Appendix D Cultural & Paleontological Resources Assessment

Cultural and Paleontological Resources Assessment

Dhammakaya International Meditation Center City Of Azusa, Los Angeles County, California

Prepared for:

Peter K. Carlson Vandermost & Carlson, Inc. 30900 Rancho Viejo Road, Suite 100 San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675

Prepared by:

Frederick W. Lange, Ph.D. and Curt Duke, M.A. Duke Cultural Resources Management, LLC 22 Socorro, Rancho Santa Margarita California 92688 (949) 303-0420 www.DukeCRM.com

and

Jennifer Mermilliod JM Research & Consulting 5110 Magnolia Avenue Riverside, CA 92506

Duke CRM Project Number: C-0107

July 2014

Per California Government Code 6254.10 archaeological site location information is exempt from the California Public Records Act. Therefore archaeological site location information should be kept confidential and not be made available for public view.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... i MANAGEMENT SUMMARY ...... iii INTRODUCTION ...... 1 Project Description ...... 1 Project Location ...... 2 SETTING ...... 2 Natural...... 2 Cultural ...... 2 Prehistory ...... 2 Ethnography ...... 3 History ...... 3 PERSONNEL ...... 13 METHODS ...... 13 Research ...... 13 Field Survey ...... 14 RESULTS ...... 14 Records Search...... 14 CRMS 1992/1996 ...... 14 HEART 1996 ...... 14 Jones & Stokes 1996 ...... 15 Cornejo 2005 ...... 15 Field Survey ...... 16 The MacNeil Mansion Property ...... 16 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 18 Significance/Eligibility Criteria ...... 18 California Register of Historical Resources ...... 18 Azusa Municipal Code Chapter 4.5 Cultural Resources ...... 19 Significance/Eligibility Determination ...... 20 MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat Property ...... 20 Archaeological Resources ...... 20 Paleontological Resources ...... 20 Potential Azusa Foothill Ranch Historic District ...... 20 IMPACTS ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 21 Project Component – Meditation Hall ...... 21 Project Component – Dormitory Buildings ...... 21 Project Component – Storage/Workshop Building ...... 22 Project Components – Parking, Storm Water Detention Basin, Fire Access Road, Reflecting Pool, Landscaping ...... 22 Mitigation ...... 23 REFERENCES...... 25

Figures Figure 1: Project Photograph ...... 5 Figure 2: Project Photograph ...... 6 Figure 3: Project Photograph ...... 6 Figure 4: Project Photograph ...... 7 Figure 5: Project Photograph ...... 9 Figure 6: Project Photograph ...... 10 Figure 7: Project Photograph ...... 10 Figure 8: Project Photograph ...... 11 Figure 9: Project Photograph ...... 11 Figure 10: Project Photograph ...... 12

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Figure 11: Project Photograph ...... 12 Figure 12: Project Photograph ...... 17 Figure 13: Project Photograph ...... 18

Appendices Appendix A: Project Maps Appendix B: Resumes Appendix C: CONFIDENTIAL Site Records- Not for public display

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MANAGEMENT SUMMARY Duke Cultural Resources Management, LLC (DUKE CRM) is under contract to Vandermost & Carlson, Inc. to provide cultural and paleontological resources services for the Dhammakaya International Meditation Center (DIMC) project, in the City of Azusa, Los Angeles County, California. The property is located at 865 East Monrovia Place and includes approximately 12 acres. The purpose of this report is to document efforts made to comply with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).

DIMC proposes improvements and modifications to the property. These improvements and modification include a new meditation hall, nine new 2-story dormitory buildings, parking, a storm water detention and water quality basin, a new fire access road, a new storage/workshop building, a reflecting pool, and landscaping

The cultural and paleontological resources assessment included a records search, archival/historical research and a field survey to identify archaeological resources and evaluate historical resources that are potentially eligible for the California Register of Historical Resources (California Register) or for designation under the City of Azusa Historic Preservation Ordinance (Chapter 55, Section II). The records search did not identify any archaeological resources within the project boundaries. However, two archaeological resources were identified during the field survey, a segment of the Covina Canal and a below-grade tunnel that emerges from beneath the east side of the Neff Chapel. These resources will not be impacted and were not evaluated for eligibility on the California Register.

The property is the former MacNeil family residence, which contains the grand 1932 MacNeil home. The MacNeil family sold the property to the Society of Jesus, the Jesuit Order (Jesuits) in the 1940s. Starting in the 1950s the Jesuits made several modifications to the house and constructed several new buildings on the surrounding property. The property was sold in 1995 to the Monrovia Nursery Company and again sold to the Dhammakaya International Meditation Center in 1997.

Jones and Stokes, Inc. evaluated the MacNeil House and the Summer House (old barn, now demolished) in 1996. The Jones and Stokes study found that these two buildings were not eligible for the California Register. At the time of the Jones and Stokes study many of the buildings constructed by the Jesuits were not yet historic in age and were not evaluated. The 2000 General Plan lists the property as a local historic landmark. However, it is not clear how the many additional buildings on the property were treated. In 2005, the Azusa Foothill Ranch and Monrovia Nursery Historic District which includes the MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat Property was recommended as a local Historic District.

Due to substantial collective losses in integrity of design, materials, and feeling, the MacNeil Mansion- Manresa Retreat Property does not appear eligible for listing in the California Register. The MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat Property clearly remains eligible for its current local designation of “Potential Landmark” under the Historic Preservation Ordinance of the City of Azusa (Ord. no. 00-012, §2, 10/16/00).

The northwest portion of the property is the location of former late-1800s MacNeil summer residence. Cornejo (2005) describes this area as an archaeological study area. There is a high potential to identify buried privies and out structures associated with this area. Archaeological sensitivity is considered high in this area. A paleontological locality search from the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County discovered that shallow sediments in the southern portion of the project are younger alluvial deposits and are not likely to produce fossils. However, deeper excavations in the southern portion of the project will likely contain older Pleistocene sediments and all excavations in the northern area are likely to be in the Miocene Topanga formation. Both of these formations have the potential to produce paleontological resources.

Under CEQA, historical resources that are listed or eligible for listing at the local level are considered historical resources for the purposes of CEQA. Therefore, the MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat Property is considered a historical resource per CEQA. The project as designed and discussed herein will have a less than significant impact to the MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat Property with mitigation incorporated. Several

iii

DUKE Cultural Resources Management proposed project details or elements are critical to maintaining potential impacts to a less than significant level or serve to enhance the preservation of important features and qualities of the MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat Property and should be considered for retention should final project plans change:

• Reuse of original swimming pool design and materials in the new reflecting pool. • Maximize distance, elevation differentiation, and orientation benefits in site planning for new Meditation Hall. • Use compatible design materials and features in the new dormitories to ensure harmony with the mansion and overall setting. • Seek the greatest retention of mature trees and landscaping to preserve the historic setting.

Mitigation measures include archaeological monitoring in the northwest portion of the property and paleontological monitoring in the southern half of the property when excavation exceeds approximately five feet in depth and in the northern half of the property when excavation exceeds two foot in depth.

If human remains are encountered, State Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5 states that no further disturbance shall occur until the County Coroner has made a determination of origin and disposition pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 5097.98. The County Coroner must be notified of the find immediately. If the remains are determined to be prehistoric, the Coroner will notify the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC), which will determine and notify a Most Likely Descendant (MLD). With the permission of the landowner or his/her authorized representative, the MLD may inspect the site of the discovery. The MLD shall complete the inspection within 48 hours of notification by the NAHC. The MLD may recommend scientific removal and nondestructive analysis of human remains and items associated with Native American burials.

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INTRODUCTION Duke Cultural Resources Management, LLC (DUKE CRM) is under contract to Vandermost & Carlson, Inc. to provide cultural and paleontological resources services for the Dhammakaya International Meditation Center (DIMC) project, in the City of Azusa, Los Angeles County, California. The property is located at 865 East Monrovia Place and includes approximately 12 acres. The purpose of this report is to document efforts made to comply with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).

Project Description The DIMC is a non-profit organization dedicated to teaching meditation to promote inner peace through the principals of Buddhism. The DIMC property is a 12-acre retreat and meditation center. The property contains lush and manicured landscaping. The property fronts on Monrovia Place. A long curvilinear driveway leads to the MacNeil Mansion (former Manresa Retreat), which is the main building. The MacNeil Mansion provides office and meeting room space. It also has cooking facilities for functions and staff dining. Part of the main building includes a small chapel that was constructed when the property was used as a catholic retreat (Neff Chapel). DIMC also uses this chapel for small ceremonies. In front of the MacNeil Mansion is a large lawn with a large Buddha statue and swimming pool (now filled in and used as a rose garden).The DIMC property has two detached buildings that provide meeting space and classrooms. One is located in the northwest corner of the property (Montserrat building) and the other is located in the southeast corner (Xavier building). Additionally, the retreat includes eight separate dormitory buildings.

DIMC proposes the following additions to the property:

• Meditation Hall. A new meditation hall is proposed. The approximately 69,179 square feet meditation hall is proposed to be a very large building to accommodate ceremonies of up to 700 participants with a building footprint of approximately 30,628 square feet and a total overall height of 67’2”. The hall will accommodate the larger events at DIMC as well as some of the smaller events. Currently large events are held on the lawn and parking area in front of the MacNeil Mansion. This location is not ideal due to inclement weather, uneven surfaces, and event logistics. The meditation hall will be located in the southeast portion of the project, fronting on Monrovia Place. The Xavier building will be demolished. • Dormitories. Nine new dormitory buildings are proposed. Each of the dormitory buildings will be 2-stories and located in the northern portion of the property behind the MacNeil Mansion. The eight existing 1-story dormitory buildings will be demolished. • Storage/Workshop Building. A storage/workshop building is proposed in the location of the existing pool. This building will also function as a retaining structure, set into the slope. The project plans include a proposal to create an outline of the existing pool on top of the storage/workshop building to denote the location of the pool. Additionally, a plaque would provide interpretative signage explaining the history of the pool and its relationship to the MacNeil Mansion. • Parking. 277 parking spaces are proposed; 130 spaces are proposed in the southeast portion of the property in front of the proposed meditation hall, and 147 spaces are proposed west of the MacNeil Mansion. • Storm Water Detention Basin. A storm water detention and water quality basin will be constructed in the southeast corner of the property. • Fire Access Road. A new fire access road is proposed through the northern portion of DIMC property. The road will create a loop and provide emergency vehicles access to all buildings and areas of the property. • Reflecting Pool. A reflecting pool is proposed in the shape of the existing pool on site using as much of the original materials as possible, such as tile and decorative fencing. • Landscaping. The majority of existing gardens will remain untouched. DIMC proposes to reconstruct the gardens in front of the main building and make additional landscaping improvements throughout the site, including extensive tree planting around the new meditation hall and dormitories.

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Project Location The property is located at 865 East Monrovia Place, in the eastern portion of the City of Azusa, County of Los Angeles. It includes approximately 12 acres. Specifically the project is located in Township 1 North, and Range 10 West, in the southeast ¼ of Section 26. The DIMC property is depicted on the USGS Azusa, Calif. 7.5 Minute Quadrangle maps (Appendix A).

SETTING Natural The Project is located in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains and is within approximately one mile of the boundary of the Angeles National Forest. The San Gabriel River is the nearest major water source located within two miles to the north and west. Geologically, the southern section of the project is underlain by Quaternary Alluvium, derived as alluvial fan deposits from the hills of the San Gabriel Mountains; the northern section is middle Miocene Topanga Formation.

During the past century, the project vicinity has been completely stripped of topsoil, developed, and landscaped. The surrounding area is characterized by mixed residential and commercial urban development, including two universities within one mile. Approximately ⅓ of the DIMC property is covered by architectural features, roads, and parking surfaces.

The project’s location at the contact between the foothills and the lower valley, and the presence of a permanent water source would normally suggest a moderate potential for archaeological resources. However, the project area has been subject to ground disturbance associated with the numerous construction projects at the Monrovia Nursery and the McNeil Residence-Manresa Retreat Property through the years.

Cultural Prehistory Of the many chronological sequences proposed for southern California, two primary regional syntheses are commonly used in the archaeological literature. The first, advanced by Wallace (1955), defines four cultural horizons for the southern California coastal province, each with characteristic local variations:

I. Early Man (~9000–8500 B.P.) II. Milling Stone (8500–4000 B.P.) III. Intermediate (4000–1500 B.P.) IV. Late Prehistoric (1500~200 B.P.)

Warren and Crabtree employ a more ecological approach to the deserts of southern California, defining five periods in prehistory (1986):

I. Lake Mojave (12000–7000 B.P.) II. Pinto (7000–4000 B.P.) III. Gypsum (4000–1500 B.P.) IV. Saratoga Springs (1500–800 B.P.) V. Shoshonean (800~200 B.P.)

Warren and Crabtree (1986) viewed cultural continuity and change in terms of various significant environmental shifts, defining the cultural ecological approach for archaeological research of the California deserts. Many changes in settlement pattern and subsistence focus are viewed as cultural adaptations to a changing environment, beginning with the gradual environmental warming in the late Pleistocene, the desiccation of the desert lakes during the early Holocene, the short return to pluvial conditions during the middle Holocene, and the general warming and drying trend, with periodic reversals, that continues to this day.

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Ethnography The project is located within the traditional boundaries of the Gabrielino or Tongva Indians. Historically, tribal boundaries were not established definitively and were considered to be fluid, due to either sociopolitical features or a lack of reliable data (Bean and Smith 1978). Although the project area falls within the Gabrielino/Tongva tribal boundaries delineated by Bean and Smith (1978), the Serrano are known to have occupied territories just to the east of the Gabrielino/Tongva. These territories encompassed the San Bernardino Mountains east of the Cajon pass, along the base of the mountains to the east and to the north, east across the desert to Twenty-nine palms, and South into the Yucaipa Valley (Bean and Smith 1978). There is documented interaction between the two tribal groups in the form of social relationships (in this case intermarriage between the different groups) and trade (Bean and Smith 1978). The Gabrielino include the Fernandeño who were associated with the Mission San Fernando Rey de España. The Gabrielino (Fernandeño) are one of the least known Native American groups in California. Generally their territory included all of the Los Angeles Basin, parts of the Santa Ana and Santa Monica Mountains, along the coast from Aliso Creek in the south, to Topanga Canyon in the north, and San Clemente, San Nicolas, and Santa Catalina Islands.

The Gabrielino spoke a dialect of the Cupan group of the Takic language family. This language was part of the larger Uto-Aztecan language stock which migrated west from the Great Basin. The Gabrielino shared this language with their neighbors to the south and east (Bean and Smith 1978, Shipley 1978).

Groups of Gabrielino lived in villages that were autonomous from other villages. Each village had access to hunting, collecting, and fishing areas (Bean and Smith 1978). Villages were typically located in protected coves or canyons near water. Acorns were the most important food for the Gabrielino, although the types and quantity of different foods varied by season and locale. Other important sources of food were grass and many other seed types, deer, rabbit, jackrabbit, woodrat, mice, ground squirrels, quail, doves, ducks and other fowl, fish, shellfish, and marine mammals.

Typically women gathered and men hunted, although work tasks often overlapped. Each village had a chief who controlled religious, economic, and warfare authorities. The chief had an assistant and an advisory council who assisted in important decisions and rituals. Each of these positions was hereditary being passed down from generation to generation (Bean and Smith 1978).

History The first Europeans to explore what would become the state of California belonged to the 1542 expedition of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, who sailed along and occasionally landed on the coast. Europeans are thought to have first visited portions of the interior in 1769, when Gaspar de Portola (Brown 2001) led a 62-person overland expedition from San Diego to Monterey (Cramer 1988). Two later expeditions, led by Juan Bautista de Anza in 1774 and 1775 from Sonora through southwestern Arizona and southern California, crossed the Santa Ana River at Anza Narrows in today's Santa Ana River Regional Park.

The Spanish government subsequently established missions and military outposts in San Diego in 1769 to facilitate colonization of the area and to keep rival European nations out of the area. After Mexico won independence from Spain in 1822, colonization efforts in Alta California decreased. The Spanish mission system was largely abandoned and the Mexican government bestowed land grants or ranchos to those loyal to the Mexican government including some Anglo settlers. The Mexican period (1822-1848) is largely identified with the ranchos acquired by individuals through the land grant system as well as the secularization of the missions. Mission secularization began on July 25, 1826 with a decree by Governor Jose Maria Echeandfa and was completed by 1836 after an additional decree in 1831 (Engstrand and Ward 1995).

The end of the Mexican period in California began on June 14, 1846 when a band of American settlers supported by the American explorer John C. Fremont and his team captured Mexican General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo in a dawn raid in Sonoma (Ide 1880, Rolle 2003). The Americans raised a flag for the "California Republic" and their actions became known as the "Bear Flag Revolt." The so-called California Republic was short-lived however, as on July 7, 1846, U.S. Navy forces captured Monterey, California, where the U.S. flag was raised (Rolle 2003). On February 2, 1848, the war between the U.S. and Mexico ended with

DUKE Cultural Resources Management the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which greatly expanded U.S. territory (including California) and resulted in Mexico being paid $15 million for the land (Rolle 2003).

Although gold had been found prior to this in various parts of California, the well-publicized discovery of gold near Sutter's fort in 1848 dramatically increased the Anglo settlement of California. Despite property rights of rancho owners being secured by provisions in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, California in the early American period experienced the transfer and subdivision of many of the ranchos as well as a shift from ranching to agriculture as the primary means of subsistence.

According to Culver Heaton (2006), portions of the area now occupied by the City of Glendora were considered public land bordered on the west by the Rancho Azusa until John Bender and William Bryant Cullen, both confederate veterans of the U.S. Civil War, each homesteaded 160 acres with their families in 1874. Their first crops were castor beans; however, as additional settlers moved into the area the agriculture diversified. In 1872, James C. Preston gave settlers 1.5 acres in the northwest corner of his claim, which became the Fairmount, or Mountain View cemetery (Pflueger 1964). In 1877, the Phillip Shorey, John P. Englehart, Cal Johnson, J. Charles West, and James J. West families settled the area. In 1880, the first orange tree seedlings were planted, beginning the area's long association with citrus (Heaton 2006). In 1886, George D. Whitcomb and other investors formed the Glendora land company, a name he created by combining his wife's name (Leadora) with “glen”, a reference to a mountain glen behind his home. The Glendora Land Company established the town site by laying out level streets lined with an estimated 6,000 young pepper trees and subdividing the land into lots (Heaton 2006).

By 1887 the Santa Fe Railway Company had an established a line that linked Pasadena and San Diego. Land in Glendora that had sold for between $2.50 and $15 an acre in 1879 was divided and sold as $1500 lots in 1887 (Dumke 1944). During the 1890s and early 1900s, Glendora became the center of the citrus industry and, at one time, possessed the largest citrus packinghouse in the world (Heaton 2006). Oranges and lemons were packed in boxes including the "Glendora Home" and "Glendora Heights" labels and even U.S. president William Taft had his citrus shipped monthly from Glendora (Heaton 2006).

The Pacific Electric Railroad Company had extended a line from Los Angeles to Glendora by December 1907 (Heaton 2006). In 1908, Michigan Avenue was paved and electric service was available in the town. The City of Glendora was incorporated on November 13, 1911, and in 1915 the city purchased the Glendora Water Company, securing water for its citizens. By the middle of the twentieth century, the city had evolved from an agricultural center to its continued largely residential nature.

MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat Property Historic Context The approximately 12-acre Dhammakaya International Meditation Center is situated within the City of Azusa on a portion of the former 250-acre Rancho los Cacomites. Named for the wild hyacinth flowers that once grew in abundance there, the rancho appears to have been carved from a portion of the Rancho San Jose Addition, which along with the Rancho San Jose, was owned jointly by Don Luis Arenas, Ygnacio Palomares, and Ricardo Vejar by 1838. These lands extended from the mountains on the north, to the San Jose Hills on the south, from Citrus Street in Azusa on the west, and to the City of Pomona on the east. To the west, the large Rancho Azusa, or “El Susa,” was also granted to Don Luis Arenas in 1842 and sold by 1844 to Henry Dalton, an English trader from Peru, who acquired additional rancho lands, including Rancho San Francisquito and Rancho Santa Anita (Jones & Stokes 1996:7).

Challenges to legal claims and homesteading by squatters shifted rancho boundaries and ownership following the admission of California into the United States. After 1874, Jonathan Sayre Slauson, founder of the Los Angeles County Bank and director of the Southern Pacific and Pacific Electric Railroads, acquired a large portion of Dalton’s holdings following a failed attempt by the Mound City Land & Water Company to establish a town. Upon her marriage to Hugh Livingstone MacNeil in 1884, Slauson gifted to his daughter Louise the 250 acres of the former Rancho San Jose Addition that became Rancho Cacomites. The following year, Slauson also bestowed upon his other daughter, Kate, a matching gift of 250 adjoining acres (west) of the former Rancho Azusa, which became the Rancho de Alisal, when she married John Selah Vosburg.

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Slauson gave the rest of the Rancho San Jose and Rancho San Jose Addition lands to his son, James, and in 1886, shifted his remaining Azusa Rancho holdings to his newly-formed Azusa Land & Water Company (Jones & Stokes 1996:8-9).

The development of transcontinental and local rail systems from the late-1860s to early-1880s had spurred unprecedented regional growth, and the young venture quickly sold lots. Soon, a small town of new residences, churches, stores, saloons, and a hotel coalesced on the landscape amid the real estate boom of the late-1880s that was felt throughout southern California. While agriculture in general supported most new towns, no crop was as pursued or as successful as citrus. Although the first commercial grove had been planted in 1857 by William Wolfskill near the pueblo of Los Angeles, few in southern California had been engaged in the production of citrus before the late 1870s when “Orange Fever” erupted, and new communities from Pasadena to Redlands were founded on orange agriculture.

As citrus grew in the southern California climate to become the favored industry of the region by the end of the 19th century, the Rancho los Cacomites may have been among the first to engage in citriculture locally. Before his early death in 1901, H.L. MacNeil was the president of the San Antonio Fruit Exchange, which was also associated with the Azusa-Covina-Glendora Citrus Association (later Fruit Exchange) as early as 1893. By 1900, all the Slauson children were involved in citriculture, and in 1902, the MacNeils, Vosburgs, and James Slauson incorporated as the Azusa Foothill Citrus Company. Both ranchos that had been gifted to the Slauson daughters – Rancho los Cacomites and Rancho de Alisal - were known jointly as the Azusa Foothill Ranch, an important regional producer, shipping 100,000-150,000 boxes of oranges annually between 1910 and 1946 (Kloepfer 1980).

Figure 1. Palm Drive just north of southern terminus at Foothill Boulevard

On the prosperity of the Azusa Foothill Citrus Company, the Slauson daughters each developed residences on their adjacent properties, which were both accessed and separated by narrow adjacent driveways along the rancho boundary. This dual drive was lined in 1908 with 226 California fan palms (Washintonia fillifera) (Figure 1 above, HEART 1996, Jones & Stokes 1996:9-10). While Kate constructed a Craftsman style residence on her ranch, the original MacNeil residence on Rancho del Cacomites was a converted barn used primarily in the summer from the 1890s through the 1920s (demolished after 1996), as Louise maintained a town residence in Los Angeles. It was much later in life that Louise commissioned Robert Farquhar to design a grand new home on the family ranch (Figure 2 below, Jones & Stokes 1996:10).

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Figure 2. MacNeil Mansion (1932) on the former Rancho del Cacomites

Designed in the French Eclectic style, the 1932 MacNeil Mansion was constructed in brick on a conservative, nearly Georgian, plan with 18th century French provincial elements, including quoining, shuttered casement windows, mansard roof, and a dominant rooftop balustrade.

Figure 3. Original swimming pool with balustrade, southeast of the MacNeil Mansion

A large swimming pool, which carried the mansion’s classical design to the gardens and front lawn, was screened by a matching balustrade, and the grounds were generously landscaped with palms and uncommon plants (Figures 3 & 4).

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Figure 4. MacNeil property grounds with mansion in background to the north

The design of the MacNeil Mansion may have been inspired by high style European art and architecture that Louise experienced in a lifetime of trips abroad and which influenced the Eclectic Movement in American architecture. Beginning in the last decades of the 19th century among the most prominent new wealth of New York and Chicago, the Columbian Exposition of 1893 boosted the movement into the 20th century where it quickly succumbed to the emerging Craftsman and Prairie School styles (Kidney 1974). The grand-scale, correct historical interpretation of European styles, which defined the movement, would return in the last half of the 20th century. First, returning World War I American soldiers helped popularize eclectic, period revival styles on smaller-scale homes across the growing suburban fabric of the country throughout the 1920s and 1930s (McAlester & McAlester 2000:319). With the Tudor Revival style one of the most popular, southern California soon developed its own brand of eclectic architecture during these decades as local architects capitalized on the romantic nostalgia of California’s rancho era and incorporated Mediterranean elements into residential architecture.

Among these smaller, less formal, and regionally-influenced local interpretations of European eclecticism, the traditional Los Angeles architect, Robert Farquhar, stood out as the only classically trained designer of the famous Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris (Neff 1986), and his work in Italian Renaissance, Neo-Classical, Colonial, and Beaux-Arts styles was characterized by a classical calmness (Gebhard & Winter 1985). Farquhar designed many stunning works, including the Fenyes Mansion (1906) in Pasadena, which is now a museum and City Landmark (1965), a California Point of Historical Interest (1993), and listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and the William Clark Memorial Library at the University of California, Los Angeles (1924- 26), which has been recognized as a City Historic-Cultural Monument. In addition, Farquhar designed the National Register-listed California Club (1920-30) in downtown Los Angeles, with which the Slauson and MacNeil families were associated. Another local Farquhar design, the Colonial Revival style Lindley-Scott House was constructed for longtime manager and president of the Foothill Citrus Company on land that may have been part of Rancho del Alisal at one time. Opened for special events, the mansion has been identified as historically significant locally by the Azusa Cultural and Historical Landmark Commission.

As elsewhere in southern California, the decline of citriculture in the post-WWII era coincided with the rise of industry and population-driven demand for housing, transforming the agricultural landscape. Though remaining in citrus shipping and exporting, the Azusa Foothill Citrus Company discarded its orchard property, selling the Azusa Foothill Ranch in the late 1940s. All but the MacNeil residence portion of the ranch was acquired by Mr. and Mrs. Harry Rosedale, who owned the Monrovia Nursery. The Rosedales

DUKE Cultural Resources Management developed the property as nursery grounds during the early 1950s with Palm Drive as its grand entrance. Early California-style gates were added at the base of Palm Drive, and the former Vosburg ranch complex was rehabilitated as offices and outbuildings. The 1908 Craftsman style house, which once served as the citrus operation’s administrative center as well as barracks for ranch hands and laborers is still extant (HEART 1996, Jones & Stokes 1996:9-10, 12).

The MacNeil Mansion and grounds were acquired by the Jesuit Order of the Society of Jesus in 1947 for use as a spiritual retreat. Founded by Saint Ignatius Loyola in 1521 and officiated by papal bull in 1540, the Society of Jesus is a religious order of Catholic priests devoted to evangelization and apostolic work. Early Jesuits were sent far and wide by Ignatius to propagate and strengthen the Catholic faith, which also counteracted the spread of Protestantism during the Reformation. Confessors to kings, Jesuits enjoyed very high favor among Catholic peoples, royalty, and popes but continually experienced dramatic shifts in favor and persecuting laws with swings in political and religious thought and the colonizing efforts of major European powers.

The history of Jesuits in America developed independently from foreign missions to many fronts. From 1566-1571, Peruvian Jesuits labored among the Indians along the east coast of Florida and penetrated into Virginia. Jesuits from Canada moved into the Illinois area and worked among the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Natchez, and Yazoo from the Ohio River to the gulf east of the Mississippi. In 1634, an English mission to Maryland was made with the expedition of Cecil Calvert, where under considerable conflict with Puritan neighbors, Jesuits ministered to the Catholics of the New England colony, converted many Protestant pioneers, and conducted missions with the Patuxent, Anacostan, and Piscaway Indians along the Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac River. Foreign missions from Italy and Switzerland were made into Kentucky and Illinois in the years of revolution from 1838-48. Jesuits from the Lyons province in France evangelized the New Orleans mission, and the Italian province of Naples supported the New Mexico mission. On the west coast, the discovery of Lower California by Cortez in 1533 led to its evangelization by Spanish Jesuits, who established 18 missions between 1697 and 1767. After the expulsion of the Jesuits from the area the following year, care of the missions and the conversion of the Indians in the Spanish settlements were entrusted to the Franciscans, who went on to found the mission system of California proper with 21 missions from San Diego to Sonoma in 1769-1823 (Pollen 1912).

Jesuits developed apace with Catholicism in 19th century America, spreading from these first foreign colonies into further areas, eventually establishing 28 Jesuit Catholic colleges, most founded in the 19th century on the east. Missions coalesced into provinces, organized into nine geographic regions supervised from Rome, and American Jesuits actively established residences, parishes, parochial schools, orphanages, monasteries, retreat houses, and institutions for higher education, a practice which had begun in early-17th century Europe (AJCU 2013, Pollen 1912). The California Province was formed from the missions of California, Rocky Mountains, and Alaska and is now made up of the states of California, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah (The Society of Jesus in the United States 1998-2013). By the close of the 19th century, California contained over 350 churches, nearly 500 priests, and many Catholic seminaries. Education in California was nearly exclusively Catholic, and the Jesuits were its greatest pioneers, founding Santa Clara College in 1851, from where many early state leaders graduated, St. Ignatius College in San Francisco (now University of San Francisco) in 1855, and Loyola Marymount in Los Angeles in 1911 as well as many parochial schools and academies (Pollen 1912).

The Loyola Laymen’s Retreat Association incorporated in the State of California in the 1930s, and established the Manresa Retreat House in 1947, a spiritual haven named after the small Spanish town where the doctrine of the Society of Jesus was first written. The retreat house was established under the direction of Father Thomas Sullivan, S.J. Born in 1909 and ordained in 1944, Father Sullivan lectured at Loyola University before directing retreats at Manresa until 1955. Father Sullivan went on to establish a school in Hiroshima, Japan, create the Jesuit Guest Bureau, and serve universities at Santa Clara, San Francisco, Hawaii, and Loyola Marymount before his death in 1992 (Bishop Accountability.org 2005). Father Sullivan established Jesuit life at Manresa, which reflected the Order’s pursuit of evangelical perfection through order and routine, retreat, reflection, and meditation within a common community. The former mansion and grounds offered retreats, workshops, and days of quiet recollection not only to Jesuit priests, but to those seeking spiritual

DUKE Cultural Resources Management development in the tradition of St. Ignatius’s Spiritual Exercises, which supported the mystical relationship between God and the human person (Pollen 1912).

Under Jesuit ownership, the MacNeil Mansion near the center of the newly configured, approximately 12-acre parcel, continued to be the focal point of the property and the home of the resident priests, but the Jesuits soon embarked on a series of alterations to accommodate the new use of the property, beginning with the addition of a chapel in 1954. Edwin Wallace Neff, Sr., a prominent and successful regional architect whose clients included many in the motion-picture industry, was commissioned by Father Sullivan to design what has become known as the award-winning Neff Chapel (Figure 5). A square brick building, the chapel is connected to the east end of the MacNeil Mansion by a covered breezeway and overlooks the swimming pool. Recognized for its harmonious design that blended the building’s spiritual use within its domestic setting through the use of compatible materials and architectural elements, Neff’s design was recognized by the Southern California Chapter of the American Institute of Architects in 1958.

Figure 5. Neff Chapel (1954) connected via breezeway to east side of the MacNeil Mansion

Born in 1895, Neff completed coursework in Munich, Germany (1911-1913), Geneva, Switzerland (1913- 1914), and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1915-1917), where he studied with distinguished church architect, Ralph Adams Cram, among others. Immediately after earning his degree, Neff served during World War I as a loft molder at the American Shipbuilding Company in San Pedro, California. Neff lived and worked locally, and before his death in 1982, he was recognized as a Fellow, American Institute of Architects (FAIA) in 1956 and had accomplished many notable works, including the weekend home of E.L. Doheny in Santa Paula (1928), the Galli Curci House in Westwood (1938), and the home of razor baron King Camp Gillette in Calabasas in 1926, now a protected parkland preserve. Neff experimented in affordable housing applications, inventing new a balloon casting technique to create thin domed concrete. Many of Neff’s works were the subject of national security, the recipient of awards, and the topic of many publications. The New York Times dubbed him the “Pioneer of the California Style,” and his designs continue to be sought after and sold for millions among those in the motion-picture industry (Michelson 2005-2013).

Next, a wing designed by regional architects Brown and Avila was constructed on the west end of the residence in the mid-1960s, adding a large hall, kitchen, meeting rooms, and administrative office space. Although intended to be architecturally compatible, the west wing addition doubled the size of the mansion and removed a large portion of the historic fabric and important original features, including the original

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classical entrance and round stairwell window, several east interior rooms, and the original kitchen (Jones & Stokes 1996:13). Additional interior remodeling in the 1970s or early 1980s was conducted, and the 1960s west wing was expanded in the rear with split-level, wood-frame additions (Figure 6 below, Jones & Stokes 1996:13-14,).

Figure 6. West wing addition (mid-1960s) to the MacNeil Mansion

A discreet symbol behind the mansion illustrates almost more clearly the full integration of the Jesuit purpose with the mansion itself. A slightly elevated concrete patio contains a small, three-tiered round fountain, before which a stamped Jesuit motto has been added in Latin, “Ad Jesum per Mariam,” which translates “To Jesus through Mary” (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Jesuit motto “Ad Jesum Per Mariam” and Holy Trinity symbolism at rear fountain

And six concrete squares at the top of the steps are scored with the Borromean Rings, a fundamental symbol of three interlocking rings earliest represented in 2nd century Buddhist art and traditionally used in Christianity to represent the Holy Trinity (Figure 7).

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Over the decades, additional buildings were constructed to support retreat activities under Jesuit ownership. Living quarters in the form of several motel-style rectilinear strips were constructed in groups of two or three along the slopes behind and adjacent to the MacNeil Mansion in the 1950s or early 1960s. These retreat homes provided simple accommodations in dormitory-like "hermitages" and served as “affordable and refreshing escapes from the pressures of the world” (Bucy 1990). See Figure 8.

Figure 8. Jesuit retreat dormitories (1950s-1960s)

These one-story, Rustic Ranch style buildings were constructed of unpointed concrete brick masonry that was left unsheathed or painted and topped with red clay tile roofs. Several roofs have been replaced with new tile or composition shingles, and the original wood-framed double-hung windows have been replaced with aluminum-framed sliding sash.

Figure 9. Xavier Center (1977)

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The Manresa Retreat complex was further expanded with the addition of a meeting hall known as the Xavier Center below and east of the swimming pool in 1977 and a large new chapel and community center known as the Montserrat building in the northwest rear corner of the property in 1987 (Figures 9 & 10).

Figure 10. Rear chapel and community center (1987)

By the 1990s, the Manresa Retreat House offered spiritual serenity to thousands of people each year who visited from nearby, local cities to as far away as Mexico. With about 200 Jesuits in more than 20 retreat houses and spirituality centers in America, the Manresa Retreat House was one of only two in the state and one of at least four major religious retreat houses in the area, including the Mater Dolorosa Retreat House in Sierra Madre, the Retreat House of the Sacred Heart in Alhambra, and the St. Joseph's Salesian Youth Renewal Center in Rosemead (The Society of Jesus in the United States 1998-12013, Bucy 1990). The Jesuits remained at the Manresa Retreat House until 1995, after which, they founded and relocated to the Loyola Institute for Spirituality in Orange, California in 1997.

Figure 11. Buddha statue (added after 2002)

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The peaceful sloping setting of the former citrus ranch, however, still beckoned a spiritual use. The MacNeil Mansion and the buildings constructed as part of the Manresa Retreat continue to be used as a spiritual retreat known as the Dhammakaya International Meditation Center (DIMC). In recent years, statuary representing the Stations of the Cross that had been added to the front gardens for outdoor prayer and meditation during the Jesuit period have been removed, and a large statue of Buddha was added after 2002 to face west from the east side of the front lawn (Figure 11).

PERSONNEL The project manager for this project is Curt Duke. Mr. Duke also conducted the records search, field reconnaissance, and quality control for this report. Mr. Duke is the Principal Archaeologist of DUKE CRM. Mr. Duke meets the professional qualifications of the Secretary of the Interior for prehistoric and historical archaeology; he is also a Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA) who has worked in all phases of archaeology (archival research, field survey, testing and data recovery excavation, laboratory analysis, construction monitoring) since 1994. Mr. Duke holds a Master of Arts degree in Anthropology with an emphasis in archaeology from California State University, Fullerton and a Bachelor of Arts degree in Anthropology from the University of California, Santa Cruz. Mr. Duke has worked throughout southern and Northern California and parts of Arizona and Nevada.

A subsequent field reconnaissance and the recording of the Covina Canal segment on the DIMC project and the compilation of the draft of this report for cultural and paleontological resources were completed by Dr. Frederick Lange, Senior Archaeologist with DUKE CRM. Dr. Lange meets the professional qualifications of the Secretary of the Interior for prehistoric and historical archaeology; he is also a Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA) who has worked in all phases of archaeology (archival research, field survey, testing and data recovery excavation, laboratory analysis, construction monitoring) since 1959. Dr. Lange holds a PhD. degree in Anthropology from the University of Wisconsin in Madison and has worked throughout southern California; parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Canada, the Caribbean, and Central America. From 1990-1996, he held an appointment by the President of the United States to the Cultural Property Advisory Committee of the U.S. Department of State.

Jennifer Mermilliod conducted fieldwork and research, evaluated eligibility, prepared State of California Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) 523 forms, analyzed potential project impacts, provided mitigation and drafted recommendations, and compiled or contributed to associated sections of the technical report. Ms. Mermilliod is the Principal Historian and Architectural Historian of JM Research & Consulting. Ms. Mermilliod meets the professional qualifications of the Secretary of the Interior for history and architectural history and has worked in all aspects of the field of historic preservation, including survey, context development, planning and design, and regulatory compliance, since 2001. Ms. Mermilliod holds a Master of Arts degree in History with an emphasis in Historic Preservation and a Bachelor of Arts degree in History from the University of California, Riverside. Ms. Mermilliod has worked throughout southern California.

Please see Appendix B for Mr. Duke’s, Dr. Lange’s, and Ms. Mermilliod’s resumes.

METHODS Research materials, including historic maps, previous surveys, planning documents, ordinances, and published local and regional historical accounts were collected and reviewed. Property ownership and construction history was also researched through building permits, plans and case files. Based on these efforts, a focused historic context was developed.

Research A records search for archaeological and historical resources was conducted through the South Central Coastal Information Center (SCCIC), located at California State University, Fullerton. The records search included a one mile radius surrounding the Project. The records search identified recorded archaeological sites and

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historic resources, cultural resource studies/reports, and included a review of the Historic Properties Data File (HPDF) which includes the National Register of Historic Places (National Register), California Register of Historical Resources (California Register), California Historical Landmarks, and California Points of Historical Interest. A paleontological records search was conducted though the Vertebrate Paleontology Section of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.

In addition, previous studies were obtained. These studies had nearly exhausted research efforts and offered a comprehensive context of the subject property within the history and development of the surrounding area. Additional research for this study was limited to a review of associated project and planning documents, permits, and local ordinances as well as Sanborn maps and historic aerial photographs.

Field Survey An intensive-level cultural resources field survey was conducted in July, 2012 and a follow-up visit to the field was made in April, 2013 to update previous efforts. As the buildings and features of the survey area are within one parcel under common boundary, ownership, and use, the survey area was treated as a single property. The entire property was walked in order to relocate known resources and identify any previously unknown resources. Buildings, features, and contextual and detail views within the project boundaries were digitally photographed. Potential cultural resources were recorded on California Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) 523 forms per California Office of Historic Preservation (OHP) Instructions for Recording Historical Resources in the field using detailed note taking to describe each potential cultural resource for entry on DPR Forms (see Appendix C). In addition, a cursory look at the surrounding area was completed to note changes since the completion of previous studies as well as to locate previously identified contributors to a potential Azusa Foothill Historic District.

RESULTS Records search Pre-field research indicated that the property and surrounding areas has been extensively studied, primarily in the 1990s. A total of 20 cultural resource studies have been previously conducted within one mile of the project area, four of which included the current project area (CRMS 1992/1996, HEART 1996, Jones and Stokes 1996, Cornejo 2005).

These four studies are all related to the Monrovia Nursery Project and summarized below:

CRMS 1992/1996 A cultural resources investigation for the proposed adjacent (west) Monrovia Nursery Project was completed in 1992 and updated in 1996, which expanded the scope of historic research. The study embodied an extensive research effort, including oral interviews as well as an exhaustive review of historic maps, plats, photographs, local histories, newspaper and magazine articles, and title and corporate records. Although the project area did not formally include the current subject property, it was included as part of the wider study area, and the report provided contextual information on the early history of the Azusa Foothill Ranch and development and settlement of the Azusa community, which includes the subject property (the former Rancho los Cacomites) as well as Palm Drive.

HEART 1996 The CRMS 1992, 1996 study was later peer reviewed, which provided additional information regarding the history of the area. In addition, the peer review identified the Monrovia Nursery property as a potential district that included Palm Drive, and recommended that the current subject property, then known as the Manresa Retreat, also be considered eligible for inclusion in the potential district. The study further recommended that both Palm Drive and the Manresa Retreat property be considered for individual significance. A paleontological resources assessment was not completed at this time.

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Jones & Stokes 1996 In response to the results and recommendations of the previous studies, the current subject property, then known as the Manresa Retreat, was intensively studied in 1996 as part of the continuing environmental review of the Monrovia Nursery project. Sources included the MacNeil family collection at the Azusa Pacific University, regional and local newspaper indexes and photograph collections, local history research at the Azusa City Library, as-built drawings and property map, and oral interviews with members of the Azusa Historical Society. Review of this study expanded the contextual understanding of the property and provided specific construction, ownership, and use history of the complex of associated buildings and landscape features on the property, including the alterations and additions during the Jesuit-occupied period 1947-1996. This study found that the 1932 MacNeil Mansion and original summer house (since demolished) appeared ineligible for individual listing in the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR), but appeared eligible as components of a potential Azusa Foothill Ranch Historic District. The study recommended further study to identify and document the potential district. A paleontological resources assessment was not completed.

Cornejo 2005 Jeffrey Cornejo, Architectural Historian, submitted a letter report to the City of Azusa on September 6, 2005 addressing the requirements of Condition #55 of the Monrovia Nursery Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program and Conditions of Approval. In the letter Cornejo recommends the Azusa Foothill Ranch and Monrovia Nursery Historic District as a local historic district. Cornejo recommends that the Lindley- Scott House, the Charles Stewart House, and the original Azusa Foothill Citrus Company Packing House be considered contributing resources to the district. Many other buildings and structures are considered integral to the district including: the Monrovia Nursery Entry Gates, Posts, and Monument sign; Palm Drive;, the Vosburg House; the MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat Property; the Covina Canal (segment); the MacNeil Summer Home (noted as an area of archaeological study).

Additional research was conducted at the City of Azusa Community Development Department, Building and Planning Divisions. As Sanborn maps and historic aerials were not housed at the local Azusa Public Library or City Hall, Sanborn maps were accessed online through Historic Map Works (HMW; http://www.historic mapworks.com), and historic aerial photographs were accessed online through Nationwide Environmental Title Research, LLC (NETR; http://www.historicaerials.com).

The additional research at the City of Azusa Economic & Community Development Department, Planning Division discovered 2002 DPR forms by William Hoose, which clarified the sizes and dates of construction for the 3,500 square-foot Xavier Center as 1977 and the 4,169 square-foot modern chapel and community hall (Montserrat building) in the northwest corner of the property as 1987. The study also documented a 3,404 square-foot addition in 1954, and Jesuit use from 1947 through at least 1989. Anecdotal information regarding a feud between the Slauson sisters and the haunting of the mansion by a Jesuit priest was also provided. Additional research also revealed that the City of Azusa codified a Historic Preservation Ordinance in 2000 (Ord. no. 00-012, §2, 10/16/00), which lists the MacNeil Mansion as a “Potential Landmark,” although the potential Azusa Foothill Ranch District, recommended by previous studies (cf. HEART 1996, Jones & Stokes 1996, Cornejo 2005), has not been established or designated by the City. The Monrovia Specific Plan documented the known previous studies but did not include the property in the plan area. As the property was annexed into the City of Azusa in 1985, building permits were not available.

Sanborn maps in 1888, 1897, 1899, and 1906 did not cover the survey area, and an early 1887 birds-eye view of Azusa (HMW 2013) did not yet indicate the development of this foothill area to citrus production. Historical Aerials showed that the MacNeil Mansion, related grounds, swimming pool, and Palm Drive as well as the Neff chapel were in place by 1954. The west wing was added between 1954 and 1965 and Jesuit- related living quarters were added from the 1950s-1960s. Aerial photographs support dates of construction for the modern Xavier Center (1977), which appears between 1972 and 1977, and the rear chapel and community hall (1987), which appears between 1980 and 2003. The property was still surrounded by grove/agricultural development in 2003, which was largely gone or disappearing by 2005. Historic aerial

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photographs also confirmed that the original MacNeil summer house and related garage were removed by 2003.

Field Survey On July 23, 2012 an intensive level pedestrian survey for cultural and paleontological resources for CEQA compliance was conducted by Curt Duke, principal investigator and archaeologist, and Jennifer Mermilliod, project historian/architectural historian. A second reconnaissance survey to assess the potential for cultural or paleontological resources and specifically to evaluate the location of the former MacNeil summer house and the water conveyance feature located on the boundary between the DIMC and the Monrovia Nursery was conducted by Dr. Frederick Lange on April 10, 2013. Dr. Lange was accompanied on this survey by Jennifer Mermilliod, Peter Carlson (Vandermost & Carlson), and Polwat Nakalak (Facilities Manager, DIMC).

The property is largely disturbed from prior construction of the buildings and slope preparations. Field examination assisted in the confirmation of known and estimated dates of construction and alteration history as well as the identification of properties that appeared related by architectural style, period of construction, property type, use, or proximity. Integrity was closely examined in the field for comparison with physical descriptions documented in previous studies.

As previous studies acknowledged the later reuse of the property under Jesuit ownership, but did not evaluate the dormitory buildings due to their age at the time of study, these buildings were thoroughly examined in the field. In addition, the Neff Chapel and west wing were examined closely for compatibility and evidence of removed or altered features.

The MacNeil Mansion Property The approximately 12-acre MacNeil Mansion property consists of a collection of buildings, structures, and objects constructed on an extensively landscaped slope overlooking the City of Azusa from the northern end of Palm Drive, approximately 2 miles north of East Foothill Boulevard.

The former citrus ranch is dominated by the 1932 MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat, which faces south near the center of the property. Designed in the French Eclectic style, the residence is constructed in brick on a conservative, nearly Georgian, plan with a mansard roof, dominant roofline balustrade, quoined corners and shuttered casement fenestration. A compatible square brick addition, known as the Neff Chapel (1954), was connected to the east end of mansion by a covered breezeway. A west wing (1954-65) doubled the original mansion in the mid-1960s, and though compatible, removed a substantial amount of historic fabric and significant original features, including the classical entrance and round stairwell window, several interior rooms, and the original kitchen. The mansion was remodeled on the interior with the rear wood-framed expansion of the west wing (1970s or early-1980s).

Three residential compounds of clustered, attached motel-style units were added to the property in the 1950s and 1960s. Two terraced rows (by 1954) are found on the steepest northeast corner. Three buildings shelter a courtyard directly behind the mansion (1954), and a separate building to the west extends to the northwest from the rear of the west wing. A similar, larger version was added between 1954-65 west of the west wing. These one-story, rectilinear Rustic Ranch style dormitories were constructed of unpointed concrete brick masonry topped with red clay tile roofs, several of which have been replaced with new tile or composition shingles. Original wood-framed double-hung windows have nearly all been replaced with aluminum-framed sliding sash in recent years. A Contemporary style meeting hall (1977) on a post-and-beam structural system was added on a tri-level concrete pad over a rising slope below and east of the mansion, and in the rear, northwest corner of the property, A dual-level chapel and community building “Monserrat” (1987) form an “L” near the original MacNeil summer house and garage (removed by 2003).

A large original swimming pool (filled after 1996) is bordered by a matching balustrade screen wall southeast of the mansion. The grounds spreading south, east, and west before the mansion are generously landscaped with palms and uncommon plants, much of which appears original or early, as well as hardscape walkways

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and low rock garden walls of various early and unknown dates. Catholic Stations of the Cross statuary on a portion of the front lawn and garden area has been recently removed, and a massive sitting Buddha statue was added to the east end of the front lawn above the swimming pool after 2002. Behind the mansion, an elevated, scored concrete patio contains a small, three-tiered round fountain, a Jesuit motto in Latin, “Ad Jesum per Mariam,” which translates “To Jesus through Mary,” and scored Borromean Rings, a fundamental symbol of three interlocking rings.

The field survey revealed that the original MacNeil summer residence and garage are no longer extant. A closer look at the swimming pool and surrounding hardscape and balustrade indicated construction contemporaneous with the 1932 mansion and revealed that the pool was filled and planted with a topiary rose garden sometime after its survey in 1996.

Field work also recorded a canal feature with associated irrigation/drainage features on the western edge of the property, and possibly in common with the adjacent Monrovia Nursery (Figure 12), a segment of the Covina Canal), as well as a below grade drain (Figure 13) that emerges in rock beneath the eastern elevation of the Neff Chapel. DUKE CRM was also provided with verbal information that a basement or root cellar for the summer residence was present when the summer residence structure was demolished. No surface indications such as a depression or trash scatter were noted during the present project surveys.

Figure 12. View to south. Segment of Covina Canal where it goes underground at Monrovia Place.

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Figure 13. Sub-grade tunnel opening from well below the east end of the Neff Chapel.

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Significance/Eligibility Criteria CEQA (PRC Chapter 2.6, Section 21083.2 and CCR Title 145, Chapter 3, Article 5, Section 15064.5) calls for the inventory and evaluation of historic and archaeological resources. The criteria for determining the significance of impacts to cultural resources are based on Section 15064.5 of the CEQA Guidelines and Guidelines for the Nomination of Properties to the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR). Properties eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources and subject to review under CEQA are those meeting the criteria for listing in the California Register, National Register of Historic Places or designation under a local ordinance.

California Register of Historical Resources The California Register criteria are based on National Register criteria. For a property to be eligible for inclusion on the California Register, one of the following criteria must be met:

1. It is associated with the events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of local or regional history, or the cultural heritage of California or the United States; 2. It is associated with the lives of persons important to local, California, or national history; 3. It embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method or construction, or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values; and/or 4. It has yielded, or has the potential to yield, information important to the prehistory or history of the local area, California, or the nation.

In addition to meeting one or more of the above criteria, the California Register requires that sufficient time has passed since a resource’s period of significance to “obtain a scholarly perspective on the events or individuals associated with the resource.” Fifty years is used as a general estimate of time needed to develop the perspective to understand the resource’s significance (CCR 4852 [d][2]).

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The California Register also requires that a resource possess integrity. In general, properties eligible for listing in the California Register will meet the same criteria for listing in the National Register, but may have a lower level of integrity.

Azusa Municipal Code Chapter 4.5 Cultural Resources This section addresses the project’s potential impacts on cultural resources, including paleontological, prehistoric, archaeological, historic, and Native American resources. Existing cultural resources on the project site are recorded in several cultural resource inventories that were used to assist in the identification of the resources. The City of Azusa’s Analysis of Existing Conditions and Trends, December 2001 document was used as the main reference in preparation of this section. Consultation with the City’s Planning Department updated information on the current or future status of the City’s notable historic landmarks. The CEQA Guidelines’ detailed definition of an historical resource is included below.

Section 15064.5 of the CEQA Guidelines states:

(b) For purposes of this section, the term “historical resources” shall include the following: (1) A resource listed in or determined to be eligible for listing in, the California Register of Historical Resources (PRC SS5024.1, Title 14 CCR, Section 4850 et seq.) (2) A resource included in a local register of historical resources as defined in section 5020.1(k) of the Public Resources Code or identified as significant in an historical resource survey meeting the requirements of Section 5024.1(g) of the Public Resources Code, shall be presumed to be historically or culturally significant. Public agencies must treat any such resource as significant unless the preponderance of the evidence demonstrates that it is not historically or culturally significant. (3) Any object, building, site, area, place, record, or manuscript which a lead agency determines to be historically significant or significant in the architectural, engineering, scientific, economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military, or cultural annals of California may be considered to be an historical resource, provided the lead agency’s determination is supported by substantial evidence in light of the whole record. Generally, a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be “historically significant” if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources (PRC SS5024.1, Title 14 CCR, Section 4852) including the following:

(A) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage; (B) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past; (C) Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values; or (D) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

However, the CEQA guidelines also state that:

(1) The fact that a resource is not listed in, or determined to be eligible for listing in, the California Register of Historical Resources, not included in a local Register of Historical Resources (pursuant to section 5021.1(k) of the Public Resources Code), or identified in an historical resources survey (meeting the criteria in section 5024.1(g) of the Public Resources Code does not preclude a lead agency from determining that the resource may be an historical resource as defined in Public Resources Code sections 5020.1(j) or 5024.1.

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Significance/Eligibility Determination MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat Property The results of the research and field survey have recorded and evaluated the MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat Property as a whole. Although the MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat property has been associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of California's history and cultural heritage (Criterion A/1), and the MacNeil Mansion and Neff Chapel represent the work of notable architects, Farquhar and Neff, and possess high artistic value, (Criterion C/3), the property has been extensively altered by the mid-1960s west wing addition and further remodeling and the 1970s-80s rear addition to the mansion as well as the addition of ordinary and incompatible Rustic Ranch dormitory buildings in the mid-20th century. Due to substantial collective losses in integrity of design, materials, and feeling, the MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat Property does not appear eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places or the California Register of Historical Resources. The mansion clearly remains eligible for its current local designation of “Potential Landmark” under the Historic Preservation Ordinance of the City of Azusa (Ord. no. 00-012, §2, 10/16/00) and is assigned a CHR Status Code of 5S1 – Individual property that is listed or designated locally.

Archaeological Resources While no known archaeological resources will be impacted, the location of the 1800s MacNeil summer residence in the northwest corner of the project is considered an area of high sensitivity for historical archaeological resources due to the potential to find a privy, trash pit or remnants of other outbuildings.

Paleontological Resources Regarding paleontological resources, there is a potential to discover fossils at a depth greater than 5 feet in the southern portion of the project (Pleistocene- older alluvium). The northern portion of the project is underlain by the Topanga Formation (Miocene) .

Potential Azusa Foothill Ranch Historic District Cornejo (2005) recommends the Azusa Foothill Ranch and Monrovia Nursery Historic District as a local historic district. Cornejo recommends that the Lindley-Scott House, the Charles Stewart House, and the original Azusa Foothill Citrus Company Packing House be considered contributing resources to the district. Many other buildings and structures are considered integral (but not contributing) to the district including: the Monrovia Nursery Entry Gates, Posts, and Monument sign; Palm Drive; the Vosburg House; the MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat Property; the Covina Canal (segment); the MacNeil Summer Home (noted as an area of archaeological study).

A reconnaissance examination of the areas surrounding the property noted the physical proximity and relationship of the adjacent (west) Monrovia Nursery property, which still includes the former Vosburg residence, as well as the extensive recent residential development surrounding the property in various stages of completion. In addition, the Lindley-Scott House was located nearby on East Foothill Boulevard, just southwest of the entrance to Palm Drive. The Colonial Revival mansion, which was also designed by Farquhar and has been identified by the Azusa Cultural and Historical Landmark Commission as historically significant at a local level for its association with the Foothill Citrus Company. Palm Drive remains a distinctive linear feature from Foothill Boulevard to the former Foothill Citrus Company ranch properties, although the drive has been altered recently with the addition of a traffic circle and round landscaped median. An above-ground segment of the Covina Canal exists along the western boundary of DIMC.

The MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat property continues to appear related to these components of a potential Azusa Foothill Ranch Historic District, which may be eligible for local listing, pending City designation. However, the scope of this analysis is to determine potential effects of the proposed project, not the creation or listing of a district that was identified in previous studies (HEART 1996, Jones & Stokes 1996, Cornejo 2005).

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IMPACTS ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The proposed project was evaluated according to CEQA. CEQA establishes that "a project that may cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource is a project that may have a significant effect on the environment" (PRC §21084.1), and the California Public Resources Code further defines substantial adverse change as “demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration such that the significance of a historical resource would be impaired" (PRC §5020.1(q)).

As a locally listed property with a CHR Status Code of 5S1, the MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat Property is considered a historical resource under CEQA.

The proposed project calls for the demolition of the Jesuit period dormitory buildings and Xavier Center meeting hall and the MacNeil swimming pool and as well as the construction of a storage/workshop building at the former pool site, new two-story dormitories, a meditation hall, and an emergency access road through the property, and the improvement of the existing gardens and landscaping, which may constitute "a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource" under CEQA.

Following is an impact assessment of each project component as discussed in the project description

Project Component – Meditation Hall The proposed project calls for the demolition of the Jesuit period Xavier Center meeting hall and the construction of a Meditation Hall in its place below and southeast of the MacNeil Mansion. The Contemporary style Xavier Center was constructed in 1977 and is not a related historic feature of the MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat. The approximately 69,179-square-foot Meditation Hall is proposed to be a very large building to accommodate ceremonies of up to 700 participants with a building footprint of approximately 30,628 square feet and a total overall height of 67’2”. The Meditation Hall has the potential to indirectly impact the property by visually compromising the dominant presence of the MacNeil Mansion on the landscape, which has been achieved and sustained for over 80 years through its size, scale, design and placement on the property. However, the proposed distance of the Meditation Hall, the elevation of the building site, which is currently far below the mansion, and the orientation of the length of the building on a northwest-southeast axis is anticipated to reduce the visual distraction of the new Meditation Hall and preserve the visual effect and presence of the MacNeil mansion, which will continue to be best experienced from a southwest viewpoint higher up the drive and even further from the new Meditation Hall. Any ground disturbing activities associated with this component of the project including grading, geotechnical trenching, utilities, etc. that will extend below five feet have the potential to impact potentially significant older Pleistocene alluvium which has a high sensitivity for paleontological resources. Therefore, currently proposed site planning reduces the construction of the new Meditation Hall on the site of the non-historic Xavier Center to a less than significant impact, with mitigation incorporated, under CEQA (see mitigation section).

Project Component – Dormitory Buildings The proposed project calls for the demolition of the Jesuit period dormitory buildings and construction of new two-story dormitories. This will include demolition of the Montserrat building in the northwest portion of the property. The current study has developed a comprehensive context of the property that includes the Jesuit period, a nearly 50-year association that contributes to the significance of the property. The strength of the Jesuit association is best expressed through the order’s relationship with, and use of, the MacNeil mansion with the Neff Chapel addition and the lushly landscaped, peaceful setting of the property and secondarily through the construction and retreat use of the dormitory buildings. The dormitories (1950s- 1970s) were added during the general Jesuit period of significance in the mid-20th century but partially less than 50 years ago. Designed in the Rustic Ranch style, the one-story linear buildings appear as motel- or vacation-style cabins incongruent with the design of the mansion, and while they reflect the style, they do not exemplify it and have suffered some alterations, including the replacement of nearly all wood-framed double- hung windows with aluminum-framed sliding windows.

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New two-story dormitory buildings are proposed that will replace the existing complex behind (north of) the mansion and in the northeast corner of the property. The new dormitories will be located behind the mansion, no dormitories will be replaced in the northeast corner of the property. Although final design plans have not been completed at this time, the conceptual design of the new dormitories is proposed to be compatible with the architectural features and materials of the MacNeil Mansion.

Any ground disturbing activities associated with this component of the project, including grading, geotechnical trenching, utilities, etc. that will extend below two feet have the potential to impact the potentially significant Miocene Topanga formation which has a high sensitivity for paleontological resources. The removal of the existing dormitories, which are not central to the significance of the property, are ordinary examples of a ubiquitous mid-century style, and have been somewhat altered, and the placement of the new, architecturally compatible dormitories all to the rear of the mansion in the location of existing dormitories at an appropriate distance, constitutes a less than significant impact, with mitigation incorporated, under CEQA (see mitigation section).

Project Component – Storage/Workshop Building The proposed project calls for the demolition of the MacNeil swimming pool and the construction of a storage/workshop building at the former pool site. While previous and current study has not been able to confirm the date of construction of the swimming pool, its classical design, screen wall that mimics the mansion’s roofline balustrade, and the material integrity and condition of the concrete deck, wall, and visible pool tile indicate that the pool was constructed contemporaneously with the MacNeil Mansion and is an original feature of the property. The pool was filled with earth and planted with a rose topiary garden after its previous study in 1996, and the condition of the pool or existence of original materials below grade is unknown. As the mansion was designed by notable architect, Robert Farquhar, in the French Eclectic style, more important than the pool, itself, is the concrete screen wall balustrade with thick, rounded concrete members, which mimics Farquhar’s use and design of this prominent roofline feature. As currently proposed, the project calls for the inclusion of an outline of the swimming pool and interpretive plaque incorporated into the rooftop design of the new storage/workshop building proposed on the former pool site. In addition, a reflecting pool in the shape of the existing pool that incorporates the reuse of as much of the original pool tile and decorative screen wall material as possible is proposed on access with the front of the mansion and the entrance to the lower gardens.

The swimming pool is an original ancillary feature of the property; however, its removal would not cause the MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat to be ineligible for designation, which constitutes a less than significant impact under CEQA. It is the only other original feature that dates to the MacNeil Mansion with which it is strongly related by its screen wall balustrade. Additional proposed project details for the incorporation of the interpretive features atop the storage/workshop building and reuse of original swimming pool design and materials in the new reflecting pool appear attentive to this relationship and work to reduce this impact even further.

Project Components – Parking, Storm Water Detention Basin, Fire Access Road, Reflecting Pool, Landscaping The proposed project calls for 277 parking spaces near the proposed meditation hall and the MacNeil Mansion; a storm water detention basin is proposed in the southeast corner of the property; a fire access road through the property, a reflecting pool in front of the MacNeil Mansion, and the reconstruction/ improvement of the existing gardens in front of the mansion and new gardens near the meditation hall, extensive tree planting around the meditation hall and new dormitories, and landscaping throughout. The lushly landscaped, peaceful setting of the former citrus ranch is a strong component of its significance, during both the MacNeil and Jesuit periods. Each of these project components has the potential to displace many mature trees and original or early landscape and hardscape features. The proposed project asserts that the majority of existing gardens will remain untouched and that vegetation will play an important role in the goal of creating a very serene retreat. It is understood that a tree study is planned for the property, which has not yet been completed or provided for review. It is anticipated that the project will be further guided by the tree

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study, which will establish the age and species of the mature trees on the property and make recommendations for their long term maintenance and care as well as preservation, protection, treatment, and relocation, if possible, during construction activity. Although final landscape design plans have not been completed at this time, plans as currently proposed appear to seek the greatest retention of mature trees and landscaping, as further guided by a forthcoming tree study, which constitutes a less than significant impact under CEQA.

Ground disturbance associated with the parking, storm water detention basin, and fire access road components, including grading, geotechnical trenching, utilities, etc. that will: extend below two feet in the northern portion of the property have the potential to impact potentially significant paleontological resources which have a high sensitivity; that will extend below five feet in the southern portion of the property have the potential to impact potentially significant paleontological resources which have a high sensitivity; and extend below one foot in the northwest portion of the property there is a high sensitivity for historical archaeological resources associated with the 19th century MacNeil Summer home. Therefore these components constitute a less than significant impact, with mitigation incorporated, under CEQA (see mitigation section).

Several proposed project details or elements are critical to maintaining potential impacts to a less than significant level or serve to enhance the preservation of important features and qualities of the MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat and should be considered for retention should final project plans change: • Reuse of original swimming pool design and materials in the new reflecting pool • Maximize distance, elevation differentiation, and orientation benefits in site planning for new Meditation Hall • Use compatible design materials and features in the new dormitories to ensure harmonious to mansion and overall setting. • Seek the greatest retention of mature trees and landscaping to preserve historic setting

Mitigation As stated above, ground disturbing activities associated with the meditation hall, dormitory buildings, parking, storm water detention basin, and fire access road components, including grading, geotechnical trenching, utilities, etc. are considered a potentially significant impact to potentially significant archaeological and paleontological resources. In order to reduce the potential for impacts to archaeological and paleontological resources to a level that is less than significant under CEQA archaeological and paleontological monitoring is recommended during ground disturbance associated with each of these components as described below.

Archaeological Monitoring- In the northwest portion of the property an archaeological monitor shall be present to observe ground disturbing activities in the top 7 feet in depth from the current surface. The monitor shall work under the direct supervision of a qualified archaeologist (Secretary of Interior Professional Qualification Standards-M.A./M.S. in anthropology, or related discipline with an emphasis in archaeology and demonstrated experience and competence in archaeological research, fieldwork, reporting, and curation). 1. The qualified archaeologist shall be on-site at the pre-construction meeting to discuss monitoring protocols. 2. The archaeological monitor shall be present full-time during excavation within the top approximately seven feet from the current surface. If, after excavation begins, the qualified archaeologist determines that the sediments are not likely to produce historical archaeological resources, monitoring efforts shall be reduced. 3. The monitor shall be empowered to temporarily halt or redirect grading efforts if archaeological resources are discovered. 4. In the event of an archaeological discovery the monitor shall flag the area and notify the construction crew immediately. No further disturbance in the flagged area shall occur until the qualified archaeologist has cleared the area.

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5. In consultation with the qualified archaeologist, the monitor shall quickly assess the nature and significance of the find. If the discovery is not significant it shall be quickly mapped, documented, removed and the area cleared. 6. If the discovery is significant, the qualified archaeologist shall notify the applicant and the City immediately. 7. In consultation with the applicant and the City, the qualified archaeologist shall develop a plan of mitigation which will likely include salvage excavation, laboratory analysis and processing, research, curation of the find in a local museum or repository, and preparation of a report summarizing the find.

Paleontological Monitoring- A paleontological monitor shall be present to observe ground disturbing activities below five feet in depth from the current surface in the southern portion of the property and below two feet in depth from the current surface in the northern portion of the property. The monitor shall work under the direct supervision of a qualified paleontologist (B.S./B.A. in geology, or related discipline with an emphasis in paleontology and demonstrated experience and competence in paleontological research, fieldwork, reporting, and curation).

1. The qualified paleontologist shall be on-site at the pre-construction meeting to discuss monitoring protocols. 2. Paleontological monitoring shall start at half-time. If after two weeks of monitoring no paleontological resources are discovered, monitoring shall be reduced to spot-checking on a weekly basis. If significant paleontological resources are identified then monitoring shall be increased to full- time when working in paleontological bearing sediments, as determined by the paleontologist. 3. The monitor shall be empowered to temporarily halt or redirect grading efforts if paleontological resources are discovered. 4. In the event of a paleontological discovery the monitor shall flag the area and notify the construction crew immediately. No further disturbance in the flagged area shall occur until the qualified paleontologist has cleared the area. 5. In consultation with the qualified paleontologist the monitor shall quickly assess the nature and significance of the find. If the specimen is not significant it shall be quickly removed and the area cleared. 6. If the discovery is significant the qualified paleontologist shall notify the applicant and the City immediately. 7. In consultation with the applicant and the City the qualified paleontologist shall develop a plan of mitigation which will likely include salvage excavation and removal of the find, removal of sediment from around the specimen (in the laboratory), research to identify and categorize the find, curation of the find in a local qualified repository, and preparation of a report summarizing the find.

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REFERENCES

Association of Jesuit Colleges & Universities (AJCU) 2013 “Jesuit Institutions.” Website: http://www.ajcunet.edu/, accessed May-June 2013.

Azusa, City of 2000 Historic Preservation Ordinance. Chapter 55, Article II of the Azusa Municipal Code. Chapter 4.5 Cultural Resources

Bean, Lowell J. and Charles R. Smith 1978 Gabrielino. Robert F. Heizer, vol. ed. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California: 538-549. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

BishopAccountability.org. 2005 Addendum to the Report to the People of God: Father Thomas Sullivan, S.J. BishopAccountability.org 2004. Website: http://www.bishopaccountability.org/usccb/ natureandscope/dioceses/reports/losangelesca_addendum_b.htm, accessed May-June 2013.

Brown, Alan K. 2001 A Description of Distant Roads. Original Journals of the First Expedition into California, 1769-1770.

Bucy, Page. 1990 Retreat Houses Offer Break From Routine. Los Angeles Times, 8/1/1990, Section E.

California Department of Parks and Recreation 1990 California Historical Landmarks. Sacramento, California. 1992 California Points of Historical Interest. Sacramento, California. 1995 The California Register of Historical Resources: Proposed Guidelines for the Nomination of Properties. Office of Historic Preservation, Sacramento, California.

Cornejo, Jeffrey 2005 Letter report addressing the requirements of Condition #55 of the Monrovia Nursery Mitigation Monitoring Reporting Program and Conditions of Approval. September 6, 2005. Document #10442, South Central Coastal Information Center (SCCIC), California State University, Fullerton

Cramer, Esther Ridgway 1988 European Discovery. In A Hundred Years of Yesterdays. Cramer, Dixon, Marsh, Brigandi, and Blamer, editors, Orange County Centennial, Inc., Santa Ana, California.

CRMS 1996 Monrovia Nursery Project Cultural Resources Investigation. Updated from 1992. On File at the South Central Coastal Information, California State University, Fullerton.

Dumke, Glenn S. 1944 The Boom of the Eighties in Southern California. Sixth printing, 1991. Huntington Library Publications, San Marino, California.

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Engstrand, Iris H. W. and Mary F. Ward 1995 Rancho Guajome: An Architectural Legacy Preserved. The Journal of San Diego History. San Diego Historical Society Quarterly. Editor: Richard W. Crawford. Vol. 41, No 4

Gebhard, D. and R. Winter 1985 Architecture in Los Angeles: a complete guide. Gibbs M. Smith: Salt Lake City, UT.

Gudde, Erwin G. 1998 California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. 4th edition, revised by William Bright. University of California Press, Berkeley.

HMW (Historic Map Works) 1888 Sanborn maps of Azusa, California. Website: http://www.historic mapworks.com, accessed April 2013. 1897 Sanborn maps of Azusa, California. Website: http://www.historic mapworks.com, accessed April 2013. 1899 Sanborn maps of Azusa, California. Website: http://www.historic mapworks.com, accessed April 2013. 1906 Sanborn maps of Azusa, California. Website: http://www.historic mapworks.com, accessed April 2013.

HMW (Historic Map Works) 1887 Azusa 1887 Bird’s Eye View. Lithograph by Moore, E.S. Website: http://www.historic mapworks.com, accessed April 2013.

HEART (Historical, Environmental, Archaeological, Research Team). 1996 Peer Review of the Monrovia Nursery Project Cultural Resources Element.” Draft Report on file at the South Central Coastal Information, California State University, Fullerton.

Heaton, Culver 2006 Glendora California -History. Electronic document accessed 26 January 2006. Online at www.glendora-chamber.org/history.html.

Ide, Simeon 1880 The Conquest of California by the Bear Flag Party A Biographical Sketch of the Life of William B. Ide. 1967 reprint. Rio Grande Press, Glorieta, New Mexico.

Jackson, Sheldon D. 1982 Beautiful Glendora. Azusa Pacific University Press, Azusa, California. 1987 A British Ranchero in Old California "The Life and Times of Henry Dalton and the Rancho Azusa." Arthur H. Clark Co., Glendale, California. On file at the Special Collections Department, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, California.

Jones & Stokes Associates, Inc. 1996 Cultural Resources Inventory and Evaluation of the Manresa Retreat Property, Azusa, California. On File at the South Central Coastal Information, California State University, Fullerton.

Kidney, W.C. 1974 The Architecture of Choice: eclecticism in America, 1880-1930. George Braziller: New York, NY.

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Kloepfer, W.W. 1980 History of the Parish of Saint Francis of Rome, Azusa, California. On file with the Azusa Historical Society, Azusa, California.

McAlester & McAlester 2000 A Field Guide to American Houses. Alfred A. Knopf: New York, NY.

Michelson, Alan 2005-13 “Manresa Jesuit Retreat House, Azusa, CA” and “Edwin Wallace Neff, Sr.” Pacific Coast Architecture Database. Website: https://digital.lib.washington.edu/, accessed May-June 2013. Neff, W. 1986 Wallace Neff: architect of California’s golden age. Capra Press: Santa Barbara, CA.

NETR (Nationwide National Environmental Title Research) 1954, 1965, 1972, 1977, 1980, 2003 and 2005. Aerial Photographs of Project Area, Azusa, California. Website: http://www.historicaerials.com, accessed March 2013.

Pflueger, Donald 1951 Glendora. Saunders Press, Claremont, California. On file at the Special Collections Department, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, California. 1964 Covina. Saunders Press, Claremont, California. On file at the Special Collections Department, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, California.

Pollen, John Hungerford. 1912 The Society of Jesus. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Also at .

Rolle, Andrew 1963 California: A History. Harlan Davidson, Inc. Wheeling, Illinois. 2003 California A History (sixth edition). Harlan Davidson, Wheeling, Illinois.

SWCA Environmental Consultants 2007 Survey and Evaluation of Cultural Resources for the Monrovia Nursery Development Project, Glendora, Los Angeles County, California.

Shipley, William F. 1978 Native Languages of California. Robert F. Heizer, vol. ed. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California: 80-90. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

The Society of Jesus in the United States. 1998-13 “Parishes and Retreat Centers” and “The Provinces.” Jesuit.org. Jesuit Conference, 1998-2013. Website: http://www.jesuit.org/ignatian-spirituality/parishes-and-retreat-centers/, accessed May-June 2013.

Wallace, William 1955 A suggested Chronology for Southern California Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, V. 2, pp. 214-230.

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Warren, Claude N. and Robert H. Crabtree 1986 Prehistory of the Southwestern Area. Warren L. D’Azevedo vol. ed. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 11: Great Basin: 183-193. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

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Appendix A Project Maps

USGS Azusa, Calif. 7.5 Minute Quad

Dhammakaya International Meditation Center Project Location Map

0 1000 2000 FEET

500 1500 North

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Appendix B Resumes

22 Socorro Rancho Santa Margarita California 92688 949-303-0420 [email protected]

Curt Duke President/Archaeologist Professional Experience President/Archaeologist, DUKE CRM, March 2011 to present. Archaeologist/Principal, LSA Associates, 1997-2011. Archaeological Technician, SRI, 1997. Archaeological Technician, Petra Resources, 1997. Archaeological Technician, KEA Environmental, 1997. Archaeological Technician, Keith Companies, 1997. Archaeological Technician, KEA Environmental, 1997. Archaeological/Paleontological Technician, LSA Associates, 1996. Archaeological/Paleontological Technician, Petra Resources, 1996. Archaeological Technician, Affinis Environmental Services, 1996. Archaeological Technician, KEA Environmental, 1996. Archaeological Technician, Macko Archaeological Consulting, 1995 to 1996. Archaeological Technician, Heritage Resource Consultants, 1995. Archaeological Technician, Chambers Group, 1995. Archaeological Technician/Teachers Assistant, Cabrillo College, 1994 Anthropological Laboratory Technician, UC Santa Cruz, 1994.

Expertise Selected Project Experience Cultural Resources Management Skyridge Residential, Mission Viejo, 2011-12 California Prehistory San Fernando Road Widening, Los Angeles, 2011-12 Section 106 Compliance California Avenue Improvements, Long Beach, 2011 CEQA Compliance AT&T Mobility On-Call, 2011-12 Native American Consultation Mobilitie On-Call, 2011-12 Palomar Mountain Fuels Modification, 2011 Colton Crossing Grade Separation, 2009-11 Education Devore Interchange Improvements, 2008-11 CSU, Fullerton, M.A., Anth, 2006 Mid County Parkway, western Riverside County, 2005-11 SDSU, Grad Studies, Anth, 1996/97 24th Street Widening, Bakersfield, 2008-10 UC Santa Cruz, B.A., Anth, 1994 Aliso Canyon Park Improvements, Los Angeles, 2010 California Valley Solar Ranch, San Luis Obispo 2009-10 Professional Registrations Mammoth Lakes Parks and Recreation and Trails System Master Plan 2009 RPA, No. 15969 Hollyhock House and Residence “A,” Barnsdall Park, Los Angeles, 2008-09 County of Riverside ( No. 151) Chuckwalla Solar I, Desert Center, 2008-09 County of Orange I-15/SR-79 Interchange, Temecula, 2006-10 Superstition Solar I, Imperial Valley, 2008-09 Professional Memberships McSweeny Farms, Hemet, 2005-08 Magnolia Avenue Widening, Los Angeles, 2008 Society for California Archaeology Hacienda at Fairview Valley, Mojave Desert, 2007-08 Society for American Archaeology Majestic Hills Specific Plan, Hesperia, 2007 Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Needles Highway Improvements, 2005-08 Assoc. of Environmental Professionals Mesquite Regional Landfill, Glamis, 2005-06 Building Industry Association Los Coches Creek Elementary School, Alpine, 2003 Stadium Arco Station, San Diego, 2003-04 Cingular/PBMS, ~2,000 Facilities, Southern Calif., Nevada, and Arizona, 1997-2001 AT&T Wireless, ~1,000 Facilities, Southern California, 1998-2001 Muddy Canyon Archaeological Project, Newport Coast, 2000-02 Bonita Canyon Sports Park, Newport Beach, 1997 Hicks Canyon Retention Basin, Irvine, CA, 1996 Testing of Phase III, Las Trancas Canyon, Newport Coast, 1995 Data Recovery of Site CA-ORA-64, Newport Beach, 1995

Archaeology History Paleontology

Professional and Academic Resume

Jennifer Mermilliod, M.A. JM Research and Consulting 5110 Magnolia Avenue Riverside, CA 92506 Phone 951-233-6897 Email [email protected]

Education

Master of Arts degree in History/Program in Historic Resources Management University of California, Riverside (2001)

Specialization: Historic Preservation Sub-Specialization: Native American Studies

Graduate Internship: City of Riverside, Planning Department, Riverside, California. This internship included work in both historical survey and research as well as administrative procedures.

Bachelor of Arts degree in History University of California, Riverside (2000)

Professional Experience

Independent Cultural Resources Consultant: 2001 to present JM Research and Consulting Independent research and survey work, which includes private and public properties. Experience has focused on historic research, architectural survey, Section 106 reviews, CEQA compliance preparation of reports, presentation and service as an expert witness, the development of historic context statements, and California Register, State Point of Historical Interest, and National Register nominations.

Reviewing Official: 2012 to present March Joint Powers Authority JMRC is contracted to act as Reviewing Official under the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between March Joint Powers Authority (MJPA) and the California State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) for the preservation and disposition of MJPA historic properties located within the surplus and excess areas of March Field Historic District in the County of Riverside, California. Duties include review, analysis, and consultation with MJPA regarding proposed undertakings, minor renovation and maintenance, environmental remediation, and disposal to ensure compliance under the MOU.

Historic Preservation Management Intern: June 2001 to June 2003 City of Riverside Assistance in management and administration of the City’s Historic Preservation Program, which includes a wide variety of ethnically and culturally diverse resources. Responsibilities include financial reporting, grant writing, preparation of brochures and other written materials, historic research and evaluation, Section 106 survey work, and CEQA compliance.

Selected Projects and Reports

Preservation Planning

Cultural Resources Survey for the development of a Strategic Revitalization Plan – Patterson Park Neighborhood, Eastside, Riverside, CA Prepared as part of the Terra Nova Planning & Research, Inc. Consultant Team for The Housing Authority of the City of Riverside In progress 2013

Historic Preservation Consultation and Draft/Review of Selected Sections of the California Baptist University Specific Plan – California Baptist University, Riverside, CA Prepared for California Baptist University June 2012

Cultural Resources Survey for the development of a Specific Plan – California Baptist University, Riverside, CA Prepared for California Baptist University June 2012

Section 106 Review

Cultural Resources Assessment – Wattstar Cinema and Education in the Watts Community of Los Angeles, CA For BCR Consulting July 2010

Section 106 Reviews: Individual properties in Highland, Redlands, and San Bernardino For San Bernardino County’s Lead Abatement Program February 2003

Section 106 Review and CEQA Compliance

Historic Property Survey Report for the University Avenue Streetscape Project and Finding of Effect Document For the City of Riverside as lead agency for Caltrans District 8 review April 2005

Historic Property Survey Report for the Victoria Avenue Streetscape – Historic Victoria Parkway Restoration Project and Finding of Effect Document For the City of Riverside as lead agency for Caltrans District 8 review June 2004

Historic Property Survey Report for the Jurupa Avenue Underpass / Mountain Avenue Crossing Closure Project Co-authored with Janet Hansen for the City of Riverside as lead agency for Caltrans District 8 review December 2001

CEQA Compliance

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance – Dhammakaya Retreat, 801 East Foothill Blvd, Azusa, CA Prepared for DUKE Cultural Resources Management Pending 2013

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance – former Harris’ Department Store at the Riverside Plaza, Riverside, CA Prepared for Architects Orange October 2012

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance – 156-040-001, Eastvale, CA Prepared for Steve Whyld October 2012

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance – 3114 Gibson Street, Riverside, CA Prepared for World Premier Investments, Inc. October 2012

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance – 1115 E. Central Avenue, Redlands, CA Prepared for University of Redlands May 2012

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance – 1st & Market Block, Riverside, CA Prepared for Preferred Bank April 2012

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance – Urbatec, Riverside, CA Prepared for John MacLaurin March 2011

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance – Old Town Plaza, San Jacinto, CA Prepared for Dave Leonard Associates for the Jimenez Initial Study March 2011

Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment for CEQA Compliance – Pfennighausen Ranch, Pedley, unincorporated Riverside County, CA Co-authored with BCR Consulting for Glenn Schoeman, property owner, Riverside County July 2010

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance - William A. Cooper House, Riverside CA Prepared for California Baptist University, property owner July 2010

Evaluation of Impacts for CEQA Compliance with Guidelines for Reconstruction for the Proposed Demolition of the National Register of Historic Places March Field Historic District Garage Building #113, Riverside County, CA Prepared for the March Joint Powers Authority, property owner May 2009

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance for the Proposed Realignment of La Sierra Avenue at Five Points, Riverside CA Prepared for the City of Riverside Current 2008

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance - Former March AFB Main Entrance, Riverside County, CA Prepared for the March Joint Powers Authority, property owner May 2008

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance - Fox Block, Riverside CA Prepared for the City of Riverside Redevelopment Agency September 2007

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance - 3102 Main Street, Riverside CA Prepared for the City of Riverside Redevelopment Agency July 2007

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance - Brown’s Garage, Riverside CA Prepared for the City of Riverside Redevelopment Agency March 2007

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance - 3250 Main Street, Riverside CA Prepared for the Mark Rubin, property owner February 2007

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance - 4068 10th Street, Riverside CA Prepared for Brian Pearcy, property owner January 2007

Historic Resources Record Search, Needs Assessment, and Restoration Consultation - 236 S. Shaffer Street, Orange, CA Prepared for Mike and Kathryne O’Hara April 2006

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance - M Sole’ Project, Riverside, CA Prepared for the Alan Muruvka, The Alan Muruvka Company September 2006

Review of City of Orange CEQA Compliance - 260 S. Shaffer Street, Orange CA Prepared for the Old Towne Preservation Association April 2005

Cultural Resources Survey for CEQA Compliance - Thunderbird Lodge, Riverside CA Prepared for the property owner, Neil Baca December 2004

Consultation re: Rancho Cucamonga Environmental Initial Study Part II & Mitigation Requirements – Pioneer Winery Prepared for the Hofer Family March 2004

Consultation re: Rancho Cucamonga Preservation Ordinance & Environmental Review Process Prepared for the Hofer Family July 2003

Review of City of Orange Section 106 and CEQA Compliance - 655 S. Glassell Street, Orange CA Prepared for the Old Towne Preservation Association June 2003

Historic/Architectural Surveys and Historic Context Statements

Historic Resources Intensive-Level Survey and Context Statement – Auto Context, Riverside, CA For the City of Riverside Redevelopment Agency October 2010 – in progress

Historic Resources Reconnaissance-Level Survey and Context Statement – Northside, Riverside, CA For the City of Riverside Planning Department under a 2004-2005 CLG Grant October 2004 – September 2005

Historic Resources Intensive-Level Survey and Context Statement - Palm Heights, Riverside, CA For the City of Riverside Planning Department under a 2003-2004 CLG Grant December 2003 – September 2004

Historic/Architectural Surveys

Determination of Eligibility - 4135 Market Street, Riverside, California For Ron Douglas, potential buyer May 2012

Determination of Eligibility and Recommendations for Treatment - 2792 Woodbine Street, Riverside, California For Shonda Herold, Housing Coordinator, City of Riverside August 2011

Architectural and Historic Survey - 3604 Madison Street, Riverside, California For Dr Hurtado, property owner May 2008

Architectural Survey – Donuthole Survey, Riverside, CA For the City of Riverside Planning Department October 2007

Architectural and Historic Survey - 204 and 220 Terracina Boulevard, Redlands, California For Harvey Hansen, Redlands Community Hospital February 2004

Architectural Survey – Approx. 40 properties and Historical Research in Victorville, California For CRM Tech April – May 2003

Architectural Survey - Approximately 80 properties in Lancaster, California For CRM Tech November – December 2002

Architectural and Historic Survey - 170 S. Spring Street, Blythe, California For CRM Tech November 2002

Historic Resources Survey and Project Evaluation - 1293 and 1301 East Brockton Avenue, Redlands, CA For Phillip Doolittle, University of Redlands October 2002

Historic Resources Survey - 1310 East Lugonia Avenue, Redlands, CA For Phillip Doolittle, University of Redlands October 2002

Historic Resources Survey and Analysis - 2750 W. Devonshire Avenue, Hemet, CA For Joseph Cagliero, property owner, Hemet, California January 2002

Historic Context Statements

Development of the Historic Context Statement for Grand Avenue Bluff Historic District In partnership with Galvin Preservation Associates (GPA) for City of Riverside CLG Grant September 2012

Development of a Historic Context Statement - East Village, City of Long Beach For CRM Tech June 2006

Development of a Historic Context Statement - Village of Arlington, City of Riverside For CRM Tech, project recipient of City of Riverside CLG Grant September 2003

National Register of Historic Places Nominations

Mount Rubidoux - Riverside, CA Project Management and Consultation provided to Wilkman Historical Services and Old Riverside Foundation In Progress

Huntington Beach Public Library on Triangle Park - Huntington Beach, CA Prepared for the Huntington Beach Neighbors February 2013

Grand Boulevard - Corona, CA Prepared for the Corona Historic Preservation Society January 2011

Selected Properties – Pasadena, California National Register designation of five properties under a Multiple Property Listing February 2003

The Camarillo Ranch House – Camarillo, California Co-authored with Janet Hansen for the Camarillo Ranch Foundation October 2002

California Register of Historical Resource

The Jackson Building, a commercial building at 3643 University Avenue - Riverside, California Designation to the California Register August 2009

California Point of Historical Resources

The Camarillo Ranch House – Camarillo, California Designation as a State Point of Historical Interest for the Camarillo Ranch Foundation June 2005 (approved by the State Historical Resources Commission; August 2005)

Local Designation Nominations

Segment of SR18 - Corona, California Designation as a Historic District April 2012

The A.C.E. Hawthorne House and Tree - Riverside, California Designation as a City Landmark & Development of Landmark Plaques November 2011 & January 2012

The Walter C. Banks Residence – Riverside, California Designation as a City Landmark & Development of Landmark Plaque October 2008 & March 2012

The Jackson Building, a commercial building at 3643 University Avenue - Riverside, California Designation as a City Landmark & Development of Landmark Plaque January 2007 & June 2008

House at 3855-59 11th Street – Riverside, California Designation as a City Structure of Merit November 2003

Recordation

Recordation of Harden Square and the Central Plant/Ceramics Building - California Baptist University, Riverside, California Prepared for California Baptist University January 2011

Additional Consultation

Consultation regarding the rehabilitation of the Camp Anza Officers Club – Riverside, California Prepared for City of Riverside March 2013 – ongoing

Consultation regarding artifact concentration – California Baptist University, Riverside, California Prepared for Wellington family November 2012

Consultation regarding artifact remains near the Santa Ana River – Riverside, California Prepared for Wellington family October 2012

Consultation regarding the rehabilitation of the A.C.E. Hawthorne House – California Baptist University, Riverside, California Prepared for California Baptist University September 2011 – ongoing

Consultation regarding the rehabilitation of the James Complex – California Baptist University, Riverside, California Prepared for California Baptist University May 2011 – ongoing

Consultation and Historic Research regarding potential redevelopment – 9525-29 Magnolia Avenue, Riverside, CA Prepared for United American Properties July 2010

Consultation regarding façade restoration of the Jackson Building - 3643 University Avenue, Riverside, California Designation as a City Landmark January 2007

Consultation and Historic Research - 4202 University Avenue, Riverside, CA Prepared for Kim Hodges, realtor March 2008

Consultation on National Register eligibility - former YWCA Building, Riverside, CA Prepared for Bent Corydon, property owner October 2005

Consultation on historical deeds and Assessor’s records in preparation of litigation Prepared for Mr. Jerome Schwartz and counsel - Mayer, Glassman, & Gaines, Attorney’s at Law August - September 2004

Database Management

Historic Resources Inventory: Instructions for Recording and Viewing Historic Resources Database User’s Manual prepared for the City of Riverside September 2001

Historic Resources Inventory Database Web site: Instructions for Online Navigation Historic Resources Database Web site User’s Manual prepared for the City of Riverside September 2002

Publications

“The Grandest Boulevard” Published by the Riverside County Historical Commission and the Riverside County Regional Park and Open-Space District in The Riverside County Chronicles, Issue No. 5 Fall 2011

Presentations

“Architecture: Form, Function, and Ornamentation” Diocese of San Bernardino, Our Lady of Perpetual Help 8th Grade Elective Architecture Series October 2011

“How to Research Your Historic Home” City of Riverside Public Workshop October 2010

“Riverside’s Hidden Histories: The Gems Among Us – Nava Tires” The Mission Inn Foundation and Museum Public Program, entitled Riverside’s Hidden Histories June 17, 2010

“The Art of the Survey: A Look at the Survey Process and Your Role In It” Riverside County Historical Commission 5th Annual Symposium, entitled Conservation, Preparation, Preservation October 26, 2007

“Historic Preservation within the Field of Public History” Wendy Elliott Scheinberg, Ph.D., Department of History, California State University, Fullerton, November 14, 2006

“Arlington Heights, the Realization and Preservation of a California Dream” California Preservation Foundation Conference - Arlington Heights, A California Dream: Born in the 19th Century Citrus Industry and Played Out in the Realities of Today’s Urban Southern CA May 14, 2005

“How to Research Your Historic Home” Riverside County Historical Commission History Workshop, entitled Castles to Bungalows: Historic Architecture of Riverside County April 16, 2004

22 Socorro Rancho Santa Margarita California 92688 949-303-0420 [email protected]

Frederick W. Lange Senior Archaeologist

Professional Experience Senior Archaeologist, DUKE CRM, 2012. Senior Cultural Resources Manager, LSA, 2004–2012. Senior Project Director, SRI, 2003–2004. Cultural Heritage Advisor to the National Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica. 2003–2007. Cultural Heritage Consultant, National Assembly of Costa Rica and Peninsula de Papagayo Ecotourism Project, Costa Rica. 2003–2007. Advisor and Professor of Anthropology and Archaeology, Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador. 2003–June 2004. Consultant for project development for community participation in protection of the cultural heritage, CONCULTURA (El Salvador). 2000–2003. Managing Associate for anthropology and archaeology projects, Asesores y Consultores, S.A. (El Salvador). 2000–2003. Fulbright Scholar (Award 9605), El Salvador and Guatemala. Public Education for the Protection of the Cultural Heritage as an Expertise Essential Component of Sustainable Development. 2000–2003. Ceramic Analysis Advisor, Nicaraguan Institute of Culture, Museum and Settlement Pattern Studies Archaeology projects. 2000–2002. Environmental Archaeology Advisor, Nicaraguan Institute of Tourism, Cultural Heritage INAA Applications to Archaeology Tourism. 2000–2002. Ethnohistory Ethnography Selected Project Experience Museum Studies San Manuel Band of Mission Indians Environmental Cultural Heritage Tourism Overview, San Bernardino County. The purpose of the Native American Consultation Cultural Resources component of the Environmental Overview

Education (EO) was to provide the subsequent Master Planning consultants with a detailed and comprehensive summary of existing cultural Beloit College, B.A. Anth, April 1967. resources on Tribal lands. In this way, the Master Plan could be U. of Wisconsin, M.A., Anth 1969. created in a manner that protects cultural resources and avoids U. of Wisconsin, Ph.D., Anth 1971. culturally sensitive areas identified in the EO or if necessary, Professional Registrations create Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) to help guide RPA, No. 15436 future development. Dr. Lange was Principal Investigator for the Cultural Resources component of the Environmental Overview. Professional Memberships Employer: LSA Associates Society for California Archaeology Society for American Archaeology San Manuel Band of Mission Indians 4-Lot and 10-Lot Red Centroamericana de Antropologia House Assessment. Dr. Lange conducted the cultural resources Register of Professional Archaeologists assessments of two proposed residential construction areas on the reservation. Both areas were negative for cultural resources, although the spatial relationship of the two areas to the historic center of the reservation was highlighted in the letter reports. Employer: LSA Associates

Archaeology History Paleontology

DUKE Cultural Resources Management

Appendix C CONFIDENTIAL Site Records

NOT FOR PUBLIC DISPLAY

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#

Trinomial PRIMARY RECORD CHR Status Code 5S1 Other Listings Review Code Reviewer Date

Page _1_ of _8_ *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat P1. Other Identifier: Unsectioned por. between T1N, R10W, Section 25 and grant boundary of the Dalton Ranch *P2. Location: Not for Publication Unrestricted *a. County Los Angeles and (P2b and P2c or P2d. Attach a Location Map as necessary.) *b. USGS 7.5’ Quad Azusa Date r.1972 T ; R ; ¼ of ¼ of Sec ; S.B. B.M. c. Address 865 E. Monrovia Place City Azusa Zip Code 91702 d. UTM: (give more than one for large and/or linear resources) Zone 11 ; 417800 mE/ 3777930 mN/ e. Other Locational Data: (e.g., parcel#, directions to resource, elevation, etc. as appropriate) APN: 8625-005-015

*P3a. Description: (Describe resource and its major elements. Include design, materials, condition, alterations, size, setting, and boundaries) See Continuation Sheet.

P3b. Resource Attributes: (List attributes and codes) HP2 – SFR; HP33 – citrus ranch property; HP16 – religious building P4. Resources Present: Building Structure Object Site District Element of District Other (Isolates, etc.) P5b. Description of Photo: (view, date, Acession #) View to north/northeast. Photo taken on April 10, 2013

*P6. Date Constructed / Age and Sources: Historic Prehistoric Both 1932

*P7. Owner and Address: Dhammaka International Meditation Center 801 Foothill Boulevard Azusa, CA 91702 *P8. Recorded by: (Name, org., and addr.) Jennifer Mermilliod JM Research & Consulting (JMRC) 5110 Magnolia Avenue Riverside, CA 92506 *P9. Date Recorded: April 10, 2013 *P10. Survey Type Intensive-Level for CEQA Compliance

*P11 – Report Citation (Cite survey report and other sources, or enter “none.”) Duke, Curt, Frederick Lange & Jennifer Mermilliod. 2014. Cultural and Paleontological Resources Assessment for the Dhammakaya International Meditation Center, City of Azusa, Los Angeles County, CA. Attachments: None Location Map Sketch Map Continuation Sheet Building, Structure, and Object Record Archaeological Record District Record Linear Feature Record Milling Station Record Rock Art Record Artifact Record Photograph Record Other Other (List)

DPR 523A (3/97) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#

BUILDING, STRUCTURE, AND OBJECT RECORD Page 2 of 8 *CHR Satus Code 5S1 *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat B1. Historic Name: B2. Common Name: Dhammakaya International Meditation Center B3. Original Use: SFR; Citrus Ranch B4. Present Use: Spiritual Retreat *B5. Architectural Style: French Eclectic *B6. Construction History: (Construction date, alterations and date of alterations)

See Continuation Sheet.

*B7. Moved? No Yes Unknown Date: Original Location: *B8. Related Features: Dormitories Mature palms, landscaping & historic hardscape

B9a. Architect: Robert D. Farquhar & Edwin Wallace Neff, Sr. B9b. Builder: Unknown *B10. Significance: Theme Citriculture; Jesuit Evangalism; Architecture Area Southern California - Azusa Period of Significance 1880s-1940s; 1947-1995 Property Type SFR; Retreat Cmplx Applicable Criteria N/A (Discuss importance in terms of historical or architectural context as defined by theme, period, and geographic scope. Also address integrity.)

See Continuation Sheet.

B11. Additional Resource Attributes: (List attributes and codes) HP29 – landscape architecture

*B12. References:

See Ccontinuation Sheet.

B13. Remarks:

*B14. Evaluator: Jennifer Mermilliod *Date of Evaluation: June 12, 2013

DPR 523B (3/97) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # LINEAR FEATURE RECORD Trinomial Page 3 of 8 Resource Name or #: (Assigned by recorder) Covina Canal

L1. Historic and/or Common Name: Covina Canal L2a. Portion Described:  Entire Resource  Segment  Point Observation Designation: b. Location of point or segment: (Provide UTM coordinates, legal description, and any other useful locational data. Show the area that has been field inspected on a Location Map)

865 E. Monrovia Place. Just east of intersection of Monrovia Place and entry to Monrovia Nursery.

L3. Description: (Describe construction details, materials, and artifacts found at this segment/point. Provide plans/sections as appropriate.)

Concrete lined canal with concave bottom.

L4. Dimensions: (In feet for historic features and meters for prehistoric features) a. Top Width: 8-ft 1-inch to 8-ft. 4 inches L4e. Sketch of Cross-Section (include scale) Facing: approx. 2-ft. (rounded) b. Bottom Width: c. Height or Depth: 32 inches

d. Length of Segment: 60 feet

L5. Associated Resources: MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat Property, and other segments of the Covina Canal off the property.

L8a. Photograph, Map or Drawing L6. Setting: (Describe natural features, landscape characteristics, slope, etc., as appropriate.)

In a landscaped setting to the west of the entry road to the MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat.

L7. Integrity Considerations:

This segment is well maintained. There was no sign of deterioration in the segment that was surveyed.

L8b. Description of Photo, Map, or Drawing (View, scale, etc.)

View to south toward Monrovia Place

L9. Remarks:

L10. Form Prepared by: (Name, affiliation, and address) Dr. Frederick Lange DUKECRM 22.Socorro Rancho Margarita, CA 92688

L11. Date: April 10, 2013

DPR 523E (1/95)

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#

CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial

Page 4 of 8 *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat

* Recorded by Jennifer Mermilliod *Date June 12, 2013 Continuation Update

P3a. Description: The approximately 12-acre MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat consists of a collection of buildings, structures, and objects constructed on an extensively landscaped slope overlooking the City of Azusa from the northern end of Palm Drive, approximately 2 miles north of East Foothill Boulevard.

The former citrus ranch is dominated by the 1932 MacNeil mansion, which faces south near the center of the property. Designed in the French Eclectic style, the residence rests on a raised poured concrete foundation and is laid out on a conservative, nearly Georgian plan. Painted brick walls are topped with a mansard roof ringed on the main mass with a dominant balustrade of heavy, rounded concrete members. Wall corners are quoined on the main mass through projecting four-course sections of brick, and fenestration consists of wood-framed, multi-paned casement windows and French doors with functional shutters and arched transoms. A chimney is found on the rear, north elevation as well as a round tower pierced by four small, staggered, wood-framed double-hung windows. A square brick addition, known as the Neff Chapel (1954), was connected to the east end of mansion by a covered breezeway by 1954, and a west wing (1954-65) constructed at an angle to face the southwest, doubled the original mansion in the mid-1960s and added a large hall, kitchen, meeting rooms, and administrative office space. While compatible in materials and features, the west wing removed a substantial amount of historic fabric and significant original features, including the original classical entrance and round stairwell window, several interior rooms, and the original kitchen. The mansion was further remodeled on the interior in the 1970s or early 1980s when the 1960s west wing was expanded to the rear with split-level, wood-frame additions.

Jesuit retreat-related living quarters arranged in three residential compounds of clustered, attached motel-style units were added to the property in the 1950s and 1960s. A complex known as Regis Terrace was added to the property by 1954 along the steepest portion in the northeast corner of the property. This residential compound consists of two terraced rows - two buildings of five and four units above three buildings of four units. Directly behind the original, main portion of the MacNeil mansion, three buildings arranged to shelter a courtyard, known as Bellarmine Square, were also added by 1954. The north building contains six units and each side buildings contain five units, and the courtyard is open to the south from where concrete steps lead from the rear of the mansion. Another, separate row of six units is adjacent to the west and extends to the northwest from near the rear of the MacNeil mansion’s west wing. A similar, larger version known as St. Joseph Square was added between 1954-65 to the west/northwest of the MacNeil mansion west wing. This complex has seven attached units to the north and eight attached units on each side of a courtyard. These one-story, rectilinear Rustic Ranch style dormitories were constructed of unpointed concrete brick masonry that was left unsheathed or painted and topped with red clay tile roofs. Several roofs have been replaced with new tile or composition shingles, and original wood-framed double-hung windows have nearly all been replaced with aluminum-framed sliding sash in recent years.

A meeting hall known as the Xavier Center was added to the property in 1977. This Contemporary style religious building is stepped on a tri- level concrete pad over a rising slope far below the MacNeil mansion to the east. The one-story, rectangular building is constructed of split- faced concrete block on a post-and-beam structural system. A low-pitched, front-gabled concrete roof sheathed in stucco and covered with composition shingles ends in wide, open eaves over unsheathed walls. Fenestration consists of metal-framed, sliding windows with red brick sills. A south-facing curtain wall of exposed, metal-framed glass and two glass doors topped with louvered transoms provides access to the building beneath an exaggerated gable end supported by two wide concrete pillars and three metal posts.

A dual-level chapel and community building were added in 1987 in the rear, northwest corner of property, near where the original MacNeil summer house and garage were once located (removed by 2003). The two buildings are connected by the extended roof beams of the east gable end of the chapel to form an L-shaped footprint. The whole is constructed of variegated brown concrete brick and topped with gabled roofs covered with red barrel tile. Fenestration in the higher, long rectangular portion consists of metal-framed sliding windows, and multiple plain wood doors line the east and west elevations. The smaller chapel building is pierced by a ribbon of three and a single column of three vertically stacked transom or hopper windows on the south elevation. A convex brown brick wall forms the slightly curved western elevation of the chapel, and a small recessed entry is centered on the east elevation.

A large swimming pool (filled after 1996), which appears contemporaneous with the construction of the mansion and is screened by a matching balustrade, carries the classical design into the garden, southeast of the mansion and adjacent to (east of) the front lawn. The grounds spreading south, east, and west before the mansion are generously landscaped with palms and uncommon plants, much of which appears original or early, as well as hardscape walkways and low rock garden walls of various early and unknown dates. Statuary representing the Catholic Stations of the Cross added during the Jesuit period for outdoor prayer and meditation on a portion of the front lawn and garden area was been recently removed, and a massive sitting Buddha statue was added to the east end of the front lawn above the swimming pool after 2002. Behind the mansion, an added scored concrete patio elevated by two steps contains a small, three-tiered round fountain, before which a Jesuit motto has been stamped in Latin, “Ad Jesum per Mariam,” which translates “To Jesus through Mary.” Portions of the elevated concrete patio have been scored with Borromean Rings, a fundamental symbol of three interlocking rings that was earliest represented in 2nd century Buddhist art and traditionally used in Christianity represent the Holy Trinity.

DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#

CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial

Page 5 of 8 *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat

* Recorded by Jennifer Mermilliod *Date June 12, 2013 Continuation Update

*B6. Construction History 1932 – MacNeil residence & swimming pool 1954 – Neff Chapel addition mid-1960s – west wing 1950s-70s – dormitories 1977 – Xavier Center (meeting hall) 1987 – chapel, community room a. 2002 – Buddha statue

*B10. Significance: The approximately 12-acre foothill property was once part of the 250-acre Rancho los Cacomites, which had been carved from a portion of the Rancho San Jose Addition and gifted by Jonathan Sayre Slauson to his daughter Louise upon her marriage to Hugh Livingstone MacNeil in 1884. Slauson, founder of the Los Angeles County Bank and director of the Southern Pacific and Pacific Electric Railroads, organized the Azusa Land & Water Company in 1886. The small town of Azusa coalesced on Slauson’s acres and its success was boosted by the regional land boom of the late-1880s on the heels of the completion of the transcontinental railroad and development of local rail lines. With the eruption of “Orange Fever” in the late-1870s, new communities from Pasadena to Redlands were founded on orange agriculture, which fast became the favored industry of the region by the end of the 19th century. Rancho los Cacomites may have been among the first to engage in citriculture locally. By 1900, all the Slauson children were involved in citriculture, and in 1902, the MacNeils, Vosburgs, and James Slauson incorporated as the Azusa Foothill Citrus Company. Both ranchos that had been gifted to the Slauson daughters – Rancho los Cacomites and Rancho de Alisal, a matching 250-acre neighboring parcel to the west gifted to Kate Slauson Vosburg upon her marriage – were known jointly as the Azusa Foothill Ranch, an important regional producer, shipping 100,000-150,000 boxes of oranges annually between 1910 and 1946.

On the prosperity of the Foothill Citrus Company, the Slauson daughters each developed residences on their adjacent properties, which were both accessed and separated by narrow adjacent driveways along the rancho boundary. This dual drive was lined in 1908 with 226 California fan palms (Washintonia fillifera) and was dubbed, Palm Drive. While Kate constructed a Craftsman style residence on her ranch, the original MacNeil residence on Rancho del Cacomites was a converted barn used primarily in the summer from the 1890s through the 1920s (demolished after 1996), as Louise maintained a town residence in Los Angeles. Later in life, Louise commissioned classically trained Los Angeles architect Robert Farquhar to design a grand new home on the family ranch in the French Eclectic style. Farquhar’s works were characterized by a classical calmness and stood out among smaller, less formal, and regionally-influenced local interpretations of European eclecticism. Although the relatively limited number of his commissions in the early-20th century have failed to identify Farquhar as a prominent, well-known architect of his time, many of his stunning works have achieved recognition, including the Fenyes House (1906) in Pasadena, which is now a museum and City Landmark (1965), a California Point of Historical Interest (1993), and listed in the National Register of Historic Places; the National Register-listed California Club (1920-30) in downtown Los Angeles, with which the Slauson and MacNeil families were associated; and the William Clark Memorial Library at the University of California, Los Angeles, which has been recognized as a local Historic-Cultural Monument (1924-26). In addition, Farquhar also designed the local Lindley-Scott House for John Lindley, longtime manager and president of the Azusa Foothill Citrus Company. The former residence is now open for special events and has been identified as historically significant locally by the Azusa Cultural and Historical Landmark Commission.

As elsewhere in southern California, the decline of citriculture in the post-WWII era coincided with the rise of industry and population-driven demand for housing, transforming the agricultural landscape. The Azusa Foothill Citrus Company discarded its orchard property, selling most of the ranch in the late 1940s to the Monrovia Nursery. The mansion and grounds were acquired by the Jesuit Order of the Society of Jesus in 1947 for use as a spiritual retreat. Founded by Saint Ignatius Loyola in 1521 and officiated by papal bull in 1540, the Society of Jesus is a religious order of Catholic priests devoted to evangelization and apostolic work. From the 16th century, Jesuits spread across the world through missions into foreign lands, propagating the Catholic faith and actively establishing residences, parishes, parochial schools, orphanages, monasteries, retreat houses, and institutions for higher education. Confessors to kings, Jesuits enjoyed very high favor among Catholic peoples, royalty, and popes but continually experienced dramatic shifts in goodwill and persecuting laws with swings in political and religious thought and the colonizing efforts of major European powers. Jesuits entered America in various places from several countries, including Peru, England, Canada, France, Italy, and Switzerland, and Spain, ministering to Catholics, converting Protestant and other pioneers, and evangelizing among Native American groups.

With a Jesuit presence in California since soon after Spanish exploration and discovery in the 16th century, by the close of the 19th century, California contained over 350 churches, nearly 500 priests, and two universities with a third soon to follow. The Loyola Laymen’s Retreat Association incorporated in the State of California in the 1930s, and established the Manresa Retreat House in the mansion, the second Jesuit retreat house in the state and a spiritual haven named after the small Spanish town where the doctrine of the Society of Jesus was first written. The retreat house was established under the direction of Father Thomas Sullivan, S.J. Born in 1909 and ordained in 1944, Father Sullivan lectured at Loyola University before directing retreats at Manresa until 1955. Father Sullivan went on to establish a school in Hiroshima, Japan, create the Jesuit Guest Bureau, and serve universities at Santa Clara, San Francisco, Hawaii, and Loyola Marymount before his death in 1992. Father Sullivan established Jesuit life at Manresa, which reflected the society’s pursuit of evangelical perfection through order and routine, retreat, reflection, and meditation within a common community. The former mansion and grounds offered retreats, workshops, and days of quiet DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#

CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial

Page 6 of 8 *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat

* Recorded by Jennifer Mermilliod *Date June 12, 2013 Continuation Update recollection not only to Jesuit priests, but to those seeking spiritual development.

Under Jesuit ownership and use, the MacNeil mansion continued to be the focal point of the property and the home of resident priests, but the Jesuits soon embarked on a series of alterations to accommodate the new use of the property, beginning with the expansion of the mansion. While many character-defining features are evident in the mansion, including quoined corners, shuttered windows and French doors with arched transoms, a mansard roof, and decorative roofline balustrade, the impression of restrained stylistic intent appears to be the result of its alteration, specifically the addition of the west wing in the mid-1960s. The new wing essentially doubled the size of the mansion, adding a large hall, kitchen, meeting rooms, and administrative office space. This full-height addition designed by regional architects, Brown and Avila, achieved a measure architectural compatibility in materials and features, but compromised scale, massing, and residential quality and removed a significant portion of historic fabric and original features to accommodate its construction. Interior remodeling and the wood-framed expansion of the west wing to the rear in the 1970s or early-1980s further detracted from the visual compatibility of the addition.

In contrast, the earlier award-winning Neff Chapel (1954) addition commissioned by Father Sullivan is notably less invasive and superior in design and integration. Attached to the east end of the mansion by a breezeway, the shorter, smaller square brick chapel also utilizes compatible materials and features, but employs minimal fenestration, which serves to preserve the visual dominance of the main mass. The chapel was designed by Edwin Wallace Neff, Sr., a prominent and successful regional architect who was recognized by the Southern California Chapter of the American Institute of Architects in 1958 for the chapel’s harmonious design that blended the building’s spiritual use within its domestic setting. Born in California in 1895, Neff completed coursework in Munich, Germany (1911-1913), Geneva, Switzerland (1913-1914), and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1915-1917), where he studied with distinguished church architect, Ralph Adams Cram, among others. Neff lived and worked locally, and his clients included many in the motion-picture industry. Before his death in 1982, he was recognized as a Fellow, American Institute of Architects (FAIA) in 1956 and had accomplished many notable works, including the weekend home of E.L. Doheny in Santa Paula (1928), the Galli Curci House in Westwood (1938), and the home of razor baron King Camp Gillette in Calabasas in 1926, now a protected parkland preserve. Neff experimented in affordable housing applications, inventing new a balloon casting technique to create thin domed concrete. Many of Neff’s works were the subject of national security, the recipient of awards, and the topic of many publications. The New York Times dubbed him the “Pioneer of the California Style,” and his designs continue to be sought after and sold for millions among those in the motion-picture industry.

Over the decades, additional buildings were constructed to support retreat activities under Jesuit ownership. Three compounds of dormitories for retreatants were added in the 1950s and 1960s. One-story motel- or vacation cabin-style rectilinear strips of multiple units were arranged in groups of two or three along the slopes behind and adjacent to the MacNeil mansion in the 1950s or early 1960s. Designed in the Rustic Ranch style, the dormitories employed materials and features in complete contrast with the MacNeil mansion, such as gabled red tile roofs, porches, and rustic wood balustrades. While the modest nature of the simple buildings may have been in keeping with the tenets of the Jesuit order, nothing further in the design or materials indicate a specifically Jesuit use. In recent years, several roofs have been replaced with composition shingle, and nearly all the original wood-framed, double-hung windows have been, or are in the process of being, replaced with aluminum- framed sliding windows. Two larger and more recent buildings, a Contemporary style meeting hall (1977) below and southeast of the mansion and a chapel with a community center (1987) in the rear northwest corner, are similarly incompatible modern additions.

Much of the original or early landscape and hardscape walkways and rock walls appear to be present along with some modern improvements in the front, rear, and east of the mansion. The original swimming pool and balustrade screen, which had been documented in 1996 as functional and maintained for use by retreat visitors, has since been filled with earth and planted with a rose topiary garden; its condition below grade is unknown. Statuary depicting the Stations of the Cross installed during the Jesuit period in the front gardens has been recently removed, and a large Buddha statue was added after 2002 on the east end of the front lawn. Behind the mansion, an elevated concrete patio contains a small remnant of the Jesuit period near a three-tiered round fountain - a Jesuit motto stamped in Latin, “Ad Jesum per Mariam,” which translates “To Jesus through Mary,” and scored Borromean Rings, a fundamental symbol of three interlocking rings seen first in 2nd century Buddhist art and as a traditional symbol of the Christian Holy Trinity.

By the 1990s, the Manresa Retreat House offered spiritual serenity to thousands of people each year who visited from nearby, local cities to as far away as Mexico. With about 200 Jesuits in more than 20 retreat houses and spirituality centers in America, the Manresa Retreat House was one of only two in the state and one of at least four major religious retreat houses in the area. The Jesuits remained at the Manresa Retreat House until 1995, after which, they founded and relocated to the Loyola Institute for Spirituality in Orange, California in 1997. The peaceful sloping setting of the former citrus ranch, however, still beckoned a spiritual use. The MacNeil mansion and the buildings constructed as part of the Manresa Retreat continue to be used as a spiritual retreat known as the Dhammakaya International Meditation Center. In recent years, statuary representing the Stations of the Cross that had been added to the front gardens for outdoor prayer and meditation during the Jesuit period has been removed, and a large statue of Buddha was added after 2002 to face west from the east side of the front lawn.

The MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat represents late-19th through early-20th century citrus ranching during the founding and development of Azusa and the rise of citriculture in the region as well as the Jesuit spiritual retreat traditions of the Society of Jesus religious order during the second half of the 20th century. The property also highlights the work of notable architects, Robert Farquhar and Edwin Wallace Neff, Sr. and represents the French Eclectic style. Although the MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat has been associated with events that have made a DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#

CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial

Page 7 of 8 *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat

* Recorded by Jennifer Mermilliod *Date June 12, 2013 Continuation Update significant contribution to the broad patterns of California's history and cultural heritage (Criterion A/1), and the MacNeil mansion and Neff Chapel represent the work of notable architects, Farquhar and Neff, and possess high artistic value, (Criterion C/3), the property has been extensively altered by the mid-1960s west wing addition and further remodeling with the 1970s-80s rear addition to the mansion as well as the addition of ordinary and incompatible Rustic Ranch dormitory buildings in the mid-20th century. Due to substantial collective losses in integrity of design, materials, and feeling, the MacNeil Mansion-Manresa Retreat does not appear eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places or the California Register of Historical Resources. The mansion clearly remains eligible for its current local designation of “Potential Landmark” under the Historic Preservation Ordinance of the City of Azusa (Ord. no. 00-012, §2, 10/16/00) and is assigned a CHR Status Code of 5S1 – Individual property that is listed or designated locally. The MacNeil mansion, along with the former Vosburg Residence, Lindley- Scott House, and Palm Drive, may also contribute to a potential Azusa Foothill Ranch Historic District, which has been identified in previous studies but not fully studied or documented.

*B12. References: Association of Jesuit Colleges & Universities (AJCU). 2013. “Jesuit Institutions.” Website: http://www.ajcunet.edu/, accessed May-June 2013. Azusa, City of. 2000. Historic Preservation Ordinance. Chapter 55, Article II of the Azusa Municipal Code. Bishop Accountability.org. 2005. “Addendum to the Report to the People of God: Father Thomas Sullivan, S.J.” BishopAccountability.org 2004. Website: http://www.bishop-accountability.org/usccb/natureandscope/dioceses/reports/losangelesca_addendum_b.htm, accessed May-June 2013. Bucy, Page. 1990. “Retreat Houses Offer Break From Routine,” Los Angeles Times, 8/1/1990, Section E. CRMS (Cultural Resources Management Solutions). 1992, updated 1996. “Monrovia Nursery Project Cultural Resources Investigation.” On file On File at the South Central Coastal Information, California State University, Fullerton. Gebhard, D. and R. Winter. 1985. Architecture in Los Angeles: a complete guide. Gibbs M. Smith: Salt Lake City, UT. HEART (Historical, Environmental, Archaeological, Research Team). 1996. “Peer Review of the Monrovia Nursery Project Cultural Resources Element.” Draft Report on File at the South Central Coastal Information, California State University, Fullerton. Hoose, William. 2002. No title. Reconnaissance survey documented on DPR forms, on file at the City of Azusa Economic & Community Development Department, Planning Division. Jones & Stokes Associates, Inc. 1996. “Cultural Resources Inventory and Evaluation of the Manresa Retreat Property, Azusa, California.” On File at the South Central Coastal Information, California State University, Fullerton. Kidney, W.C. 1974. The Architecture of Choice: eclecticism in America, 1880-1930. George Braziller: New York, NY. Kloepfer, W.W. 1980. History of the Parish of Saint Francis of Rome, Azusa, California. On file with the Azusa Historical Society, Azusa, California. Michelson, Alan. 2005-2013. “Manresa Jesuit Retreat House, Azusa, CA” and “Edwin Wallace Neff, Sr.” Pacific Coast Architecture Database. Website: https://digital.lib.washington.edu/, accessed May-June 2013. Neff, W. 1986. Wallace Neff: architect of California’s golden age. Capra Press: Santa Barbara, CA. Pollen, John Hungerford. 1912. "The Society of Jesus." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Also at . The Society of Jesus in the United States. 1998-2013. “Parishes and Retreat Centers” and “The Provinces.” Jesuit.org. Jesuit Conference, 1998- 2013. Website: http://www.jesuit.org/ignatian-spirituality/parishes-and-retreat-centers/, accessed May-June 2013.

DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information