ve l been p d wn, the detail which have been kindly placed at the disposal of the Survey by the Banknock Coal Co a mp ny . The Banknock workings were formerly supposed to be separated o of D enn loanhead a a u wh is s fr m those y by l rge fa lt, ich repre ented on the original Geological Survey map as crossing the ﬁeld from E Shiel ards and D enn loanhead S. W St o N . N . . S . . to . between y y ati n L e o s a o o a su os n ater op rati n h ve, h wever, pr ved th t the pp ed directio and magnitude of this fault were erroneous. I n recent times mining operations have been carried on from the o L s and Cannerton s o Banknock Vict ria, iving tone Pit and fr m the

Mine. Until lately all the seams from the Shale Coal above the Kiltongue down to the 3rd D rumgray 01° Ball Coal were wrought Measures Coal .

a Banknock se s are e a s aus and t ; the higher am , how ver, lmo t exh ted , a s a s s S in U the co l chieﬂy r i ed at the pre ent time are the pl t, pper and r m ra Ba L ower D u g y and ll Goals. ra s c Banknock n s is as s the The gene l e tion of the worki g follow , loca l names are given for the coals m F s. F t. In — . S—trata largely red sandstones No 8 CO V I RTU E WEL L O R F I V E UA BTE B . . AL Q S—trata SM E No 9 . CO L . A AL S—trata 10 O L BA NR NOOR or KI L T NO U E NO . . C A O S—trata N 11. CO E L L or P V E E O . AL A M NT S—trata NO 12 . CO SP I . AL L NT S—trata N 3 CO BA NR NOOK E WE O . 1 . AL J L S—trata 1 D B M BAY r I R N 4 . O E R U G o O . C AL UPP D T S—trata L D R A N 15. O O WE R U MGB Y O . C AL ” Strata . N 1 C —S o 6. O O . AL FT S—trata 1 O 3rd D R UMGR A Y or B No 7. C . AL — ALL Strata with 3 CoA L s

The coal shown in this section between the Lower and 3rd D rumgrays is known locally as the Soft Coal ; it is overlain by dark a s s s and so s s a a of a bl e with iron tone rib , metime contain b nd c nnel coal ; it has been considered to lie on the horizon of the Mill Goal of

the Carron ﬁeld . A comparison of the sections of that ﬁeld with those of Bank o a u s a o Of S Coa C a n ck , however, f vo r the correl ti n the oft l with the o l and Shell -band which lies between the Cox rod and the Mill Coal of Ca o and of 3rd D rum ra is an s rr n ; the g y, which overlain by iron tone, i with the Mill or A uch ngane. “ V irtuewell 8 was o as o u The ( ) f rmerly worked a g od ho se coal .

The seam was 4 0 inches thick . hale Coa l 9 is a s - I i h The S ( ) econd class house or gas coal . t s ric but is a oa and o s s o n as . in g , free c l d e not well in c ki g The section of the seam is as follows

Musselband ironstone Oil -shale Musselband ironstone Black blaes CO AL F ireclay

Ba nknock Main or Kilton ue is a oo us a 4 5 The g g d ho e co l , to ft. in ss o is of a a s a ﬁrecla a u 2 thickne ; the ro f f ky bl e , the ﬂoor y bo t E ll P avement Coa l 14 16 s ss ft . thick . The or , to inche in thickne , ha o is ua to the Ma C a s been l cally worked ; it inferior in q lity in o l, of which it forms the lower leaf ; the distance between these two s ams i as s as a s ss a to 3 a o s e ncre e e tw rd from le th n one f th m , the E 11 coal of Banknock becoming the Blackband or L ower Splint of loanh ad D enny e . enn n ad D yloa he .

The Splint (12) is still worked as a furnace coal at Banknock : it i o h C a a s c nsidered to be the equivalent of t e Main o l of C rron.

Section F t . Sandstone Black blaes Musselband Blaes and ironstone ribs CO AL F ireclay

Banknock J ewel Coal 13 a es 2 ness The ( ) verag ft . in thick at k u I i Ban nock is s as a s o . t s ar and , where it rai ed ho e c al v iable of a u ls Banknock Ca r wh e is little v l e e ewhere in the ﬁeld or at r on, er it i known as the M d Splint. U er and L ower D rum ra s 14 15 se e he The pp g y ( , ) lie clo tog t r

o a n 2 s r . ar usu ften separ ted by less tha ft. of t ata They e ally in l s c worked together, the fo lowing e tion

S a The 3rd D rumgray or Ball is a household coal . ection s follows

Rock F akes Blaes an d ironstones CO soft AL, h r CO A L , a d CO free AL,

F ireclay

D enn loa nhead y .

This section of the ﬁeld includes the two basin s of Broomrigg and B o s a s o s e onnyrigg . The higher c al e m in the f rmer ba in have be n ro Gar a and two Br omri almost worked out f m the ib ldi the o gg Pits. New Broomri S a on s a a a The gg h ft, the ide of the r ilw y immedi tely w s D enn loanhead ass s u s a s NO . 1 e t of y , p e thro gh all the e m from r 109 fm A h E 11 o o 12 U D rum a s. t e ( ) t N . ( pper g y) at —bore from N 1 or 3 bottom of the pit contin—ues the section to o. 7 the Ball rd k a 132 fms D rumgray of Benknoc at depth of . B Pit su The highest seam met with in the onnyrigg , nk in the i 4 — M of as a a s N . or centre the b in of th t n me, o the Hard ain

Coal this shaft reaches the U pper D rumgray at 92 fms. ua E K owehead Pit and M s 4 00 N . of n . The ine, it ted feet D enn loanhead S a a su in a s m y t tion , h ve been nk recent ye r , the for er h N M 20 fms. t e W t N . 4 a . . a reaching o ( in) at The mine , driven to an angle of 1 in met the rock-head after passing through 372 feet su a s s at s o is s e at of drift. The depth of rf ce depo it thi p int e timat d 2 fm nd s ou s of su a - 3 s. a , the teep cont r the rf ce relief between D ennyloanhead and Jenny L ind Cottage are entirely due to drift l Measures Coa .

u u a o . N . E a was e N . cc m l ti n The mine expect d to meet the large .

S. W au a rr u s S. 1 t . 5 b . f lt lready refe ed to, p , the working in the L adygrange (Jewel) Coal have proved this fault to have the s w re se i direction ho n on the vi d ed tion of the map.

F GENE RAL SE CTION O THE STRATA IN THE D E NNYLOANR EAD F I EL D , WI TR L OCAL NA E S or SEA S M M . S—trata N 1 O E L L O . C . AL S—trata No 2 CO SO . . AL FT S—trata NO O S I 3. C . AL PL NT S—trata 4 H D R NO . CO R O M I . AL A A N Strata with ironstone or musselband — , CO AL HUMPH or SPLI NT —Strata CO AL (SPLI NT ORV I RGI N?) S—trata NO . CO MU SE L BA D i n 6. AL S N aito Strata chie re sandstones with ironstone , ﬂy —position No O R . 7. C AL V I TUE WE L L —0 3 5 S—trata 5 6 0 0 No 8 L A D R A m . . COAL Y G NGE (so etimes known ” Jewel ) S—trata NO 9 CO SE ] " . . AL AL Strata 1 CO —KI L E 0. AL TO NGU S—trata 11 CO L O E R I O R BL A KRA N D . AL W SPL NT O S—trata 12 O U E R D R U MG R A . C AL PP Y Strata 13 D . CO AL MI D R UMGRA Y Strata 14 CO . AL S—trata 15 CO E D R MGR A Y . AL L OW R U Strata 16 O . C AL S—trata CO A B L L AL — — The sections of the upper seams as given on the old plans are as follows— No 2 o . S t Coal a ous . , f , h e coal

No. 3 S lint a ur a a . . p , f n ce co l

F akes F aky blaes brushing SPLI NT CO AL met with ih this position throughout the Banknock and Carron ﬁelds. A s a a su s se s to a a usua lre dy gge ted , there em be here bre k in the l Co Me su s u a a a in al a re eq ence, prob bly ccomp nying a change the conditions of deposit. s o Virtuewell as a s e a Bo The ecti n of the , worked t am co l at nny is as s rigg, follow

The L a dygra nge is a good house coal : Section at Knowehead

Section at Bonnyrigg

— Shale Coa l a house coal . Section at Bonnyrigg

F t. Wild shale 3 Oil -shale 0 Blaes and ironstone ribs 1 CO AL 1 F i—reclay 0 Kilton ue a s and u S o a B g team f rnace coal . ecti n t onnyrigg

I n .

L ower S lint O r Blackband is an a oa The p inferior ste m c l . Section The Upp ea a gmy is a furm ce a a artly free and partly

F t . In . Blue with a mm elh nd Ston e GO A L

The lower coals hav e not et been worked but as alread shown y , , y , hav e been prov ed in a blind bore at the New Bro omrigg Shaft : the h now 1 13 n driv n to the L ower D rum ra Knowehead Mine as ( 9 ) bee e g y. The D ennyloanhead workings are bounded on the north by an upthrow faul t which runs in an E S E direction from the boundary fault near Wester Bankhead ; this faul t has been prov ed in the a W nn fi Anoth r faul I a dygrange Coal as far east s ester Bo y eld. e t hr w rov in m am e ten E N w a contra t o ed the sa e se s E . ith ry , p , x d h rn un of e field n r the Gar ba di Pit A from t e southe bo dary th ea i l . mine driv en through this fault from the Bonnyrigg Splin t Coal workings to the L adygrange proved the northerly downthrow at this 20 fms point to be . The triangular area between this faul t and the southern boundary O f Coa Measures has ee ro ed se eral res and is at the l b n p v by v bo , the f r th L ad ran e The ed time of writing being worked o e yg g Coal. b s - 5 of the ow h ad dip north west and include coals up to No. Kn e e u e seq enc . The position of these bores and the depths of the diflerent coal seams pas sed through are indicated on the revised edition of the r 2 th S n 9 N . : e o n se u S e E . es Q arter he t ti li g, foll wi g ction giv the general sequence of the beds in this area

Strata

SPLI NT Strata ‘ SPLI NT O R VI RGI N l CO AL Strata V RTUE WE L L N CO I O . 7 AL trata

L A D Y GR A NG E NO . 8 GO A L (Jewel) Strata S E No 9 GO A L HAL . Strata 10 CO KI L TO NGU E NO . AL Strata E R I N 11 CO L O W SPL NT o. AL Strata N 12 CO Urr E R D R UMGRAY o. AL Strata 3 C MI D D LE D B UMGBAY NO . 1 O AL Strata No 15 CO L OWE R D R U MGRAY . AL Strata

The other triangular area which lies between the Bankhead and northern boun dary faults and extends westward from Bonny B u s has not bridge to Western ankhead , tho gh exten ively bored , yet u s the r s ut n in s (1913) been worked . The jo rnal of bo e p dow thi 0m M a su e res. area indicate that the strata are probably arranged in two small s s s s Broomri B ba in , corre ponding to tho e of gg and onnybridge u sou s a O f o d as f rther th . The deepe t p rt the br a e tern extremity of the ﬁeld lies near the position of the diamond bore recently put st of U re A l P tl s s d down to the we lan ark, Whea and ; thi bore prove 1 fm - ro Sh C l No 9 1 s. a ass u the ale oa ( . ) at from rock he d , and p ed th gh o all the seams down to a coal at 56 fms about 19 fms. bel w the D m N C B su os s o Lo ru ra . . c. pp ed po iti n of the wer g y ( o .

l The Carmuirs F ie d. W Stirlin 24 S W 30 N . ( g, . )

The Carmuirs workings are situated between L arbert and Camelon a t o a as sout h of L a , lit le m re th n mile e t by rbert a s a ou w two ou a Junction . The co l lie in tr gh bet een r ghly p rallel s - -w s au s o a o u o s of s a o s ea t and e t f lt , the pr b ble c ntin ati n the di loc ti n h kn k a a s r ou t eBan oc . au which b nd field, lre dy de c ibed The northern f lt o of Carmuirs P x passes about 1000 ft. n rth the its and e tends in an D r a d L n l e o a E . rr n o e s t C N E . o o ato s . directi n by g the rron at Ker e B o s sou n ou - u ridge, where it c nverge to meet the ther b ndary fa lt. The latter line of fracture lies 2000 feet south of the pits and runs u Bainsford s B c ss s out sea thro gh to Ker e ridge , when e it pa e to at G a ou r ngem th . The narrow strip of ground between these faults is probably u C M su s as far s as Carmuirs an a occ pied by oal ea re we t , nticlinal fold between that point and Bonnybridge bringing up the Millstone a s Banknock and Carmuirs coalfield A Grit which separ te the s. curving faul t with downthrow to the south leaves the northern u a au L a u ss m a bo nd ry f lt near rbert J nction, and , pa ing im edi tely s u s a ts ts s s s a o th of the h f , limi the working of the lower eam in th t direction . The area is completely and deeply covered with superficial os s a u a s o s are s but o ma dep it , and no n t r l ecti n vi ible, the inf r tion su u ous s ut o and pplied by the n mer bore p down ver the field , by the a s of Carmuirs s s o s a s is pl n the working , h w th t the dip of the bed r o N a -s a s a mainly in a northerly di ecti n . e r the pit h fts the tr ta form o C Coa or Kilton ue on u o s au a d me , the row l g the pthr w ide of the f lt in a r - s o referred to the preceding par g aph dipping north we t, n rth and o - s o r of Ca o 2-F o or S e n rth ea t , foll wed by the c op the rr n ot, hal k n ou au h Coal of Banknoc . O the s th side of this f lt t e extent of the C o Co is a but s s and one it r w al gre ter , both thi eam th—e next below S n U D rum ra or Ca o Ma su a the pli t, pper g y rr n in come to the rf ce s u u a before reaching the o thern bo nd ry of the field. F urther to the west the strike probably swings round to the and a s out at north, the lower co l crop , bene h the thick covering of o of Carmuirs ous t s t es . drif , omewhere the w t H e On the east side of the present workings in the direction O f D orrator Ca o 2-F oo and s a s are o a ou , the rr n t higher e m pr b bly br ght u a a s a o but s a has p ag in on ynclin l f ld , thi p rt of the field not yet n r (1913) bee p oved . The coals raised at the Carmuirs Colliery up to the year 1907 (when the workings were unfortunately flooded) were known as the Kilton u C C U L D rum e o and o e ra . se e g ( row al), pper w r g y The wer ou as use s a a s wr ght ho and te m co l . The sections of the seams are as follows

F I n F I t. . t . n . 3 0 Musselband 1 11 Black blaes KI L TO NG U 0 4 UPPE R Shale L 0 5 D R UMGRAY CO AL Bastard ﬁ reclay 0 0 D augh Sandstone

F t I n . .

L O WE R D R UMGR

The following section of the strata in this ﬁeld has been drawn up u na s a at s s of Su from the bore jo r l kindly pl ced the di po al the rvey .

m F I n F s. t . — . CO AL V I RTUE WE L L O Q S—trata M O CO AL L AD Y GR A NGE O O — O O CO AL CARRO N TWO -FOOT O R SHALE O N S—trata ® O CO AL CRO W CO AL O R KI L TO NGUE O Q

Strata . Q O CO AL O M Strata B — ’ 1 O CO SP I OA R RO N M I N O R U PE R DRUMGRAY O G AL L NT, A P Strata G O — — ‘ CO AL L O WE R D R UMGRA r CoxROD or CARR O N l O Q S Strata O O — D CO LO WE R Cow r C R O AL o A RO N C Strata — G O CO and I RO STO E Sh ll n f rr n O D AL N N e ba d o Ca o C Strata . — G O CO AL A ND I RO N sTO NE MI LL COAL or CARRO N ? O Q n D -N — p O CO AL GL E NF UI R or CAR RO N O M n S r - —t ata p O O CO AL CO L I NRUR N O F CARRO N O G Strata M O I RO NsTO NE and CO osition BA L L sTO N E ? AL p . Strata CO AL position Strata CO AL Strata chie sandstone , ﬂy

Carron Gran emouth and A irth. , g

Sti lin 24 N E . S E 25 N . SW r . W ( g, . , ; , . )

The Coal Measures of this area underlie the wide carse and drift e s s t a e A and F s u s d po it h t ext nd between irth alkirk, on the o th ide f F of F o are ontinuous F a o the irth rth. They c with the lkirk and S a manna coalﬁelds sou and to o and - ast l n on the th , the n rth north e pass beneath the Forth to join those of Kincardine and Clack l M res Coa easu .

n is us o t as ff a s O f manna . The area th of imp r ance a ording a me n correlation between the Coal Measures of the L anarkshire basin and s W s F tho e of e t ife . The ground is for the most part deeply covered with superficial a i o or a s r A and S e ous m ter al , and nly in one two pl ce nea irth t nh e n M u o F u t muir are limited sectio s of the Coal eas res exp sed . rther o s L a o o u M s o the we t , between rbert and T rw od , the nderlying ill t ne G s a s u of ua s a u a s rit tr ta are vi ible in a n mber q rrie and n t r l ections. The Coal Measures occupy a shall ow basin with a mean breadth of a ou six s M sto Gr a a a a on as b t mile , the ill ne it ppe ring g in the e tern nd L on an side O f the F orth between Culross a g net Point . The inclination of the beds on either side of the syncline is very and a a a the of as the oa s a s gentle, over wide re in centre the b in c l e m ar a os flat I n s a u a s os o of e lying lm t . pite of the f vo r ble di p iti n the strata the coals have been found diflicul t to reach on account of the great depth and loose nature O f the carse deposits above the rock a he d . The field is traversed by a number of roughly parallel faults with d a a n a a as an s . s o t s s gener l e t we t trend The l rger di l c io , ome of which 2 o ms o u a O f 0 t 30 f . t o so o t oss h ve a throw n rth or th, c mple ely cr the o s ss row s r on field , while ther with a le er th in the ame di ecti diverge A n a - - at a small angle from these major faults. e st and west dolerite o o u rus a oss s dyke, pr bably in c ntin ity with the int ion th t cr e the a rs s Ca ron n Denny area (see p . tr ve e the r a d Grangemouth h r oa I u r o n s as u s. ts o s ou Ca w rki g , and b nt the c l c r e th gh the rron “ field as far east as Carronshore lies in a narrow horst or elevated au -b o two O f s - - s s o o f lt l ck between the ea t and we t di l cati ns. Horizontal sections drawn across the basin from east to west parallel to the major faults show the strata lying at gentle angles in a o shallow basin with little faulting. Th se drawn from north to south v a o s s of a se and ss au - o s re e l , h wever, a erie r i d depre ed f lt bl ck in which the dip of the beds has been to some extent affected by movement during the faul ting. s ru u is a a o of a The t ct re , in f ct , repetiti n th t met with in all the coalfields o s u s Ca s F e s r a s s m al ng the o th ide of the mp ie ll , whe e y te O f folding along axes with an approximate north and south trend “i u au has been modified by subseq ent f lting. s ru u s due to s u s s of o s ou The t ct re thi do ble erie m vement , th gh o in R at s Banknock and s r very c mplex the iggin Kil yth , el ewhe e , s a s u s a o a s are, in the ca e of the are at pre ent nder con ider ti n , of imple

a u . 0. B C. n t re .

Th Carron and Gran emouth Coa eld e g lﬁ .

The workings of the Carron and Grangemouth collieries are separated from those of the A irth ﬁeld by the east-and-west fault which passes immediately to the north of Kinnaird and Stonehouse : the div isional line between the two former workings is an artiﬁcial a o o s a s A one , and ppr ximately f llow the high ro d from Ker e to irth . The southern boundary of the workable coals is somewhat u a is o a l a au o ncert in ; it pr b b y indic ted by the f lt, with d wnthrow to

- “ ” x T l th las ow istrict Mem he Geo o of e G D . Geol ur . S ve ( 1911 . — gy g y), , pp 154 156. Ca on and r emouth rr G ang .

t t a ss s n the F Gr u h o s nor h, h t pa e i to irth at angemo t , and f rm the eastern extension of the line of dislocation bounding the Carmuirs k k and Ban noc fields on the south . East of Kerse Bridge the G a ou s are e s au is d r ngem th working limit d by thi f lt, which believe to bring down the Coal Measures against the Millstone Grit beneath h B h the alluvial deposits of t e F orth . West of Kerse ridge t e Carron workings are at present limited on the south by another au o s u asses u L on lees and f lt, thr wing to o th , which p thro gh g D orrator and is u s s as the he u r , contin ed we tward nort rn bo nda y of k k u the Ban noc o tlier. a u Co M su s us n The n rrow tro gh of al ea re , th let dow between s two u s is u us Carmuirs the e fa lt , probably contin o with the area o further t the west. s a s es u n The deepe t p rt of thi field li aro nd Ki naird, where the V irtuewell Coa was one o s a a l at time w rked over a mall re . On either side of the basin the successive coal seams come to the su bu os o u s is u ff c the rface , t the p iti n of the o tcrop m ch a e ted by displacements caused by the east-and-west faults which cross the r i s s o s o o a e s . field . Of the e di locati n the f ll wing the mo t mportant 1 The n ai au n s u s ts . Ki n rd f lt, with dow throw to o th , tar i s of a and a s as a s in immed ately we t Kinn ird , r pidly increa ing e tw rd u of u to 20 fms ass s Carronhall amo nt throw p . , p e north of the ou s a a O rchardh lli Pit u s t e e ead. Wi am , and r n to n r 2 Carronhall u e s N Brooma e . The fa lt ent r the field near orth g , and t s sou of Carronhall and Howkerse to sea o ex end th the , at a p int s s s u of Pa a Pit G u s a hort di tance o th the l ce of rangemo th working ,

'N 1 ow w o a s a u o. . here it pr b bly meet the Kinn ird fa lt, The thr of u is u 1 fms this fa lt to the south abo t 7 . 3 s u s a s s r . Two mall fa lt with contr ry throw extend ea t on eithe O f o Stenhousemuir to Carronshore but are side the d lerite dyke from , u not continued into the Grangemo th ﬁeld .

GE NERAL SE CTI ON or THE STRATA IN THE CARRON AND GRANGE MO UTH D F E RENT E A S F I EL D IV IN THE L OCAL NA E S or THE I F S . , G G M M

F ins F I n t. . — . Strata with coals only known south of the Banknock rmuirs fault —Ca COAL V I R TU E WE L L Strata — ‘ CO AL L AD—Y GR ANGE l S—trata with ironstones and—musselband CO L underl ing musselband MI E R or Two FOO T A y LL CO AL of Carron TH I N CO AL of Grangemouth KI L TO NGU E MUSSE L RA ND S—trata CO AL CR O W CO AL or KI L TO NGU E Strata — . CO AL with musselband abov e CAR RO N MAI N or UPPE R D BUMGBA Y S—trata CO AL MI D SPLI NT S—trata . — CO AL U PPE R CO XBOD in 2 or 3 bands withstonepartings

Strata . — D CO AL L O W—E R CoxR O Strata chiefly bless and ironstones 5 F I n ins. F t. . ” CO AL and musselband SHE LL BAND constant horizon thro hout this and the Airth eld (A — fi ). S—trata chiefly blaes an ironstones CO AL MI LL or A U OHI NGA NE = CL E F TE D COAL with iron stone and parrot abov e S—trata — CO AL inco—nstant BRI GR TO N MAI N ? S—trata chiefly sandstone CO AL GL E NE UI R or A RMADALE MAI N — - S—trata chiefly sandstone 9 10 0 CO AL CO L—I NRUR N Strata —chiefly sandstone IR O NSTO NE —inconstan t Strata chiefly sandstones and fi reclays with one or two thin inconstant coals

ro- a a su s s to a A deep p gl ci l channel , ﬁlled with rface depo it

at as 4 0 fms. a s s r es depth of le t , tr ver e the ﬁeld f om east to w t s u s of C r o benea th the pre ent co r e the river a r n , and completely interrupts the continuity of all the coals whose maximum depth is

‘ ur s M C o an a . C s less th th t ﬁg e The e are the ain, r w and Thin oal , which have been worked up to the crop along the side of the Cox rod and s s un r the o th channel . The lower eam de lie ﬂ or of e

See s Ch V . . 85 buried valley . ( al o apter , p ) The coals most e x tensively wrought at Carron have been the - Cro Mai U L Cox rod s s. 2 F o Coa has w, n, pper and ower eam The o t l o s a a in h a O f been worked ver a con ider ble are the nort ern p rt the field, r u well was a s and the V i t e at one time r i ed from the Kinnaird Pits. The Crow Coal is a house coal : the M ain Coal is in two parts a s oa is ii sed o s u a s and a s r plint c l which with c ke in bla t f rn ce , ofte a a e oa : Cox rod s s are a so oa coal raised s st am c l the eam l steam c ls. Altogether about one-fifth of the coals wrought in this field are for u os s s e and u a household p rp e ; the remainder are t am f rn ce coals.

C. B. C.

The A irth Coa ield lf .

Only that part of the area which lies to the south of the village O f A irth is referred to in this Memoir ; the northern extension of the field will be included in a future description of the Kincardine d coalfi el . Th u a aul u s e gro nd north of the Kinn ird f t, which bo nd the r nd G a ou has s o Ca ron a r ngem th field, been exten ively b red in recent Ca o Co a who a 1911 su s a years by rr n mp ny, h ve lately ( ) nk pit t the of A R a e s u of A C s Lo side the irth o d, l mil o th irth a tle, to the wer x rod oa Co C l . The underground information obtained throughout the field s o o s o of s s is as supplie the f ll wing general ecti n the trata ; thi , will s os s a to s o a s u be een, cl ely imil r the corre p nding p rt of the eq ence in - ou the Can on Grangem th field . F ms . F t. I n . Strata CR OW CO AL Strata CO AL with musselband abov e= CARBO N MAI N S—trata CO AL MI D SPLI NT Strata

oal Me C asures.

F I t. n . Wild Coal

CO L I N RUR N

F ireclay

S o s s o u at A ts E ecti n of three coal f rmerly wro ght the irth Pi , . of

A Cas A t NO . 1 s Ai irth tle. Pit, clo e to rth Mill

I n F t . . F t I n . . The UPPE R CO AL 2 0 Blaes and ironstone 3 10 ” “ ” CO at Bau h 0 6 B CO P RR O AL g ALL AL, A T COAL 0 3 7 fms F irecla 0 2 at 19 ﬁ n ; . y } e CO AL 1 10 F ireclay 0 l l

A t N 2 Pit 4 00 ds - . . s A o , y north ea t of irth , the Ball Coal was 1 ins M C 35 7 . mm got at f the ain oal at . The section was

The coals raised from these pits are now correlated as follows ” U C is e u The pper oal the q ivalent of the L ower Cox rod ; the B ” d “ all Coal of the Mill ; an the Main Coal of the Glenfuir or A M . rmadale ain 0. B. c .

The F alkirk Coal eld ﬁ .

E N . S. W. . W. S l N . E Stir in so . 3 N . 1 . W. S . W , , , , ; . 34 N E ( g , ; . . )

The term F alkirk Coalﬁeld is applied in this Memoir to an exten s a C M asu s u n f , dis s P l ive are o oal e re incl di g the trict of o mont, v n i Shi l B o s Muira o s de, eldhil awcrai Bonn hill right n , , J g and y , as well as ia u F the immed te neighbo rhood of alkirk . Southwards it is L nzie- o hi E bounded by the e T rp chen dyke. astwards and westwards is m ou f u M s G it li ited by the tcrop o the nderlying ill tone rit, and extends northwards to the fault which forms the southern boundary alﬁeld of the Carmuirs co . SO far as h s s the hig er eam are concerned, the area under de s o ms a or ss u u s cription f r more le q adrang lar ba in, the beds dipping

E . an S. d on the ou s s N . f r ide to , W The chief modiﬁcation O f this s u u is u s - - s au tr ct re introd ced by the ea t and we t f lt, which repea ts the crops of the Splint and Coxrod Coals about half a mile south of F th e as alkirk. Within area a whole there are 15 workable coal s a s u s s s e m , tho gh the highe t of the e are only pre ent over a limited d o o s are a an s s s e . are , me of the l wer one imper i t nt I n the following vertical section the seams down to the A rmadale a a o r Main represent n ppr ximate ave age. The lowest members of s u u to Hi hstone s the eq ence ( p the g ) are hown, with the thickness and at s Bonn hill o rel ive po ition which they have at y , n the north western margin of the basin. SE CTI O O F THE F KI R K O L IE N AL C A F LD .

Thic ness k . D F F t n ms. . F m . I s. I n WE E CO AL 0 2 0 0 0 0 Strata D I MO D or COOE MAL AN E GOAL 0 4 0 2 A N . 0 0 Strata M I E R or C RRO N Two-F OO T GOAL 1 LL , A 0 1 0 3 0 0 Strata CROW CO AL 0 l 0 22 0 0 Strata SPLI NT or UPPE R D R UMGRAr GO A L 0 2 6 30 0 0 Strata M ID CO n i nd AL ( ear Cra ge only) . 0 2 0 33 3 0 Strata CoxR O D or L O WE R D RUMGRAr GO AL 0 2 6 43 0 0 Strata L O W CO XBO D or BALMORAL GO AL 0 l 0 4 7 0 0 Strata MI LL or A nomNGANE CO AL Parrot F ree Coal 58 0 0 Strata BALL or BRI GHTON MAI N GOA L 0 2 0 65 0 0 Strata A R M D E M I GUTTE R HO L E or G L E NF UI R A AL A N, CO AL 0 2 6 70 0 0 Strata HI GHSTO NE (Clayband I ronstone) F ireclay HI GHSTO NE CO AL r ta includin fms sandstone St a 3 . , g BO NNr HIL L CR AW COAL Strata L O WSTO NE (I ronstone Ball s) Blaes L OWSTO N E CO AL Strata F ireclay I ronstone (Blackband) SL ATY BA N D au 13m m “ g I ronstone (Blackband) — tone A Slat band as Slatyba nd I rons . y at the b e of the Coal Measures has been wrought at various localities along the western lfield : its s are s Bonn hill edge of the coa relation be t known near y . I n the railway cutting east of F auchlands (at the north end of the i its s is s in I n Tentfield plantat on) po ition repre ented by 8 . of coal . the Roughcastle fireclay workings this coal is overlain by from 0 to

a r s c s s n 18 . 6 in . of bl ckband i on tone, o ca ionally ri i g to in in s us u lunkers. The iron tone m t have been of better q ality in the as was m n Ca r C da near vicinity , it i ed by r on ompany from an old y ﬁrecla s s w level j ust south of the y work . The eam as also wrought wes L oanfoot s s to the t of , where the ection howed

Rock roof B es brushin la , g CO AL BL A CE RAN D IRO NSTO NE Rock pav ement There were also a large number of shall owpits to this ironstone Garbethill A e r c s s near Beam and . bore n a the latter lo ality how

I n. F akes Dark blaes and CO AL Go d Il ard I RO NSTO NE SO pt }ly or partin H ul o clean %R O N8TO NE a :g od, Hard fa es av ement k , p

i a to 3 on The ironstone s st ted have been ft . thick in e of the

Garbethill pits. far as is s s a has and is SO known thi e m never been met with in ,

r a a s a F a coalfield. E as p ob bly b ent from , the centr l part of the lkirk t Po a a a sto was at one m s of lmont, however, bl ckb nd iron ne ti e expo ed Bu I is u L in ula in M a . t as the illh ll rn recorded f ll of g , together a f oss s and as a a s o but with other m rine il , having bl e r of, nothing o as its ss and a a r A n Old da seems to be kn wn to thickne ch r cte . y ma s n but is u r a w was hole y be een in the vici ity , it nce t in hether it s a u a scam s a oss s connected with thi p rtic l r . The pre ence of m rine f il might serve to identify this ironstone either with the Crofthead Slaty band O r with the Slightly higher Slatyband of A rmadale : the seam n s S as is o a wrought o the we t ide of the b in more pr b bly the former . l B nn hill la b nd is The fi rec ay (5 ft. thick) overlying the o y S ty a wrought by a day-level and used in the adjacent Roughcastle fi reclay I n - s was a o s s. e work pre war time there c n iderabl export . trade in t s a er un fi recla S u A hi m t ial, the gro d y going to o th merica chiefly for mixing with ganister in the manufacture of fire bricks for furnace linings. — L owstone Bonn hill Craw Coal a nd Hi hstene L owstone , y , g The position and the Bonnyhill Craw Coal are both well seen in the

F auchlands railway cutting. The former is underlain by a foot of on hard Splinty coal (the L owst e Coal). The blaes which contains the ironstone balls is characterized by the presence of a marine au a L in ula and Conula ria uadrisulca ta a f n , g q h ving been collected Bonn hill C a Co i s o o . s a h ss from thi h riz n The y r w al foot in t ickne , nd i a os s s Hi h tone a s immediately overl in by a p t of and tone . The g s Coa and I r s e are s u but l on ton not een in the c tting, were formerly wrought together with the lower seams in several pits in the Tent o ﬁeld Plantati n . oa o L owstone is a s s a u but is The c l bel w the per i tent fe t re , not 6 in a . B n usually more th n or 7 thick. The on yhill Craw Coal

1 3 in . a d ha a s o oo . n s a a s its o r nge fr m a f t to ft , lw y sandst ne roof. I t was probably the latter seam which was wrought above the la and at L oanfoot is 18 S t b . ss F u y , where it in in thickne . rther i but i r s u s s as 16 . in o th it thinner, reco ded in the bore near ill a to Garbeth alre dy referred . Two Old pits close to Glenvale Cottage are stated to be just on 14 -i a and to a Of a n. su the crop co l , h ve been nk to another of 22 in. u o s is at a depth of fo r fath m . The latter overlain by a thick post of “ ” o so u ss se Bonn hill C r ck , and may q ite po ibly repre nt the y raw ' I h s l o a Coa . n s us Hi hstone l t i ce the overlying co l m t be the g , a ou is no Of an a o a s lth gh there record y cc mp nying iron tone. F urther south there is a record O f at least two pits from which The F alkirk Coal eld ﬁ .

cla band s was m s a Todbu hts us to y iron tone for erly rai ed ne r g , j t the I n c s i s north of the dolerite dyke . one a e it s tated that the seam worked was a ball ironstone lying just above the position of Slat band Assu n e was ed the y . mi g that the latt r correctly identiﬁ , L w n the former woul d possibly correspond to the o sto e. A ganister or ﬁreclay of some economic value immediately

u Bonn hill C C a The s a 18 in . s . nderlie the y raw o l e m, in thick ss is usu l s o ﬁ rm s s ﬁ recla but ass s ne , al y a tr ng, , omewhat andy y, p e o a st u s s l l c lly into a gani er of good q ality, clo ely re emb ing the a s s of Bo s r g ni ter the nnybridge di t ict. s s is r u Rou hcastle and a su l Thi eam w o ght at g , the m terial pp ied o ou t steel works both in the wet and dry gr nd condition.

N0 member of this group of minerals appears to be well developed in a or s F a k coalﬁeld but a ut the centr l deepe t part of the l irk , bore p ’ F a o M A Co . B at ss s. s s s d wn e r Jame itken rewery, lkirk, record the l fo lowing Section .

m ou 10 f . b 1 1 . a s a s o r The ft. in co l lie b t el w the A madale Main s and is o a Hi hstone in the bore ection , pr b bly the g , while the 1 in o s os t . 4 s s Bonn hil ft . eam corre p nd well in p i ion with the y l Craw C a o l . — Sulphur a nd Colinburn Goals A coal named the Colinburn has ou at two a i s s S s been wr ght one or loc l tie on the ea t ide of the ba in . Near Polmont Junction it is known from a number of bores to have 8 I an a a i ss as 1 . t was u at N 2 ver ge th ckne of at le t in wro ght o . Pit, M anuelri s was g, where the ection

This was almost certainly the seam which was wrought from an Old a s B ous u a of S c B pit ne r We ter owh e , nder the n me the pe kle all . Here the section was

S B s to o s o orm o The term peckle all refer the ir n t ne f ing the ro f. li burn was a s o N F u s u Co n o. 1 Pit Ca d rther o th the r i ed fr m , n ie and Coa l Measures.

I is has n ss of u 2 . t Redford Colliery , where it a thick e abo t ft Su u C a a ss underlain at a depth of 3 ﬁ ne by the lph r o l , with thickne 3 Pi B c s o Co and two s 22 in A t N . t of about . o , la k t ne lliery, in bore a S a in the vicinity the section of these two coals is somewh t imil r . o a Of A o s u The upper coal was mined on the n rth b nk the v n , o th of

6 . s e l is s be 2 . the farm of Hi l . There here aid to ft in of good t am

a a o and . coal, with f ir ro f hard pavement o u a of Red I t is probably the Sulphur C al which , nder the n me

Bo ous o . Coal, formed the lower part of the wh e w rking The name

f u . in both cases would seem to imply a certain amount o imp rity f This is presumably a higher seam than the Sulphur Coal o a al and is o to r s Mid Coa of ~ Crai ri A rm d e, m re likely epre ent the l g gg ass s a t A rma Slat band Colliery , which p e later lly in o the dale y su s is as o s I ronstone. The correlation gge ted foll w

CAND I E AR MAD ALE NNY HI L ’ BO WHO SE ‘ BO " U A ND R O THE D . A ND RE D FO RD . C F A

Colinburn. l S ec le Ball Coal Colinburn . Hi hstone Coa . p k . g

l A rmadale Slat ba d . l Red Coal Sul hur Coa . Bonnyhill Craw Coa . . p y n Su r or Sti nkmg L owstone Coal . goglu

a b n Crofthead Slat band. Sl ty a d. y

E as a s s scam r a o s s xcept reg rd the highe t , the cor el ti n given in thi table are only tentative. The evidence adduced above seems to indicate that there may be a a of Bonn hill C a s u ou a fairly wide re the y r w Coal till nwr ght, though the seam very rarely attains to a thickness workable under o m o o s Su u has a o m present ec no ic c nditi n . The lph r Coal m re li ited e but Colinburn is e s s as S si ar a , the p r i tent over the e t ide of the ba n, Of it ha and comparatively little s yet been touched . —A m l a I rons one. u ba d 2 a Musselb nd t sse n about 1 fms. bove the Slat band was B s and has a so y worked in one of the eam pit , l been s o s u sou s o s u proved in ome b re f rther th . The po iti n in the eq ence seems too high for correlation with the Highstone; it more likely n o mu lba d u 3 f o A a Ma correspo ds t a sse n abo t ms. bel w the rm dale in i a a u S ra C a s c s s . o l, which a on t nt fe t re in the hott m—ine l ﬁeld A rmada le Main Gutterhole or Glen uir Coal a Glenfuir , f The n me was originally applied to this coal from its having been wrought lenfuir ous I t is u u s as M C near G H e . ndo btedly the ame the ain oal d i of A a a an s a . rm d le, now widely known by that n me I n the Opinion of the writer it was this coal which was wrought Camelon C to u a s S . t the old olliery, clo e mmerford Cottage Here the section was

I n. F t. Rock Blaes CO AL Blaes (bituminous) CO AL Brown stone CO AL F ireclay

’ 13 Pi M l n A Ca da C a Co a s NO . t ar id e t the llen r o l mp ny , ne g , the section of the undoubted Gutterhole or Glenfuir Coal is sometimes The F alkirk l ield Coa f . s a but h a fi recla o cas on a a Macs imil r, ere y c i ally t kes the pl ce of the a o o b ve the c al. The seam is wrought by Carron Company at ar ous a es Sh ldhi lr I n v i loc liti between ie ll and Manue ig. all these s and B a s C u t s u the oa is pit , in the l ck tone olliery f r her o th, c l two i s are characterized by either one or part ng , which , however, not a a s so as in is lw y thick the section given above . The coal in s the main a steam coal . The character Of its roof seem very variable . A t Meadowbank Colliery the average section of this coal is o a a o s o inferi r to th t of the next b ve it, and at the time of the revi i n i t was . s has mmed in neglected The eam , however, been the gorge West uarter Bu is cut ss sa s o a of the q rn, which in a ma ive nd t ne th t s a A a u here overlie the co l . The rmadale M in was also wro ght from su a Swined ke n In B r the rf ce in the y pla tation. the rewe y bore at F alkirk the section is I F t . n. Sandstone F O UL CO AL and fi reclay COAL F aky fireclay Hard Sandstone

I t is o a l a s a s at no pr b b e th t thi co l lie intact, and great depth , e a a a F a but s su a s s b ne th a l rge p rt of lkirk , the andy rf ce depo it ,

in ore to are 19 fms. ss w u s which the b referred in thickne , o ld perhap s to fﬁ u make inking it di c lt. — Ba ll or Br ighton Main Coa l The name Brighton Main was given to this coal at the time when it was the main coal wrought B I i i s. t s t at as a Ba near righton , in par le t, dentic l with the ll Coa of A a and a a is e a s l rm dale, the l tter n me , p rh p , the more general . A ssu s o a o o s a is a s as ming thi c rrel ti n to be c rrect, thi co l b ent a a scam s a t F a coalﬁeld I t is work ble in the we tern p r of the lkirk . os in ra a u s u of West uarter us exp ed the ilw y c tting o th q Ho e , where it m in ha a 4 6 . but s u s s ss o oo . a thickne fr m r f to p ve ent of ft , thi incl de I a s ou a o . t o s one three p rting , which total ab t f ot f rm of the two s s o a t M o an Co is eam w rked ead wb k lliery , where the coal in two s o s but u an s o A t Manuelri s is as divi i n , witho t y iron t ne . g the ection follows F I n t . . Brighton Rock laes B R O NSTO N i n to ALL I . Blaes

BALL I RO NSTO NE i n . to Blaes CO AL F oul sclitty CO AL CO AL Black bastard fireelay COAL Coarse firecla with occasional lar e ironstone balls y, g CO AL Bastard fireclay

The o st is o of o a but was ma n ir n one no l nger imp rt nce, it i ly on l Measures Coa .

its account that the seam was at one time wrought near Maddiston . A t Blackstone Colliery the section is

F I n . t. Rock Blaes I R O NSTO NE BALLS

CO AL . F ireclay

A t Crosscroes Hillfarm C a s A ad oa , olliery , and l o at rm ale , the c l o s one o s a o s is o s a f rm bed with ir n tone b ve. Thi the m re igniﬁc nt Since in two bores quite close to Blackstone Colliery a second thin c s o u s 6 and 10 s a is oal eam cc r ft . re pectively bove the one which u i a so 2 h as a o . s a so wro ght There l a thinner co l me . b ve the Ba Co at A ma a It i us oss l la r o ll al r d le . s th p ib e that the tte c rre s onds o o s s o of B i o M a Coa p nly to the l we t divi i n the r ght n in l , which is formed by the near approach of seams elsewhere more s e widely eparat d.

A os of s st as Ro and 4 0 . p t and one, known the B righton ck , ft in B ua l s s c a in thick righton Q rry, ie between thi o l and the next h w Manuelri . s sa s o as a s u r order T i nd t ne l o formerly q a ried at g, and is ose a u i at West uarter ss exp d in the railw y c tt ng q , and po ibly at the sou end a a u th of the c n l t nnel. — The Mill or A uchingane Coal This coal derives its name from Auchin ane A uchin een on 6- S li 30 g ( g inch map, tir ng, where it was I i M formerly worked. t s undoubtedly identical with the ill Coa Of A u l a has not as l rmadale, altho gh the atter n me yet been all a o S a a B n end and gener y d pted . A General Section of tr ta t e t Auchin ean Co a 1869 s o n S o for s g lliery, d ted , give the f llowi g ecti n thi a a ou is not w s co l , lth gh it known exactly from hich pit the ection was taken .

Blaes CL AY BA ND I RO N STO NE Blaes I R O S O E Shell mixed with blaes N T N , y, P R R O CO inferior A T AL, CURI CA L SO FT CO AL F ireclay

s was u on u the The eam here wro ght partly acco nt of ironstone . The coal was raised from a day level driven into the slope lead u to a l a f u ing p the c na and railw y to the south o Bantaskine Ho se . w f o 14 i s as 3 4 . o n s Here the ection or in parr t over . of mithy

coal . 20- Coa u at s u u is The inch l , fo nd the o th end of the canal t nnel , I n possibly this seam . the burn which runs past Hall Glen it is

18 . ss o s or l in in thickne , with an overlying c ar e craw coal b ack ” o A M band ir nstone. t eadowbank Colliery the section is

F I n t. .

Coa l Measures .

s s i m a L Cox rod us C a . s so s o l Thi eam , which meti e c lled the ittle , m t be o us Ba a of Co is o not c nf ed with the lmor l atbridge , which m re M Coa likely to be the ill l . — Coxrod or L ower D rumgray Coal This is the equivalent of the U r Coxrod Car and G u ppe of the ron rangemo th ﬁeld , where the o l is o a L o r ox rod I a Balmoral G a kn wn s the we C . n the C llendar ’ Coa Co s o s is a s o at M av isbank l mpany w rking it f irly thick, the ecti n being

F akes and sandstone F O UL CO AL F ireclay CLE AN CO AL F ireclay

h I i a Coxrod as ow o o o a a s oo . t s The , h ever , m re c mm nly bl e r f a r u o s a ou s but a s to s so f i ly nif rm e m with t parting , appe r decrea e me llow a what in thickness when fo ed to the south and east . A t Cr igend 22 in at Muirav onside h a a ss su s . as it mea re , and an ver ge thickne of

24 in . I n contrast to the U pper D rumgray the Cox rod is sometimes So oa and is but not a s as a named the ft C l , largely invari bly rai ed a a s household coal . The m in rea in which it is present extend o awcrai to Ca ous a ou is o a a fr m J g ndie H e, lth gh it pr b ble th t a good deal O f the seam within these limits has now been taken

out. A minor area extends from Greenbank to somewhere near Ca n a ous on o s of au o lle d r H e, the n rth ide the f lt menti ned in the n of 64 r u s s . to s begi ning thi ection , p ; it will be refer ed in the eq el as Newhouse au s was o a o ou the f lt . Thi pr b bly the c al f nd beneath

a or of F a St t o h was s a to 3 . the pl tf m lkirk High a i n , w ere it t ted be ft ” I wa a o has no ss. t s s o and the o u in thickne likely t p , cc rrence bearing on the possible amount of the coal still unwrought within r the a ea. — Mid Coal s s am has SO far as is ow o r u Thi e , kn n , nly been w o ght as of F a A t a s in the e tern end the lkirk basin. Cr igend the ection

A t Gateside Pit

F t . I n .

F u r s its o is u a a a rthe we t devel pment irreg lar, and over wide re it is e a not a o a s I n s o s a Greencral c rt inly w rk ble eam . everal b re ne r g i s in 1 in t r s c es r 8 . to . bu e the th ckne of the oal vari f om ft . 7 , in th e Rottenstoc i 1 6 in 2 s ks r . 2 in . s as . . bore at it ecorded ft , ft , and 1 5 - . . s . s a e u s o o ft in re pectively The la t n m d ﬁg re are, h wever, pr b a e a A t G s se h s h of bly exc ption l . ate ide Pit the am a the c aracter a s ea oal t m c . — Splint or Upp er D rumgray Coal This seam is also known as the Ma Car o M C a as as the a C l s n u s in or r n ain o l, well H rd oa , to di ti g i h Cox rod So t I t s l ha ou ou it from the or f . varie litt e in c racter thr gh t s I n h F al e e a . t e the di trict, exc pt where convert d into anthr cite kirk a is s ur a and a as rea it a hard, plinty, or f nace co l , in great dem nd a s e a a u anthracitised as s to t m co l , ltho gh not in the di trict the souti L ike the Cox rod the Upper D rumgray occurs in an elongated sou F a u the s u Newhouse area th of lkirk , bo nded on o th by the u u r in fa lt. I t is well seen above a line of sandstone q a ries the ou s of S u Bantaskine us is a o a gr nd o th Ho e , where it cc mp nied by a a s musselband has the ch r cteri tic , which been traced a few feet above this coal over almost the whole of the L anarkshire and S s coalﬁeld u o s u o of F l tirling hire s. D ring the c n tr cti n the a kirk i a u a w a u 200 s w s . ra lw y t nnel thi coal met . ith bo t ft from the - s r was r north we te n end , where it mined by the cont actor . The ess and un u is thickn extent of wro ght coal in th northern area are ,

u i . however, ncerta n Southwards the coa l does not come on at all extensively to the ” r of al D Be o s sl a o s no th the Univers yke . y nd thi di oc ti n it extend r u r w r i to M uir v nsid s o at in an i reg lar area f om Ja c a g a o e. The ecti n Craigend is F I t. n. Mussel bed Blaes WI L D CO AL F akes and sandstone and balls CO AL T CO AL CO AL F ireclay pav ement

a s its a s and sa s o ou The coal ret in f ke nd tone ro f, with or with t n a s all r a a u o s o : lso the interve ing bl e , ove the re nder c n iderati n it a u o ss and was o r a s preserves a fairly nif rm thickne , f rmerly , pe h p , the I n a ts ar a most important seam of the district . cert in par of the e it has now o r ou out. , h weve , been wr ght N 24 ’ l n a o s ro o. R Co I n the Spli t Co l w rking f m Pit, edding l iery “ ” m r ar Blackbri s is a s a but a a a . A (ne g ), there m ll re k ble w nt bed sa a s oal o a e of soft laminated nd repl ce the c , while the ro f of the l tt r for of its a I n s m l s ra persists above the sand part bre dth . o e p ace f g ments of coal remain attached to this roof and project downwards into h sa s a a has subse t e nd bed , howing cle rly th t the coal been replaced quently to the consolidation of the roof of the seam ; presumably at is no s o o t some quite recent period . There vi ible c nnecti n wi h the surface and the phenomenon is probably due to the action of under ou wa w i has o and u its gr nd ter, h ch er ded the coal then ﬁlled p s s channel with alluvial depo it . Coal Measures — . Cra w or Gas Coal A section of this seam at Crosscroes reads

F t. I n.

A ND I RO NSTO NE

s is a st u s S The iron tone not con ant feat re, nor do other record how o a has a ss a a that the c al in gener l ga y ch racter. The seam appe rs to ou at o Gardrum Bu I t ls have been wr ght one p int on the rn . may a o have been this coal which was raised to a small extent under the ’ m L s L ad ran e C s u of Blackbraes Ro s na e of the illie or yg g oal o th w ,

ss. o although only 11 in . in thickne The c al appears to be generally ’ es central art the coalﬁ eld but is o ou a pr ent over the p of , nly ab t foot I o s not s o d r ss. t t L a an e but is in thickne d e corre pond the yg g , more i n u r likely the K lto g e of L anarkshi e. - — Miller or Carron Twof oot Coal The section in Blackbraes ’ 6 Pit was as o o s (F orrester s N0 . ) f ll w F t I . n . Blaes roof Blaes brushin , g I RO NSTO NE CO AL F aky blaes CO AL

A musselband very commonly takes the place of the ov erlying s o s ow s s and can s West uarter iron t ne h n in thi ection , be een in the q ir hill B s a was ou Burn at P ley ridge . The e m wr ght in Old crop work P o Bu sou O f R u ings along the olm nt rn to the th edding M ir. The M C is a s a a but o a its iller oal gener lly pre ent in the re , except l c lly average section does not exceed a foot of workable coal : it almost “ certainly represents the KiltongueMusselband of the L anarkshire coal and a s is so s asso a an Oil-S a ﬁeld, , like th t eam, metime ci ted with h le , a a f 22 u s for s ss o . a o which occ r , in t nce , with thickne in b ve the ill B sa r musselband at Pirleyh ridge . Three mples f om this locality gave the following analyses Sreciﬂc Setting 80 4 i in g av ty . po t ° s e n ° F b r l r to . 903 96 l s e ton. ga . p . . p ° ° 918 85 ° ° 920. 95

C osscr es a nd Cochmalane r o —. D iamond (or Cockmalane) a nd Wee Coal These coals are con s ri a as in s s ﬁned to three re t cted re the deepe t part of the ba in , and h s u ou s the Diamond Coal a probably been wro ght t. One of the e ” a to s u of Sum ous s in a are s, the o th the merh e dyke, extend s s Gardrum for a ou l narrow strip ea tward from b t a mile and a ha f.

b e indl co unic ted b Mr R S r l s hav e n mm . D teua t Thes ana es e a . . e y k y y , A t d ed N . 8 Pit Crosscroes Co i r u 500 ds the now aban on o , ll e y, abo t y . N of r . C osscroes the sec was as , tion follows

Rock Soft blaes F R E E CO AL WE E CO AL PAR R OT COAL F R E E CO AL D augh F akes and ﬁ reclay DI AMO ND CO AL

Bo coals e u s An e r l th wer wro ght from thi pit . oth r a ea ies to the s of Cockmalane A we t . bore which perhaps passed through a stoop

c s 3 5 n . as . i ss o re ord the Diamond ft in thickne , while an ther gives the following section :

3 a o D a o s . s e E The la t item being ft b ve the i m nd wa t . ven if much of the Wee Coal remains intact it is still doubtful whether in such a u a ta position it can be wro ght to adv n ge . The third area in the vicinity of Standrig was very limited in extent . There is no reason for doubt that the D iamond and Wes are the equivalents of the coals to which the names of L adygrange and V irtuewell a e G a ou Ca o h ve b en given in the r ngem th , rr n and Carmuirs coalfields can a so a No 8 ; they l be correl ted with the . nd No s O f Banknock and D enn loanhead I a . 7 s . t o s not eam y d e , w ol o are L ad ran e and V irtuew ll ho ever , f l w that they the yg g e of I t s s ua o a a L anarkshire . eem eq lly pr b ble that e ch represents a o L a a s V irtuewell porti n of the n rk hire— . F uture o the Coal ield I n o as distli ct S f f c ntr t to the of lamannan , F a coalfield S o s s s us o I n the lkirk h w little pre ent pro pect of exha ti n . orm are a o out of u s a s the f er a , fter the w rking the fo r principal e m , t n a u of s I n F a li tle remai ed in the—n t re a re—erve . the lkirk area the most profitable seam the D iamond occupied only a small area o from which it has all been removed . The tw coals next in order of o a are S and the Cox rod and in s imp rt nce the plint , the e considerable

oa s a a a . F a iff inr d h ve lready been m de The lkirk field, however, d ers from that to the south in the presence of a series of thinner coals and of s a s ose s a ss t su s e m wh parting m ke them le profi able bject . These thin coals have been wrought at the crO p and also where near su a but not u u to s the rf ce , m ch , p the pre ent time , in the deeper I is a - or o s of . t u m h p ti n the field likely th t coal c tting ac inery , as as aus of o S s coalfields well the exh tion certain ther cotti h , will bring s s a s m o r h i the e thinner e m ore int p ominence . T ere s thus every as o as u ur O f s coalfi eld re on for c nfidence —to the f t e thi . u a l F a u e R h Str uct r e t r s. eference as already been made to the presence of the Armadale Main Coal in the Swinedyke plantation o of L au s o sou l s n rth ri t n . The ther y dip of the trata at this point

New Statistical Account of Scotland. Count of Stirlin 184 5 209 y g, , p. . w u if con i ue r r s s r n to the sur e u o ld, t n d no thwa d , oon b i g fac the nder I is r e u o lying seams. t the efor not likely that m ch workable c al n extends beneath the Carse in this directio . The probable presence of the A rmadale Main Coal beneath the F h S u s r town of alkirk as also been indicated . o thward the highe seams up to the Splint Coal come on before the Newhouse fault is un E S Coxrod C s a enco tered . ven if the plint and oal h ve been ou out s a a s s wr ght within thi re the lower eam will remain , and a bOre put down in the south-western part of Callendar Wood would almost certainly prove the position both of the A rmadale Main and M C of the overlying ill oal . Newhouse ul is hr o 30 h rs The fa t believed to have a t w of . near E as a s its s o an a the locality of that name. tw rd po iti n d mount are u A ut to s u s s i S ncertain . bo a mile the o th of thi di location s the O ” U s o st- - s au called niver al Dyke, an ther ea and we t f lt, with down sou a rs its i throw to the th, which ppea to have received name from ts I t e s w s Maddiston persistence . ext nds we t ard from to a point some G N r hi ldhill th distance west of Wester len . o th of S e e throw of the 1 fm o s r u x au is 5 s. ov e s u f lt , and probably d e not m ch e ceed thi fig re . Referring to the raised area between these faults the New Statistica l A ccoun t of Scotland speaks of the toils O f the borers being ” u a s spent in vain on a mass of nf thomable sand tone. The Cox rod Co has s ou one s of al , however, ince been wr ght in or two part the ou s o s l o n gr nd referred to , and the re t f rm a likely fie d for expl itatio s a s A a a Ma Ba and M Coa u of the lower e m . The rm d le in , ll ill ls m st all s and s a be pre ent, have only been worked to a m ll extent within the area . The deepest part of the F alkirk coalfield lies to the south of the

U s . I n c t is t niver al Dyke ommon wi h the area to the north , it in er sected ri us - s u s sufﬁ i by va o north we terly fa lt , which are ciently ndi os e u s s and not for u s t d in the p bli hed map , do call f rther de cription. I t s n s s u not may, however, be noted that the e li e of di t rbance, while a s i o in m u of s ss s s lway nferi r a o nt throw, eem le per i tent than those A whose trend is east and west. mong the latter the Summerhouse h a a o I u s o D yke as lre dy been menti ned . t r n fr m Summerhouse to Muirav onside w o s u one , with a do nthr w to the o th which at point 1 fm I ts u s is a a amounts to 7 s. co r e p r llel to that of three intrusive a o s S F i s o s . 4 . s dyke of d lerite, who e rel ti n are hown in g The mo t is ow as C a and can northerly kn n the r igend Whin, be followed for s s s of at I n as e a of i everal mile to the ea t th locality . the e t rn p rt ts u s is a m a an s but co r e it not cco p nied by y appreciable di placement, C us be a o at s 15 fms to near raigend there m t d wnthrow of lea t . the u o u south along the line of the intr si n . The whin dies o t somewhat s C a its o u a u we t of r igend, line being c ntin ed by fa lt with the same

of . a d s s s l but direction throw The centr l yke how no di p acement, the southern intrusion is related to a fault (throwing north) in much the i same manner as the Craigend Whin . This dyke s called the Craig can s 10 s s mad Whin ; it be traced for ome mile to the we t, and , for f its urs is not a an O s . the rest co e, ccompanied by y di placement I t s s b a es s and eem pro able th t th e three dyke are connected in depth , that the intrusion has been deﬂected to north and south respectively by the two ﬂanking faults Shown in the diagram . The fact that the

ew Statistical Account of Scotland 1845 v ol . v iii. 209 N , , p. . The F alkirk Coal ield f .

Summerhouse faul t has not been followed in any part by the dolerite su s s a s is ce en was te gge t th t thi d pla m t la r, while the ﬂanking faults r the er o u we e earlier, than p i d of intr sion. Y et another dolerite d ke r uns parallel to the Craigmad Whin at s Of b u mi s u . N awcrai S l ts a di tance a o t a e to the o th ear J g it p i , a t e a s O f u app ren ly into thre br nche , which the so thernmost is the s rsis u i ﬁ l mo t pe tent, r nn ng completely across the coal e d into the area to the east. Near Candie E nd this branch is accompanied by a w to the Sou moun to s t i 20 i s do nthrow th a ting ome h ng like f n . s o d s ss and a The e d lerite yke are all of moderate thickne , h ve been u rr r re su a e o locally q a ied whe e not cove d by rf c dep sits. They are not at es ex s u u s pr ent ten ively wro ght for any p rpo e. The only other dislocation to which reference need be made is the G s u u s Blackbri s ate ide fa lt, which r n from near g at least as far as N n a r w to th u etherto , with downth o e so th which at one point u f amo nts to 30 ms. A belt of country about which comparatively little is known lies

STI RL I NGSHIRE .

‘ S c al e o f M 76 8

' — - F IG 4 D ia ram showin relations of F aults and Dolerite D e intrusions in the . . g g yk a eld Falkirk Co lﬁ .

to the north-west of the larger area in which the Coxrod Coal has n The A uchin ane C is ou s ese bee worked . g oal , of c r e, pr nt in a part

s and ul u u s . A of thi ﬁeld, co d, no do bt be fo nd el ewhere by boring o l was s Greenri S u a r d c a rai ed at the g Pit, it ated prob bly by the oa

s 0 ds a use . 0 E N. E ide, 7 y . . . from the f rmho of that name Here the section was

F ireclay roof

2 ft . 6 n CO AL i . F reestone pav ement

F rom the thickness of the seam it is probable that this was the Ar a M o s s of A uchin een o m dale ain Coal. Two b re to the we t g rec rd I f s 1 . s . 11 in . and 2 7in. s ft ft . of coal re pectively the e ﬁgure are M Co is res I n ai l S a A a a . correct, they how th t the rm d le ain al p ent f r y a good form over a considerable part of this western are . 0 I n a 5 d W s L a Staneri the M 11 C was o 00 s. b re y e t of igh g 1 . oal 10 and o oot 111 t ic ness only in. the Armadale Main Coal nly a f h k , 6 l e ure Coa M as s.

but as the latter of these Seams is not known in the Slamannan coal ﬁ ld a u is a a o o s a e this tten ation not rem rk ble , and it f ll w th t the group of coals below the Balmoral must decrease in thickness to the i s u os o south and west. There s con eq ently little pr pect of c al in paying qua—ntities being found in the immediate neighbourhood of a at s so as C a Me su oa s are c Slam nnan lea t far o l a re c l oncerned . s of the Ba o a Coa at G ee to o of The pre ence lm r l l r nhill, the n rth the nzie- o has e r its o u L e T rphichen dyke, already b en noted cc rrence there i d u s r u as to a s ue as m ch to . the ri ing g o nd any ch nge in the inclina

tion of the strata. I a s u N Br s Ra a a mmedi tely o th of the orth iti h ilw y , mile to the ast of S a a n a was su to oa s as oa s s e l m nna , pit nk a c r e g c l thi eam I i o a cannot now be identiﬁed . t s pr b ble that eastwards along the Sou r of s A a a Ma B and M the n margin the ba in the rm d le in , all ill

Coals once more increase invalue . A trial pit was sunk to the Mill Coa ou mi of A o e u e s l ab t half a le north v nbridg , while f rther a t, near

B s all h are o a su s. A on s e lack tone, t ree w rk ble bject l g the ea t rn a O f as as a e s h s ls are la m rgin the b in, lr ady de cribed, t e e coa rgely r are a a s u Colinburn worked ; the e , in ddition, rea of the nderlying and Sulphur Coals which will no doubt in the future come to have a a a E A o a t s . . . greater imp rt nce th n pre ent . M

The Sla mannan Coa l ield f .

A rea South o the L enzis Tor hichen D ke ( f p y . )

irli 35 N . N E 3 N. W L inli h 4 W . 6 E St n . . t ow ( g, , ; g , S . )

Coxrod S L ad ran e ohnstone Coa s The , plint, yg g and J l together at o m a mi a s a but are no one time f r ed ner l ﬁeld of con ider ble wealth , w aus u s ff unfortunately exh ted . The thinner nderlying eams o er for s s a a in s s t the pre ent little pro pect of a reviv l of ctivity thi di tric , is as a sul a u a e which re t becoming l rgely depop l t d . The following is an average section Thi n c ess. D h k ept . F ms F t I n F ins F n . . . . t. I . Strata JO HNSTO NE O R O I L -SHALE V I R TUE WE L L I RO NSTO NE CO AL CO AL 19 0 0 Strata L A D Y GRA NGE CO A L 0 2 6 28 0 0 Strata 0 1 0 30 0 0

MUSSE L RA ND I RO NSTO NE O I L -SH ALE KI L TO NGU E MUSSE L RA ND I RO NSTO NE MUSSE L RA ND Blaes COAL 35

Shared the reputation of that to the west as a ﬁ rst-class navigation or stea c a ou n a s m oal, lth gh not mainly converted i to anthr cite . Thi s m has e s us and the ea b en almo t entirely exha ted, at the time of s o was o u a A rnloss r revi i n nly being wro ght at one loc lity, near . He e it was found to persist for some distance with no covering but u - a to its S a was so l e d bo lder cl y, and owing plinty ch racter ittle soft ne by weathering that it was actually being worked under these condi I i in ons. t s a as s ts st ti overl in, other di tric , at a di ance of a few feet ” Carbonicola robusta musselband ss o by a band of , or , in a ociati n a a om u ou with l yer of s ewhat bit min s Shale.

' Kilton ue Coal is too to o but The g thin be w rkable, an attempt was at a to o Kilton ue Musselba nd a on one time m de w rk the g , p rtly u -S asso s L ad r an e acco nt of the oil hale ciated with the eam . The yg g was use but has ee ou out a e a ho hold coal , b n entirely wr ght . The l tt r s r s a s J ohnstone Virtuewell Coa l was ob e vation applie l o to the or , which a ﬁrst- ss ous o a sh was d s cla h eh ld co l , while the overlying ale i tilled in s S u s retort pecially erected for the p rpo e .

Noticeable wants occurred near L imerig in the V irtuewell and I n s s s a O s u Splint seams. both ca e the e were elong ted S as to ggest st os o a V irtuewell u s u - as o ream er i n , th t in the r nning o th e t, the ther a sou of s has r e for u two little th ea t. The latter been t ac d abo t s s i s and a o mile , the bed wh ch el ewhere form the roof p vement c ming o oa has dis a I n s as r t gether where the c l appe red . neither ca e w the e a u e i se any tr ce of the want in the nd rly ng or overlying am.

I E GN OUS BOOKS.

The L enzis-Torphichen dolerite dyke which forms the northern limit of the coalfield is accompanied by an upthrow to the north s O ff a s m i is sm which take the princip l ea s. Near Greenh ll there a all a B o a C a to o a s h rea of alm r l o l the n rth, which en ble the t row to a a u 4 fm E is u be estim ted at bo t 0 s. lsewhere the amount q ite i uncerta n. I t is probable that the whole of the Slamannan coalfleld is under a a of f lain by Sill (flo t) dolerite which is proved to be 4 0 ms . in ss o Stoneri I s s is thickne in the b re near g. t pre ence indicated by the blind coal and other items in the bore from Binniehill Pit t A t s o S fm a s a s. bot om. thi p int the ill lie more th n 50 bene th the

Coxrod o s u is u ff us . I ts , which in c n eq ence na ected by the intr ion o ra u s s to s and s u and s a s ss o horiz n g d ally ri e the ea t o th , thi tr n gre i n , a s of the s a b s along with the gener l ri e trata in th t direction , ring it su a A o o s as far to the rf ce near v nbridge . Thence the outcr p extend a Westcrai s o h I s g , f rming a line of low ills. ts change of level is expressed in the fact that the Cox rod becomes unworkable near A rnloss ; it is also shown by the two bores at Stonerig and E aster is su usi Whin . Hence it not rprising that at Westcraigs the intr on has risen high enough in the metals to overlie by some distance the S or U D rum ra s o plint pper g y po iti n . Northwards the outcrop of the dolerite ends abruptly along the l Le s- hi at can s to ine of the nzi Torp chen dyke , and one point be een s a a ar F u s o n become finer toward vertic l m gin . rther ea t the T rphiche m n s S a o a u i The sill ter i ate h rply al ng contin ation of the same l ne. I yneous Rocks. d ff r s s u n i e ence in level of the two ill cannot be explained by fa lti g, Since what faulting there is would tend to produce displacement in an os I t a Le s opp ite direction. may rather be inferred th t the nzi ' r se a a - s u and O fl Torphichen dyke o long pre exi ting fa lt line, gave a on ff r on i flo ts di e ent levels on its opposite Sides. That the north s bOth r a and ua as ma b s e su a el tively act lly lower, y e e n by the rf ce s t o of two S s s is so S o m a n po i i n the ill . Thi point al h wn by co p ri g the levels in the bore from Binniehill Pit bottom (which must have 9 and a a a ch r see . m de ne r approa to the dole ite, p 7 ) in the deep 1 m 907 Rashiehill o S is at s 100 f s. u ( ) b re, in which the ill lea t f rther a n o us is bene th the surface. The o ly other imp rtant intr ion the Bedlay-Greengairs east-and-west whin dyke which passes close by ‘ L imeri F o u u i s u s g. r m the co nty bo ndary ts ea terly co r e can be a d o a o a a a as far as L tr ce , with the mining inf rm ti n v il ble, ittle B a L o . N a Barnsmuir was cut S C o s l ck ch e r it in the plint oal w rking , and was u a a t ss u 30 ds A S u fo nd to h ve hickne of abo t y . a r le the se to u n ff of N L dyke ems ca se o appreciable di erence level . ear ittle Black L och this dyke crosses the line of a thinner intrusion which can be traced south -south -westwards in the Splint Coal workings as far as N r the orth Calder Wate . North-westwards of the Black L och the coalfield is intersected s ra - r L o e o s au s. s s by eve l n rth we terly f lt The la ge t of the e, the dg ” D a a s ss Bedla -Green airs rusio u yke , ppe r to cro the y g int n witho t rru A u to i o . a u a a s inte pti n f lt r nning p r llel it , however, deflected , and e a u p rh ps continues on a different line upon the so thern Side. b s of s u s - as or o a the The igge t the e fa lt throw north e t , c ntr ry to a a a ff is u n and in gener l dip of the str t . Their e ect th s to bri g keep the two s s a s s ou not ha e s highe t e m , which otherwi e w ld ve b en pre ent S a a a coalfield in the l m nn n . A S the Coxrod Coal was unwrought in the eastern part of this

' coalﬁ eld i h a i ou o O n or t as been found impossible to tr ce ts tcr p. e two thin coals which are probably below this horizon can be seen a o th B u s l ng e course of the D rumtassie urn . The thickest meas re a oo and is s s u u to a u only f t , be ide too m ch b rnt be of v l e .

The dolerite sill to the south of Avonbridge was wrought as

“ recently as 1906 by the A vonbridge Granite and Whinstone C a in ua s for u n s s omp ny, three q rrie the prod ctio , chiefly , of ett and s the us u oa a O f the a e kerb , ref e being broken p for r d met l . l tt r, 2000 tons a year is said at one time to have been produced ; this u a l o co ld be delivered in F alkirk and Bathg te at five shil ings a t n. s os ua C a is is o a s n The we ternm t q rry ( r igend) h t ric lly intere ti g, having been opened in 1836 to provide Sleepers for the railway from Airdrie through Slamannan to Causewayend (on the Union Canal) wa s s e which s then under course of construction . The e le pers were S u 2 2 1 ft u f . s s n t x x . q are block mea ri g . ft ; they were , however, u to and s a a u O f s fo nd be too jolty, were di c rded in f vo r the pre ent o wo den article . o s in ur a of u The r ck varie text e , th t the middle q arry being o o ra n o s ma a was on the wh le the c arsest in g i . The c ar er teri l m h - o us for oa - a w a - s ac ine br ken when ed r d met l , hile the h nd breaker th or fi n r- a a preferred e cleaner e gr ined v riety . The rock in all three quarries is so widely jointed as to permit the al M e Co easur s.

a h n s and s s is a s a s i a u f form tion of c a nel kerb , Thi l o di tinct ve fe t re O ua s - s of Muckraw on the two q rrie to the north we t , which were this ou n u a w c as s s . a c nt widely k own , altho gh the m terial omewhat ofter Some of the rock from this locality is stated to have been exported a A l G . S as s e ous a to erm ny The vonbridge il , tat d on the previ p e, is ed o u but l u limit to the n rth by a vertical j nction , the avai able s pp y is far from having been exhausted .

We conclude this chapter with the following general section of E as S s F a Ca and A Coa s the t tirling hire ( lkirk, rron irth) lﬁeld .

Thic ness D e th k . . m F . F t In . F m s. s. t . I n. WE E CO AL (F alkirk) or V I RTUE WE L L CO AL (Carron and Airth) Strata DI AMO ND or CO CKMA L A NE CO AL (F alkirk) or L A D r GRA NGE CO AL (Carron and Airth) 3 0 0 Strata Kiltongue Musselband MI LLE R CO AL (F alkirk) or TWO FO OT CO AL (Carron) 0 Strata CRAW or CR O W CO AL of Stirlingshire: KI L TO NGUE CO AL O f L anarkshire 0 26 0 O Strata MUSSE L RA ND 33 0 0 SPLI NT or HAR D CO AL (F alkirk) or CAR RO N MAI N CO AL ==U PPE R D R UMGRAY CO AL Of L anark Shire 34 0 0 st MI D SP L I NT CO AL (Airth) : MI D CO AL (Craigend) 0 39 0 0 Strata U PPE R CO XR O D Carron and Ai rth) ; CO XR O D or SO FT (F alkirS) = L O WER D RU MGRA Y CO AL of L anarkshire 0 4 7 Strata L ow or L O WE R CO XRO D CO AL 50 Strata M USSE L RA ND 56 Strata MI LL or A UCHI NGA NE CO AL 61 Strata BALL or BR I GHTO N MAI N CO AL 67 Strata A RMAD ALE MAI N or GL E NE U I R CO AL 73 OO OO Strata CO L I NRU R N CO AL Strata BO N NY HI L L CR AW COAL

Strata . L O WSTO N E (ironstone balls in blaes with marine lSs fossi ) . Blaes L O WSTO NE CO AL Strata F ireclay SL ATY BA N D IRO NSTO E N— New B o S non ms etc. Bo us and y y , The right n , Victory, who e High C a s w all o a l u al s of Colinburn stone o l ere pr b b y eq iv ent the . The Bonnyhill Crow and L owstone Coals come between this horizon and le e Wester G ntor . the Slat band os one the F a coalﬁeld as so y p ition in part of lkirk , al u Th - l L ad ran e does the S lphur Coal of Blackstone . e SO cal ed yg g Coal of Carron and Airth may not be the seam SO named in L anark s but a the V irtuewell E . . A . hire, portion of . M

Wester Glentore .

W N E . L anar 3 N. . . ( k , , )

I n a s C M sur s s u F ann side Mu the n rrow trip of oal ea e , o th of y ir,

a s t s a the sea s are s . th t fall wi hin thi rea, following lower m pre ent h U D u The Coxrod or L ower D rum ra 13 fms. o t e g y, bel w pper r m a s s 9 14 ss has ou gr y . Thi eam , to in . in thickne , been wr ght f l n r oa is rom a pit between Bridgend and E aster G e to e. The c l ur o h b nt in the neighbourhood of the dyke to the n rt . - m e l an at i 3 4 f s. Th B ackton ue Pl t ion Coal 6 18 n. g , to , below the Cox rod : the outcrop is seen on the roadside at the west end of a t the pl n ation . — s f s ds and a s an Separated from this eam by 3 4 ms. of an tone bl e d i s s c s a uss s is a a 9 19 . ron tone , o ca ion lly with m el , co l to in thick , which outcrops on the east Side of the stream between Shiels and a L oanhe d . The Smith Coal o t a of a a 11 to 26 y ( f en with thin rib p rrot co l), w r Gl ntor . ss as ars at s t e e in in thickne , in ecent ye worked We er C and a es o a r s a olliery, in e rlier tim fr m dry level at the oad ide ne r

Shiels. F or further details concerning the coals of the Greengairs coal

w. . 2 L . M a t V . 11 e see . . ﬁ ld emoir on P r , p H TE R V ’ CHAP .

SU ERF I CIAL D E SI S P PO T .

Ca rse of Kinneil .

THE superficial deposits of the Carse and of the small part of A rea d u - as I n v on u se a 11. a s an s vera t h t lies ea t o th e t of , incl de rai d be ch and estuarine material together with earlier glacial sands and gravels and boulder clay. The whole surface of the Carse is probably formed either of raised beach and estuarine deposits or of alluvia of a closely Similiar character which have been laid down by flood waters in recent s s s are s a a s u s os time . The highe t bed for the mo t p rt cl y or m d cl ely similar to those forming the extensive tidal flats along the southern f F Shore of the F irth o orth.

Most of the surface of the Carse is from 2 to 4 ft. above o ar h -Wat - a and a s u s a a o the rdin y igh er m rk, cert in part , f rthe t w y fr m sea are o s e a h r : or o of su a , c n id r bly ighe little none, h wever, the rf ce ” ’ a s- of 25- oo a s a Bo ss re che the level the f t r i ed be ch , which in the ne

a mu as 35 to 4 0 a o a a u . district may be s ch ft. bove rdn nce d t m level The floods that from time to time cov er parts of the Carse are a to due to a a e S is o s u s s id be chiefly l nd w t r, ince it nly when the l ice on the drains are not in working order that extra high tides can flood the comparatively small tracts behind the embankment that lie - - below high water mark. A u ura Ca s so s are unusu a ua a gric lt lly the r e il ally v l ble , p rtly perhaps on account of the presence in the clays of some amount of o a a o u ro s of finely divided rg nic m tter . They pr d ce excellent c p a and a s and affo o as u a of a s whe t be n , rd go d p t r ge cattle , which perh p derive some benefit from the presence of a certain amount of salt in the soil . F rom time to time it has been proposed to enclose the tidal ” flats to the north of the Carse.

F a lkirk D istrict .

The Carse lands to the north -east of F alkirk are mainly formed “ ” s f a s or 25- oo a s a of the sandy deposit o the l te t f t r i ed be ch . The 4 u r o upper limit of deposition here rises to 0 ft. b t falls eastwa ds t - 2 f . the 2 t. level of s os s is an old sea a in The southern limit the e marine dep it m rg ,

l ommission on Coast E rosion v ol ii R ort of the Ro a C . i. 1911 art V . ep y , , p , ” M adell The Stor O f the F orth Glas o 1 h s 1 2 See also H. . C w 911 C a . 3 . , y , g , , p

II nd XI I I . . a Falkirk District .

usua l l-defined Be s s a l y wel . yond thi margin lie belt occupied by mounds and ridges of sand and gravel extending from Bonnybridge on r to bey d the eas te n limits of the present area . These accumula t o s ac a and e a o n i n are of gl i l origin , w re probably l id d wn alo g the landward margin of a mass of ice which occupied the estuary of the F o s s G i orth t ward the clo e of the lac al Period . There are one or two small sand pits in these deposits near l u in and ou G s o is Po mont, and the clay wro ght ar nd raham t n believed av a to h e Similar origin . The southern limit of these gravels coincides for some miles with u u and - n the conspic o s well k own Polmont Kame or E sker. The remainder of the ground to th—e south 1s covered with boulder l O e an in uml s on s a n c ay, ft n arr ged dr in l g ridge having defi ite d r n s a a a of s i ectio , in thi rea gener lly little to the north ea t. Ca s os ts u u u a d but o The r e dep i prod ce rich agric lt r l lan , fr m the o of are o n O s u ffi u mining p int view fte an b tr ction, owing to the di c lty s u i ar o se of inking thro gh the loose mater al of which they e c mpo d .

E . M. A .

B E D R NNE URI IVE R CHA LS.

The occurrence of a deep pro-glacial channel filled with super fi cial deposits to a depth of at leas t 4 0 fathoms in the Carron coal its f c os t o and u s Of oa o s has field , and ef e t on the p i i n co r e the c l cr p ,

in a V . C I 62. a to . alre dy been referred h pter , p The course of this buried river channel has been followed in a number of bores : it extends along the present valley of Bonny e o ha of Ca o ri F o a Wat r and thence al ng t t the rr n , ente ng the rth few u of a u ou h ndred y ards to the north Gr ngemo th Harb r. The depth of the old channel to rock-head at Carronbank is

285 " at Towncroft - u s a u r o ft and , three q arter of mile f rthe d wn

the 252 and 2 3 . a o s. a river, 7 ft in two dj ining bore The bre dth of the ancient valley at Carronshore is about 1000 yards : elsewhere it o s not a u 500 a s d e ppear m ch to exceed y rd . a D r o The Carron channel has been described in det il by . Cr ll in a paper contributed in 1869 to the E dinburgh Geological Society ; ” is a M a hi S o of F orth so to r . C s l referred by dell in t ry the , Twhere 86 S o h o o the reader will ﬁnd a useful section (p . ) h wing t e f rm f the channel and its relation to the coal-seams at Carronshore

E AT P .

There are extensive areas of peat in the southern part of F alkirk a P nd the northern part of Slamannan arish . These include Garbethill Mu and on ar a I n a as D arnri ir, a c nected e known p rt the g I n rdrum MO O ne I n D arnri M oss and part as the Ga SS. bore g shows th 0 e e to ss a 3 ss. p at be no le th n ft. in thickne A t the time O f the revision (1907) a new industry had recently es a s In s s Gr d s Moss L been t bli hed thi di trict, where the ien t veen itter - L d. r ru an u CO . t s Ga d m d a moss s f , had lea ed the neighbo ring pe t e or

” Buried u d r ri t Tr s E i O n Tw Ri ha nels n e an d n . Geol c o v er C n D f . , . So . v ol . i. 1869 3 , , p . 30. i 4 c t. . 8 , p . the manufacture of moss litter and material for packing frui t and

a s. s D u u oura veget ble The employee were all tch, who, nder fav ble a o s c u as u as £3 we ther conditi n , o ld earn m ch per week . The material used was the loose brown peat which forms the upper part

the ss. s was du out c in s s and e e of mo Thi g , pla ed tack , air dri d, b ing afterwards compressed by mechanical means into bales suitable for ” ha s u E M A s . s . . . tran port The work now been di contin ed .

A wide area O f peat-covered ground extends from the head of the Avon Water northwards across F annyside M uir to A rns and Garbet hill and is continued towards the north-east in the peat mosses of r hi l Mu Ga bet l ir. On either side of the head of F annyside L och the peat has been s a its use for ss a exten ively bored with view to mo litter and p cking, for which purposes the upper layers of brown peat seem very suit able . TO the east of Blackmyreknoll the depth of the peat varies from 19 to 27 ft and an average section from a large number of bores Shows

F ibrous brown peat O f excellent quality for moss litter Brown eat less brous suitable for ac in , ﬁ , p k g Hard bﬁck peat

ra n s Pavement hard boulder clay or disinteg ti g sand tone. On the north -west Side of F annyside L och the average section gives

6f . a f . L . . o t 8 t W . br wn peat, ; bl ck peat, . H

“ S Gr n Wilson Summar of Pro ress for Mem. Geol . Surve . . a t J , y g y,

1 8 . 110. 90 , p

ows ne to , 66. gu ie Water 24 28 gg , . L n mes n nd l 2 o cross L i to e a Coa 0. y ,

M ’ E ST P E CO I E R CO . 5 7. ACKI SO N S PI T 10. A L AN LL Y , , , M E dmondi unctatella 21. ain Coal Plean 13 F al ir 72. a , ( ) ; ( k k), p Banknock 4 5 55 E ll Coal , 52 . ( ), , . ” M r ds 3 -4 a ine Ban 9 1 . — , Me l F KI R K CO I E 64 78. adowban Co lier 69 70. AL ALF LD, k y, ,

ME O D R W. 32 de M ir 86 R . . . F ann si u . , , J , y LL Mid 2 F l 5 1 3 60 61 63 76 77. Coal 13 7 . au ts, 3, , 7, 7, , , , , , , — Mill l F irecla L ower 28 32 4 2. Coa 70 71 78 79 . y, , , , , , —, - Mills n i 2 to e Gr t 8 43. U er 33 37. p , , ’ M F loats 3 18 23 27. oor Roc 32. , , , , k , 4 MO R E R T 4 6. din f S r ta 3 O . . F ol o t a . g , , , , MO li SS tter, 86. I -35 Musselband Coal 4 6 50 E 6 . G S R 31 7 . AN T , , , , l I ro s ne 4 hi i . n to r P . Ga bet l ts, 66 , 6, 68 ' Mu lb 14 4 4 sse d 80. Gateside Pit 72. an s 7 , , , 6, , i ” 32 M dub 1 G nstane . , y , 7. 2 M o Hill 1 Glencr an 26 9 . t 7 y , , y , .

i t rh le oal 68. Glenfu r or Gu te o C , Glenv aul 24 30 N V I I l 14 t . O CO l . , , A GAT N AL, ,

m h d . N br G ran e out Coal el 60. e as an fauna 4 2. g ﬁ , k , Green ards oal 16 Netherwood Pit 24 y C , . , .

uarr section 25. Q y , H C 2 Newho f l W 9. use au t 6 CO CK . . 7 . AN , , , H l Nomen l f kn l 4 ar 55. B d Coa , c ature o an ock Goa s, 7, H r ire i 11 4 e r h P ts 1 8. be ts , 7, 0, . H er N H inin 2 h r 6. orth a s Bor ua t e 7. Q , g , ” igi hstone 66. g , H E 42 L - H 4 4 HI R . W E O 8 OI S E 1 1 D D 3 19 50 7 7 . N , LT N, , . AL , , , , ,

Hi ls 2 1 2 4 O rchard L i l es rst Coa 3 2 . m n nd la 0 , , , esto e a B , 2 . Ho ie im tones r s L es 8. O v e la 3 6 . , , p , l Hum h Coa 4 9 55 . p , , HU L L ME R M 4 2 PA A E ST 2 R SS S. P . L C RI G I RO N NS 3 , . , . O , . Peat , I V 4 I E O S R SI E ROCKS 17. Phos horus 1 . GN U NT U , p ,

I ndex L imestone 19 20 23 Ph srcal tests of ﬁ recla 36. , , , . y y, i ic 3 I de ma 2 . n 5 n x Plea d str t 7. p, , , I n er on district 4 ll ier 5 v av 1. Co . , y, I ronstones 9 15 1 20 32 L imestones , , , 6, , . ,

Polmont Burn , 71.

O HNSTO NE CO 80 ame 85. J AL, . K , i I n nes 1 F s l ro s 6. os to , KI D N D R R 3 4 - l l STO . . 8 1 Pre lacia channe 62 . , , , . g ,

ils th Co in Coal 8. K y k g , il 26 R R 2 t . CO 0. K , QUA Y AL,

Kiltorl ue Coal 51 52 56 59 74 80. uarter Pits 7 12 . , , , , , Q , , hfusselb nd 1 ua z-d lerite 1 a 7. 6 74 80. rt o , , , Q , in rd fault 1 nai 6 . K , l E Kinnei district 26. R E . C. 29. , ADL Y, ,

nott Coal 9. aised beach 84 . K , R , h d Pit 5 l 2 Knowe ea , 3. Ras hiehil , 8.

Red Coal , 68.

L A D Y GRA NGE CO 56 60. Reddm Prit3s AL, , ’ L ad Ha Coal 50. Redf gCollier y , o y, 68. - h h L enzie Tor ic en d e 3 64 80 RI E S H 32 37. p yk , , , . , , , - L etham fault 63. Ros hill bore 20 22 e 38 43. , , , ,

L ev enseat Shale 4 1. Rou hcastle ﬁ recla wor s 35 65. , g y k , , L in ula 20 4 1 66 g , , , . L iv in stone Pit 51 R . SE S A ND KE R S 81. g , TT , ” L od e e 81 D . Shale Coal 50 53. g yk , , ,

L ower F irecla 4 2 . Sills 3 1 2 2 1 8 3 80 8 . y, , , 7, , , ,

L imestone Grou 6. Slat band I ronstone 5 p, y , 6 . I ndex.

S m i h t Coal 79 83. To hichen dolerite 18 20. , , rp , , S ec 0 B ll Coal Torwood Gle 3 8 p a , 67 n, 7, 3 . S lint Coal - l 0 53. n ch s o n 1 p , 5 , Twe t in l f P ea , 6. S t eam Coal 11 T h Pi s 15 . ets au h t . , yg g , t eel l S Coa , 49. ’ S TE I S F I R E CL WO RKS 2 32 ” 6 . AY , , N V E R E 6 U NI S D K 7 . AL Y , S TE RT D. R 1 . 7 74 . UA , , , - er F irecla 33 3 . U pp y, 7 S tin in or Sul hur Coal 67 68 k g , , - L imestone Grou 19 27. “ p p , S t one sl ee rs, 81.

S tructure 0 Area, 2. I R 1 mm h CTO I PIT 5 . S u er ouse d e 76. V A , yk ,

ir in Coal 50 55. S u er cial de osits 84 . V g , , p ﬁ p , i e l l 0 2 5 S non ms of V rtu wel Coa , 5 , 5 , 6 80. y y coals, 82 . ,

olcanic roc s 17 19 27. V k , , ,

T D . I . 38 AT, ,

T T OCK THO SO N MESSRS 11 W CE WM. 11. A L AND M , . , . ALLA , ,

Thic enin of strata 19 20 Walton Burn 23 26 30. k g , , . , , , ” Third Drum Q oal 5 C 4 Want 80. y , 7, 3. s,

THO S H H Wee C l of Crosscroes 75. . 33 oa MA , , . ,

THO RN EY CROI T W CE 5 12 Wester Glentore 88. , ALLA , , . , ’ Tod s Mill 4 1 4 2 in Si l 18 23 80 82. , , . Wh l s, 3, , , , To C f 1 8 oal O Plean 15 N R NT 7 6. WI SO . G p ( ), . L , J A , , O O G I CA L S U V E Y O F S CO TL A D G E L — R N . O ce Geor e S uare E b ﬁ 33 g q , din urgh .

O r ig i n a l S u r v ey o f t h e S c ot t is h C o a l f iel d s o n

t h e s c a l e o f s ix i nc h es t o o n e m i l e.

The original Geological Surv ey of the Scottish Coal ﬁelds was begun in 1854 m i The ma s are ublished on O nance Sh d co pleted n 1890. p p rd eets of the Old Series each containin twent -four s uare miles hand-colour d wi , g y q , e , th in ho bo h solid and drift eolo en rav ed l es S win t . g , g gy Geological ma S of the Scottish Coal ﬁel S on the scale of one inch to one ile r l ub ished hand-coloured exce t where now re laced b he N m a e a so p , ( p y t ew l ur- inted ma s on the same sea e Series of co o pr p ) . Brief memoirs explanatory of the one-inch geological maps are also on sale h i n of 12 9 not ublished and 22 23 with t e exce t o 30 3 out of rint . p , , ( ), , ( p ) e ils c rices see L ist O f emoirs Ma s and Sections blishe F or d ta etc. u d p , p , , p b he Geolo ioil Surv e s of Great Britain and I reland to be O btained from h y t g y , t e r e ur e or from A ents for the sale of O rdnance m Pri O dnanc S v a s. ce 6d y g p .

R ev is ed S u r v ey o f t h e Sc ot t is h C o a l f iel d s o n

t h e s c a l e o f s ix i n c h es t o o n e m i l e.

R vision of the c alﬁelds was be un in 1902 and is in ro res e esul e e o g p g s. Th r ts ar being ‘ ublished in emoirs a s on the scale of one inch to one mile colour rinted and New. M , M p ( p ) ° ries a s on the scale of six inches to one mile uncoloured with eol cal lines and s m M p , , g e y bols en rav ed or hand-coloured t o Show either solid eolo onl or S011 and d ri ﬂ: eolo g , g gy y, g gy. The New Series Maps on the scale of six inches to one mile are issued as quarter sheets n x are mil s The sheets of the New Ser e each containi g si squ e . i s correspond with the sheets of the O ld Series exce t in E dinbur hshire Haddin nshire and art of D umbartorrsh r p g , , p i e. F o exam le E dinbur h 2 Old Series is now inclu ed in arts of 1 d w r p , g p , 3 an 4 Ne Series. Th re has also been some rearran ement O f count boundaries I n A r n e . sh e a hi g y y ir , L a rks re, Renf s ir irlin shire and L inlith owshire the Old erie sh e rew h e, St g g S s e ts and the New Series corres ond. F or exam ls L anarkshire 8 is still issued as L anarkshire 8 b f p , , ut in our quarter W N W E h N . E . . S. . S eets, 8 . , . , . , ° The publication of the New Series six-inch geolo cal maps has been to some extent de

a ed "throu h circumstances arisin from the war. anuscri t co ies of m s l y g p p ap rev ised , but ° not et ub iehed can be ins ected at the Ofﬁ ce of the Geolo csl Surv e 33G eor e S uare y p , p y , g q ,

E dinbur h . anuscri t co i es of such ma s or O f arts O f t em if desired ma be Obtained g M p p p , , y ’ the cost of the drau htsmen s work entailed us the cost of d at g , the O r nance Sheet . I n ° formation and estimates will be su lied on a pl cation to the Su erintendent of a s p p p M p , l eo p uare Edi u H M eolo ica Surv e 33 r e n r h . . . G g y, G g q , g

P u b l ic a t io n s r el a t i n g t o t h e R ev is ed S ix -i n c h - S u r v ey o f S c ot t is h C o a l f iel d s (l 9 02 l 9 l 7) .

M E M O I R S .

lo of the las ow D istrict Price 48. 6d The Geo gy G g . - of h heet 31 Price 28 . E xplanation One inc S . 3d f e L othians 2nd edition 1912 Price The Oil Sh ales o th ( ) ( 2S. 6d . lo of the Nei hbourh ood of E dinbur h 191 Price 8 6d Geo gy g g ( 7 . . i 4 6 ian r ce 8 d . Geology of E ast L oth P . h ent al oalﬁeld of E conomic Geology O f t e C r C Scotland . V w as hr ston le boi and A ir 16 P Area . las o E t C n drie 19 rice 4 3. 6d (G g , y , G g ) . . de u r r 1 1 A rea V I II . (E ast Kilbri and Q a te ) 9 7. Price 28. an nn al irk rr Gran em uth and rea II . Plean d D e F k Ca on o Slamannan c A . i ( y , , , g ) Pr e4s . 6d . n re aration Other parts i p p . C O L O U R -P R I NT E D M A P S O N T H E S C A L E O F O N E

I N C H T O O N E M I L E . — 6 heet 32 E dinbur h district Price 2S . d . S . — hian district Price 28 6d h E ast L ot . . S eet 33. — L inlith w to las ow E n rav in . Sheet 31. go G g ( g g) l s ow D is rict Price 2s Special Sheet of the G a g t . N E W S E R I E S M A P S O N T H E S C A L E O F S I X I N C H E S

T O O N E M I L E .

U n U n

lid D rift. cold. So . Solid . D rift . cold .

d S d . S. d . S. . . S. d . s. d. S. d . 6 L an 3 9 3 9 1 ark 3N W. I ncl d L anark . u ed in Stirling 3 9 3 9 1 6 34 W . . , N. I ncluded in Stirlin 3 N E I g . . ncluded in Stirling

34 N W. . 34 N . E and 3 . . 5 N. W 3 9 3 9 1 6 *3 W S. . Rev ised n t e , o y t 3 9 3 9 1 6 ublish p ed . Co ies can be su lied in ma uscri t p pp n p .

U n

Solid. D rift. cold. M h

s. d . s . d. s. d. m ¢ a “ Revised n Edinbur h 4 S E 4 3 Linlithgow 11 N. E . , ot g 4 published 4 A S w 2 3 2 5 N E 3 0 3 5 S E 4 3 3 3 9 3 9 l 6 7N E 4 3 4 not t 4 3 4 Revised, ye 7S E published 8 N W 4 3 4 “ Renln w 7N. E . 8 N E 4 3 4 W ” S. E . 8 S 6 3 6 “ W 8 E 4 3 4 8 N. . S “ 9 W 8 N. E . N & 3 0 3 “ . 8 S. W. M mmn “ w 8 S. E . N . “11 9 W 3 O 3 N. E . s “ . 11 S. E . M mmn “ 4 w' 1 N W. l 2 . 6 12 N. E. 9 S E 3 9 3 9 1 Q . v is e 12 SO WO 10 N E Re ed , not y t published " 0 W 12 S. E . s S 13 W q 0 S E S. . “ W D umbsrtou 23S. W. 11 N 3 0 2 3 1 6 11 S W 3 9 3 0 1 6 12 S E 3 9 4 3 1 6 13N W 5 0 5 0 1 6 13N E 4 3 4 3 1 6 13S W 4 3 4 3 1 6 “ W 13 E 3 8 S. . S 9 4 3 1 6 “ W 4 N W 4 11 N. . 1 3 4 3 1 6 “ 11 N. E . 14 N E 4 3 4 3 1 6 “ W 14 S W 11 S. . 4 3 4 3 1 6 “ l l S. E . 14 S E 4 3 4 3 1 6 “ W. 15 N W s 3 9 3 9 12 N. 1 6 “ M a 12 S. W. mmn “ W W I N w 16N. . It S. “ 16N. E . 18 N E 1 9 1 9 6 “ 1 N W 16S. E . 9 2 3 2 3 6 “ 17N. W. 19 N E 3 0 3 0 6 “ addin on 4 S W 9 1 S W. t 1 6 7 . H g “ W 4 S E 3 9 3 9 6 18 N. . W 9 N W 3 9 3 9 6 8 S. . “ 18 S. E . 9 N E 3 0 3 0 6 “ W W b A 22 N . E . 9 S & 0 W ' 23N. W‘ S . W W “ 3 0 2 3 1 6 W 2 s 2 a 1 6 M inh m¢9 1 6 1 S. E . 2 3 2 3 W 3 9 3 9 l 6 3 9 3 0 1 3N. . 6 1 6 Edinb 3N. E . 4 3 4 3 See urgh 9 W 3 9 8 9 l 6 S W 3S. .

4 1 4 E . i 4 3 3 6 1 S. See Ed nburgh 9 3 6 W 3 9 9 1 S. E . 4 N. .

W. 2 3 2 3 l 6 18 N. See Edinbu 4 N. E . rgh 4 3 1 6 W 4 W 4 3 15 N . . S. .

o i n be su lied in manuscri C p es ca pp pt .

V E RT IC A L S E C TIO N S . = O n scale of 1 in. 40 it. Price I s . 8d . each .

4. Cl 10 Basin Coalﬁelds - S dlit ants and Clsokmauuansbire Coalﬁelds 5. t ig

6. hl uirkirh Glenbuek L eamahagow, D o las an Ponfoi h Coalﬁ elds , - g v . V lle Cbalﬁeld between Rutber on d Cat lake 7. im a y g an

F or further articulars see L ist o Memoirs M a S ctio e ns etc. sl p f , , , ated by the “o rig ina l SW of Great Brita i n a nd I rd ms to be obta in from the O rdnance Surve or from A ents for the sale of O rdnance ma s Price d y g p . 6 .