AMERIC AN LAW
C h a rter Pa rties
A N D
O ce a n Bills Of La ding
WHA RTO N PO O R
O F T H E N E WY O RK BA R
LBA N Y A N . Y , . MATTHEWBEND E R C O MPANY
I N C O RP O R A T E D 1 920
A L A MR . I . C R ES G T H S H H , with Wh om it h a s been my privilege to dis cus n of th e u e o s ere re n s ma y q sti n h p se ted .
iii
INTRO DU CTIO N .
I n re r n th e es c o I ve p pa i g pag whi h f llow, ha ende avore d to pro duce a b o ok which w ould be of u se
er Th to bu siness men a s well a s to lawy s . e scheme which I have adopte d is to discu ss clau se by clau se th e well known docu ments in everyday u se by s n men — e c r ers r e c r ers oce n hippi g , tim ha t , at ha t , a
ls of n nc u n os m or n bil ladi g, i l di g that m t i p ta t s e A f h e u th r e ct. In e o t e e ce tat t , e Ha t r vi w x ll nt
En or s on th e su ec I e not em e glish w k bj t , hav att pt d to re er to of h e E n ec s ons but e f all t glish d i i , hav done so wherever I have deemed it nece ssary further to illu str ate a point or in th e ab sence of American
r au tho ity .
I h of th e ec s o ns — not m have stated t e r esult d i i , y
n ns I mus no t be en a s ree n own co clu sio . t tak ag i g with every decision to which I have referred .
WHARTO N PO O R .
9 Fe r 1 20. New York City, bru a y,
TABLE O F C O NTENTS
"References a re to S ections "
A R I CH PTE .
S ECTIO N TIME CHARTERS .
Statements re lating to th e ship me a nd o e Ti v yag . e wo n S a rthi ess. w u c r o La f l a g .
Expense s falling on o wner : Insurance Expe nse s falling on charterer w Withdr a al . ’ Space s at charter er s di sp osal n n Sig i g bills of lading .
n emn c on c r erer I d ifi ati by ha t . Ventilation o f th e cargo r own B eakd clau se . ce on c Ex pti lause . r r o n c A bit ati lause . en c se Li lau .
r o D y d cking .
ma e t o e sse Da g v l .
n e n w e Wi ch s a d inchm n . er S ub chart s.
CHAPTER II .
V Y G O A E CHARTERS .
’ Statements a s to vesse l s position a nd time o f sailing nce n e Ca lli g dat . When no cancelling date Safe ports : So near a s sh e ma y sa fe ly get
VII POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"References a r e t o S ections "
' Efiect of bill of lading wh en ship u nder charter Incorpor atio n o f charter party in bill o f lading esser c e C laus .
r e : n rne F ight Wh e ea d .
r Advance f eight . r r F eight p o r ata .
m m r Lu p su f eight .
r De ad f eight . en c P alty lause . omm ss on C i i s.
A R III CH PTE .
D EMURRAGE .
When is a ship a n arrive d ship ? O r so near th ereunto a s sh e ma y safely ge t Pr ovisions expre ssly fixing time when lay-days a r e to begin o ce of re ne s N ti adi s . - s Lay day .
unn n s wor n i g day , ki g days h olidays R , Efiect of working on excepte d days Fault of th e master or owner e e or St v d es .
ce on c s Ex pti lau e s. Whether th e exception clause protects th e charterer ‘ us th e c u o n or sc r n b M t a t al l adi g di ha gi g e prevented l . ff r E o ts to be made by charterer to overcome oper ation o f a n e ce e c x pt d lause . e c c e ce Sp ifi x ptions. Effect of expir ation of la y -days
Effect o f charter without fixe d time Customary dispatch: BL F N N TA E O CO TE TS .
"References a re to S ections "
S ECT IO N
ui ck despa ch a s fas a s s e amer ca n de liver a s fas a s Q t , t t , t
o s e 0 0 0 p s ibl . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
on nuous C ti ly. c e Tu rn berth laus s. Obligation on charterer to have h is cargo re ady Dispatch money D emurrage thr ough e xer cise of lie n
CHA PTER IV .
BILLS OF LAD ING . Th e bill o f lading
Th e bill o f lading a s a r eceipt . ’ Commencement a nd termination o f carrier s liability
Th e Harter A ct . ener efiec G al t .
When applicable . What th e Harter A ct forbids
e w S a orthiness . w e What constitutes unse a orthin ss .
Management a nd n avigation . Care of th e cargo Liberties in th e bill of lading Perils o f th e sea Fi re a nd limitation o f liability statutes e s r n o f r nce s R t ai t p i . w er n ea bre akage ru s le akage s ea , v mi H t, , t, , t
o r e r e bbe y h f pilfe a . R , t t, g s r nc c ses In u a e lau .
Valuation clauses . f m Notice o clai .
Gener al aver age .
i L ens.
Deck cargo . P O OR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
A R CH PTE V . D AMAGES .
In ener g al . Loss or damage to
re c of c r r B a h ha te .
A ND PPE ICES .
A — Th e r r m s 916 e A ct U . . o 1 a S p . S a . H t , C t t , o 8035 t .
B - e er s of n d al ill adi g A ct U . F B L , sec 8604a a a o w s. t 8604 .
C — me c r er Ti ha t .
— D Rate charter (grain ).
— E Rate charter ( coal).
— r e F Rate charte ( sailing vess l).
— G Bill o f lading .
“ CHA PTER I .
TIME CHARTERS .
en s r n to th e s . Section 1 . Statem t elati g hip
ime a n o a e . 2 . T d v y g w e or ness. 3 . S a thi
w u c r o . 4 . La f l a g
or s . 5 . Safe p t 6 h own r s for ro s ons w es . T e e hall pay all p vi i ag , , and consular shipping a nd discharging fees of fii neer m w the cap ain o cers, engi s, fire en and cre ; t , shall pay for the insurance on th e vessel also , n r o r for all th e cabin deck, engi e o m, and o he , t
necessary stores . r 7. Th e char ere shall pay for all co als fuel por t , , t o charges pil ages agencies, commissions con , t , , su lar charges ( except those pertaining to th e ca p ain officers or crew) a nd all o her charges t , , t o wha tsoever e xcept th se be fore stated . w r . 8 . Withd a al ’
e c r erer s s os . 9 . Spac s at ha t di p al
n . Th e c n l e n r 1 0 . Signing bill s of ladi g aptai shal b u de th e or ders and dir ection of th e charterers as t e men r s enc or o er rr n e s. ga d ag y, th a a g t An th e c r erers re ree to n he 11 . d ha t he by ag i demnify t o wners from all consequence s or liabilities that ma y arise from th e captain signing bills of lad r o erw s com in w h e ing o th i e ply g ith t e sam . h e m s er s use enc n c r n 12 . That t a t hall all dilig e i a i g n on of h e c o for th e ve tilati t arg .
1 re own c use some mes re erre to a s ces 3 . B akd la ( ti f d ’ ser o f hire clause
3 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
Statements relating to th e ship .
ce on c use . S ection 14. Ex pti la
r r on c use . 15 . A bit ati la
6 en c use. 1 . Li la e mer is to be oc e o om c e ne a nd n e 17. St a d k d , b tt l a d pai t d ere n m er n ces r whenever chart rs a d ast thi k ne sa y , e s once in e er six mon s a nd but at l a t v y th , pay ment of hir e to be suspende d until sh e is a gain r h in proper state fo“t e service . h wn r r m e to esse . t e o ers a e to o 18. Da ag v l That p vide ropes falls slings a nd blocks necessary to , , , handle ordinary cargo up to three tons ( of 2 240 p ounds e ach in weigh also lan erns for nigh ) t, t t w ” ork . r 19 . Steamer to work night a nd day if r equire d by cha terers a nd all s eam winches to be a th e char , t t ’ terers disposal during l oading a nd di schargi ng, a nd steamer to provide men to work same b oth a n a re r e ar erers ree to day d night s qui d . Ch t ag
w r pay for all night o k at th e curr ent local rate . r erers to e er of su e n h mer 20. Cha t hav lib ty bl tti g t e stea r re m if equi d by the .
1 S r in h h . tatements elat g to t e s ip.
A time charter u s l" commences with certain ua -— s emen s a s to h e e ’ s tat t t e v ss l cha itered . These tate ' fuen be a s to a n or of th e o o n a r ts may y_ all f ll wi gp ticular s : ro s n /or n et re er e e g s a d gist , d adw ight c e c s s; apacity, spe d , la Th e r egister ed tonnage of a vessel is determine d
th e n er or cu c n en c ton r re by i t i bical o t ts, e a h ep s ent 100 cu ee N ing bic f t . et tonnage is found by d educt in cer s e suclf a s th e cre s ce g tain pac s, w pa , from the 4 TIME CHARTERS .
h Statements re lating to t e ship .
nn A s re re o n e es gross to age . giste d t n ag do not in m carr n ca a cit ml ssta tement of th e d yi g y, a ’ vessel s registered tonnage does no give th e right t~ 1 e th e un ess in ca e “I n e dis to rej ct e v ssel l s g n crepa cy .
n c ee a nd ss D eadweight a d cubi capacity, sp d cla a re of
rterer a nd th e s e cha , tat ment in th e charter mu st b e strictly b orn ou t by th e " facts or th e charterer may cancel th e charter . It 6 would seem that h e cou ld also accept th e vessel and hold th e owner for a ny darw susfiaipgfi y i h e ( c. 2 mis escr on . o er or es e en s d ipti In th w ds , th e stat m t amount to both comm precedent a nmm a n ties ; th e char terer may either r eje ct or else m m ' thEve ssel a nd obtain th e benefit of h is contract by su for m a it da ages . ’ If it is stated in the charter“that th e vess”el s dead e or cu c or s e i r n ee s of w ight bi p ed s gua a t d , thi ,
06 A sh er 1 . mors 3 2 9 . 4 s . 115 . 35 . burn a v a , U S . d ; W tt C , L E
Ba lch en 7 Y 262 . v. . . , N
2 . h h ow r in ses e ues o n a s no rec come u . e e c T q ti t di tly p H v , a ’ where th e vesse l s po si ion is in accura e ly s a e d th e char t t t t , terer ma ei her cancel or ake th e vesse l a nd claim damages . y t , t en 2 2 74 n m n . sen . or . . . . B t v Tayl , L R Q B ; E g a v Pal 7 r e 4 orn. a s. 75 . See r zer . e e r Co . . . g av , C C F a v T l g aph , L R , ’ men s a s to th e esse s os on a re re e in 566 . e Q . B . Stat t v l p iti t at d sec on 21 For c ses in s es o f s s see u . ron ti . a al hip , B ll v Bath I
7 . . 3 0 re on Im . o . . o c 11 orks 75 pp . iv . 8 g C v a h , Y W , A D ; O p R N
527. 5 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
Statements re lating to th e ship .
ren e s th e e ere is o course, s t gth n vi w that th b th a condition precedent a nd a warra nty ; th e parties evidently rega rde d th e statement a s of very great m r th e o er n ere th e s e i po tance . On th ha d , wh tat ” - ments a re not guar anteed th e owner could R t ? b e held in th e m of bad faith ’ A statement a s to th e vessel s deadweight capac ity does not me an that sh e will be able to car r y that r of of ar cu ar r o s numbe tons any p ti l ca g . Thi is tru e althou gh th e parties may have a particular in n m 4 ca rgo co te plation . Where th e paflies have cont emplated that fruit c r oe s ou be c rr e a nd ere is re ch of a g w ld a- i d , th a b a e ar n ee(Tin th e c rter th e dafi e to th m ed gu a t ha , g f’ th e fruit is recover a ble A guar anty of speed is a
’ Qiiestfdfis a s to th e state men t of a vessel s class
e r sen on un er o e c r er I i r hav a i ly d v yag ha t s . t s the e held that th e warran ty is not a continuing one bu t is -sa tisfied if th e vessel is of th e clas s s tated at th e
3 . Th e H Fe 912 fi r urstda le 1 69 d . 1 79 Fe 3 a d . d . 71 nsga , , ; A
. r uer 121 F 42 ed . 6 es e . r uer 20 Fe v a , lyd dal v a 1 d . 854. B ; C B ,
4 . Th e m r 69 0 . A e Fed . 1 1 . . pi , illar v. Th e r e den E , C C ; M F , 2 2 om. C Ga s . 297 i 2 f . 3 C om a a d . s G . 311 . e a ki r , Se M c ll v . igh W t,
. . 14 . 1 06 L R A C . .
5 . Th e eres 72 Fe 936 Th r , d . e s aea 1 24 Fe d . 83 . A s to C ; A t , r ecovery of damages f or loss of spee d see Th e alls of e l ie , F K t ,
1 08 Fed. 416 es 2 e . . Co . . r er 1 0 Fe 5 . ; lyd dal S S v au d . 8 4 C B ,
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
me a nd o e Ti v yag .
vo a . 2 . Time and y ge
It 18 next u sually stated m a time ch a“rter that th e w char terer agrees fi et a nd th e owner to hire th e ‘ steamship for a periOfiof ( sa Six months fromth e time of delivem a d a noIHeWu se n er e r er o n tEe c ar ter a “i s t d fa th d w in h which reads : Hire to continu e ( unless lost) until th e time o f h er r edell very— Ta fljm sert port of re fl ’ ? r v fi ' ' delivery) m“i the fia mriod is varied by th e e of th r us e wo d abou t . This is one of the mo st important clau ses in a time charter and gives rise to mu ch dis“agreem”ent . It is settled that whether th e wor d ab ou t is
' ' ' thm éciise day on which th e ( E1W e r In or er to e h e ons ru on xpi es . d xplain t c t cti it be necess r to cons er th e c es n u fir t a y id “ a”s , taki g p s ose in th or ou is not o n th which e w d ab t f u d . 1 r f r n I o D o e . . Co . . Mu so th e cour n St aits v S S v n, t had before it a charter of a s tea mer for a period of 3 months from time of delivery with ' th e us u al u e Th cla s . e ve ssel Wa s delivered in New York and re e er wa s to be - r f d liv y at a po t north o Hatter as . Th e vessel pro ceeded to Mexico but wa s gre atly delayed l n discharging by wash cuts and O ther acci en s for c th e c r r r d t whi h ha te e wa s not responsible .
Th e re u wa s th e er th e 3 s lt that flat p io d (i . e . ,
1 . 95 Fed. 6 90 a ffd . 0 , 1 0 Fed . 1 005 . s TIME CHAR TERS .
m a e Ti e nd voyag .
’ months period ) had expired before th e vessel had m e r r Ne er e e s co pl te d lo ading h e return ca go . v th l s , ’ under th e charterer s orders th e loading wa s com ’ pleted with th e result that th e steamer s redelivery wa s 2 months 23 days after th e e xpir ation of th e er o flat p i . h r er e Ra tes having ri sen since t e cha t was mad , th e owners claimed to re cover th e difference between th e market r ate a nd char ter r ate from th e char rer o e r s co not be te s . I e t was held , h w v , that thi uld one t ec u e of th e con n en es of d ; tha , b a s ti g ci - naviga th e partie s mu st have under stood a rede “ x. “ fi l livery on "da y certain wa s impracticable a nd that
- th e cliarterer wa s re as onable there wa s no bre ach of cm er tlIough th e vessel wa s r edelivered beyond ' I ER e th é t riod . - p
THEHER went a step further in Anderson v . ’ n c se esse un er e c rter Munso . In that a a v l d tim ha was discharged in Philad elphia 13 days Before the — I - ' Sh e R Eto e ede r h fl . W expi atioa er a t EFd b r Q p Th rers liverefi a poFt north of Hatteras . e charte wished to M ud th e owners refused wa s e th e c r erers ere not to go . It h ld that ha t w W m entitle d to send th e shi to Mex1co but could send h er IO Chh tfie sliorte st o e con em e u er a, v yag t plat d nd
- 2 . S . 1 so Ro ner n r . 04 Fe 913 . See . e m er ca n S d. al , p v I t A i
Co . 243 Fed. 549 c. c. . , , A POOR ON CHARTER PARTIE S .
Time a nd voyage .
r In o er or th e our o e th e th e char te . th w ds , c t all w d char terers to send Her on a 29539n althou gh an n certa i . sions for a fixed time of hir ing have be”en qu ali“fied by th e insert”ion of th e word f r 6 m n ere is so e ab ou t a s o abou t o ths . Th m n que stio n a s to whether this mak es a ny di“ffer e ce”. It h a s been su ggested that unless th e wor d about is r esen th e c r erer o er but can o p t ha t may v lap, n t 3 u n er but t s see nc ns en some of d lap, hi ms i o ist t with 3a th e an u in r f h e s o D o er . Munson t e l g ag St ait v v , and question wa s left o pen by th e Circuit Court of 4 A e in Th R pp als e ygj“a . ” “ate for a n ab ou t ch a rt er th e rule seems m to be settled that th e charter er mu st e1 ther overla p o rla e e brin th e r o of wggg p, which v r will g__ pe i d 5 r ed live n ar est - e ry; e In Tre hm 6 c a n . Munson re s ere o n v , f ight w d w and th e char terer r edelivere g before th e e xpir a dfl i dmaéyi ' “ ‘ ’ on of th e h a. I wa s fiWf fhi wa s ti M eg t s improper becau se a voyage to Cuba a nd back could
' 3 . The R a 1 4 9 Fed . 896 r ev. 1 61 Fe . ygj , d . 1 06 einde er S . S , ; R
Co . . Forslind 1 3 o v C m . Ca s . 214 . ,
3 3 . 95 Fe d . 690 afid 1 00 , . Fe d . 1 005 .
4. 1 61 Fe d . 1 06 .
5 . Th e R a 1 61 F ed . 1 06 A son ygj , . . . Trechma n v . un , C C ; M , 2 03 Fe d . 692 . . A . e er , y v . Sanderson 32 . . . 428 . C C ; M , T L R
6 . 2 03 F ed . 692 , C . C . A .
1 0 TIME CHARTERS .
Time a nd voyage .
7 h r wa n n E s . o . t c r e s In Mu so . c . C e v l wi k S S , ha t f r r f m n e ver wa s ma e o a pe iod o ab ou t 6 o ths . D li y d En r l w to Wma de in th e in gland and e de ivery as ~ w r O? on nen . Th e esse ro cee e ou U . K . C ti t v l p d d t a d to W hen to New Orle ans a nd thence to th e r n th o e sh e wa s re e e Plate . Du i g e v yag g atly d lay d by str anding and bad we ather which made repairs nece ssar y— al so because of encountering th e Chr ist r A s a ma s holidays while lo ading a t New O le ans . conse quence h er fia t g od ex ired while s e wa s — m pg p h be ing unl oaded at th e Plate a nd when sh e was free of car go she wa s w1thdra wn by her o t wa s s
8
- ' M a xim ownerFcO uId withdr aw a s th e flat
a p rixflege o f h n i t e ow ers which they could wa ve . ver ng I S ca c ited in th e opinion of
7. 207 Fe 984 a fid . 214 Fe d . 84 . d . ,
8. om . s . 2 See c n l . urr 5 C u k a l v ay Ga 31 . B M ,
1 1 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
im a n o T e d v yage .
e th e lo“wer court in this case . Th se cases a re said to be consistent”with th e American au thorities and 9 o er with each th . “ ” A variation of th e ab ou t form wa s pas“sed u po”n 10 n In c se h e ou in a recent E glish case . that a t ab t er o re uce e er o ro p i d was d d to a fix d p i d , by p“viding for a cha”rter until Octob er a nd th e hire to continue clau se wa s also limited until b etween th e
h n 3 l f r Th e s wa s or of 15t a d st o Octobe . hip in a p t redelivery on th e 18th of October a nd wa s sent on a voyage which resulted in h er not being r edelivered un Nov 2 was e th e c r erer til . 0. It h ld that ha t was guilty of a breach of char ter a nd that th e charterer
r 1 must pay at th e market r ate after Octobe 3 st. d for 3 week s more or
s“a time charter par ty is entered into for a voyage a s for a r ound ”trip to Sou th America not sou h er er u c u se th of t e Riv Plate . Und s h a cla it Wa s e t e er en esse wa s e ere h ld tha wh th , wh a v l d liv d New or fir be sen to us at Y k, it could st t Halifax , m t be e er ne e er es on a nd on su c d t mi d by xp t t tim y ; , h
9 . Th e R a y supr a . gj ,
10. son . o w 353 a S S . C . v . erry e a her 12 A s . . . ; W t M t , p M C see so Preben n se s un on 2 . al , v . s 25 8 Fed . 2 7 . . M , , C C A
11 . wee in e r o 80 F . di ad g C . v. Th e Sa n sta d 1 ed . 691 T T g , , C
C . A .
12 TIME CHARTERS .
e wor nes S a thi s.
’ es i on e en th e r terer wa s t t m y b ing tak , cha s claim 12 disallowed . “vo a f n de d Seem—mas t nggs a Ra a a i/s a ga ‘ g al f one round trip to the ggest Indies of abou t six I n er su c a c arter it wa s h eld IFaFtHé t “ s “ fl . . ” r 1 1 r p ow s on a s to t me cont olled .
3 . . Seaworth iness
A time charter commonly describes th e ship a s e unc a nd ron a nd fi e f r th e b ing tight, sta h st g tt d o v test of seawor thiness is th e same a s
to o er c r er — me th e th ha t s na ly, ship 1 ere is . Th also is sea wofi h a t
a — L H fi fl voyage undefi mn under
m sza worthiness of th e silk) is under th e a bso n r f h m r Ne er h e nor lu te co t o o t e aste . ith his owner s a re excuse eca use th e charterers load th e
w w . Fe 12 . s o . o e e 143 Fed 184 154 d . 84. la g S . S C . v . die , G T , wa we r 13 . h o 705 . . . s s o e T e eli s, 115 Fed . hi , h v , a H , C C A T
ra her unusual case th e ship being used for wrecking services. t , e fi 2 1 . la c . o c a ldin 198 F 32 8 2 0 hi et . S S . C . v . M C d. a d. P , , ,
Fed . 735 .
n A fi . 248 Th e u uc e c 235 Fed. 388 . . . a d n J lia L k ba h , , C C ,
13 63 . . 1 70. U. S . 2, L Ed 21 e r C o . 3 F d . e . 3 . sen . . n 18 . . . S e Ol v. U S Shippi g , C C A B it
o 184 Fe . w r h a s For Ma r . I o . l ur d 174 e t e m . ns . C . v i g , h e K ,
13 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
w r o La fu l ca g .
Th e o wner a lso often a ees to maintain h is ship in a thoro hly efiicient state in hull a nd machinery - “ug r or e reac of thl s o lili duringthe se vice . b h ga - u on for for n to kee th e c e in ti , a , faili g p win h s re r so th e h andlin ca r o 1 s e th e ai that g a d , g f gfi m p “ 1 . y r m n chartere m 13 da ages . Wh e th e charter ay; 932. con eTfi laIes th e c rr e of n n s er t p a iag ba a a , and th e is a custom to cut th e banana s before th e vess el arrive s h er o n or th e o er be e for at l adi g p t , wn will liabl ’ e to c r o o cu o h damag a a g s t, wing to t e vessel s failure to ar rive on time because o f unsea worthi n ess . “ Th e”clause providing for th e carriage of lawful r o oes not re en th e oa of n r ca g gpjy , d p v t l ding co t a 1 2 3 n nor a ul or r Th e ba d, asph lt in b k, n i on ore . ship ca n be used a s a newspaper despatch boat in time of ter failed to take enough coal whi ch was h eld a brea ch of th e ’ o w ner s u . In Th e n r on 7 w d y e u i 5 Fe d. 412 here o ver th e t C t , , , ’ m s er s r es c r oes were so s owe a a t p ot t, a g t d s to injure each o er th e e u on th e c r erers th , liability f ll p ha t .
4. unson . r m r 1 66 Fe d . 722 v i a a . . . M M , , C C A
5 . Th e e or e Dumo s 115 Fe g i d. 65 . . . See Th e Ask G , , C C A ,
156 Fed . 678 Th e nes Fe ; a 221 d . 41 6 . . . B , , C C A
1 . ". ru . . o r i v S la i 238 Fed . 217. At F t , 2 . ene . wee i 1 e 33 Fed . v d , 589 143 Fed . 854 . D T ,
3 . orr l . s o Co . 113 Fe fi d . 549 . e . a l v avi al a d 122 F d . 436 W D C , ,
14
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
o Safe p rts .
If th e port is in contemplation of th e par tie s at th e r 1s e th e a er u r t1m e e c a e mad , m st m st be e w p a r édRo ffice sucfi Hangers as a rm to exist p“ Th e following cases illu strate th e politica l side of th e question . i f ted s e . e is un”af v ‘ 6 mr m sh“1p“m 1914 a nd Newcastle was held safe I for E r s sh n 1915 a a th ou h sh e wa s B ip i M y nM p g L- iti h fi ’ to be sun on th e b u e like y k way s bmarin s . ”a n y W re r o h h m ith ga d t p ysical safety, muc was left ’ r ecen e to th e s er s s re urt a t cas ma t di c tion . The co intimated that if th e master honestly considere d th e“ i e or u s e h s e n r . p t n af , j udgm nt would ot be versed ’ 9 But th e m s er u en h e t a t s j dgm t as b en se aside . In case th e vessel goes to an unsafe port a nd is
h e o er e re r o h is . damaged, t wn will d si to ec ver dam h r es ro t e c r r . o e er h ag f m ha te e If, h w v , e has a o cepted a port a s safe with full knowledge of its 10 n r n th o e e s o be o e . e r da g , this cann t d On th hand, th e c not u rre e if laim is th s ba d , damag s a re re cover
4. Th e e os 15 e . 05 . H li 1 F d 7 . . , , C C A
5 . en r m . 7 gd v . aha 1 S . 73 . O G , B
6 . s s c . Co . . ron o 31 . . Ea t A iati S . S v T t , T . L R. 543
7. ce S . Co . . ns ne 21 ala pg v Ga i C om. Ga s. 270. P L ,
8. wee e Tra C o n n 2 di . . v . la i e 07 Fed. 70 . . . T C L , , C C A
9 . Chris o t herson o a fi 18 . p v. nald 1 75 Fed . 1002 d . 7 Fed . 975 D , ,
10. ns . r fi e C o. 2 Ben. 381 . 601 a d . 18 a ll. Atki v Fib , , F C . , W
16 TIME CHARTERS .
ns etc. Th e owner shall pay for all provisio ,
11 r th e c r erer or ere th e s ea er to able . Whe e ha t d d t m n r e th e er ou an u safe a ncho ag , and mast , alth gh re n h er e to o e l alizi g t e dang , fail d m v away, ha f dam 12 ages were allowed .
for a ll rov s ons 6 . Th e ow r h a a ne s ll p y p i i ,
pay for th e insurance on fo e ca in ec th e vessel, a lso r , p
- n i r and oth r c ssa st r . e g ne oom, e ne e y o es i r ‘ " ( sem eaefi efi fi )
n r n i n o be Insurance clause . This i su a ce s ot t regar ded as taken by mm for th e b enefit of th e
' ‘ 2 BaFfigta ble s ea mer wWo era tin un er , a , p g d a e e r e r h e r er or d mis cha rte , adapt d f om t time cha t f m,
ra n o n Th e er of. th e d w a sailing vessel . own s “ ste amer had taken”out insur ance containing a r un n n w h on o c u se se e co . i g d n la , and ttled t llisi liability It wa s held that th e underwriters could sue in th e e of th e o ers a nd o th e c r erers nam wn , h ld ha t liable for th e sum they had b een forced to pay because of
11 . r s . . us Co . 124 Fe . . . d. 748 C i p v U S A t S S , .
12 . ons n ne . es n . . Co . 199 e Fed . C ta ti v W t I dia S S , . 964 Se Th r m 33 e o n 1 89 Fed . . . h a , , A . ; Th e rown of Galicia N t C C C ,
232 Fed . 305 . . , C C . A l . r orce . . Co . . r s e 9 mes i a S S v h i i , i . . 104. A F C t T , L R
2 . 18 464 . 1 U . S . 17 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIE S .
r Th e char erer shall pay fo all co als etc . t ,
n Th e c u se ro n th e ners th e collisio . la p vidi g that ow sh ould pay for th e insur a nce was held to show merely an adjustment of variou s expense s be tween own ers and charterers a nd not a s meaning that th e ’ owners sh ould take out insurance for th e charterer s n be efit .
r f r rt 7. Th e charte er shall p o all fuel, po
before sta ted .
Th e gener al scheme of a time char ter is that th e owner turns over a fully equ ipped ship to th e char ’ ter er and oper ates th e ship for th e charterer s bene h mon re Th e n m n e t e . fit, b ei g co pe sat d by thly hi owne uses of th e
th e c r er ha t er . He
I nclud es to pay for
1 8 TIME CHAR TERS .
for all co s etc. Th e charte rer shal ay al , such of th e co al as is u sed in th e gla ley by th e crew 1 to cook the ir food . ” Th e A t1me char ter is not a demise of th e ve ssel . r du ty of navi ati on re sts entir ely upon th e owne . For 1mst nce e en en o is in th e ene a , v wh a pil t g ral m o of th e c r erer n v rth ele ss is th e e pl y ha t , it , owner a n no e charterer wh o is liable for h is ne g . w W l1gence m na w m th e charterer 1 s not liabl e ‘ ' or e 119 cc of th e n s wh icIrh e h a s emplpye d to oc tm t of d k m Q y lo ad i hg r in is re r e a s re s n u oirth e m g g ga d d tiWg p 5 Th e i o ner . W w rul e s so ab solu te that IRO O nErW
- 1 . D am k n r . s . . e mer . . . Co . 205 Fe . 734 p lla v S S d , . E I t A , C C
. In Th e Endslei h 24 F 8 w e h wn 1 ed . 85 i as h ld ha t e o A g , , t t t ers were not e for th of co o en h e n n eer liabl e value al st l by t e gi , but thi s decision was made before th e natur e o f a time charter w a s u e erm n e . See Th e urm 1 87 Fed . 94 . . A . f lly d t i d B a , , C C , where it was h e ld that th e charterers were no t lia ble for da m age to th e ship r esu ltin g fr om th e negligent u se o f a gase ous co th e cr w In r o r o e . s F . Ma r Ins . C . al by i i h . v . ilgour B t K ,
1 84 Fed . 1 74 wa s e w er m c r re , it h ld that h e a ti e ha te d vess el wa s unse wor e c use of ure to e enou co th a thy b a fail tak gh al, e ulti m e re s ons e u o n th e ow er at p ibility f ll p n .
2 . eir o . n n . Co . . v U i S . S . . . 525 lyde W , L R A C ; C ommerc s . e n . . . 275 Co 1 69 Fe d . A n ial v dia S S , . . . Mu C W t I , C C ; w o son . l s o . C . 235 Fe v a g av d . 64 . . A G N , , C C
3 . h o T e un 1 81 Fe d . 643 . A . h l d , , . T e e ader 1 66 Fe d . V C C ; L , 39 w ’ 1 o is o ner s ser n . See Th e or 1 67 F 4 (pil va ) a h ed . 19 t t H t , com r not th e en f u so o o e er r s . ( a p l y pil t ag t ith party). C i p v U . . . o F 7 124 ed . 48 s m S S . S . C . a e p oin . A , , t
4. c 1 8 u en . n r ne 6 Fe 32 7 c su d . k ba h v la i , . . . L I L , C C A
5 . w un son . s o . C o . 235 F . d e 64 . A . Se v la g av , d . M G N , C C , quaere . 19 R POOR ON CHARTER PA TIES .
w Withdr a al . not th e charterer is liable to pay a fin e and th e costs of legal proceedings incurred by reason of th e ’ ve ssel s entering a Cuban port with ou t a bill of l Al o th e e en e of r cur n th e hea th . th ugh xp s p o i g bill ou u o th e r erer th e u of he alth w ld fall p n cha t , d ty of 6 procuring it is one of navigation . Those affecte d with actu al or constructive no tice that these char es a re to he met 5 the charterer cahriOt furnish u o ( 193 th e s l o a ml then claim , m ' a lihiiiipOR h er ; th e c sidered a s h a vin con e ed h h 7 Wa t e erso re of e r rer . m t p nal c dit t cha te
Payment of th e said hire to be made in advance and m d efau lt of su ch paym ent th e owner s shall - have e a cu y o W1 u ra w1ng n r
’ ' m ' n t ' fl ‘ ” drawaI here referrad td fi m quiva lent to ca n ' ' k celh i or er to ut 353 mth e ch a r or at on . In d p an ter f re th e c r erer s b e e e , ha t mu t d priv d A e in r n ship . s stat d a ece t deci
6 . un o w . o e 7 . C . . e e 1 8 Fe 673 . . l p S S . v di d. D T , , C C A
7. Th e e 2 1 64 8 h o Fe 32 . a , U . S . 45 T e S lveig 1 03 d . . . K t ; , , C C A
1 . uc en 2 h e c . erson 2 9 Fe 30 1 32 . . . T k ba h v i d . 1 L P , ”, C C A English courts consider withdrawal a s being th e e quivalent of c nce on w or a o 9 a lla i ; alian S a e ail ays v . Ma vr o d t s 191 t It t t R g , ,
2 . . 305 o in w n K B , h ld g that when notice of withdra al wa s give when th e ship wa s a sea his ermi na e d th e running of hire t , t t t un er th e c a r r d h te . TIME CHAR TERS .
’ Spaces at charterer s disp osal .
O ne wh o wishes to cancel or rescind a contract can and B h w w f e should do so presently. ut t e ithdr a al o a v ssel from a charter party means that th e owner shall deprive th e charterer of a ny further enjoyment or use of th e ves l a n n hi wn c s e osses on is ca n se d take it i to s o ex lu iv p si . Th be presen ly done even where th e vesse l is a se a provide d t , t , sh e is light ; but if ther e be a ny cargo on b oar d no with dra wa l can be made until th e car go be relande d if th e ves se l is a th e loading por or un il i b e di scharge d if sh e t t,” t t is at sea or at destin ation .
I o o s ro s th e c r erer en ers t f ll w f m thi , that if ha t t d , and th e owner r eceives th e hire which h a s become due e ore r een effec e th e , b f a withd awal has b t d , o wner no longer h a s th e right to withdraw a s th e circum ned o s , even though th e owner gives notice of a n intention 2 r r r n h But to withd aw b efo e eceivi g t e hire . a tender of hir e is not enou gh “to preve exercise pi thg m of l c ru ed nde a reviou s dhfa ult al ight tfi ma c g r p ; th e owner may refu se t o accept th e hire tendered un r w i ef e c e a nd ma e co til a withd a al s f t d , y th n llect 3 rem r h r r what ains due f om t e cha tere .
’
9 . Spa ces at charterer s disposal .
Th or n e r Deck cargo . e di a tim cha ter ex ressly es r e 3 em" 0 but on o er giv h ieht 15 , th
. o w 2 wners of the n r . n n or r o 6 a gf d v a adia a ding C . 9 O L C F ,
4 . La w w 1 A s . 41 T es 559 0 . . See p ulfsberg v . ear , , M C W W 7 3 A s e 85 . . 1 71 1 . . 29 dal . . . 6 . , L J K B , p M C
3 . uc en c . erson su r . See Re er . k ba h v i , p a yr 7 Com. Gas L P T , 66 o o r 1 c o . . u e n orn. 1 6 . ; N va S tia C v S th la d, 5 C Ga s. 0 21 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
’ erer s o Spaces at chart di sp sal .
In ffi ues ons r se . o o C . form s di cult q ti a i “Patag nia S . S . 1 ns th e c r er ro e r erers to e v . Ga , ha t p vid d cha t hav of h e o s nc u n n v full re ach t h ld , i l di g peaks a d all co r ec s ces w ere c r o is or n r c rr e ed d k pa h a g di a ily a ied , ’ ” h a s esse oa e for o ner n t e same if v l l d d w s accou t . It wa s held that this did not give th e char terers th e r o o ec c r o of o s l ou th e ight t l ad a d k a g l g , a th gh charter gave th e charterers th e right to th e whole ’ of th e vessel s carrying capacity an d pr ohibit ed th e r n r h i n Th e owne from shippi g ca go on s own accou t . measure of damages wa s a re asonable compensation to th e o n r f r h r e e of ec car o w e o t e added p ivil g a d k g , not th e amoun t of freight which was actually re ceived for h o t e l gs . n th e o er ere th e c r erer wa s en O th hand, wh ha t giv th e u rea c of th e o e of th e r o c c f ll h w”h l ca g apa ity, n u n h al - ec s e r i cl di g t e h f d k, thi gav a ight to ship 2 r f a deck ca go o fru it . A h f o in me c r ter a s lthou gh t e duty o l ading, ti ha s 3 in o er r r e a n u o th e ner neverth e th cha te s, r m i s p n ow , ess th e u s o real u e n of c a nd l q e ti n is ly a q stio fa t , if it appear s that th e lo ading wa s in fact done by th e c r erer r b e no on th e rt of ha t s, the e will liability pa th e owners becau se th e full car r ying capacity of th e ‘ vesse wa s n t l o u tilized .
1 . 243 F 77. ed . 2 h e 6 53 e 9 Exc . . . . See eill v . idl y , C C A N R , q
2 . Mena tic n . o . er e . 308. S S . C . v i ce 88 F d P ,
3 . M son . . Co . . s ow Co . 235 Fed. 64 . . . an S S v Gla g Nav . , , C C A
4. Th e u n er a pa g 241 Fe d. 702 . K , 22
AR POOR ON CH TER PARTIES .
n emn h Charterers agree to i d ify t e owners.
n r s u se th e o ner ou be en U de thi cla , w s w ld titled to r ecover if th e char terers indu ced th e master to sign clean bills of lading for car go that was not in apparent good order a nd condition resulting in th e owners having to pay damages to th e holders of bills 1 f n e oul so o th e r erer for o ladi g . Th y c d al h ld cha t s damages if th e bills of lading failed to give th e owners as complete pro tection a s was provided in h r F r n h r or t e c r . o s ce er e c r e ha te i tan , wh e t ha t inc
or t d h or -A er u e p a e t e Y k ntw p R l s, bills of lading were issue d for a c argo of lumber which did not ur n th incorp or ate the se rul es . D i g e voyage it r on th e e ar d n became necessa y to j ettis d ck c go , an o rr h r e on th e o n r a ival at t e po t of d stinati , ship w e w n r a s compelled to contribu te in ge e al average . By th e York -A ntwerp Rules there is no contribu tion for th e e f r o e th e j ttison o deck ca g . It was h ld that own er cou ld r ecover th e amount of this contribu tion 2 r m th e c r r Th e r ou f o harte e s . ight to indemnity w ld
1 . enne . e 6 . See er K dy v es on 136 F d . 1 6 . . ld W t , , C C A E
em s er . unn 5 o a s 49 of p v 1 C m. G . . D t D , (H
2 . . 301 . . e ne . o A o 2 1 Fe d. i ld i v S . tl. S . S . C . 0 , F L , C C A 3 . 272 1 See r er . Moe r v o . . . K ug v " T y a n C , L. R A C ,
24 TIME CHARTERS . 66
— w Ventilation of cargo Breakdo n clause . probably be implied even thou gh not expressed in 3 th e char ter .
h e all nc in 12 . Th at t e ma ster sh a ll us dilige e
caring for th e ventila tion of th e cargo.
This clau se pu ts in express terms what would r n no probably be implied withou t it . It p ese ts dif 1 ficulties in constru ction .
a s 13 . Breakdown cla use ( sometimes referred to “ A common form of this clau se is a s follows : That m defic men or
ou sly to relieve e
m m Co . Gas . 1 urn . c c . . ru C . . 2 ; Milb v Ja ai a F it , L R Q 540 B . .
3. r oe r a n o . r u er T v C su . K g v. M l y , p a
1 . i See Th e Cr a a llion 2 0 Fed . 747 Th e e s 0 . , gulu 18 Fed . 38 g R ,
25 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
own c s Breakd lau e .
n h h In pw s when h e ha s ot t e u se of t e ve ssel . order to prevent dispute s abou t small cIa 1ms th e loss must extenm r a pen ha of twent h m e uc l on 1s owe e pen od of n oWur s 1 s exceehed e er th e c r twe y how v , ha terer may deduct hire for th e whole peri o d of th e oss e not e u th e e t - ur o r l of tim , d d cting tw n y fo h u 1 r r ro pe iod the ef m . Th e clau se spe cifically defines th e contin encie s n r nfr hl 1 o h u de which a dedu ctio om re s wa e . If a M me o ccu rs rom some cau se not specifically e o e th e r n e ec e m nti n d, hi e will ot ce as . This was d id d in a ceed this
- 1 . e n a ad i g v . acob s 1 9 C om. G s . 380. M K J ,
2 . e omm 169 Fed . 275 erc es n . . o . Clyd C ial v. W t I dia S S C , ; Th e c ne 152 F Ha k y, ed . 520. 3 . or ern . 2 A o . e 5 9 . . h S S . C v . arn Line 1 75 F d. . ; N t E , , C C w Go . ns ne 17 nson ne 73 v a Li , 4 Fed . 2 15 oyes v. u i 1 G ; N M L , TIME CHARTERS .
re own c se B akd lau .
resu e er su en on Th e c u se r de s m“d aft a sp si . la p ovi that hire shall cease until sh e be agam m a n effici W — B W h I T ent sta m m m ce T ha s 119511 held
s con em es s al efiicienc a nd th e that thi t plat phy ic y , chart erer cann ot r efuse to pay hire till th e vessel re ne h er c ss h e is s ef e " has gai d la , if s phy ically fici nt
ce ere th e su s ens on of re e n to r esume pla wh p i hi b ga , mm lr r ns n sh e 1s com e e o i ta ce , if pell d _go to u o th o r ro c h e s il e h er p t back t e p t f m whi h s a d , hire will be r esumed th e moment sh e 1s again physi cally fit to pro ceed ; th e char terer m“a y have to pay for some parts of th e vo yage twice . Th e h sicel efiicienc contemplated differs with regard to th e ser v1 ce wh 1ch th e vessel is req u1red to ng by befor e th e Hou se of 6 r m m ere s e er ro e o Lo ds so e ti e a go . Th a t am b k d wn at sea a nd wa s compelled to pu t into a port of refu ge Tem so that lo ss of time resulte d . epa irs m bg were effecte d but th e service s of a tug were neces — O nce e sar y to hrin h er to h er hestm a twn. ar riv d in or e e she wa s a s eficient as ev er for dis p t , w v r,
o w e e 62 490 afid . 4. The ueen lga ( u nl p v . e di ), 1 Fe d. Q O D T ,
1 78 Fe d . 673 .
C . 6 om 7 rn. nz r . 5 . Vo ema nn v . a iba S . S o , C . Gas . 253 o g Z , C 3 m s 254 m es . ns 3 e . . 23 3 . Gas . ; S ail v Eva , Ti , L R
er . . . 48 7 A . . 1 . 6 . ogar h v. ill L . s . H t M , R A C , p M C
27 AR POOR ON CHARTER P TIES .
ow c Bre akd n lause.
but that
r a s sh e p”o t This case h a s - - . w 65 11 fmowfi fi de? similfi f a cts in th e United " States When a vessel was compelled to put back
n h r o n b ecause of an accide t to t e ca g (shifti g), it was held that hire ra n on during th e period throu gh which th e difficulties with th e cargo were b eing re e e but th e nee r e r th e m di d, , ship still ding pai s , that hire cea sed from this point of time until th e ship 8 f en was again in a n e fici t state . Th e fact that th e hire has ceased does not relieve th e
7. Fe 9 ie . o o 2 e 81 9 1 37 1 ake S S . C . v . ac n 1 9 F d . d. 6 ld L B , , ; F
. 1 236 e . 9 241 Fe 2 33 n . . 2 . 7 d v af ia S S . Cc 34 Fed 8 F 5 9 d. , H , , ; Where th e ship while in h er p ort of discharge caught on fire a n d sank . ire ce ase d un il sh e reache d h er dock a nd hen H t , t ra n on ur n h d i g t e di scharging.
8. urre r 2 A 4 or se w ere ll v. G een 1 s . . . 11 . F a. ca h B , p M C a ship put into p ort on account of a n accident to cargo ( fire ) accompan ie d by no sub stantial damages to th e ship so that the r e r a n con nuo s h 52 hi i u ly see T e ackney 152 Fed. 0. t , H ,
9 . r o ern . . o rn 7 F . 529 . . A . h S S C . v . a ine 1 5 ed , ; N t E L , C C
Giertsen . um u 9 e v b ll 1 08 S ss. T ,
28 TIME CHARTERS .
e o Ex c pti n clause.
e r u e r o e ut o l e h e e wh n t o bl is fi st n t d, b n y wh n t e v ss l 10 c u l o in iii i n a t al y bec mes e c e t.
14. Ex l ception c a use . “ A r f i e Th t od common fo m o th s claus is e a c of G , ” e e es fire re rai of ru er e n mi , , st nt l s an m ,
c u e u o se that this la s “, s pp dly advisedly presents a contr as t b etween steam navi , “ ” ga tion a nd navi“gation as it is only with“regard 1 u to th”e latter that error s a re excepted . Mut a“lly means that th e exceptions a re intende d to ro I ct e er a rt ro lia bi lit to th e o er enever ith f m _ th w performance of any covenant I S prevented or delayed Th e fact that a vessel 18 Wed om a n excepted ow es N n th r me from r unnm g uder e charte . ve m I S ch r ere for e r a a t d a—y a cer n a nd e ore e er n u om e c r er 153 0 tai , b f nt i g p ha t badl wrecked that sh e cann o t be gotten off and re un 1l th e o n r th r r paired t f llowi g yea , e charte e can
10. i r e rn . G e t s n v. u bu ll supra T ,
1 . Th r 187 Fed 94 . . e u ma . . B , , C C A
2 . r . Co . . e 9 e omme c . 6 s n Co . 1 Clyd C ial S S v W t I dia 8 . 8 . , Fe 2 d . 75 . A . oo n o . , . ; l Shippi g C . v. Samuel 200 Fed C C P , 3 6 , 43 . 29 E POOR ON CHARTER PARTI S .
Exception clau se .
3 h mu s t e e er r not claim that s e t h n nt uW e . A rina W ma al o be r r e ex I y s f ust at d by an
r E n me - c ar ed use . Wh e e s ce t p ca“ an ”glish hip, ti h tera d for one Baltic r ound wa s in th e Baltic a t th e ou tbre ak of th e E ur opean wa r with th e result that re delivery be came impo ssible u n til th e end of th e wa r wa s e s ut a n end to th e , it h ld that thi p 4 A r c r er . so e e u c s un er e ha t l , wh a D t h hip_ d tim c r er wa s ord b o er e not ha t , m ym g v nm nt“ to con nue in th e ser ce of th e c a r er er s wa s ti vi h t , it ' 5 h r f r I th e held ?ht m m rust ated . f e d lay not fru stra th e charter hire continu e unlessth e factsb ng “, s h 2 t e case under th e breakdown clau se .
3 . e w Mowin kel 215 Fed . 71 0 . . . is V . c L , , C C A 222 22 4 . 1 o o er . . . S co ish av . C . v . S u . tt N t , L R K B ,
C o m. a C s . 154 . . f 5 . 2 2 17 h ff ec o n o r 38 Fed . . T e e la ic rui C o . v . S la i At t F t , t a go vernment r equisition on a time charter is not yet definitely se i h e ttle d . Un der th e English rule th e question s wh ether t requisition at th e time when made cou ld be exp ecte d to outlast
th e c r er s ues on is to be nswere in th e ha t perio d . If thi q ti a d
f rm o not th e c r er a fi a ive th e char er is ut a n end t . f , ha t t p I “ t remains in f”or ce subject to th e r equisition which is a restr aint o f r nces . m n An o e c n Co . . . p i Ta pli v . gl M xi a , L R
. . 3 97 n e 14 A s . . . . . hi ese ngineering Co . v . Sal S A C C E , p M C N
For the re s n see Th e s e of 95 . p e r ule in th e Uni e d S a es l t t t t , I
257 Fe 79 ull d . 8. M ,
30
E POOR ON CHARTER PARTI S .
n c Lie lause .
that cargo may be delivered at a time when no hire du e e e t th e o er is e . This is tak n as evid nc tha wn did not intend that th e cargo should be subj ect to a lien 1 h c or n o r and t e lien is a c di gly c nside ed waived . If th e er s es to re h e u ex own wi h tain his lien, sho ld 2 r r to ff u or s p e ssly cont act that e ect, and all su al f m r u of time charte do have su ch cla ses . es e er e c r o r This do not, how v , m an that a g on boa d ’ i h r for r r s always subj ect to t e owne s lien hi e . Unde th e or r r e a r er th e ter to dina y fo m of tim ch t , mas is ’ b e under th e charterer s orders as respects agency o er n em h r and th arr a g ents , and this inclu des t e ight to requ ire th e master to sign bills of lading without 3 ncor or n h r ere th i p ati g t e charte par ty th in . If e
1 How 53 15 . . 47 The Mor . m on on 1 7 . a d v. ys L d R y T , , E ; n en 98 Fe 9 6 i g d . 9 . ,
2 . m r c ie h o om . rr son on son u A s. T rb ay d v . y s p a t v Ha i , R T , ; j 2 60 F 2 d . e 87.
3 . See Th e Shilli o 3 orn. Ga s . 44. t , C
4. Th e er les lb umois 54 Fed . 52 9 Larsen v . 150 Ba A t D , ;
s r ss 147 83 . Si al G a , Fed. 7
5 . urner t a s o h . 4 82 6 . See c v. aji o la . 190 . . i T H G , L R , A C A or orn h e h bj v . arrison supra where i wa s he ld ha t prop T H , , t t t et ty of a sub-charter er wa s not subject to a lien for unpaid f hire . Bills o lading in that c ase ha d b een issue d for Custom ouse ur oses on H p p ly.
32 TIME CHARTERS .
Li en cla u se .
’ Th e o wner s lien upon th e sub -freight s h a s also een been frequ ently b efore th e cour ts . It has b held n is ul e for th e n er that this lie , which stip at d by ow , is superior to th e general equity of a pledge on th e 6 r f h r r Nor s e r o r ons nee pa t o t e charte e . is a hipp c ig ’ entitled to set off against th e owner s lien on th e
- r nce due ro th e rterer sub f eight, a bala him f m cha 7 n ener n o g al accou t . Difficult qu estions arise when th e charterer h a s in
- r h ere is en no r con turn sub chart e ed . T th p ivity of r c e e n o ner a nd s b -c r erer Never h e t a t b tw e w u ha t . t es th e ourts e a owe th e o er to o e e l s , c hav ll d wn h ld th s bill of lading freights for h is hire even thou gh they
r h r f h - I n n E n we e t e p operty o t e sub char terer . a g 8 lish case this conclu sion was rea ched on th e ground ’ t th e s er s con r c wa s th e o ner hat hipp t a t with w , and that th e owner had a right to apply th e bill of lading freight to his unpaid hir e b efore paying over th e
n to th - r r A e n . r o bala ce e sub charte e . In J bs e v Ca g 9 of em o e er th e e e w H p, h w v , sam r sult a s reached though th e court found that th e shipper had made h is con r c w th e sub - r erer h t a t ith cha t . In T e Albert 10 umo s th e cons e s een D i , ign e had b notified that th e
6 . re s o f th e e 63 Fe igh a d . 707. F t K t ,
. m r B 7 e . Stl. e . Co . . es. o g v h . al gcy. Cc. 115 A C O C A , Fe 669 d. . . . , C C A
8. e n er . ene . 1905 2 h v , L . ( ) K. B . 92 1 0 Com. Gas. W D R ,
9 . 228 Fed. 143 .
10. 54 Fe 29 d. 5 . 33 POOR ON CHAR TER PARTIES .
D ocking. owner claimed a lien u po n th e bill of lading freight ;
- o er to th e sub c r erer . never theless, they paid it v ha t It was held that th e owner cou ld make them pay again . Once th e freight h a s been paid over to th em u re e i t 1t e c r c er re h t to c ive , os s its ha a t as f i , l n 11 1 11 u ectto e . and 8 613535 s bj a “i e c au se g1vm”g a lien for a ny amounts due u nder this charter does not include damages for m o e th e esse th e less profitable e pl ym nt of v l, if with ’ drawn fromth e charterer s service because of in n 12 solve cy.
k tt m l an d and Steamer is to be doc ed, bo o c e e pa inted whenever charterers and ma ster u t ast in r think necessary, b t a le once eve y t f h r to be sus six month s, and pa ymen o i e pended until sh e is again ih proper sta te
Th e obli ation to do ck th e ve ssel once eveg six s a n bsolute o e e er dockin is nece s month is a n , wh th s or c e 0 lu e to r orm th e no n as a fai r pe f , 0&m of
11 . Ta t s . ar e L om . Ga g v . ish r . R. 1 K . B. 391 8 C F , , 33 but e 1 s e me c . r l . . su r . St . B e o es . o C C . . O ; A g . v Ch C al , p a 12 . re s of h ene r . igh t e a e supr a ehner v . , sup a F t K t , ; W D
1 . Th e f o n s o e . ns n e all l ie 1 08 Fe d . 41 6 oye s v u i , F K t , ; N M L 173 Fed . 815 . See ener e e 1 0 . g ally Bollman v . we di 5 Fed , T ,
34 TIME CHARTERS .
Damage to vesse l.
1 e of th e e Th e esse b spe d vess l . v l mu st e docked
r o no ro for oc n th e c rterer charte d es t p vide d ki g, ha h a s no claim against th e owner - ’ although th e vessel s b o ttom ma y be
0 be sus
a ns ing,
h en sh e is for o n or ck, l- adi g d unl N ‘ e purpos s .
h wn rs are to m o v s . h at t e o 18. Da age t e sel T e r s n s and ck provide opes, fall , sli g blo s, necessar y to h andle ordinary cargo up to thr to 2240 ds a h in w i h t ee ns ( of poun e ”c ) e g , also lanterns for night work.
Several ca ses have come before th e courts where th e chartered W aine injury“when lo ad A ou th e ing a n eater than thre e t ons . lth gh
’ i h e ni e eor case s a re not am m w t any d fi t th y, th e decisions holding th e chart erer liable a re per
M nson wee e 149 Fe d . 928 s . a , 434 ; Wilh elm sen v. T di , ; Albi v
2 34. 2 afid . 139 Fed. 13 0 Fed . 3 ,
66 Fe d . 722 . . . r m r . . Co . 1 2. Munson v. Mi a a S S , , C C A f on 132 Fed . 881 af d . 139 Fed . 541 . 3 . lasgow v. ac , G B ,
o wr n 197 Fed . 675 . 4. Anderson v . B i g,
35 E POOR ON CHARTER PARTI S .
n men Wi ch . haps to be bas ed u pon th e proposition that th e owner h a s au thorized th e u se of weights only up to three tons and that th e charterer mu st b e tak en to have assumed th e risk of injury in case h e loads any 1 h e er e s . O t e o er th e s is h avi w ight “n th ha”nd , if hip injure d by ordinary lawful cargo su ch a s iron ore 2 r h e o ner h no r t to re o r o asphalt, t w a s igh c ve . It has been sa id that th e duty of loading a nd disch a rg 3 in o h o n n r r g rests up n t e w er u de a time cha ter .
rk 19 . Steamer to wo night and day if required by h t r r h a t c ar e e s, and all steam winc es to be ’ th e ch arterers disposal during loa ding and t a r o r i disch arging, and s e me t p ov de men to k h h r r wor same bot day and nig t as equi ed . Ch arterers agree to pay for all nigh t work
a t th e current loca l rate .
th e r or of New r er e e In ha b _Yo k, and p haps ls " ’ ere he e edore re u se to or h wh , t st v s f w k if t e ship s
1 m w e 4 o r . o n . ee e 150 F d . 43 7 ns r . B ll a v T di , ( t ); B it. Ma it
rus n o F 533 18 to 14 ons u . . . v . u s n 149 e d. ( ) B ll v Y T t M , t ; N
. . 2 1 6 Fe . 79 1 en S . S . C c . 7 d . . . 8 ons Salm P R , , C C A ( t );
r c Co . . o i k v nald 1 94 Fe d . 800 . . . B D , C C A
2 . en e o ns on 1 0 . 3 orr . s S . S . C . v . u 3 Fed 98 all v avi D M , ; W D
o Cc . 113 Fe ff 22 4 s e Th er en al , d . 549 a d. 1 Fed . 36 bu t e e g C , ; , B h us sen w r h rer . . S c 95 Fe 147 e e t e c r e , l v U S . . C . 1 d . h ha O pg , , t wa s m e ad liable for damage done to th e ship in loading lumber. o n not r se i th 2 8 n 1 . P i t ai d e appeal in 13 Fed.
3 . unso w n . s o c . 2 e 64 v la g av . C 35 F d. . . . M G N , , C C A
36 TIME CHARTERS .
- r ers Sub cha t .
h n ere r e o es neces crew run t e wi che s . It th fo e b c m w fi sary to hiim ide winchmenm m m w l is come u p as o wh fi fiou d pa y their wages . It now u or el se e th e o n r a s fu a th itativ y ttl d that ‘ l we h ‘
h r th e damages paid t e stevedo e .
tt th e 20. Ch arterers to h ave libe of suble ing
If this right were not exprgssed it wou ld be im 1
chart er even on th e same terms a s th e orig inal charter does not cre ate a ny privity b etween
1 . on n w c ee i 159 Fe . 0 . A . s a ine i k . v. d e d 7 6 . ; C t t P T , , C C 2 r . r . ru s . nson 149 F 3 i a i v u ed . 5 3 Th e San ona 15 B t M t T t M , ; t , w F 6 on r o c r e 146 . ed . 51 a l a v . e die Fed . 563 ehner v ; C t , G T , ; W
2 . . 2 1 om a n C . s 39 . e e . . 9 0 1 D , L R K B , G .
2 . o 2 . allahan v . uns n 09 . Y. 546 C M , N
w o . 2 3 . unson . s o . C 35 Fe v la g av , d. 64 . . . M G N , C C A 1 h . 563 . T e ly 110 Fed. E ,
37 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
- e Sub chart rs .
z nd th e sub - ch arterer but for owner of th e ship a , ’ damage done to th e sub - charterer s ca rgo after it
r th e sub - r erer ou had been laden on boa d, cha t w ld have a remedy against th e there wa s a guar antee 0
n th o ner th e ee re e e w and assign , h r i r r of cour e be le as ing t e o ig nal charte e ) may, s , effected where there h a s b een an assignment of 4 f 5 r r s u e on o c . cha te . Thi is a q sti fa t
416 . . . The Banes 221 Fed . , , C C A
83 . 3 . Th e s r aea 124 Fed . A t ,
n C c . 180 Fed. 677 . . . 4. if o s w se r s. Gu ey v . C a t i T a , , C C A
. unso 93 . . . . 593 5 See Ceb allos v. M n, App Div ( N Y )
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
’ f n Statements a s to vesse l s p osition a nd time o saili g.
Pr omptitude in th e fulfillm ent of engagements is th e of comm r c s ccess Th e s e of h m r e life e ial u . tat t e a k t at h ome a nd abroad th e solvency of h ou se s th e ra es of ex , , t change a nd of freigh a nd various o her circums ance s t, t t which o to con rol th e issues of profi or loss r ender i g t t , t more important in th e enterprises of th e tr ader than in a n o er n Th e r es of o ma e en y th busi ess. ult a v yage y d p d u on th e th e esse rr es h er or of es n on p day v l a iv at p t d ti ati , a nd th e time of h er arr ival ma y be contro lle d by”th e day of h er e r rom h or w enc h e d partu e f t e p t h e s e sail d .
’ Statements a s to th e ship s po sition a re made in f er n ere e r r di f e t ways . Wh it wa s stat d in a ch“a te made on A u gust l st that a steamer was now” ai e or u to s rom Beniza f r o s l d abo t ail f with c a g , whereas on Au gu st 1 st th e ste amer was less than o e a nd n A h h e half l ad d did ot sail till u gust 7t , t Supreme Cour t held that th e statement was a wa r ranty or condition precedent ; that it wa s broken ; ’ a nd h r er r o r h that t e cha t e s c uld ej ect t e vess“el . Where th e cha rt”er stated that th e ve ssel was at Santo s or saile d this me ant that sh e wou ld soon 3 s or ere th e c r r ail had sail“ed . Wh ha te stated tha”t th e es e wa s now in F n n oun to o on v s l i la d b d L nd , this meant that sh e wa s to proceed to London dire ct a nd did not j ustify h er loading cargo at an other p ort F n n 4 . a n E s se r s un er con in i la d In ngli h ca , a i ing d a
2 . son . Von n en 1 2 h e 1 . avi v i g 3 U . S . 40 8 d . 885 T D L , , L E ; 2 r c 5 Fed. 1 06 Th e rs o 2 a h , ; in 4 Fed . 918 a ce. M O , ,
- 3 . sen . un er e l v H B nn 54 Fe d. 530. O t ,
4. n m n . r e 4 om a g a v alg av C . C s . 75 . E P , 40 VOYAGE CHARTERS .
’ i n State ments a s to vesse l s position a nd time o f sa li g.
“tr act for th e sale of goods which ”provide d for c e r n e not er n Ma 2l st wa s e l a a c lat tha y , it h ld that th e contract wa s fu lfilled if th e vesse l actually got h er clearance b efore May 21 st thou gh sh e did not s un l er 6 ail ti some time lat .
o me m e s es con n n s e en of th e S ti es, b id tai i g a tat m t ’ ve se s o n ere r er reeme th e s l p sitio , th is a futh ag nt in ’ char ter a s to th e vessel s sailing for th e loading por t . “Where th e char ter provide d that th e ship wa s to roce e ro Me our e to C u w os p d f m”lb n alc tta ith all p e t but th e er ou not b e no e sibl dispa ch , mast c ld tifi d of th e char ter while at Melb ourne with th e r esult h e rocee e rs to i wa s e that p d d fi t Man la, it h ld that 6 fi h r r in r n So this justi ed t e chart e e efusi g to load . where th e charter pro vides that th e vessel shall sail fro m th e p ort where sh e is stated to b e b efore a cer sh e oes not s s u s e th e tain day, if d . ail , thi j tifi s 7 r r r in r n Bu t see s cha te e efu si g to lo ad . it m that if th e char ter also contains a cancelling date which th e es e es th e c sh e not s for v s l mak , fa t that did ail h er o n in th m in th e c r er l adi g po rt e ti e stated ha t ,
5 . a r om. 2 om . lm n . e s Co . 4 C Gas 65 5 ha a v xa S ill . C T T t M , ,
Gas. 321 . w 2 l 2 l . 7 8 17 . 768 . 6. o er . s W b v ang a , L. d L B , E h r r n P enstec e 32 Fed . 841 Th r ce 7. e de se v . a e an sca P g , ; F
No . 5029 es on . osdic 1 o o s 286 . urro , . . ; h v k , d . C F C D F W “, , F C r ro for i 3819 . ere c r e e sa n o No . Wh a”ha t p vid d a ili g ab ut m d dle of S ep ember i was held ha his could mean a s la e t , t t t t t e m r 2 9th w ere th e r es so c ns enn e as S pte be h pa ti o tr ue d it. B tt
in ha m 31 Fed. 85 . v. L g , 41 E POOR ON CHARTER PARTI S .
nce lin e Ca l g dat .
8 r u s to o A r n t does not ju stify a ef a“l l ad . p ovisio tha” th e ve ssel shall proceed with all convenient speed means that sh e will proceed withou t unnecessary i n e on n r delay, and th s also co stitut s a c ditio p ece 9 dent . ’ A mis statement of th e vessel s position even ou or a nd not n or r e in th e r er er th gh al i c po at d cha t , p 10 h r r r If th ar mits t e char te e to efuse to load . e ch terer knows at th e time the charter is made that th e ’ statement of th e ve ssel s position as made in th e 11 c a r r is ncorrec h h te , i t, e cannot cancel .
e . 22 . Cancelling da t This is a provision of great impor ta“nce in modern c r er e o mo orm is c r er ha t parti s . A c m n f , ha t ers to have th e option of cancelling this char ter par ty if ship is not r eady to load on or b efore Sometimes th e can cellin g clau se is found to gether ’ with a statement of th e ship s position or with a ro s on a o h r sai n ee e t p vi i s t e li g. It has b n h ld tha if
- 8. os sco Lr c ne b . c . 138 Fe 25 . . a v . i h i C d . , . R P t P , C C A
- 9 . sen i rowne . un er enn 54 Fed . 530. e l v S e G ll v. B , O H t B , 53 F d 3 94 e . A A n ol . 487 w ere r , . . . t a v. ill 7 Fed h a ba k C“C ; ”G , , wa to s s w Co . ou e . use e rs . . ail “ith t d lay Gi pp ”v . Mf Exp , 124 Fe d . 663 w e s ee ores i h all p ossible d pa ch . S ak , t t F t O
. . Co . . c r S S v i ha d 5 Com . Ga s . 1 00. R ,
10. un c n o 37 Fed. h v . be heim 2 0 Hun 1 r ay v . o re F A , , ; G M ,
2 66 .
11 . o e . s 10 . . . 944. v ll v avi , 1 U . S 541 25 d L D , L E AR VOYAGE CH TERS .
n n Ca celli g date .
’ f rr th e th e statement o th e ship s position is inco ect, r th e charte er may lawfully refu se to lo ad, although l s h m h r n e n e But ren ve sel a s ade e ca c lli g dat . appa tly th e rule is o therwise if th e charter merely prescribes z f h r when th e ship is to sail or t e lo ading po t . It would seem that th e ship h a s up to midnight of -3 th e last day mentione d in h er charter a nd that when th e s on u en er on th e e su last day fall a S nday, a t d n in n ffi i n 4 g Mo day would be su c e t . In order to make a tender th e vessel mu st be re for c r o is sh mu s be to u t all ady a g ; that , e t able p 6 h r h f h r r h ma e o t e s os o t e c r e e . e h lds at di p al ha t S y , o e r n n r h r h w ve , have e ough ballast o boa d to keep e 7 r r c c a nd su s n r is th e up ight . P a ti al b ta tial eadiness 8 s en u h e is re for r o of te t . It is o gh if s ady a ca g ener mer se sh e e not n e th e g al chandi , n ed a ticipat 9 s ec al c r o h r r n p i a g t e charte e i tends to ship . If a r n c r o is to be c rr e th e r e g ai a g a i d , ship is ady althou gh th e top b oard of h er shifting bo ards is not
1 . Th e rs no 2 d 918 Th rc 25 F 1 i 4 Fe . e a h ed . 06. O , ; M ,
2 . o Lr o 8 s sco . c n 1 3 Fed . 25 . . a v i h i e b . C . . R P t P , , C C A
3 . e e . . C o . r 57 Fed . 3 04 rec . alb a i S S . v a d upp h v D tt C , ; R t m D ela ca 1 65 Fe . 381 if e 022 p, d , a d . 1 69 F d . 1 .
4. Th e r n er r w 5 Fe o ne 0 d . 941 a fi ed. a bi g ( ill v . ) d . 53 F H G B , ,
394. w 6. ro ers 41 Fed . 806 ro v. y G ves v . Volkart 1 ab C M , ; , C
309 . E .
7. u r . D laca m pp ech v e supra. R t p,
8. sne . urness 79 Fe . 810. Di y v F , d
9 . r w een e oss 34 Fe . 6 . ll v . d 65 G R ,
43 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
nce n When no ca lli g date .
u ere is so e unn e in th e o p ; so , if th m d ag h lds which 11 could be removed if obj ected to . Th e charterer is not obliged to exercise his option until th e ship is at th e loading port ; th e shipowner canno t call u pon him to state h is intentions until h e 12 m n r Nor oes th e c is rea dy to ake a te de . d fa t that th e ship is prevented from arriving at th e loading or a n e ce e er r e th e r erer of p t by x pt d p il, d ep iv cha t 13 h r n r e o rr t e ight to ca cel . Whe e a vess l was t ca y a r o o th e n e re ree in ons r ca g t U ited Stat s f ight f , c ide a tion of th e freight sh e wa s to earn on a return o e but h er c r er wa c nce e ec u e of v yag , ha t s a ll d b a s enes on rr in h n es w s e lat s a ival t e U ited Stat , it a h ld that h er o wner was entitled to a r e asona“ble freight h on t e cargo carr ied to th e United States .
2 n t . 3 . Wh en o ca ncelling da e
If there is n o provision in th e ch arter giving th e charterer th e right to cancel if th e ship is not ready rt th e r erer c nno r e use o by a day ce ain, cha t a t f to l ad unless th e delay is so great a s to frustrate th e a dven
10. sne r ee Th e rs no 24 Fed . 918. i y v . Furness sup a. S i , D , O 1 1 . e nc 448 . . . ke v . aughn 60 Fed . , W V , C C A
12 . Th e mue 9 Fe 281 oe Tr va n . e r Sa l . all 4 d . l y v i , W H , ; M W
m . 15 Co . Ga s. 61 307 o 145 Fe d . 1 66 . . Karr an v . e ab dy , ; P , , C C A
3 . 1 rr n . e o su r m . r . . 14 . Ka a v P ab dy, p a ; S ith v Da t, L R , Q B
1 05 . D . ’ 14. ri O B en of o 48 726 . v . ags Gu an Fed . B ,
44 VOYAGE CHARTERS .
or Safe p ts .
1 e ru s r n be to ur tu re . Exactly wh n f t atio may said occ u e on th e e re is a doubtful q sti . If d lay is so g at as to make impracticable th e adventure contemplated by
r s re e se e ro th e rter . b o th pa ties , thi l a s th m f m cha n f h e rt es h e r erer for e But if o e o t pa i , t cha t instanc , r r o e e not no to had some pa ticula bj ct in vi w, k wn h r r h e mere e re t e o the pa ty, t fact that d lay has p n rr e out not ut end to vented this b ei g ca i d , will p an 2 h r er a nd th e c r erer is e h e re u e t e cha t , ha t liabl if f s s to load th e ship .
4 rt So ar a s sh e ma saf et an 2 . Safe po s . ne y ely g d fl a lways lie a oat .
What ports a re to be consider ed unsafe in a physi cal a nd political sense so as to j u stify th e mas ter in re s n to rocee h a s re een fu i g p d al ady b discussed . u r Th e o e u e s sec. r ( S p a, ab v cla s s , howeve , al o frequ ently a re d epende d upon in voyage charters ’ ere ec use of th e s s r or for om wh b a hip d aft, s e like re son th e u n r n a , act al lo adi g or discha gi g spot can not be re c e a nd th e u s o to wh o a h d, q e ti n as must e r th e e en e er e us be e r n b a xp “s of li”ght ag “m t d te mi ed . Th”e word safely means safely as a loaded s a nd ere ore th e s hip, th f if hip is loaded at a place c sh e c nno e e u r o h whi h a t l av with a f ll ca g , t e char
1 . e on n o S e c s . n r ne I ns . Co . . . 1 0 Ja k v U i Ma i , L R C . P . 125 .
2 . i Th eb dea u . rns 1 71 Fed . 2 33 Sch r v Cai , ; . Mahukona Co.
. e s n Fe . 615 er o 142 d . r v l , ; dl v alb ai h 156 Fed . 259 . N A G t ,
45 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
Safe p orts. terer mu st furnish cargo in lighters outside th e ba r 1 An n ere c w at h is expense . i t sting as e a s decided by th e Supreme Court where a sailing vessel having steel masts wa s ordered to discharge ab ove Brook 2 r Th e s ere so im lyn B idge . ma ts w tall that it wa s p ossible to pass under th e bridge without cu tting
m Th e e se cor ere h er c r o the . v s l ac dingly light d a g , and th e question b efore th e cour t was a s to wh o o for th e er e Th e r er sh uld pay light ag . cha t which wa s incorpor ated in th e bills of lading c“ontained th”e u“sual clauses requ iring delivery at a safe por t or”so“near thereunto”a s“sh e ( th e vessel) ma y safely et al s er e an a c g way afl”oat light ag , if y; at count of receiver s It wa s held that th e cost of th e
r e on h con n e r h lighte s f ll up t e sig e s . Whe e t e load in or wa s me a nd th e r er ro e g p t na d, cha t p vid “d that th e loading wa s to b e done Where th e ve s sel could
lie o er e to be th e e en e of always ”afl at, light ag at xp s th e r o th e e se cou not o r o ca g , and v s l ld l ad a full ca g because of a ba r some distance down th e r iver from h er o n or e in th e sence of l adi g“p t , it was h ld that ab ” th e u se o e r a s sh e ma e et th e cla s n a y saf ly g ,
1 . o c n . n 404 fid on s o n 114 Fed. a v nis 110 Fed . a . hi p i B E , , t t
260.
2 . enc e r 248 47 k v. a go of Java S ugar 187 U . S . , L. M A C ,
. 163 . See M o 4 F 1 d . a n n r ro em . C . 9 e Ed . Li e s v. Va . Ca . Ch , f 463 sf d . 2 04 Fe w h e , d . 564 holding ha by th e erman la t , t t G e ense of er e on h e xp light ag falls up t ship .
46
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
w r Effect of bill o f lading hen ship under charte .
th e so - e c r er ere a n ih sumed . If call d ha t is m ly formal agreement which th e parties mu st have o su e en or r n r c intended t ppl m t by a m e fo mal co t a t, th e ab ove rule does not apply and th e provisions of th e bill of lading will constitute a part of th e con 2 f rr tr act o ca iage .
' th e of h older is not th e rterer If bill lading cha , h i r e en u h e er th e r er s ights will d p d pon t t ms of cha t , n his o of th r r n r upo kn wledge e cha te , and upo whethe r no th e n n r r e h e rter o t bill of ladi g i co po at s t cha . If th e charter pr ovides either expressly or by im c n th e s ar be pli atio , that bill of lading e to made o th e r ro o or subj ect t char te p visi ns , then whether
' ' not an independent shipper or consignee is bound by th e char ter will depend upon knowledge of the 3 c r er r on h is r h e no e e ha t pa ty pa t . If has knowl dg c u or cons ru e h e c ot be oun a t al t ctiv , then ann b d by rm Th e er u u e th e charter te s . mast has ndo bt dly r r of n h e gene al au tho ity to sign bills ladi g, and if h a e his s ru c n h oe not ffe t a s xceeded in t tio s, t is d s a c 4 r in o o e e thi d party acting g od faith . Kn wl dg may, of ours be e n or e e t th e of c e, giv n by a ind s m n on bill la din Ii g.
w 2 . ee e r n o r 159 . . 192 The T di T adi g C . v . C aig, App Div ;
e on 43 Fe 6 1 Th e een mor 51 Fed . 250 The Cal d ia , d . 8 ; Qu s e, ;
nr ue 7 Fed 490. E iq , .
3 . Th e Dra u ner . 450 11 As . . . 436. p , L . R . A . C , p M C
4. Th e Boskenna 22 F 666 ay ed . . B , - 5 . ne un r a n of r 7 Ben. Ni H d e d nd S eventy ni e Boxes Suga ,
242 F. . No . , C 48 VOYAGE CHARTERS .
E fec of l of a n w en s er c r f t bi l l di g h hip und harte .
Diflicult s tu ns en r s e er i i atio oft a i e wh n, aft sh ppers e en o s u c artere h e er hav lad go d pon a h d ship, t mast claims to issue bills of la ding incorpor ating th e charter where as th e shipper s insist on having bills of lading issued which do not refer to th e charter . In case th e go ods have b een laden u pon th e ship without knowledge on th e par t of th e shipper of th e c a rter is e e e th e ood r h , he ntitl d to hav g s eturned to 6 h im h h s th n r . If e a put e goods o bo a d under a co r t th e c r erer cert r e of nt ac with ha t , at a ain at re t h e s er e u e o rr e f igh , and t hipown r f s s t ca y, xcept a t ce r e but th e s er re u e to an advan d at , hipp f s s pay more than th e amount specified in his contract with th e r erer i h a een e th s o er cha t , t s b h ld that if e hip wn c oo to r s or th e oo h e can col ec as h ses t an p t g ds, l t freight no more than th e amount th e shipper has 7 h s e h e n to . O n t e o er n tat d that is willi g pay th ha d , if th e shipper knows or ou ght to kno w that h is goo ds
e r er e h e e e will be shipp d under a cha t , th n may b com liable to pa y as freight more than th e sum for which 8 h ill b h h e r . e . e e e has agree d with t e chart re , i , w taken to have shippe d his goods subj ect to th e cha rt er party.
Fed. E . 7 h Tor o m 48 n . 12 3 8 T e r 6 . ee k v. arse . g , P L , L R q ; ’ es of s em 75 Fed. 410. 584 ; O Connell v. Bal Si al H p,
7 233 Fed. 325 . . The Ada ,
m. . 8. din on . . Co . 5 Co Gas 12 4. Ra lli v. Pad gt S S ,
49 E POOR ON CHARTER PARTI S .
In corpor ation o f charter party in bill of lading .
In cas e th e charter au thorizes th e signing of bill s of lading not subj ect to th e charter then knowledge alone is not suflicient to subj ect th e shipper or con 9 r Th e er h a s u or signee to th e charter te ms . own a th ized his master to make a new contract with th e
r an d th e er n o re u e h e shippe s, own ca n t p diat what In r er to e has au thorized his mas ter to do . o d mak th e char ter a part of th e contr act under which th e goods a re shipped it mu st be expressly incorporated in th e bills of lading .
r n h art r art in b l of 26. Inco poratio of c e p y il
Frequently it is desired by th e char terer to mak e th e goo ds subj ect to th e liens given by th e charter ; also in case of loss or damage th e question arises whether th e charter par ty a s well a s th e bill of
‘ lading constitu tes a part of th e contract under which I is se e th e th e goo ds ar e carried . t ttl d law that char ter ma y b e made par t of th e contract under which th e goods a re carrie d by a n appropriate r ef
826 . ro 9 . o a m . . . . urner v . aji Go l p T H , L R A C A in v“ision in th e charter that th e master shall sign bil”ls of lad g er me ns a s a s presen ed wi h ou pr ejudice to his char , a t , t t t t righ fully pre sen ed a nd th e mas er canno b e compelle d to t t , t t sign bills o f lading stating facts which a re not true or to give
s of f o s o n ec Th e r 99 Fed . clean bill lading or go d d k , Ki khill,
5 . . . 75, C C A 50 VOYAGE CHARTERS .
r f in Incorp oration of charte party in bill o lad g.
1 i For ns nce th e eren e n th e of . c bill la“ding i ta , ”if bill of lading provides freight as per char ter this z subj ects th e goods to a lien f“or th e chart er freight . If th e bill of lading re ad”s freight a nd all other con ons a s er c r er s ncor or es in th e diti p ha t , thi i p at of n con r c in o th e reemen bill ladi g t a t, additi n to ag t a s to re co o s be er orme th e f ight, all nditi n to p f d by 3 re ce er of th e oo nc u n th e men of iv g ds, i l di g pay t 4 In o r e ncor or e h e er demurrage . d r to i p at t char t rt e ce ons o e er it is eces r to o pa y x pti , h w v , n sa y“g fur the”r a nd expressly “include th e”word excep n r n i 5 tio s ; to u se th e wo d co ditions s not enou gh . In ca se several bills of lading incorporating th e c r er e een ssu e e c c er n fferen ha t hav b i d , a h ov i g a di t
’ 1 . o em 7 e . 408 es of isa . 5 F d urri O C nnell v . Bal S l H p ; B ll
r o m n 65 104 h eer of he e m 19 Fed . 21 6 . s Fed . T e t v C s a , ; P R al , ;
fi . n o 353 C rons . itth o 21 Fed e . o 231 Fed . W a v d ad v , V W , ; t t 3 w w 2 31 ff 30 25 (place of discharge ) Th e S allo 7 Fed. 6 a d . ; , ,
m . Fed . 2 r ro e 04 c o f sc e a n ners . . . (pla e di ha g ); M . Li v Va Ca Ch
Cc . 1 94 Fe 463 2 04 Th a ndfield 79 Fed . , d. , aifd . Fed . 564 ; e S ,
3 o . 71 he e r 3 r r . . ; T i o G. 39 Fe d. 66 on a es a av C P t , ; C t , W t H t N
. n 151 Fe . 886 v Kai it, d . ’ . m n 9 nn es 2 ross urr l 17 . . 100 Co ell . C a v . B il , U S ; O v Bal of s em 75 Fed . 408 Si al H p . ,
3 . rr . ossm n e erra ino e u r 65 F d . 104 S . m B ill v C a , ; v Ca pb ll,
. 2 ro i h ofi 2 e 3 . 1 . . 83 G nsta dt . tt 1 F d . 25 . W L R Q B , v ,
4. 3 . . or eus . ne . . . 534 or . P t v Wat y, L R Q B D ; Tayl v Fall er or 12 Fe d 82 h c or 637 iv Ir on ks 4 . 6 T e i a 30 Fed. ; R W , ; D t t ,
e r 7 Fe 706 . ilb r v . Bo den 1 0 d . G t ,
5 . m e r r u er . oe r . . Serra ino v . a pb ll , sup a K g v l T van C ; M y , L R
2 72 . A. C . 51 POOR ON CHAR TER PARTIES .
i n Incorporation o f charter party n bill of ladi g.
lo a n one of o be e for t of goods , y lot go ds can h ld all 6 7 of th e freight or all of th e demurr age due under But er th e c r er r e for th e charter . wh e ha t p ovid d freight at 70 shillings per ton and th e charter was r r th of wa s e t inco po ated in e bill lading, it h ld tha a th e r o wa s co re of part of ca g , which ve d by a bill lading could be held only for freight calculated a t th e rate of 70 shillings per ton on its own weight 8 and not for th e freight due on th e entire cargo In o rder to incorpor ate th e charter party a clear 9 r e ere ce to s be e h e f n it mu t mad . Thus if t bills of lading a re endorsed merely to th e effect that a cer u er for u n o n r e s tain n mb of days l adi g main, thi will 10 no r r h r er Nor c u e t inco po ate t e cha t . will a la s “ . ” freight a s per cha rter a nd all its condition“s in 11 c r or h e rr s Th e u se o er o p ate t e d mu age cl”au e . cla th conditions as per charter will not impo se a lien 12 f r r u pon th e goods or th e charte f eig“ht . Nor will a broad clause su ch as all o the”r condi tions and exceptions a s per char ter party incor pora te clau ses not having to do with th e carriage of
6 . Th e ro 29 e 2 . a F d . 65 K ,
7. or eus . ne . . 3 . . . 534 . P t v Wat y, L R Q B D
8. Fr . er n 6 9 y v can ile Ba k . . 1 . . 8 . M t , L R C P
9 . Th e ri 2 h Que ni Sta m h a lia 19 Fed . 1 3 T e i ania, p , ; T t
Fed . 2 29 . Th e e r o G . 3 9 Fe d. 366 . , . A . i C C ; P t ,
10. 2 . e om or 0 . . 80 happ l v. f 1 . . S C C t, C B N
11 . on r 9 ay v . a ke 142 . Y. 3 1 . D t P , N
12. r n r 154 . e . Tre chman . . 15 . . . Ga d v , L R Q B D 52 VOYAGE CHAR TERS .
r c Cesse lause .
13 th e oo for nce r on e or g ds, insta an a bitrati claus a clause making th e statement in th e bill of ladin“g f h n of o conclusive proof o t e amou t carg shipped .
27. Cesser clause . Closely connec“ted with th e subj ects j ust discussed - A o on r is th e so called cesser clau se . c mm fo m “ ’ of this claus e is charterer s liability to cease on cargo being shipped th e master having a lien upon , ” h r f r e urr e r . t e ca go o freight, dead f eight and d m ag Th e general construction of thi s clau se is well Th e er n of th e r erers settled . p so al liability cha t h e r o h oo s for re e and t ight to h ld t e g d f ight, d ad freight and demurrage a re regarded a s equival ent s or er to e r e th e o ner of th e er o and, in d d p iv w p s nal f er h ner be responsibility o th e chart er, t e ow must
h r r h oo . s e given a ight against t e g ds Thu , if t cha terers choose to deprive th e o wners of their lien upon th e goods for sums due u nder th e charter by failing to incorpor ate th e char ter in th e bills of n e nno e n e of th e ces er ladi g, th y ca t tak adva tag s 1 ’ O n th e o er n if th e o er s r s clau se . th ha d, ship wn ight
om or . . C c . . . . . 2 13 . h as v . sea S S L 1 1 T P t , R A C ,
A . . 23 . sp . M C
2 534 2 o . 14. o ar h v . Bly he . . . . 2 C m H g t t , L R K B ,
Ga s. 334.
1 79 . . 1 00 o r e 1 . ro ssman v . B urrill, U S ; ay n v. a k 142 C D t P ,
Lbr o . 22 . 391 e . rs . . C 4 Fed . 806 Jenneson N Y. ; Bail y v Mf , ; ’ 7 w 9 6 2 . . 02 w 1 1 e r . l v. S ec y of S a e . . ( ) ; a v Mo incke t t , L R K B D ,
179 F . 355 . . . ed , C C A 53 R POOR ON CHA TER PARTIES .
ess r c C e lause .
un er th e c r er a re reser e th e n d ha t p v d in bill of ladi g, and a lien is created against th e good s th e liability 2 of th e c r erers is ut end Th e r n ha t p an to . p i ciple is well expres“sed by th e Supreme Cour t in Crossman 3 rr th . Bu e ce ser u e to be n r e v ill, s cla s is co st u d , if s e n e to pos ibl , as i applicabl a”liability with which th e en is no o e r In t u e . e n li c mm ns at that cas , actio wa s brought to recover demurrage for delay in dis
r th e r e urr neir Th cha ging ba k Kat B ill at Rio Ja o . e r r f r se charter contained th e ordina y fo m “o cesse clau . Th e bills of la”ding were endorsed freight as per c r er r e not suf ha t pa ty. It was h ld that this was ficient to incorpor ate th e char ter party clau se with regard to demurrage ; that accordingly th e owner s could not have held th e cargo for d emurrage under th e char ter ; consequently th e cesser clause wa s no
defense . There is great confusion in th e English decisions under charter s where th e stipulation for demurrage f i . . ere r or s not exhau stive ( e g , th is a p ovision demurrage only during loading or th e numb er of n er uc r er demu rra ge days is limited). U d s h cha t s th e question arises as to whether th e lien for demur h r n f for e en on . T e age , i cludes a lien or damages d t ti ues on in h e e q ti has not come up t e Unit d Stat s, but
2 . r ncesc 01 s . or . . a o v . assey L . . 8 x . 1 i h v y, L F M , R E ; K C R
10 c 2 . . . 553 m . C . . . n ne . Pa c. e Q B ; Sa gui tti v St a Nav , L R Q 238 B . D . .
3 . 179 U. S . 100 a t 1 08. 54
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
Th e r tion for th e carriage of goods . wo d is com m nl e ro er e se o e er to u e o y us d in a b ad s n , h w v , incl d f For e what is paid or th e use of a ship . instanc if a shipowner hires his ship for a voyage for a lump sum to carry a cargo this is commonly spoken of as r f eight . Th e chief qu estions that arise with regard to freight a re when it has b een earned and also ques tions of amount .
W ar . th e o th e e hen e ned By law, b th of Unit d e E in th e e e ti u Stat s and of ngland, abs nc of some s p o o h n r r th e us e rr e to lati n t t e co t a y, goods m t b ca i d 1 r e destination befo e any freight is earned . It mak s no difference that th e shipowner is prevented by ’ i o r In Th e rr some obstacle beyond h s c nt ol . Ha iman th e char ter provided for th e carriage of a cargo of coal to Valparaiso to be delivered to th e Span ish re h e ou ke e r h ee flee t . Befo t ship c ld ma d live y t e fl t r th e re ur e th e had scatte ed, and ship t n d to loading port a s th e master feared to make delivery a t a port h n r which was hostile to t e Spa ia ds . It was held n B t h r that o freight was earned . u if t e ship is eady to ke e er a nd th e ee is u e to ma d liv y, consign nabl r e e e r f c iv , this does not deprive th e shipowne o his 3 freight . In Cargo ex A rgos petroleum was shipped
1. urn n e . c . 62 Fed . 298 . . . B i v U . S . us . S . S . C 1 , L A t , C C A
2 . 9 al . 1 61 19 29 W l , L . Ed . 6 .
3 . . . 5 4 L R P . C . 13 . VOYAGE CHARTERS .
Freight.
n rr from E gland to be carried to France . On a ival ofl the French port it was found t hat th e landing of th e petroleum had b een forbidden by th e French or Th e e ro e wa s r n r u auth ities . p t l um acco di gly b o ght
c o E n It wa s e th e o er ba k t ngla d . h ld that wn was e e not on to re r E n o Fr ntitl d ly f ight f om ngla d t ance , but also to back freight from France to England . Difficult questions sometimes arise when th e charter r f r o n suc c se p o vides or a ca go ut a d back . In h a a ere bu one e re r c th e er us if th is t nti cont a t, own m t carry both car goes before any freight is earned ; if th e ship is lost on th e homewar d voyage h e ge ts ‘ h n h e r n th c r er be not i g . On t othe ha d , if e ha t can rue se r e e e be con const d as pa abl , ach voyag will 6 ’ “ sider d i o e e Br en . s Gu by its lf . In O v Bag of an , th e charter provided that th e ship should carry a cargo to a United States port freight free where a ca rgo of cotton was to be loaded for which freight o b Th e r er s e th e r erer was t e paid . cha t al o gav cha t th e right to cancel in case th e ship should not arrive
Th r r h or cert e . e c r e e a t t e U . S. p t by a ain dat ha t f was e h e u s cancelled b ecause o lateness . It h ld m t pay a reasonable freight for having his cargo carried
h or . to t e U . S . p t th e r o ee Th e fact that ca g has b n damaged , if by
N 2 4. Th e rie 3 are , 225 . . o . 451 ; enoyer v . a lle , E , W F C P H tt o n 332 15 J h s . .
5 . Th e r e su r . E i , p a
6. 48 Fed . 726 . 57 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
nce re Adva f ight.
c e for th e s o ner not re n e a aus which hip w is spo sibl , o on for r 7 n is no bar t an acti f eight . It is o ly when th e thing shipped ceases to exist in specie that th e ’ 8 s o er r re i o th e s hip wn s ight to f ight s l st . If good a re damaged by a cau se for which th e shipowner is res o e th e un th e e be set p nsibl , amo t of damag ”s may off c ro f h e r in an a tion b ught or t f eight .
A r ht 29 . dva nce f eig .
Freight is frequently paid in advance to the ship o h E n u me a re wner . By t e law of ngla d s ch pay nts 1 n r er but of th e e e ot ecov able, by the law Unit d Stat s, r u e a e e unless othe wise stip lat d , this dvanc paym nt . n th ro er e r th e o mu st be ear ed by e p p d live y of go ds, 2 or b r is o e er o else it mu st e epaid . It , h w v , c mmon for charters a nd bills of lading to provide that pre paid freight is to be at th e risk of th e shipper or
Ins. Cc . 1 or r 3 Fed . 2 68 or n . 7. S eaman v. dle 7 J da v , S y, A , ; t
2 or 3 re 52 . . No . Th e 34 ; Stee lman v. Tayl , Wa , , F C
No . 7580 e r . . . Ju li . la ke t C C , F C
8. Se Ri a r s . . No . s r . un e e dy d v . Phillip , F C A fa v Bl d ll,
7 How. Ins Cc . 23 u . u us . . . 1 . . 1 L R Q B ; H gg v A g ta , 595 12 834 , L. Ed . .
w rru 1 S t . 324 . . No . 9 . Sno v . Ca th , p , F C
D il a en 4 . . 37. 1 . e S v le v . K dall, M S
2 A . 2 Fed . 98 . . . . Cc . 16 2 . rn ne . . us . Bu Li v. U S A t S S , , C C ; nno be o om re s 119 Fed . 373 con r r ru e c De S la v . a a y l a P , , t t
114 Fed. 877 Pa c. o s Co . . e no s shown by custom . C a t v R y ld , , 629 he rrim n 9 . 161 19 . . . C . C . A . ; T Ha a , Wall , L Ed 58 VOYAGE CHARTERS .
Advance fr eight.
r r ers re u e r e e chartere . Cha t f q ntly p ovid that wh n ad vance freight is paid there is to be a dedu ction of n r n e for n r n r a certai pe ce tag i su a ce . This is p ob ably evidence of a n intention that such freight is to ’ “ ’ h r r In Firemen s F . be at t e cha tere s ri sk . und Ins 4 N v h r r r h dedu c o . G o e a . Co . t e c e e e t e C v . l b , ha t mad h r h o a nd ure t e e . T e s os on ti n, ins d f ight hip was l t h wa s e th ur ce u b e t e voyage . It h ld that e ins an m st ’ deemed to have b een taken out for th e owner s n b e efit . In line bills of lading there a re often elaborate ro s ons re r to ce re t Wr e e p vi i with ga d ad“van f igh . h th e bill of lading provided prepaid freight ”to be consid ered earn ed on shipment of th e goods “and further that th e f”reight was not to be returned ship o or th e o t o r l st not lost , and ship was l s s on a fte a wa s e th e o n er l o e s iling, it h ld that ship w “cou d c ll ct th e re ro h r h f ight f m t e va i ou s shippers . In case t e
. in s c r onse . 3 rn u . . . C . su n Bu L e v . U . S . A t S C , p a ; M v msinck 6 A ee ehr b ch . . . c. 12 16 Fed. 817. S M a v Liv S . S C , , 77 Fed . , 18 Fed . 192 .
4. Fe 2 73 . 234 d .
’
Na tl . o In 1 e r . 5 . . Stm . C . . t o 241 Fe 861 . . Nav v Pap C , d. , C C o n o Mar c 0 Ins. . 1 Fe 6 A . ; r la d l ur ills v . B . . . C 30 d. 8 , P t “F M F , . . A . re to be cons ere e rne a n s e of the C C , f ”ight id d a d at y tag more 3 F 22 en r e r ns The ueens 5 ed . 10 . See ti t a it, Q , , C . C . A f P c o s o . . e no s su r . In he n ses o a . C a t C v R y ld , p a t rece t ca a 63 All nwil r ns . o . . cuum . . 3 77 de a C v a il Co 248 U . S T V O , , ’ m ers 312 n ern er Co . . Th e r c L. Ed . ; I t at l Pap v G a ie D . Cha b ,
248 . 387 63 . . 318 and n r rn s or s . U. S , L Ed , Sta da d Va i h W k v
59 A POOR ON CH RTER PARTIES .
re ro r F ight p ata .
goods are lost by a cau se for which th e carrier is e t e r o r ma re responsibl , h i wne y cover their value at th e por“t of destination without dedu cting th e in ffe r . e k s th f eight This, ct, ma e e freight recover
able .
F i h r 30. re g t p o rat a .
of th e e th e En The law United Stat s, like law of g th o r r land, does not give e ship wne his f eight ( if not otherwise stipulated) unl ess th e goods have been rr n n er no m ri r ca ied to desti atio . It matt s t how e to effort th e o er e ee ious the s of ship wn may hav b n, and of how great advantage to th e shipper ; if th e shipper is obliged to accept th e goods shor t of their destina 1 Th o of h o no re e r . e t e ti n f ight is a ned l ss ship,
63 21 wa s e h e s Th r 393 . . 3 t e is 248 U . S . d i h ld ha hip B , , L E , t t t owners were entitle d to retain th e freight paid in advance nu der th e stipulations in th e charter parties a nd bills of lading
o o w s not er orme in th e rs two c ses alth ugh th e v yage a p f d , fi t a because of a governmental or der forbidding sailing vesse ls to raverse th e war-zone in th e hir d case because the expor t , t t of h h e c th e esse s in the t e goo ds wa s prohib“ite d . T fa t ”that v l last two cases had not broken ground wa s held immaterial . 1 09 6 . r uer . h rc c r a v. ompania 61 Fed 860 T e i i d B C , ; A t B , Rodocan F d . 1 67 D fo . 373 e u ur cet . s o . . 1 8 . . ; v Bi h p , L R Q B D ;
c . urn . . 18 . . . 67. a hi v Milb , L R Q B D we 1 . ze . o . In r nc 358 Th e ose r a v Bal s. Cc . 7 a h J ph a ll, C t , C , ; F
In o . 3 Fed . 844 Th 3 23 n Mut. s. C . 1 e ppam 24 Fed . 0 hi a v ; A , ; C A 99 . m. orc 142 . c r on . d 4 e Y 90 ; Th e Ann . i ha ds bb , F , N D R , A
60 VOYAGE CHARTERS .
ro Freight p rata.
r n n s r r u e th e of howeve , does ot e ce sa ily p od c loss th e freight also ; th e shipowner is entitled to trans ship th e cargo upon ano ther bottom and thu s earn 2 re ee A er u r e his f ight (and , ind d, m ican a tho iti s hold that h e is obliged to If th e ship is not but ere ee s re r or if th e r lost, m ly n d pai , , ca go must be r o on n be one in re e ec nditi ed, if this ca d a asonabl im e th n e rr th e r on t , e shipow er is entitl d to ca y ca go 4 i r i e r r . W s e e e and a n his f eight hat “a asonabl t m r h r n h e r er va ies with t e ci cumsta ces . If t ca go own
o o . . . N . 41 0 The a hanie l ooper 3 Sumner 542 . . N F C ; N t H , , , F C i r e Th e e ch 3 re 39 . . No . s s t u V l a, Wa , 1 , F C Thi e ven though th e transit is by severa l carriers ; the freight ca n not r r o on be sepa a e d e ch an s in ers r ans. Co . v . , t , M t M T C tt
21 6 F . Ins . c . 202 Fed. 26 ed. 237 . u . C ; Mitsui v . St Pa l F M , ,
C . C. A.
2. B 7 How 95 604 12 . . 834 u v . ugus a Ins . Cc . . 5 L d ; g A t , , , E
The e one su r In The orn o 108 . . 342 27 . . V l , p a . T ad , U S , L Ed 747 w e s w ro h e o or , h re a hip a s dest yed by fire at t l ading p t, before sh e had broken gr ound i wa s held ha his en i le d , t t t t t t th e cargo owner to redelivery of his goo ds without payment of h r in freight. T e owner h a s no right to t ansship except case o f necess r o o o 433 . No . i y v . d 1 all . , . t , T tt W , G F C
3 . 435 9 arr The aggie ammond 9 all. , 1 L. d . 772 ; i M H , W E H
l . son . Fort a 6 57 40 . . 616 h n 28 Fed v e 1 1 U . S . d T e Jaso g , , L E ; , 323 Th r on 89 w r h s er e S a hd Fed. 374 he e t e hipp s ac uiesce d ; t t , ( q h in failure to ra nsship) T e ohemia 38 Fed. 756 here is t ; B , (t n o ss i h e wi no ro o o duty t tran h p if t e d lay ll t be p l nged ).
4. h n oo er r oo . d . T e a ha ie l p , sup a ; d v ubbard 62 Fe N t H W H , 7 308 o 53 Th e z nes 61 Fe d . 325 e r li a i , h lan v . The lva ad ; E L , ; P A ,
No . e es In . u . . s . . bb ll v . Co . 74 N . Y . 246 F C H Gt W t ,
5. le 3 o ns . a 9 . Her ber v . Hal h C s. 3 t tt, J 61 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
e ro r Fr ight p ata . insists on re ceiving his car go at a n “intermediate r h e u u rei ere or r r po t m st pay f ll f ght th f . The e a e ,
o er e er th e r m h wev , cas s wh e maste by so e thing in th e nature of a new agreement deliver s over th e
r o in u r m ca g , and it is s ch ci cu stances that freight 7 ro r o e due E c h ow re ro p ata bec m s . xa tly f ight p r o be e n ata is t calculat d has ot been determined .
Two th eories e ee u es e one th e eo hav b n s gg t d, , g
r al ere h e o r re e r r g aphic , wh t wne ceiv s su ch a p opo tion of th e contrac tual freight as th e distance tra
er e e r th e e re e a nd e on re v s d b a s to nti voyag , , s c d , whe th e freight is based u pon th e benefit to th e c“argo o wner and th e difficulties overcome by th e ship .
Were r e n of se er h e s a t h , by aso p ils , hip is aban
ou r r e o s d ed by maste and c ew, ev n th ugh ju tifiably, a nd th e ca rgo owners demand th e return of the ir
Ins c . 6 . Th e a hanie l ooper supra Hubbell v . . . . C , N t H , ; G W
02 Fed. 74 e Th e z nes 114 Fed . 307 311 1 . Y. 246 . S e li a Li , , N E , 190 , 191 .
7. a rr w e " . Th e o 8 53 9 r sh l v ha k all . 1 1 . d . 406 B i i B M , W , L E ; t M . In o a h e ar . s . . . o . P c. c . 72 F . 8 . C v S C e d 2 5 . . A T F , , C C ;
n e oo er su r u es In s Co . 74 . Natha i l H p , p a ; H bbell v . Gt. W t . , N
. 246 w a en co F 2 . r re h s e No . 190 8 r Y ; S 8 ed. 3 0 P o a a f igh b , t t allowe d where th e r ights o f th e parties were governe d by for i la w ’ e n B . 643 d . of n erwr r ers 45 Fed g , a l U d i e s v. elch , N t t M , a nd un er s New or d a ipu la ion in th e bill of lading alli v . Y k , t t , R
e tc. . . C o . 154 Fe 2 S S d 86 . . . , , C C A
8. See e " w r rs ons on n Barr l v . Th e oha k sup a a Shippi g , M , ; P
62
AR POOR ON CH TER PARTIES .
e D ad freight .
s is re e t be set off a t hip sp“onsibl , his may in an c ion f r or f eight .
2 i 3 . fr h Dead e g t .
Wh e th e re e r a i n f ight is payabl t a ate per unit, t is to th e advantage of th e shipowner to loa d as mu ch
r o ss e th r ca g as po ibl , and e cha ter u sually provides for th e e r th e r r shipm nt of a full ca go by charte e .
e u r o no o h In cas a f ll ca g is t l aded, t e amount of damag“es that th e ow”ner is entitled to re ceive is r th r called dead f eight . If e maste does not pre sent a claim for dead freight before th e vessel sails it will be very difficult to claim there after that more 1 r u e o e ca go sho ld have b en l ad d .
We c r ere s um for h s h n the ha t r pay a l p sum t e hip, ’ it will be to th e charterer s advantage that a s large r oss be rr h e r a ca go as p ible ca ied, and t owne may
32 e 2 30. 5 . Th e angier F d. T ,
o o Na v. la sto 104 Fed . 101 es r e 1 . See Barber v. V ; Ha l p l , W t t h Drottnin o 153 C o o em 34 Fed . 1008 T e . v . V a nn 1 ; g S phia, g ,
Fed 987. ere . 125 . F w En . o c e 1 017 r m . Ne C d. ; Eik e v g C al , Wh a schooner wa s chartered to carry a full cargo of kiln drie d um er n o w om th e c r erer cons ne th e l b , a d th e pers ns to h ha t ig d vesse l for loading ut on boar d wet lumber wi h th e re sul ha , p t t t t a full c argo was not aken i was held ha th e owner cou ld t , t t t recover dead freigh th e mas er not being under a du y to t, t t
r son 205 Fed. efuse to a ke th e wet lumber Hinckley v. il , t , W
9 74 . VOYAGE CHARTERS .
Pen alty clause . then have to fac e a claim for not carrying a full z car go . If a full car go is not carried be cau se th e steve ro er h e o or r dore fails to stow p p ly, t l ss will dina ily fall u pon th e owner becau se th e stevedore is re ’ 3 garded as being th e owner s servant .
33 . Penalty cla use .
This clause is a sur vival from ancient times . Originally a fixed sum was named as th e penalty ; ore re en owe er th e u e h as een o fie m c tly, h v , “cla s b m di d so a s to re ad a s fo llows : penalty for non-perform ance proved damag”es not exceeding th e estimated r e in its c o f . We r r a mou nt o f eight h th an ient f m, o r a s ern e th e c use is effec e er E n mod iz d , la in tiv und g lish and American law either to allow th e recovery 1 ’ o f th e penalty in ca se th e aggrieved party s dam es a re es or to O er e n ag l s, p at as a limit o recovery 2 w ere th e es a r e r er r h damag g eat . Unde some sys ems of o e er th e eflective t la“w, h w v , penalty is and n or e f cible .
2 . See The o n . r s 120 Fed . 6 J h A B igg , , C . C. A .
3 . Manc r 9 e hisa v. a d, 3 F d . 492 . See Th e Kaupanger 241 C ,
Fed. 702 .
mor 15 2 1 . s . s 1 . . 353 9 . 40 Watt v Ca , U S , L Ed . 6. - 2 . Akties e rn c Foderstof . Re deri K g v lan en 250 Fed. At t ,
935 . . . , C C A
3 . See o r . r . . 6 . . 1 39 w ere h G da d v G ay , L R , Q B , h t e cla use enc co was enforce d in a Fr h urt.
65 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
Commiss ns . 34. io
A broker who negotiates a char ter party is entitled h to his commission when t e charter party is signed . It is immaterial ( in th e ab sence of a contract to th e contrary) that no freight is earn ed by r eason of a cause for which th e broker is not responsible ; there is no different rule with regard to a char ter party broker than that which applie s to a broker in real 1 e r ro r n o r e stat . Whe e a b ke eg tiated a time cha ter for er o o er our e rs c rowded for a p i d of “v f y a , whi h p a commission u pon th e gr oss amount of this c r er e u on h e r ha t , payabl p t signing he eof ste amship ” , os or not o th e r er ut an end to l t l st, and cha t was p h e o r w r wa s e th r k r by t u tb e ak of a , it h ld that e b o e wa s entitled to a commi ssion on th e hire which would have b een e arn ed had th e char ter continu ed ; a custom that broker s only collected th“eir commis f r s So er sions ou t o hi e paid was inadmi sible . wh e a charter provided “for a commission on th e e sti m e r s re on th e o e on of o at d g os f ight c mpl ti l ading, or s ou be os a nd th e e e o t h ld vessel l t, v ss l was l s e ore th n wa s e om on b f e loadi g, it h ld that a c missi 3 wa s e er ere th e c er ro es n v theless du e . Wh har t p vid
.
1 . e ore f 2 o . . teen r a e 29 Fe . 3 94 A . ll S . S . C v S d . . ; V g , , C C
or Affr 2 3 om . as . 461 aif . e alf d v . eteur s eunis C G d by th W R , , o f use o or s 24 m 26 . H L d Co . Ga s. 8 ,
2 . e ore n ll v . Stee rafe supr a . V g ,
3 . or n o r 7. la d l u ing ills v . eir 95 Fe d. 99 P t F M W , 66 VOYAGE CHARTERS .
o C mmissions.
for co m ss on on th e s e of th e esse r ere a m i i al v “l ch”a t d , a nd th e es e is o v s l l st, this is not a sale within th e meaning of th e charter and th e broker is not 4 e n e to comm ss on on th e r n titl d a i i insu a ce money . er r e c r ers ues r se e er Und at ha t , q tions a i as to wh th th e broker is entitled to a commission merely on th e freight or whe ther h e is al so entitle d to commissions r e e th e r o n de ad f eight a nd d mur“r age . Wh n char te " ro e for co miss o on e r p vid d a m i n shipm nt of ca go , it wa s held that th e broker wa s not entitled to a commission on demurrage colle cted at th e port of discharg“e o therwise when th e commission wa”s pay re re a n emurr e e en able on f ight , dead f ight d d ag , v o n th e c r er e though made payable n sig ing ha t , wh n dem“urr age at th e port of discharge would not be Th e r er wa s so o e o n on due . b ok al all w d a c mmissio demurrage collecte d at th e port of discharge where th e charter provided fo”r a commission on th“e gro ss n n n amount of this charter payable o sig i g . Th e A dmiralty Court h a s no jurisdiction of a suit by a broker for commissions ; such actions mu st be m 7 brought at co mon law .
on u Co . 93 Fed. 731 C . C . A . 4. Ho lmes v . M ta k , ,
r us 2 3 om . Ca s . 80. 5 . oor ine v. D eyf C M L ,
w s 48 Fed . 115 . 6 . Bro n v . Ye a t ,
Rh 226 Fed . 339 . 7. ederi v. Clutha,
67 HA E C PT R III . DEMURRAGE ” n i s a n rr e S ection 35 . Whe s a hip a iv d ship ?
r so ne r ereun o a s sh e ma s e e . 36 . O a th t y af ly g t ro s ons e ress n m w - 37. P vi i xp ly fixi g ti e hen lay days e n to b gi .
38. c of re nes Noti e adi s .
- 39 . s Lay day . 4 n w 0. unn s or n s o i g day ki g day h lidays etc. R , , ,
wor n e 41 . f ec of on e c e s E f t ki g x pt d day .
42 . u o f th m s r or own r Fa lt e a te e .
3 or 4 . Steved es .
ce on c use s. 44 . Ex pti la
45 e er th e e ce on c use ro ec s the c r erer . . Wh th x pti la p t t ha t
us th e c u o n or sc r e be re en e ? 46 . M t a t al l adi g di ha g p v t d
f or s to be m e c r erer to o ercome o ra 47. E f t ad by ha t v pe
e c se tion of a n e xcept d au .
ec c e ce ons. r es. 48 . Sp ifi x pti St ik
- 9 ffec of e r on of s . 4 . E t xpi ati lay day
e u . 50. D fa lt w o me ff ec of c r er u e . 51 . E t ha t ith t fix d ti
2 us om r es c . 5 . C t a y d pat h
s c s s a s s mer can e er . 53 . Quick de pat h ; a fa t tea d liv
5 . n o 4 Conti u usly .
rn c ses . 55 . Tu berth lau
on on c r erer to e his c r o re . 56 . Obligati ha t hav a g ady
57 s c mone . . Di pat h y
e rr ro e erc se of en . 58. D mu age th ugh x i li
68 DEMURRAGE . ” Wh en is a ship a n arrived ship ?
f e n No Th e subject o demurr age is a perpl xed o e . two c r er a re en re e - ere is uc ha t s ti ly alik , and th m h in h n r r n c n c t ec s o s . e e ar e o e e er o fli t e d i i Th , h w v , c tai e n r n l adi g p i ciples which serve as a guide . Th e subj ect conveniently divides itself into two part s ( a) where th e time for loading or discharging is definitely fixed and (b) where th“ere is either no provisi”on“at all or a provision for cu stomary dis c u c di a tc et pat h, q i k sp c.
E N E E A W F XE ME . H TH R IS I ”D TI hi arr v hi ? 35. Wh en is a s p an i ed s p Th e rule is now se“ttle d in ”E ngland that a ship may be regarded a s arrived so a s to commence th e running of th e lay- days when sh e is ready to load or discharge ( a s th e case may be ) h a s given no tice o i u re a nd h a s re c e th e er nu s ( if n tice s req i d), a h d t mi i h s term nu s be fixed n er charter party. Thi i may In e er or o b o or er . ith a p t r it may e a d ck, b th all instances th e terminus must be re ached before th e
- s co en e r on of th e o e occurs lay day mm c . A va iati ab v when th e char ter“party provid”es that th e ship shall s res a go to a berth a s ordered . Thi embles charter par ty where th e b er th is named with th e exception that it allows th e selection of a berth bv h i n ss nee In er th e charterer to su it s bu si e ds . o th w r th e c r erer or er th e a n occu o ds , ha t may d ship to
th e — ll e th e pie d berth, and lay days wi not b gin until
69 S . POOR ON CHARTER PAR”TIE When is a ship a n arrive d ship ?
n e For e en e r e ship gets alo gsid . a stat m t of thes ul s 1 o . . see Leonis S . S . C . v Rank It has been doubted if th e English rule is th e law 2 Ho e er ere a re in th e United States . w v , th many au thoritie s which a re in accord with th e E nglish r For n e un er c r er ro n ule . insta c d a ha“t p vidi g that th e lay-days shou ld commence from th e time th e captain report”s his vessel ready to dischar ge in New r r r th e - e n en th e e Yo k ha bo , lay days b ga wh v ssel was in“New York harbor a nd before sh e re ached h er th e ert me in th e c r er th e er . We b th h n b h is na d ha t , berth must be actually reached before th e lay-days ‘ e h e er ro f b gin . If t cha“rt p vides”or lo ading a nd dis c r e a t er o r ere ere a re se s ha g a b th as d “d , th ca s al o o o n h E t e ru e . I o e er no er f ll wi g nglish l f, h w v , b th
n me n re o e me th e - s is a d wit“hi a as nabl ti , lay day e n o r i n b gi at nce . If the e s o e“xpress provi”sion that th e e se s o to er r ere v s l hall g a b th as o d d, this is , ne er e e e n er th e rter r but v th l ss , impli d u d cha pa ty,
1 m a s . 1 36 rm n . . . o me C . G L. R . K . B ; A a t v
o nson 14 A s . . . 84 . R bi , p M C
2 . w . . r e o r lder 2 03 Fe . 848 . S S . u he gl n v. H a d c d . R t , , C C A
3 . Th h e e o 7 e 1 . e T . . S esbury 18 F d . 11 . . S e E T t t , , C C A c r 61 o 30 F 637 ons n ne c . . uc nc oss 1 Di tat , ed. C ta ti Pi k v A hi l ,
Fed. 843 , C . C . A . 4 w . ee e 2 0 e . . . di v. arry 5 F d . 721 T B , , C C A
5 . n ms erson o or A . ut see d v . e 1 79 Fed . 68 . . b illia , C , A M , C W
. eo 56 Fed . 27 1 c C c . 5 v h bald, 5 Fed . 465 Smi h v . . Y. et . , ; T ; t N , n s u s m no 4 Li d ay v. i a 12 Fed . 50 . C ,
6. w r Mowi . . . e . nckel 179 Fed . 355 D a v , , C C A
70
S 37 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
- Pro vi sions expressly fixing time when lay days are to be gin . from th e time th e captain repor”ts his vessel ready to r in New or r r th e - e n discha ge Y k ha bo , lay days b ga while th e ship wa s in th e harb or a nd b efore sh e had 1 r th e c r er r e re e h er o . We e “ach d d ck h ha t p ovid d lay-days not to commence to count until 12 no on after steamer is entered in t”h e custom hou se and in every respect ready to lo ad th e lay- days b egan at noon after th e steamer had been entere d althou gh 2 i r So en th e c rt r ro sh e was not n a be th . wh “ha e p vide s for th e b eginning of th e lay- days whether in ” , berth or not this pu“ts th e ri sk of obtaining a berth u th e r e er e th e c r er ro e pon cha t r . Wh n“ ha t p vid d that th e lay-days sh ould be commencing f rom th e time th e ca”ptain reports himself ready to receive or sc r e s e th e esse rr e s di ha g , thi mad v l an a iv d hip althou gh sh e could not get a b erth at th e wharf to ‘ h or r e s is en e to w“hich s e was de e d . Wh n a hip titl d comm e”nce discharging immediately u pon h er rr h er rr e ro th e e sh e u a ival, a ival“dat s f m ti“m act A esse n a ll r to ally secure”s a b erth . v l is ot “eady sc r n h h r di ha ge u til s e a s secu ed a ber th .
1 . Th e . o e r 7 Fe . S sbu y 18 d . 1 11 . . . E T t t , , C C A
2 . r on e . . nn s 1 e 2 0 a b Sla Co v i 1 4 F d . 6 . . . C t E , , C C A 3 . . . er C o . . er on . c 42 . 402 o e . iv al v h a S S C . 1 Fed , W K N C C ,
C . C . A .
4. sson erw se w en the a v . S e son 214 Fed . 329 . h i h W t t , Ot w r es were u c a nd th e r or-m s er m e the sh ha v p bli , ha b a t ad ip w h er urn w oo ro e 92 Fe . 402 . A. ait t , Fl d v . C ll, d , C. C
5. w ee e . c n er o . 15 F 88 . di v i h i e umb C 6 ed . T P t P L ,
6 . Th e . ern r 994 . S a d 105 Fe d . t B , 72 DEMURRAGE .
Notice of re adiness .
N i f in 38 . ot ce o rea d ess.
A s e er ru e in r er to e th e r a g n al l , o d b gin unning of 1 - f e Th e th e n ce o re ess us be . lay days, oti adin m t giv n s m n no c i e hip ust be actu ally ready whe ti e s giv n, n i no th e se For a nd a o tice is useless if this s t ca . instance if sh e is requ ired by h er char ter to re ach er no ce e e sh e is th e re l a b th, a ti “giv n wh n in st am wi l r r A ro s n to o ce i a e be dis ega ded . p vi io as n ti s w iv d i n 3 A when there is actu al notice a nd work s be gu . 4 n l ro not o and e otice on a ho iday is p bably go d, wh n th e charte r provides for one clear day after notice“ - e ore s e n not u . b f lay day b gi , a holiday is “s ch a day n h r r r E e ou Th e otice mu st reach t e cha te e . v n th gh th e r er r o e for o e if ere one to cha t p vid s n tic , th is no 7 re e e it o e is eces r . c iv , n tic not n sa y Th e ship mu st also be physically re ady to load or th e o n or sh e u b e dischar ge cargo . If at l adi g p t“m st v h e u able to rece i e cargo in all h er holds . S m st
1 w o 6 Fe . 88 h . e . c ine um er C . 15 d T e oc T eedi v Pit h P L b , ; R ky
33 F . ed 556 . City,
2 h 23 ed . . T e rn r 05 994 c s . a n F S . Be a d 1 Fed. ddi k v i i t , ; A K t,
72 7.
3 . . in er o . 1 98 Fe . 42 ash . Co . v . a i C d 1 W R , 77 7 e . 4. rr reckles 1 10 Fe d . e e y v . S , Th Unionis 48 F d P p ; t,
5 316 . . . . Th e ssyria 98 Fed . A , , C C A
6 . h 49 F d . 76 . . T e In dia e . , , C C A 7 7 . D e a za r 26 . n . e B l un a n Fed 80 . Hatto v ,
8. . r ers 41 Fed 806 . ow v . y C M ,
73 R POOR ON CHARTER PA TIES .
- s Lay day . “ e h er t c e r e to n e r bu t s is hav a kl igg d ha dl ca go, t hi not requ ired if th e place where th e la y-days a re to begin is su ch that it could not be expected that le ad 10 in or r r Th e g discha ging would be done the e . ship mu st also be legally able to communicate with th e shore ; sh e is not ready if prevented by revenue 11 ” or ua r laws q antine .
- 39 . La y d ays. Charter parties a re like o ther contracts and th e charterer is not ordinarily excu sed from his obliga » tion that th e ve ssel shall be loaded or discharged in th e lay-days by impossibility ; th e only two implied e xceptions well r ecognized in law a re when th e im possibility is due to th e destruction of th e subject
r n C o . . s E re . matter or to dome tic law . In mpi T a s v 1 h o Re n Co ro Co . t e ur Phila . and adi g al I n , c t said
Where th e time for th e dischar ge of th e vesse l is stipu
la e d or is defini ely fixe d by the char er or bill of lading, t , t t so ha i ca n be calcula e d beforehand th e char erer here t t t t , t t h w n ime and by agrees absolutely to discharge er ithi that t , ' ‘ h He e takes th e risk of all unforseen circumstances.
9 229 . 708 . . . . roo s . on Lbr . Cc . Fed B k v Hilt , , C C A
10. o n 22 om. Gas . 300 Ar mamen do lf ieppe v. binso C , t A D R , 14 A s w h - were to e n o n rr l p . . . 84 here t e lay days b gi a iva M C , a t the uo b ys.
11 . e See o na nno . rson o . i v . gden . . N v P O , F C B w e 117 ee Fe 99 afi 1 3 Fe . 448. di , d . 1 d . 0 d T ,
12 . 342 . e o . 23 e . . . hi v. inches er S . S . C S W t W t , L R
l . . Co . . e 77 Fed . 9 o B um 19 . e so ur n e . . Se al g v y , , C C A H T
71 Fed . 972 . 74 DEMURRAGE .
- Lay days.
be ars th e risk of delay ari sin g from th e crowded state of th e place at which th e ship is to lo ad or discharge ( Ra nda ll
or rom fro s rre . Button v. Lynch 2 amp . f ( a v , , C t B t
w ers . . hiis . 1 4 m . or e er T Ca p bad ath ( v By , Q B re en n cce ss to th e esse o r rom c s Div. p v ti g a v l ; f a t o f h o o h c ro n ex or or re t e g vernment f t e pla e p hibiti g p t, p
r er . o son venting communi cation with th e ship . Ba k v H dg , ’ B e 295 no e . 2 r e 3 e . . 3 és 67 . Maule S . ; B ight v Pag , P , t h owner lso is re en e And it is immaterial that t e ship , a , p v t d
rom o n his r of h e wor w in h r f d i g pa t t k ith t e ag ee d time, h ’ unless e is in . Th c r r h fault e harte e takes t e risk .
Th e charter er is re lieve d from h is obligation if th e d elay re sults from th e fault of th e owner or master fr 42 r h see sec . o e r ( in a, ) if is p otecte d by an expres s e ce on in th e ter se r 44 c r e sees . to x pti ha ( inf a, In some charters th e number of lay-days is defin itel s e in o er s is ro i e y tat d , th it p v d d that so many o s al be Th r r t ns h l loaded a day. e latte p ovision ma kes th e charter no less one in which th e lay-days a re fix d 2 e .
And ’ it is probably true that th e charterer s pro t tion ec is broader than would appear from some of
‘ th e u or e . For s nce a th iti s in ta , if th e ship wer e run o e o a nd int whil l ading, had to leave for repairs , it would hardly be contended that this did not stop th e runnin of th e - g lay days, un til th e repairs were co e e ou th e mpl t d, alth gh collision was not due to th e ’ o er s 3 wn fault.
2. ms a . e o 15 F illi v h bald ed. 465 . W T ,
3 . See ne Co . . e ch . . 2 y v L a . T , L R . 12 5 orn. Q B , C
Ga . 1 s 55 . 75 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
w r n unning days o ki g days ho lidays etc. R , , ,
w rk da s h o da s etc. 40. R nnin da s “u g y”, o ing y , li y , Runn ing days mean th e days when th e ship runn n is e run con uou would be i g, that , th y tin sly, 1 h r n o s a re not e ce e . O n t e o e h liday ”x pt d th ha d , working days mean only days on which “work i”s 2 cu o r l ne s a re e c u e . D st ma i y do “, holiday ”x l d d ays 3 r n e e th e a re t eated like“runni g days . Som”tim s r r or s ph ase used is we athe w king day , which is a day otherwi se a working day when th e weather would re asonably p”ermit th e carrying on of th e 4 r wo k contemplated . I N e A s t ere e er rk n om , “la ka, “h is a w”ath wo ing day of 24 ur r is . W r ho s hen ainy days a e excepted , th oes not e e er in c r in al s but d m an v y day whi h a f l ,
" days when th e r ain might reasonably b e “deemed to er er int f e with th e loading or discharging . en onl a re e ce e o a re Wh Sundays y x pt d , h lidays 7 A o ee not e n not exclu ded . h liday n d hav legal sa c
1 . n o on 105 F d . 996 . A . . Hager ma v. r e . ughes v N t , , C C ; H
A or n en e . o . 2 d s ns Fe 435 . . e s . e ser 5 F H ki 136 d . ; S v K y , , C C , 1 7 63 - Th e n 49 Fe d . 6 . . . , C . C . A . I dia, , C C A
2 . N 7 is . n r s 1 6 c 565 . o . 364 av v e de ga la h . ; D P t, B t , , F C w ee 156 Fed . 88. die v. i ch ine umber Cc . T P t P L ,
3 . l A . t Wa 435 . . bu see Hughes v . oskins 1 36 Fed . , H , , C C
ce v. r o f e 99 la a g o umber 224 F d . 3 . C L ,
4 . Th 1 00 ons a ni e n 9 F 76 . . A . an . I dia 4 ed . ; Pym v K i , , , C C T t
1 64 Fed. 364.
5 . e r 99 . o . 34 Fed. 1 i v . r hwes ern omm . Cc 1 W N t t C , 6 . o r No . 807 . . w . alf u v ilkins 5 Sa . 429 . B W , y , F C
7. mes . Ja v Brophy 71 Fed. 310. , 76 DEMURRAGE .
ffec of wor n o n e ce e E t ki g x pt d days.
is enou if e er r e for tion ; it gh it is g n ally obse v d,
n e th e We s O n th e er i sta nc l h oth hand, a day may be made a holiday by statu te for bu sines s
ur e a s en n o a re e t e p pos s, wh ba k h lidays“ s ”ablish d r c but s th e du ing a pani , thi is not a holiday in sense used in a charter party as it does not affect th e 9 n An e e n of “loading or”unloadi g of ships . ”xc ptio s c u es - o bu th e t holiday in l d a half h liday, t fac that Satu rday afternoon is frequently a legal half
o f r n s r e oe not ke i h liday o busi es pu po s s, d s ma t such 11 i h f r r w thin t e meaning o a cha te .
'
r on xce t d da s. 41 . Efiect of wo king e p e y
It was at one time held in England that if work was done on an excepted day this showed an agree
- e e e ment to treat such day as a lay day. Th s d ci sions have now been overruled by th e Hou se of 1 Th e ere c or o e on Lords . m fa t that w k is d n an
- excepted day does not make that day a lay day. to th e t e Th e same ru le seems apply in Uni ed Stat s, although th e cases have arisen with regard to
Lr o Fe 8. w e ie . c ne b . C . 156 d. 88 . T e d v Pit h Pi ,
. rr c w ner 177 Fed . 659 . . . 9 Ke v . S h a , , C C A
Fed 96 . o m n . ns ne 186 . . . a ur 10. H l a v Ga Li , , C C A ( S t day
afternoon in Louisiana . ) r 493 nn ma n ns 11 . ren 95 Fed. e a . See ol . U v . Haga , , P H v Ga
ne su r . Li , p a 08 o e son . . 19 . . 108 . 1 . Nels n v. N l , L R , A C
77 POOR ON CHARTER PAR TIES .
wn r Fault of th e master or o e .
2 n th e er if th e - s dispatch money . O oth hand , lay day n th a c r is e on a re not clear ly defi ed , e f t that wo k don a certain day may b“e evidence that th e par ties con - Th e s er is r u er sidered it a lay day . ma t p obably nd ‘ no obligation to allow lo ading on a n excepted day.
h t r or w r . 42 . Fa ult of t e mas e o ne
Th e lay-days do not run if th e lo ading or dis charge is due to th e fault of th e owner or his agents u h e r s u k um er incl ding t maste . Thi fa lt may ta e a n b of or s for nce re u to o to ro er f m , insta , a f sal g a p p 1 2 oc re us to s of n s in d k, f al ign a bill ladi g, di pu te which th e“master was in th e wrong a s to th e amount of c r o ure o r ee h r r to a g , fail t ag with t e chart e e a s a ‘ s e e ore sence of th e m s er e th e o t v d , ab“ a t d laying l ad or sc r di ha ge . th e o er n r n r r n u On th ha d, o di a y ma i e incidents s ch as delay in th e lo ading d o not prevent th e lay-days
2 . r em s er . rn ne 1 68 Fe d . 50 . . A . arn Elde D p t v Ea Li , , C C ; E
fi . ne . nn s 157 Fed . 941 a d. 165 Fed. 633 . See o m n Li v E i , , H l a v
n 6 . . s ne 186 Fed . 9 . Ga Li , , C C A
3 . Th e yprus 20 Fed . 144 . C ,
4. re on . 4 1 7 igh v ilks 9 Fed . 0 . C t D ,
1 . 2 000 ons o f o ex c n 734 . . . al i higa 135 Fed . T C M , , C C A
2 . Th e s Tra . s r 98 e 31 . . A . n n . mer . y ia , F d . 6 ; a se v A , C C H A
Cc . 208 e F d . 884 , , C . C . A .
3 . ew . oo S all v d 1 35 Fed . 12 . . . W , , C C A
4. or n S o . . o la d pg. C v ib s n 44 Fed. 371 . P t G ,
5 . m n . n er 75 F hi a v a d bil ed. 422 . W t V t,
78
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
or Steve d es.
h r er er o th e s e e ores t e c ew . Und mod n c nditions, t v d
n e e r or th e stevedor a re i dep nd nt cont act s , that is , ing for ce is in th e employ of a master stevedore who ’ on r th er to o or c r e c t acts with e shipown l ad dis ha g .
er E s th e r e ee s e e Und ngli h law, ul s m s ttl d that delay cau sed by inability to get stevedores (in consequence f e o e c use th of a strike, or exampl ) r d lay a d by e failure of th e stevedores to load o“r dischar ge dili not e e th e - th e rter r gently, do xt nd lay days ; cha e is regarded as having promised th e owner s that th e stevedore s will discharge within th e time specified . Th e er u e er u se re son e effor own m st, how v , a abl ts to
ur s e e ore to s ee e r rk. f ni h st v d s, and p d th i wo Many American cases follow th e English a uth ori 4 ere a re o e er o er A er c a uth ori ties . Th , h w v , th m i an ties which apparently hold that as th e stevedores a re h e e u on to be regarded as employed by t ship, d fa lt e r r e e th e - e er th e e th i pa t xt nds lay days, wh t“h d lay is caused by a total failure to work or merely a
w 2 Cc . 35 Fed. 64 . . . nson . s o . 2 . See Mu v Gla g Nav , , C C A 24 rr rr e . . 6 . . . Mu ay v. Cu i , L R , C P
3 . B nn n on . . 1 . . 35 6 As . ud ett . g v Bi i gt , L R Q B , p i H m 09 r Akt es a usa 35 es . . 7 92 n e . M . C . 5 ; Alexa d v , Ti , L R
o s n son . ecre r of e 14 As . ( H u e of Lords); Je ne v S ta y Stat , p. M
41 . C . m r 4 Lr c. 224 Fed. 806 er n . No . e rs b Bail y v . Mf . . C , ; Hag a v
on 1 05 r . o 160 Fed 914 t , Fed . 996 . . A . Lea y v alb , . , , C C ; T t
C. C . A .
m r c . 185 Fed. 475 . . 5 . Am. ie e C . Ha rrington v . T Ti b , , C C A
80 DEMURRAGE .
Exception clauses. failure to lo ad or dischar“ge diligently when th e c r erer h a s o e h i r m e f er ha t d n s pa t . It ak s no di f ence th e r erer h a s th e r of n that cha t p ivilege appoi ting, oe n th e e e ore h e s re r e and d s appoi t, st v d , is till ga d d a s e h 7 b ing employed by t e owner .
x i 44. E cept on cla uses . A lmost all charters which provide for loading or u nlo ading in a fixed time contain a n exception m on on a re r e fire re c e . o laus C m exce pti s st ik s, , r h u se ner en n s t of r nces etc . t e c e “t ain p i , , la g ally ”di g n r n n on ro e tc . a d all o the accide ts beyo d c t l, Sometimes inste ad of specific exceptions th e char terer“is requ ir”ed to pay demurrage only in case of h is e ul r ss n s e c ex ce d fa t . Befo e discu i g p cifi p tions it will be necessary to consider ( a) whether th e exception clau se is so drawn a s to apply to th e char ’ terer s undertakings a s well a s to tho se of th e ship owner ; (b ) th e scope of th e rule that exception clau ses only pro tect th e charterer from inability to r r a nd 0 ef or s th e c r lo ad o discha ge , ( ) what f t ha terer mu st ma ke to overcome th e oper ation of a n excepted cause .
A . 83 Fed . 513 . . ue u C o . . r 1 6 . Stan dar d F l S pply v G ay, , C C ;
A . 2000 164 Fe d . 836 . . Co . . n West Hart. Nav . v Kai it, , C C ;
A n z r . 734 . . . e ons o al ex ichigan 135 Fe d . , ; a l v T C M , C C D t
d . A roo s . i on 229 Fe 60 . . . hurchill 136 Fe d . 5 k v l , C , , C C ; B H t
70 . . . 8, C C A
r Tie m er Cc . 185 Fed . 475 . me . 7. Harringto n v . A Ti b , , C
C . A . 81 R R E . 66, POOR ON CHA TER PA TI S
a r o h r r Th e exception clau se s p te cting t e charte e .
5 h th x t a s rot ts th e 4 . Wh et er e e cep ion cl u e p ec r r ch arte e .
Th e older au thor ities held str ictly that th e excep ’ tion clau se wa s s olely for th e owner s benefit a nd ’ t for th e c r rer r no e s . or re n o e e ha t M e ce tly, h w v , it h a s be en held that th e char terer is also entitled to th e ene of th e c u se r cu r o e of th e b fit la , pa ti la ly if s m exceptions a re more naturally applicable to th e ’ c r erer un er n n to o se of th e o er ha t s “d taki g tha ”th wn , for n n fir 1 s ce e on n . I th e rter ro i ta , la d “f cha p ” es th e er a re o b u u al e e vid that p ils t e m t ly exc pt d, s c e r n u th r r r thi l a ly i cl des e cha te e .
or di h ar re 46 . Must th e a ctua l loading sc ge be p vented ? It is a n implied promise on th e part of th e char terer that h e will have h is cargo ready at th e loading r i on f po t . It s no c cern o th e shipowner h ow th e
i e er . ere ore un ess ex charterer s to g t it th e Th f , l r r e o er se th e e ce ons i ro p essly p ovid d th wi , x pti w ll p te et th e char terer o nly in th e actu al operation of lo ading a nd dischar ging a nd not in procuring th e
r o h or For e am e ca g or bringing it to t e“loading p t . x pl in or en en h r s . e er S v K ys , t e action was b ou ght to recover demurrage incur re d in lo ading a ste amer
1 . See rr e . Peruv. o 2 om s . 0 r co . r . m a i v p C . Ga 5 ; bi i s v B C , E 1 9 e Com. a s 2 R id, G . 63 .
l a . 52 Fe d . 1 63 Th e n 49 F 7 s 6 . . A . 600 n ; dia e d . 1 o I , , C C ; T r e McLe o . d 61 F 9 e d. 84 . . A . i a v , Jona sen v . Keyser N t t , C C ; , 112 F ed . 443 . , C C . A . 82 DEMURRAGE .
Must th e actual loading or discharge be prevente d ?
c r o of m er s n Th e ra c ice with a a g ti b at Ship I la d . p t there is for th e timber to be brou ght down from th e interior in rafts a nd stored at Mo ss Point b efore e n n r o e . O to ou wa s m oss e b i g l ad d wi g a d ght , it i p ibl to r n own th e m er ro a nd rou s b i g d ti b p mptly , d ght e n e ce e in th e c r er h e r erer r u se b i g x pt d ha t , t cha t ef d r A we r h rou ou to emur e . s o e t e pay d ag , h v , d ght w ld no t have pr evente d lo ading if th e cargo had been , “ h n re t e c r r r w e e . O ady, ha te e a s h ld liabl th e o er n w ere th e c r o s c e in th e th ha d , h a g pe ifi d charter is never kept on storage at th e loading or th e r ns rom th e u su ce of s or e p t , t a it f al pla t ag ,
a s fo r ns nce m ne m a b e cons ere , i ta , a i , y id d 3 a s part of th e lo ading a nd th e e xceptions will apply o Th e r es ma so ro e a th e t this also . pa ti y al p vid th t exceptions shall have a wider scope a nd pro tect th e charterer even in bringing h is cargo to th e loading 4 port .
ma ch art r r to O r e 47. Efforts to be de by e e ve com
operation of an excepted cause .
Th e extent of th e effort s to b e made by th e char n Th e terer has not yet been accurately defi ed . charterer need not do something entirely u nre ason
‘
9 . . 470 chr . u on 2 r . . S . See o er e . n ; ah k a C v dal v G a t, L R , A C M
Fe 578 . o m er 142 d . C . v . u b L ,
5 . ee son . Ede . . 3 . 1100 ons of o al 12 Fed . 18 S ud v L T C , H , R l 4 Fe 247 . onne 7 d . . A. 3 . 41 2 n . r ue , Q B . ; Ra dall v Sp ag , , C C ; D l
Fe . m o 18 d . 10 . . v . skeag Cc . 1 A , , C C A
w a so . 4. urness or oo 2 orn. G s. 223 c r n v . d i ha d v F F , C ; R
mue . 261. Sa l 1 Q B . 83 t 47 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
’ Cha rterer s duty to overcome operation o f a n excepte d cau se .
er s un er rter able ; if h e h a s sev al hips d cha , all ce e c u se is enou delayed by th e same ex pt d a , it gh if h e treats them equ ally ; e ach ship canno t claim that ’ th e chart erer s entire facilities should be devo ted to i 1 re en on mere n re se in t . T ere u be h m st “p v ti , a i c a th o r n h re e n n o . e e t e xpe se will ot d On th ha d , p vention need only be commercial in its nature ; for ns n e e c e o n i ta c , wh n a hann l d w which salt wa s ordin a ril sen to th e o r o c e h r y t l ading po t was bl k d , t e cha
' terer wa s not under obligation to send th e salt by r ailroad since this wa s“so expensive a s to“b e com” m r ia ll re o rou Th e e on of r e c y p p ste s . exc pti st ikes is c e or A r in a at g y by itself. st ike is almo st always er of mo e ca n be t n n a matt n y, and pu a e d to by a o e en C ons u e h m n y paym t . eq ntly if t e chart erer wa s obliged to end th e strike by making some pecuniary s r ce s u th ff f ac ifi , thi wo ld have e e e ct o erasing th e e ce on ro th e c r er r . Th e . x pti f m ha t pa ty courts, ere ore o th e r r i th f , h ld that chart e e s n ot obliged to offer ncre se es to o s r e i a d wag av id a t ik , and that a s r e is e e se e e ou t ik a d f n , v n th gh cau sed by some new ru e e th e c r erer ro h r l mad by ha t , p vided t e ule is ‘ re son n r h r n a able u de t e ci cumsta ces .
1 . r w 2 77 or on 1 o a . . a f d v . ils rn. G s C W , C
2 . h T r . e em 2 Fe ssoc . o n men s h is 44 d . 545 r la d e f T , ; A P t C t M
. or 31 e L v y im s . R. 442 . C , T ,
3 . er o 7 o n o A . M . 28 . ee A a h lm ll S . S . C . v . alk 6 s . C S l A t F , p
. r on O re 23 Fe 62 0 v I , d . .
4. w r A . h o u s . 693 C . C . T e oron a kh v eyser 84 Fed. ; , H t K , , T t 174 Fe df 632 e h e em r . , . . . Se T h is sup a C C A T , 84 DEMURRAGE .
Specific exce ptions .
i x S tions . 48 . pec fic e cep
m r e r . Th e u s Strikes exception u st ope at di ectly. Th where a strike of coal min ers in Pennsylvania made ece s r to or co to Bo on ro En it n s a y imp t al st f m gland , resul n oc e of th e Bo s on r e th e ti g in a bl kad t wha v s , charterer wa s not prote cted from th e resultant delay 1 Th c r e rer is no r by th e exception . e ha t t eleased from his obligation to lo ad by th e fact that th e ’ “ n n r Th e ve ssel s e gi ee s have stru ck . fact that laborers refu se to work beca“use of th e fear of plague n r e Th e ere t t th e does not co stitu te a st ik . m fact ha workmen r efuse to work does not constitute a
h s nc u es ice e in th e c r e Frost . T “i i l d d lay g dis ha g r into lighte s .
e er not re on fit for Bad wea th er . W at“h as ably r lo ading or discha ging .
F . 402 . Co . 142 ed 1 . . er o Co . . erone . W . K Niv C al v Ch a S S , ,
C . C . A .
2 . e o nne ec 20 C om . Ga s. 95 . Ro n r v. b k p R , 4 6 A s . . . 192 u . r c 1 3 . S ephens v . ar ri s ; die v S i k , t H , p M C M t
Com . Ga s. 135 .
o on 1 05 Fed . 996 . . . h a s ee n 4. agerman v . r , b H N “t , C C A It said that a strike is a gener al concerte d refusa”l by workmen
e r ms . to work in consequence of a n all ge d g ievance . Willia v h on om as . 253 25 7 o n a t e e ce Naa ml ooze 21 C . G , , h ldi g h x p i , t t t applie d when sailors refuse d to sail be cause of fe ar o f sub mar ines .
r on O re 23 Fed. 620. lh olm . 5. A a v I ,
ce n rince 50 Fe d . 115 . 6 . Th e O a P , 85 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
Specific e xceptions .
t A o r Intervention of Consti uted uthorities. C ve s th e refusal of a port au thority to allow a ve ssel to 7 o ccu er but u not e cu e e in py a b th, “wo ld x s a d lay h r o furnishing t e ca g .
Any other a ccidents or causes beyond th e control r Th n i of th e charte er. e exceptio clause s commonly m r s Th e c e con rov rs ended with so e such wo d . hi f t e y is a s to whe ther they a re to be construed in connec o re e es a s mere n n ti n with what p c d , that is ly i te ded to ro en th e re u enu er e e e o o b ad p vio sly m at d xc pti ns, r a s introdu cing an exception of a kind not r h a s e e er al eady specified . It b en h ld that wh e th e e ce o s a re of one s no new en is x pti n all clas , g us For n nce ere th e e ce on to be introdu“ced . i sta wh x pti ” wa s r es oc ou s c co mo ons clau se s t ik , l k t , ivil m ti , th e gen“eral clau se at th e end did not include th e n h er n en r o s fire ro s s plague . O t e oth ha d , wh i t , , f t ,
rm r es oc ou s etc. ere e ce e floods, sto s, st ik , l k t , , w x pt d, it wa s held that this covered a n independent cate gory of cau ses not subj ect to th e doctrine of e iu sdem ener a nd e cu se e in sc r n o to g is , x d d lay“di ha gi g, wing h a en e inability to obtain a b e“r th . It s ”b e stat d that th e u se of th e word whatso ever ( for instance “ , a nd all o ther accidents whatsoever b eyond th e
m on 300 ons r es 1 37 Fed. 998. 7. da s v . 4 y i A T P t , L 8. Mc od 6 Fed . 849 . . 1600 ons i ra e v . e 1 , . T N t t , C C A
r om a s . 5 . 9 . u die v . S ick 14 C . G 13 M t ,
' 10. u er en ow r B ou er 2 03 Fed . 848 . . S . S . R th gl v. H a d ld , , C C w o 5 m. a s bu see orm n . D o te . . Cc . 1 C . 67 A ., t Th a v ga S S , G . 86
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIE S .
De fault .
Sometimes th e charter provides for only a certain number of demurr age days and for detention beyond ’ this time th e owner“s damages ar e unliquidated ; h e c r er i e but this is unu su al . If t ha t s cancell d r er u on e or un e befo e s ailing, eith by m tual c s nt d r a l ere een e t stipu ation th in contained, it has b h ld tha th e owne“r is not entitled even to demurr age that has accrued . If th e demurr age r ate is stipu lated in th e charter party th e owner will be entitled to receive it unless , “ grossly dispropor tioned to th e value of th e vessel . se no moun is th e er i be In ca a t stipulated, own w ll o e e er h r r r n all w d r cov y at t e ma ket ate, if the e is o e ; th e r te th e net e r n s n r h e if not, at a of a ni g u de t r er e u r es s e for cha t d d cting any cha g av d , as , n e co a nd cre n th e o ner insta c , al, diti g “w with any e r e en es t e r xt a xp s , if h y a e incurred .
5 0. Defa ult . It is frequently provided“in char t”ers that demur r e is in f r sm n ag pay“able case o default . In C os a . urr th e e r e v B ill, l ading autho ity, it was h ld that where discharge of a bark wa s delayed in a South
3 . e 2 a s r 11 Fe . 443 . . . S e Jon sen v . ey e d K , , C C A
4. or 1 Fed 20. r e roc or o c . 1 3 . 5 gan v . a fi ld al C M G P t C ,
5 . 224 F . 0 . . . . e Lbr . C o . ed 8 6 . Bail y v . frs . Y M , N N E R
Co . . urc 58 e . 600 v Ch h , F d .
6. wee e . ro . 29 . di v S ng 1 95 Fed 9 . . T t , , C C A
1 . 79 . 1 . 0 e 7 . 106 e 0 F d. 63 U S 1 0 45 . d . s e 13 , L E ,
88 DEMURRAGE .
w Efiect of charter ithout fixed time .
eri ort re o u c rou th e A m can p by a v l tion whi h, th gh firin of o re e e th e r n g cann n, di ct“ly imp d”d discha gi g, n h of h r this was ot by t e default “t e ”char tere . This case settled there wa s no default when a vis maj or dir ectly prevented dischar ging ( or le ad E c t ns u e m r not ing). xa tly wha co tit t s vis ajo has er not e o no bee n defined . Bad weath i“s n u gh r is a cr owded state of th e docks ; nor is a political dis turba nce n er er n th e r ur n of r o i t f i g with“p oc i g a ca g , n h But e en o r bu t ot with t e lo ading . a d t ti n at qu a antine by order of a foreign government is not by ’ “ h r r t e charte e s default .
WHE N THE TIME FO R LOADING on DIS
CHAR GING rs NO T FIXE D .
f r h t fix t m . 5 51 . Effect o charte wit ou ed i e Frequ ently in stead of fixing a set time within r r e u be om e e which th e loading o discha g m st c pl t d , there is either no provi sion“at a ll or else there i”s h re r of cu s m r e c merely t e qu i ement to a y d spat h ,
Boo e 6 Fe 435 . . A . 2 o s n Lbr c . 13 d. . ughes v . ki s . C , ; y H H , C C e 236 r o of o r s 42 Fed . 335 ou ern r ns . . n v. Ca g B a d , ; S th T a v U k l,
Fed. 779 .
No 3657 s . 2 . ff. 1 3 . . 3 . avis v . alla ce 3 li ; avi v D W , C , F C D
o 647 c r . o s on 65 . N . 3 e endergas 16 la ch . 5 . ; ha h v P t, B t , F C T B t '
c 2 we l 361 . . No . Ga s C . Lo l , , , F C f e o f o 61 n re ons o r . McLeod 4. Sixteen Hu d d T Nit at S da v ,
Fed . 849 . . . , C C A
w l 5 sh . ss. 18. 5 . o . e e Ca T le v K tt l, ( Ma )
89 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
w Effe ct of charter ithout fix ed time . ” qu ick despatch or o ther more or less e qu ivalent
Th e s me c r er e fi e - s term . a ha t may hav x d lay day f r n e th e er o for r t o loadi g, whil p i d discha ging is a r or er la ge vice v sa .
Wh ere there is no stipulation as to th e time of th e Th ru n r r loading or discharge . e le u de such ci cu m stances is well stated in th e case of Empire Trans r i 1 s o ta t on Co . . e . . a p v Philad lphia R C . follows :
er th e c r er of s is s en as to th e me 1 . Wh e ha t a hip il t ti of un o n a nd sc r n ere is no m e ree l adi g di ha gi g, th i pli d ag ment that th e charterer will unload or discharge h er in the c s om r m th or of e r re r ess of u t a y ti e at e p t d live y, ga dl all e r r r r c or es xt ao dina y ci cumstan es a nd unf eseen obstacl . h m n r c i n n c r her 2 . T e i plie d co t a t s to u load a d dis ha ge in such ime a s is reasonable in view of all th e exis ing t , t r fac s a nd circums ances o r dinary a nd ex r ao din ary , legi t t , t t ima te ly bearing up on that question at the time of h er at" r a n s r e ival d di cha g . s m e con r c to sc r e th e esse in a 3 . Thi i pli d t a t di ha g v l a re sonable ime is in effec a con rac to discharge h er wi h t , t, t t t re son e ence a abl dilig .
h r e is o him wh o e r o e 4 . T e bu d n n s eks to ec ver damag s for th e delay of a vessel under such a con rac to pr ove , t t, that th e chart erer did not exercise reasonable diligence to
1 . 77 Fed . 19 . . 2 2 n r e 9 . a pp . 9 5 9 6 a dall v . Sp agu , C C A t , ; R , 74 Fed 7 24 A rs McN r 21 Fe . 428 n . . . . a hall v. ea 1 d Fi , C C ; M , ; ne 7 h w 4 F . r n r n 14 Fe . 1 T e . en 5 ed . 1 y v a d u k d 1 ; J . 85 ; G T , E O , Bella tt ur F . 479 h on 35 Fe 3 7 y v . is 41 ed T e ia 1 d . 1 . . C t , ; I , , C C
A . s . 150 on r one 2 e 2 01 h ; i h v s own S 0 F d . T e benaki F T B t , ; A ,
214 Fed. 325 . 90
POOR ON CHARTER PAR TIES .
— an e er Quick despatch A s fast a s ste amer c d“liv . n wh o a re r e to re e e r es so s ady c iv a ca go , and do not inclu de a custom relative to th e“sale of th e h n r o t e r . Wsso ca go whic“h w uld delay discha ge In a e s n wa s e u r n v . St t o , it h ld that s ch a p ovisio was not intended to affe“ct th e obligation to secure a berth but merely to affect th e rights of th e parties after th e discharge begins Some char ters incor r te th r E n N w r po a e P oduce xcha ge Rules ( e Yo k), but these r ules have apparentl“y not b ecome th e cu s o of th o f N w or t m e p rt o e Y k .
53 r . Quick despatch . As fas t as ste ame can
li r . A s i c. de ve fast a s poss ble, et
It h a s been held in England that these a nd simila r terms have th e same meaning ; no absolu te obligation IS 1mposed ; it is th e duty of th e consignee merely to d o h is best taking into consider ation th e surround , “ i In h e e is e n rcu nces . t e g ci msta Unit d Stat s, it h ld that these or similar clauses requ ire that a ready
3 m no F 12 4 . ee inc . n us 10 ed . 302 Fed . 50 S i dsay v . i a k L C , , H
le . r 205 Fed. 974. y v ilson Lb . Co . W ,
4. 35000 o es r n es 57 Fed . 236 . Milburn v . B x O a g ,
5 . m n . ns 86 Fed . 96 2 14 F 329 332 . See o 1 ed. at H l a v Ga , ,
C . C . A .
6. o 1 Fe 77 l r s. See gener ally and lph v . iley 1 8 d. ; Gi b . T an , R W ,
Co . . or A m Rob zer v den 170 Fed . 706 . . . S i h v . . . Si , B , , C C ; t R w 3 F 2 9 . r ne 1 4 ed. 92 8 Th e orfe as le 2 1 Fed. 8 ; ill v B o , ; C C t , G
The r n er F . 3 a bi g 53 ed 94 . H ,
H l 89 . 1 . u th n 9 3 . 3 . . e v . S ewar . . 1 0 . See S S t t, L R , A C
w 2 03 F . . . B o er ed . er en . o u 848 Ruth gl v H ar d ld , , C C A 92 DEMURRAGE .
on n o C ti u usly. berth b e fur nished a“nd exclu de a custom th at a vessel i r shall await ts tu n . Th“ey require th e u se of all means read ily avail“ Th is en e u se h er e able . e ship titl d to all hatch s unless th e kin“d and weight of th e cargo mak es this Th r erer u t e r o in conv“enient . e cha t m s hav his ca g re n h of ue for c r o ady. Whe t e bill lading iss d a g stowed at th e b ottom of“th e hold provides that th e r o i r th e t er can ca g s to be eceived, as fas t as s eam unl o or n e oe not e th e ad, w ki g all hatch s, this d s mak holder liable for delay due to th e faults of th e owner s 7 of th e r r o supe imposed ca g .
54 n . Co tinuously. It is some times prov“ided in bills of”la ding that th e s sc r e c n nu ou I hip shall di ha g o ti sly. t has been
2 . een . A ndenreid Ben 5 . 535 No 3 ee r . v , . . . 76 9 Sl pe v K , F C ; 17 u c . 3 6 o o r ig, la h ; dy v . La hs 2 Fed. 607 jo k P B t M t , ; B
u s . er n ee r o q i v ai S l ail p nds 3 Fed . 717 o v . t C t t R C E , ; M tt
ro s 47 Fe d . 82 es e , ; ak i 87 Fed . 935 but in Th F t O T , ,
. . roo s 122 Fe 881 wa s k , d . i held ha the erm wa s J W B , t t t t O en to e n p xpla ation.
3 . n . r c r o . 6 ga v a lay ib e C 1 Fed. 527 Smi h v . obert s E B F , t R , 67 F ed . 36 1 . . A . rr o m 7 e s n . 6 F , ; a i v S i h d . 354 . . . C C H t , , C C A
4. i ne . er ns 55 Fed . 9 H v ki , 96 . . . See Th e Glenfinla s P , C C A , 48 Fed 758 . . , C . C . A .
5 . ren . a r 95 Fed . 493 U v Hag . ,
6 . A tl. . . Co . . u en e m 147 F e S S v gg h i ed. 103 . . . S e , C G , C A Dur hm c an . nn 0 v u 1 1 Fed . 606 . D ,
7. w ee e . . en . 194 di v Y. Fed . 281 . T N C t ,
93 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
urn e c e T b rth laus s . held that this must be constru ed reasonably a nd does not mean every h our of th e twent“y- four ; Sundays a nd o s a re to be e c e h h liday x lu d d . O n t e o ther n h a s ee e h e m i ha d , it b n h ld that t obligation i posed s in th e nature of a n absolu te one a nd it is no excuse that lighter s a re unobtain“able even thou gh this is du e to o r m n g ve n ent actio .
55. T h urn bert clauses .
A een een u er th e or r r er s has b s , nd dina y cha t , whether or not th e vessel mu st await its turn will i r n h n e . s o e e depe d u pon t e la guage u s d It , h w v , sometimes expressly provided that th e vessel shall
i i r r n . In N take ts turn n loading“o discha gi g . Y. E w r n N . . R . Co . . C ur c ere a s u c o s v h h , th s h a p vi io a nd a penalty impose d of double th e demurr age rate for e ach day lo st thr ough failure to perform th e 2 n w n r wa s e s a s e o c e . stipu latio . It “h ld that thi f ibl In E n r wa s e su c ro s on va s v . Blai , it h ld that h a p vi i
1 46 9 4 we . c S . 1 Fed . 1 e e . n C o . . . U. S . Shippi g v U , ; T di v Pit h
m en 173 Fe 710. Lr c F 88 wee e . o s d. ne 6 e . i b . C . 15 d di v h , P , ; T T 2 w F 2 . . . ee ron 1 95 ed . 9 9 . die v . S g , T t , C C A
1 . 58 F d . 60 . . e 0 . , C C A
' 2 . See rr w m . m c 194 Fed . 1018 . a o v . A g . he . C . F A C ,
3 . 48 114 F In r r o of o 1 75 Fed. 5 ed 61 6 . See e . Ca g C al , ; on nen h e ffec w . o t o o . o ne 115 Fed 945 t e i al al C . v , ha C t t C B , t t t th e clause is in th e nature of a penalty a nd will not be en force d unle ss th e case cle ar ly falls within its terms ; Har ding ar f . o o 9 . v g oal 147 Fed . 71 C C ,
94
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
s c on Di pat h“M ey. h Th shipped from t e mines . e charterer cannot require th e owner to wait without compensation until a particular kin“d of th e ca rgo contra cted to be i shippe d s furnished .
5 Di h n 7. spatc mo ey.
Frequently in char ters where a fixed time for lo ading or discharging is provided for t“here is a further ”clau se giving th e charterer dispatch m ne for e Th c o y, time sav d . e dispat h money is e r fi e h g ne ally x d at half t e demurr age rate . Dispatch money is payable for each day saved even though it is a Sunday or holiday and excepted under th e charter ; this is for th e reason that th e shipowner ge ts th e b“enefit in that his ship is at sea during Th e c r erer c nn e t that day . ha t a ot hav dispa ch money when h e has not loade d th e ship within th e lay- days althou gh h e may not be liable for demur r e re son of th e c r e ag by a fa t that st ik s , which e e th e o n ere u e e t un er d lay d l adi g, w m tually xc p ed d 2 th e c r harte .
5 . mo s e Co . 118 Fed . 1 0 . . A . n a Donnell v . A k ag , , C C ; Ra d ll
r e 74 Fe 247 . . . v . Sp agu d . , , C C A w er w e 307 err . c a n 6 . o of 35 F d. S an v . 550 ns oal v S h , T C , K 1 77 e F d. 659 . . . , C C A wso n 1 . ne 96 Fed. 591 e s n . Co . . e 1 W t I dia S . S v Fi ld Li , ; Ma h rm o f th e . er 2 423 con r u n er t e e s v ey 1 A s . . . a d B , p M C ; t , t
no 1 91 Fed . 525 . o C o . . particular charter ; Fa rgr ve Nav . v Lavi ,
2 . oo i n o mue 2 00 Fed . 36 . . . For P l Sh ppi g C . v . Sa l, , C C A o her case s on dispa ch money cons ruing various clauses in t t , t 96 DEMURRAGE .
r f en Demurr age thr ough exe cise o li .
h x r i of l n. 58 . Demurrage throug e e c se ie
Th e shipowner is sometimes put in a difficult situ a tion when demurrage has a ccrued u pon a cargo h h a s in his ossess on a nd th e ons nee which e p i , c ig r r ecur th e s refuses eithe to pay o give s ity. If hip r e on h e owner makes d elive y his lien will b g e , and h m r n Th e e er will have at t e ost a pe so al liability. b tt au thoritie s hold that h e mu st a ct reasonably under th r u n es h e ca n n er or e ci c msta c ; that if la d, light re ouse th e oo s ou r e e s n h is en h e wa h g d , with t l a i g li , s ou do so but s i m oss u n er th e h ld , that if thi s i p ible d cir cumstances h e may keep th e goods on boar“d a nd r m rr f r h m n m cha ge de u age o t e ti e thus co su ed .
c rs se Th M irfiel 1 74 Fe d 75 r em s e har e e e u d . lde p r v. t , , ; E D t A Re o rn ne 168 F d . 50 ...... C . . a i e ; d S S . v . E L , , C C R N A
A . Th e w 1 94 2 r ns . 9 1 F a . Co 1 Fe d. 68 . . iligh ed . 9 6 . T , , C C ; T t, 1 fi' s m o o f es 46 Fed . 403 e o . . ar i . ha v. arg il yl C v C d , I C P , ; L
5 rn 7 e ns e en 2 o . o . Ga s . 8 Smail s v . a ss 1 C m. Ca s . 117 C ; H D ,
Se rr 4 Fe . . e m Lbr . Cc . 1 8 d 123 u ay v. u p M J ,
97 HA E C PT R IV .
BILLS OF LADING .
ec on 59 . Th e of n S ti bill ladi g.
60. Th e of n a s rece bill ladi g a ipt . 1 6 . Commencement a nd termination of bilit y . 62 Th r r fi . e e A c . ener Ha t t G al e ect .
63 . en c e Wh appli abl .
64 . th e r er A ct or What Ha t f bids . 65 e wor in . S a th ess. w r 66 . cons u es unse o n What tit t a thi ess .
67. n em n n n Ma ag e t a d avigation . 68 r h . Ca e of t e cargo . 69 i . er es n h e of n . e on Lib ti t bill ladi g D viati . 7 er s of h a t e se . 0. P il
71 re a nd mi on of s u es . . Fi li tati liability tat t 2 f es r n o r nces . 7 . R t ai t p i w 73 . e re e s e e s e erm n a b akag ru l akag a v i . H t, , t, , t,
74 . o r e er bb e y h f pilf age . R , t t,
75 . ns r nce c s s I u a lau e . 76 o u n c ses . . Val ati lau o f N tice o claim. 78 ener er e . G al av ag .
7 o 9 . n erous c r Da g a g . 8 0. Liens .
81 ec c r o . . D k a g
5 . T f in 9 h e bill o la d g.
Th e importance of th e bill of lading a s a e e mercia l document canno t be o ver stated . It s rv s
98
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
Th e of n r e bill ladi g a s a ec ipt. dict th e agreement previously come to in important r cu rs th e re ou r e n pa ti la , p vi s ag e me t will govern unless it ca n be shown that th e shipper knew and ssen e to th e ro o h f n Th e a t d p visi ns of t e bill o ladi g . s u o re e e ere er r er it ati n s mbl s that, wh , aft a cha t has ee s ne n h a s ee ssu e th e b n ig d, a bill of ladi g b n i “d to c r erer s re e n ha t ; thi has al ady b e discu ssed .
Th ad r t . 60. e bill of l ing as a eceip
Beside s emb odying th e t erms under which th e men e th e of a s re e ship t is mad , bill lading acts a c ipt for th e th e k num er or e goods , ind , b w ight , and apparent order and condition b eing stated therein . In th e absence of statu te different rule s a pply to statements in th e bill of lading a s to th e numb er of pa ckages or weight of th e go o ds shipp ed a nd state us a s of ments as to order a nd conditi on . J t a bill s h er oes not n s or lading is ued by t e mast , d bi d hip , “ e ee s e so ne er o wner when no goods hav b n hipp d, ith ship nor owner is liable if th e master o“verstates th e h r e amou nt of goods d elivered to t e ship . This ul is
49 c 1 95 . . 439 A r n . m. C r Pa c. . C o . . 3 . No th R v T adi g , U S , h r c h m 156 Fed . 252 . . A . T e c . d . 2 69 T e ly pia , ; i L E ; O , C C A t
167. 109 Fed . Bir d, f 4. e on 25 The ec s ons on re o un er s o S cti . d i i f ight, b th d bill - e een scusse su r sec lading a nd charter parties, hav b di d, p a, on 28 o 3 ti s t 0.
66 o r . n on 105 . 1 . Gran v . orway 10 . B . 5 ; lla d v i , U t N , C P V t 1 416 32 . . 99 C c . 130 . . . 7 r e n er . . . . S . ; F i dla d v T P Ry , U S , L Ed
93 Fed . 980 . . . 2 . mer Re f . Co . . oc A . Sug. v Madd k , , C C A 1 00 BILLS OF LADING.
Th e bill o f lading a s a rece ipt. based on th e principl e that th e own er h a s not au thor i Th e ized h s agents to sign for go ods not received . fact that th e bill of lading h a s been transferred to a“ n fi r ff r n bo a de pu chaser for value makes no di e e ce . “ ’ Modern bills of”lading usu ally contain a shipper s load a nd count clau se or o ther like provision which makes it all th e clearer that th e carrier is not to be considere d a s acknowle dging receipt of th e precise oun of c r o s e in th e a nd s un ou am t a g tat d bill , thi d bt edly protects th e carrier in caseit ca n show that all 4 w r Th r n f r re e e a s e e e . e o e ca o cou se c iv d d liv d wn , , ree in nce in th e c rter r for ns n ag adva ( ha pa ty, i ta ce ) to be boun d by th e amounts stated in th e bil“ls of n a n re men b n or n ladi g d such an ag e t will e e f ce d . O th e o er n s emen s to th e or er a nd con th ha d , tat t as d dition of th e goods received a re regarded a s being ’ within th e implied authority of th e shipowner s er n s in se th e of n comes n o s va t , and ca bill ladi g i t th e hands of a b ona fide tr ansferee for value who h a s purchased th e bill of lading on th e faith of th e state ments therein contained th e owner will not be , “ o t e all wed o show that the se statements were fals .
h o oc Co . su r T e s r 3 . r e n er . . . . F i dla d v T P Ry , p a ; I la di P ida ,
124 Fed . 942 .
’ r 1 01 Fe . 1001 n r . 4. n er er . o . . e d e Pla t s F t C v Eld , ; Va d bilt v 6 McKa nn s 7 c 2 5 Fed . 88 . . A . 3 cean S . S . C . 1 , ; y v. i O , C C E , r 3 e 793 229 Th ee r e 1 3 F . . Fe d . e S fah d ; ,
5 . w er e e n r on ines 69 Fed . Th e i Sa y v . Cl v la d I M , S kh ,
7 1 Fed. 990. 1 5 F 869 a fid . 84 ed. ,
6 . i n . n o er n Cc . 248 Fe 386 . . . H ggi s v A gl Alg ia , d. , C C A 1 01 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
Th e of n s r ec bill ladi g a a eipt .
A s e ee th e or n r es o e er suc e b tw n igi al pa ti , h w v , h stat 7 r n Th e or n m n i ments a e explai able . di ary state e t n t“h e bill of lading that th e good s ”r eceive d a re in apparent good order a nd co ndition relates merely to th e outside of th e packages ; it do es not bind th e shipowner a s to matt“ers of which his servants cou ld n ot have knowledge . Th e “ab ove rule s have recently b een altere d by statu te by making th e carrier liable on bills of lading is sued by its agents althou gh no go ods have in fact been received or a le ss quantity received than th e moun s e in th e of n th e c rr er a t tat d bill ladi g, a i ,
o e er s r in th e r to nser h w v , till etain g ight i t a ’ ” s er s e o a nd c un c u e e hipp w ight , l ad o t la s , wh n
h r Th e th e goods a re in fact loade d by t e shippe . s u e o s not o e er to s men s rom tat t d e , h w v , apply hip t f
r or to th e n e es bu t on to s fo eign p ts U it d Stat , ly hip ments from th e Unite d States (inclu ding b oth states a nd territories ) to foreign port s a nd to shipments
Th or n between ports of different states . e imp ta t sections of th e statute a r e a s follows
7. f 97 ow e so . 1 c 6 1 7 . . H l n v oo dru f la k , 15 d Ship N W , B , L E ;
a r d . w i z o ns 63 t ler . s o 2 15 . . W s m n 18 H . 31 v Wi a , , L Ed 3 ; v C lli , 70 Me 2 . 90.
8. 7 Fe 422 he r s ne . hi man v . anderbil 5 d . T ki W t V t, ; E M e s 231 Fed . 767. Ph lp ,
9 . A . om 38 . . ct of s . 5 Au 29 1 1 6 c 415 39 . . 9 . S a a , U S p g , , , t t t L C s 1 916 c a o 8604w r n e in u a s A S a . se s . 8604a a t p i d f ll p t t , , t
pendix B . 102
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
’ omm encemen a nd erm n on o f c rr er s C t t i ati a i liability.
goo ds describ e d in the bill of lading : rovided however P , , Where th e shipper of bulk freight installs and maintains adequ a e facili ies for weighing such fre igh a nd th e same t t t, a re available to th e carrier hen th e carr ier upon wri en , t , tt request of such shipper a nd when given a rea sonable op portunity so to do shall ascer ain th e kind a nd quan i y , t t t of bulk freight within a reasonable time after such written re ues a nd the c r r er s l not in suc c ses nser in q t, a i ha l h a i t “ ’ ” th e bill of lading th e wor ds Shipper s weigh or o her t, t wor ds of like purp or a nd if so inser e d con r ary to the t, t t provi sions of his sec ion said words shall be rea e d a s t t , t t o n no r r null a nd v id a d a s if t inse te d the ein. ec 22 of n h a s een ssue S . . That if a bill ladi g b i d by a carri er or on his behalf by a n agent or employee th e scope of whose actual or apparent authority inclu des th e receiv ing of goo ds a nd issuing bills of lading there for for trans port a tion in commerce am ong th e sever al States a nd with fore ign na ions th e carrier shall be liable to (a) th e owner t , of goo ds covere d by a straight bill subject to e xisting right r ns r h e o er of a n or er l of stoppage in t a itu o (b) t h ld d bil , wh h n u in oo re n u on th e escri o a s give val e g d faith , lyi g p d p ion herein of th e goo ds for damages cause d by th e non t t , receipt by th e carrier of all or par t of th e goo ds or their failure to correspond with th e description thereof in th e
e bill at th e time of its i ssu .
’ 6 t r i t on of r 1 . Commencement and e m na i ca rrie s
A s soon a s goods a re delivered to th e carrier for purposes of imme“diate transportation its liability a s m O n th e o er n th e con such co mences . th ha d, if
. . A . Se unar a n e n 226 Fed . 670 c C e 1 . C . Pac . v . i la d , d W , C
el e 115 Fe d . 678 c. c. A . v . K l y, , 104 BILLS OF LADING .
h T e r er A ct. e ner e f ec Ha t G al f t.
signor orders that no shipment be made until furth er ’ rec on a re rece e r h e rr r di ti s iv d f om him , t ca i e s l l is of r o m n A t th or iabi ity that wa eh u se an o ly . e p t sc r e th e e of u or th e ca r of di ha g , by w ight a th ity, ’ rier s liability a s such ends when no tice of th e ’ o s rr h a s een en a nd re so e go d a ival b giv , a a nabl oppor“tunity afforded th e consignee to ta ke them A c rr er ma e er th e er of th e away. a i y , how v , by t ms of n end it res o c rr er on bill ladi g, s p nsibility as a i ’ “ l r h de ivery f om t e ship s ta ckles .
A n ff t . r ct . G ra 62 . Th e Bar te e e l e ec
Th e Harter A ct wa s enacted in Its general effect is to make owner s a nd ship liable for l r in ro er o n o e cus fau t o failure p p l adi g, st wag , tody, ’ r f th e s er s o s a nd care or p o per delivery o hipp g od , it also makes u nlawful a ny agreement whereby th e obligations of th e own ers to make th e ship sea worthy or of th e crew to carefully handle a nd stow th e cargo and to care for a nd pro pe rly deliver th e e in se be e ssene we ene or sam shall any wi l d , ak d Th f I f avo ided . e statu te ur ther make s t th e duty o th e n er m s er or en to v f n ow , a t ag t gi e a bill o ladi g
h e e S o 11 0 . C . . 70 2 . r l . o c n . 1 T Ta bel v R yal Ex ha g pg , N Y ;
Fe 229 . . . Ti ania 131 d . , t , C C A 76 a o 1 23 Fe . . Bo skenn 3 . mi . r n . . C d 1 Th e S th v B ittai S S , ;
F 91 Th e 187 Fed . 11 3 . . . ay 40 ed . alia , , B , ; It C C A
1 . f eb . 13 1 893 c. 1 05 2 7 . 445 . . om . A ct o F , , , Stat , U S C p
- 8029 8035 . r n e in ul a s en . Sta s . 191 6 secs. i d f l app dix t , P t A
105 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
en c e Wh appli abl .
escr n th e s a nd r e r r n n d ibi g good , p sc ibes ce tai pe al s for o on of th e s u e n th e o er n tie vi lati tat t . O th ha d , th e owner or charterer is given a n exemption from liability for losses or damage due to faults or errors in n em n or n o ro e du e ma ag e t avigati n, p vid d dili gence h a s been u sed to make th e ship se aworthy . Prior to th e Harter A ct th e United State“s courts re e ff to c u ses but a s fus d to give e ect negligence la , , o e h e a h now o r e e en m e ab v stated, t ct a s t a la g xt t ad suc u es e wa s ere ore so fa s a s s h cla s l gal ; it , th f , hip o ners a re oncerne a n e n r er n w c d, nabli g ath tha a r r est ictive statu te .
6 3 . n Wh e a pplica ble .
A h i r n in ro e a r lth ou gh t e a ct s d aw b ad languag , p tic l rl e on 3 th e cour s e cons rue u a y s cti , t hav t d it , in accordance with what the y deemed th e le gislative n en so e a s o n th e re ons e een i t t , l ly m difyi g lati b tw a h r r oes not e cu se esse ve ssel a nd e ca go . It d x a v l from liability to th e own“ers of another ve s sel or h r f n Nor e to e cargo or a collisio . is it applicabl th e relations betw“een tug a nd tow or th e car go ca r r e h n r s n r u on t e tow. Perso l u e to se e s i d p na i j i s pa g , e er or not c u s n e a nd o ss o r m e to wh th a i g d ath, l da ag
2 . Th e Ne w n e 1 gland 110 F d . 4 5 . E ,
1 . Th e 771 . e w r 459 40 . . la a e 1 61 U . S . d D , , L E
2 . h o w e 2 00 Fe d . T e s . A Th e urr 1 . . a i se 2 33 Fed . ll , C t , , C C ; M 2 8 6 . , C C . A .
1 06
W64 65 . , POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES
h r — w ne What t e Harter A ct fo bids Se a orthi ss. same It does not excuse th e master person 11 ro hi ally f m s fault .
64 h A . Wh at t e Barter ct forbids .
Th e a ct forbids a n agreement on th e part of th e cargo owner to waive“h is lien u pon th e vessel for h It oe not re en ex damage to t e goods . d s p v t “an ion h of er rm Nor cept in t e bill lad ing in gen al te s . does it make invalid exceptions in bills of lading issue d for th e carr iage of goods between two foreign por ts even thou gh su ch exceptions would be invalid
n er th e a ct in a se o e to or ro . . u d “ , c of a v yag f m a U S por t .
hin ss. 65. Seawort e
In order to secure th e exemption from faults or error n e e or o th e o er s in ma ag m nt naviga“ti n, ship w”n mus t show that h e h as used due diligence to f en e er e th e e r . I u , mak ship s awo thy t is s fici t , how v “ if h e ca n show that th e ship was in fact seaworthy .
Jr . 73 Fe d. 342 . 670 Th e . . ores 10. Re iper 86 Fed . Sh , , P , ; E A
11 . ro 2 34 Fed. 71 6 . The Huma ck,
l e 689 . . . . The ampico 151 F d. , T , C C A
2. Th e or 74 Fed . 632 . . . T onto , 1 , C C A
3 . 678 . Th e iguel de arrin aga 217 Fed . M L ,
. n . . Co . 1 Th e n . . . See I dr ani 177 Fed . 941 I l av v , , C C A t N 8 rr 1 1 . 218 45 . 830. Fa , U S . , L. Ed
1 08 D BILLS OF LA ING .
w in Sea orth ess. “ f r h r r er Th e burden o p oof is upo n t e shipowne . Fu th more th e e - no n o r e in c ra c for , w ll k w d ct in that ont ts th e carr iage of good s by sea th e s“hipowner warrants that his ship is in fact seaworthy is not change d by “ , e r h n h r r A t. o e o er r u t e Ha te c H w ve , t w may ed ce h is obligation to th e u se of due diligence to make th e ship seaworthy“by an appropriate stipu lation in th e of n but c u e u not be m bill ladi g, “this la s m st a big u ou sl r se ec use mo c on th e wa r y ph a d , b a a difi ati in “ r f s r ne rm anty o eawo thi ss must be made in clear te s . Th e due diligence that mu st be shown is not merely of th e o ner but h is ser in n that w , “that of vants maki g h f r Th e ence mu be m n t e ship fit o sea . dilig st in aki g th e s c e r not in ro r certifi hip in fa t s awo “thy, p cu ing f cates o seaworthiness .
2 . h r e . . R. T e riesland 1 04 Fed . 99 adl y v . ehigh al , F , ; B L V R
A . 153 F A h ne 128 Fed . 687 . . ed . 350 . . . T e ida , , ; , C C ; O C C Th n 2 51 . e i fa 156 Fe d . N , 3 h 24 3 . 644 . . T e e on 7 . 1 9 . al d ia 15 U S . d C , , L E 42 1181 MoFa d r r 7 . . 655 . . 4. Th e a ib i nce 1 0 U S , d ; C P , L E 97 1 . . 6 . e r ne . . den v. lu S a i B B t L , L R K ff 8 h rc c 531 a d . 93 Fed. 37 T e 5 . Th e russia 88 Fed. , ; i P , A t
’
fi 115 Fed. h n r o 1 06 Fed . 324 s d. Bird 109 Fed . 1 67 T e a i , , ; O t ,
769 .
o 106 Fe d. 973 . . of . . . . . 6 Ins o . . C N A v N G Ll yd,
24 39 . . 644 7. Th e ale donia 157 U . S . 1 , d . C , L E
h e en 4 Fed. 252 h e 82 Fe d . 665 T 7 T 8. Th e olima lv a, ; C , ; A
o . . rr 1 . 21 n . . 18 5 2 C . 8 4 infa 156 Fed. 51 l av v a , U S , N , , I t N F
830 o e . o ssmore . . 2 . . 408. L . Ed . ; D b ll v R , L R Q B
m . 127 Fed. 495 . See o n e r me 9 . Th e bbazia pag i a i i v A , C M t
1 . . . eyer 248 Fed. 88 , M , C C A 109 POOR ON CHA RTER PARTIES .
What constitutes unseaworthiness.
h c n tit te n aw rt . 66 . Wat o s u s u se o hiness To be se aworthy a vessel must b e reaso nably fit“ to encounter th e perils of th e contemplate d voyage . Th e fact that vessel a nd cargo received damage in weather not extraordina rily bad does not constitute u nse aworthiness b ecau se o cca“sionally a vessel re ceives what is known a s a n unlu cky A vessel “may be u nse aworthy if th e master is incom e but th e o ner b e ro ec e h e pet nt, w will p t t d if has u sed proper care in h is selection if h is obligation is “ ’ Th e c es e r estricte d to due diligence . fa t that a v s l is a few to ns short of th e supply of coal cu stomarily taken on b o“ard for th e voyage will not make h er un se aworthy no r will a slight deflection in th e com “, pass nor need th e ship be able to make r epairs at 7 so e e ons ruc on cons u e u nsea sea . Ob “l t c t ti may tit t ere is no resu on esse worthiness . Th p mpti that a v l is unseaworthy from th e fact that sh e h a s met with
2 43 . 2 h n eld 7 . 46 . 41 T e Sa dfi 1 . Th e Silvia 1 1 U S . d ; , , , L E
1 9 How 1 62 15 . A . u on . nce . 92 Fed . 663 . . ; p v a , , , C C D t V L
h intram 64 Fed . 884 . d . 584 T e S E ; ,
. 319 . 2 Th e rey 106 Fed . F ,
2 Fe 742 . . . 3 . Th e ygne 1 6 d . , C t, C C A
2 Fed . . 333 . . A . Th e um roc 34 4 Th e Fri 154 Fed . ; a k , , , C C H 7 h 525 . 16 ; T e n n a 47 Fed . A ,
5. r A see r s u re 81 F 2 08 . . . but lbu v . Tur nu ed . i i h H t , , C C , B t For 74 Mar . In s . . o r 1 84 Fed . 1 . . Co v . Kilg u ,
6 . h 342 . T e 73 . . . Shores Jr . Fed E A , ,
7 . P m a n 2 on n n 3 Fe d . 80 . y v . V Si ge ,
8. ow w 89 . Th e n . er 3 de . No . 5 Sa y , H , F C 110
E POOR ON CHART R PARTIES .
o s n w s What c n titutes u sea orthine s .
s be e or a s to one rt cargo . So a hip may s aw thy pa
’ of h e r o se or o no er Th t ca g and un aw thy as t a th . e rr n e or nes e e s n ne to th e wa a ty of s aw thi s xt nd , ot al o e e but s its re n e a nd u v ss l , al o to aso abl s itable adapt ability a nd fitness to carry”each par ticular a r“ticle e o ne h a w ll known to commerce . Seaw rthi ss s relation to th e article carried a nd th e different com pa rtments of th e ship a nd their particular u se as well as to th e n avigation of th e In th e fol e es ere e un e r for lowing cas s , v sels w h ld s awo thy the " e e c e reasons stat d : leaky l aky hat h s, chain roo o oil o lo cker not a leaky lamp m, all wing t reach th e failure to s creen valves so that they were clogged by th e entrance of foreign A b e ort or r er vessel must e s aw hy, ath , or worth th e e sh e e n n In r o p t y, at tim b gi s taki g ca g , a nd mu st again satisfy th e warr anty of sea worth i ness when th e voyage is commenced ; but there is no continuing warranty that sh e shall continue sea worthy from th e moment loading is commenced “1 un til sailing .
r 7 e 594 a fi 190 Fed . 711 . 15. Th e Indrapu a, 1 8 F d . , d . r 2 e 60 16. Th e infa 156 Fed . 512 ; righ v. G ace 03 F d. 3 ; N , W t , 4 3 he 2 2 178 236 Fed . 6 . T Jeannie 5 Fed. , ,
17. h El hicke 117 Fed . 279 affd. 122 Fed . 439 . T e C . W . p , ,
18. Th e m s 108 Fed. 87. Pal a ,
678 . . . 19 . Th 2 2 Fe . e . . i zgerald 1 d , R P F t , C C A 22 Fed . 10 . 20. 4 a ff . 9 Th e rillian 138 Fed . 7 3 d 15 B t, ,
21. McFa dden ue r ne . . 1 . . 697. v . Bl Sta Li , L R K B
w h 42 Fed . 794 affd . 56 Fed. 521 See o ring v. T eba ud B , , 112 BILLS OF LADING .
Management a nd navigation .
Inasmuch a s th e a ct does not forbid th e insertion of o ther exceptions in th e bill of lading th an those enu er e on een th e u o m at d, and as it has l g b c st m of shipown ers to except every conceivable cau se of loss
n s th e oo o er en or i jur y to goo d shipped , g ds wn is g erally preclu de d from recovery unless h e ca n Show some negligence or wrongful a ct on th e par t of th e s o ner or r s E en ere u c ne hip w his se vant . v wh s h gli
en e is s o n is u or e rr or in n on g c h w , if it a fa lt avigati or th e m e e of th e e se r e th e in anag m nt v s l , p ovid d o wner has used due diligence to make th e vessel
r r Th e o n se ere ca n be no re o e . awo thy, th c v y f llowi g have been adjudge d to be errors in navigation or“ management : failure to put into a port of refu ge ,“ ure to o e or o e ur th e o e fail cl s a p t h l d ing v yag , ’ “ ai re to u se th e um s u n to sea in f lu ship s p p “, p tti g th e face of bad weather re ports a stranding due to “ , ne ence ai n h glig , a f lur e to atte d to t e refriger ating
1 . or . re c e s 141 F 2 60 . sar ed . . . C v Sp k l , , C C A
2 . 71 2 43 . The 1 . . 46 . Silvia , U S , L Ed 241 . 0 46 A . h 3 . Th e erida 1 7 Fed . 1 . . T e Bri ish ing 89 M , , C C ; t K , w F r o 1 15 F d . 769 ed 872 Th e n e . . . See Th e Ne . ; O ta i , , C C A h ew 99 Fed . 968 e r s ro o 247 or s 1 T Fe . p ; a i b k d 583 . t N , C ,
4. w 2 F nson . oo 15 ed . 401 Ha v Hay d, , C . C . A .
5 . ff F . Th e tons 64 Fed . 880 a d . 71 e d 89 h s , 5 ; T e . . Shore E , E A ,
113 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
r of th c r o “ Ca e e a g . machinery tipping a vessel by th e head in order to , “ e m ne th e ro e er ure e ro er xa i p p ll , fail “to mak p p r r or of re ure to o en th e epai s in a p t dist ss, fail p ’ “ s u ce s r o er o e n of ai ure ship s l i , imp p p ni g f l “1 n or ee scu ers e r u re to cover ve tilat s and k p pp cl a , fail to have a a nd failure to inspe ct at a port of In or n emen an d n on in sh t , ma ag t avigati l e con ro urin th e o e of e er t n c ud t l d g v yag , v y hi g with which th e ve ssel is equ ippe d for th e pur pose of pro
‘ teeting h er and h er ca rgo against th e inro ad of th e
h . 68. Care of t e cargo
Th e Harter A ct does not relieve th e owner from liability du e to negligence in th e care or cu stody of th e r o a nd s all s u ons er e in h e ca g , make tip lati ins t d t
6 . w r o 9 o 33 A l. ns r C m . a s . . . o son v . t a p C R T t, , L R
2 666 w ere th e re r er n m c ner wa s se K. . h f ig a i g a hi y u d par ly B , t t ’ to cool th e crew s pro visions . m 7. h 7 F 941 . . . See Na T e ndrani 1 7 ed . , ay ai I , C C A J W
- 2 2 Fe 822 . . n o Am o . 0 d . . v . gl . il C , A O , C C A
8. h 92 F 7 T e uadeloupe ed . 6 0. G , 7 ff 3 1 a . 92 Fe . 663 c n 9 . Th e Sa ndfield 79 Fe d . d d ; Th e exi a , , M
inc 82 Fe 484 aff 91 Fed . 1 003 . r e d . d. P , , i 2 n 0 r o Rick nson 1 4 Fe d . 1 8 . . . 1 . me . . . . 8 A Su A n C v , , C C ;
o 63 Fe 48 . . . C . v . ealy 1 d . , H , C C A 11 h 2 1005 . . T e udson 1 7 Fed . H ,
2 . 1 Th 8 Fe . 324 etf 92 Fed . 102 e osedale 8 d d . 1 . R , ,
13 . . 2 F 61 Co . 16 ed . . . . U . S . v . . Y. . S . S N O , , C C A
14. h 2 T e 71 . . 46 43 . . 241 Th e d Silvia, 1 U S , d ; e Sa ndfi l L E ,
2 F . . 9 ed 663 . . , C C A 114
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
f h Care o t e cargo .
f or e en e but th e un would a f d a d f c , that loading of h r not n e en or n o A t e ca go was ma ag m t avigati n . ure or th e u s ou c u fail to w k p mp , alth gh a sing d“am a e th e c r o a n err or in m n e A g to a g , is a ag ment . negligent failure to ventilate th e cargo is negligence re th e c r a nd is not e use un er th e in ca of “a go , xc d d r r A ct So ere th e s er re ne Ha te . , wh ma t tai d oil in ’ th e s e es for th e r o e of s for ve s l s bilg , pu p s aving it ner a nd not u out h e m its ow , did p mp it as ight have o e s wa s not err r in m eme a nd d n , thi an o anag nt, the ship w“a s liable for damage done thereby to oth er oo th e er e cr e th e oo a s g ds . If shipp d s ib s g ds of a par ticular character a nd th e carrier gives them th e re e ro r e to t r c er th e c rr er t atm nt app p iat tha cha a t , a i i r F n Th s not e e esu s . or s ce e liabl “if damag lt in ta , in M s e r ne s e escr e “is issip”pi , st a i was hipp d d ib d as tallow ; it wa s subj ected to weather which would o -b t h not have damaged tall w, u did damage t e ship i n wa s h e rr e ment n questio . It held that t ca i r was . In c se c r o is m e f r not liable . a a g da ag d by a cau se o c th e s not res ons e th e rr r whi h hip is p ibl , ca i e may rec n o th e cos of th e r e on on o diti n, and t “c diti ing will co h nstitute a lien u pon t e goods .
w 3 o o . . ee s n . n c r n o L Supra sec ion 67. S v la i a sp r , t R At t T t,
. 1 903 2 . B . 666 . R , K 4 h . T e o 243 Fed . 23 . A . Skip n as le 5 C C . t C t , ,
5 . h T e P r s e A . e sia n , 185 F d. 396, C . C .
6 . 76 Fe d. 3 75 .
7. n e 74 Fed . 563 o r . en erson LR 7 ay v. alli , ; a a v d . . , P R N t H , B 2 Q . . 25 . 116 BILLS OF LADING .
on. Liberties in th e bill of lading . Deviati
i in h ll f n . iati n. 69 . L berties t e bi o ladi g Dev o
Bills of lading usually contain clauses permitting h s e o r r e t e ve s l to ca ll at any p rts in any o de , to deviat for th e ur ose of s e or ro r to p p aving lif p pe ty, and r is r s th e oo s in o e e ers . ere t ans hip g d th st am Th , o e er u se in th e of is h w v , no cla bill lading which o ru e ore s r c ns th e o er c nst d m t i tly agai t ship wn , and a ll of th e decisions support th e proposition that however wide th e liberty given it will be cut down th e es r on of th e o e in th e of by d c ipti “v yag ”bill lading . Th u er to e e on e s , a lib ty mak d viati m ans only re son e e ons a nd s owner e a abl d viati , a hip was h ld liable for a fall in market price a nd deterior ation of a perishable cargo when th e ship on a voyage to , “ r a nd F n h e London called at Hav e lushi g. So t , “ clau se giving th e carrier ”liberty to tow and assist vessels in a ll situ ations does not authorize th e towage of a disabled ves sel to New York when a to wage to Halifax would have taken mu ch less time ; a nd th e carrier wa s held li“able for th e damage r f rece En cause“d to a shippe o cattle . In a nt glish o w s rom New "e l n to on ca se, wo l a s hippe d f a a d L don under a bill of lading giving liberty to call or dis
7 . 8 Fed 345 . f . urness 1 . Swi t v F Withy, o 74 . Fe w zchild . . . . C d . 257 cf . e ls 2. Sch ar v Natl S S , The W l
61 Fed . 857. City, w 3 A . . . 1 s . . 504 . c orr son . See c 3 . M i v Sha , p M C N S Pa ifi
2 . 155 Fe d. 9 on Cc . . . Co ast Co . v . Yuk , , C C A
117 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
h of e on Liberties in t e bill lading . D viati .
r n rme e o Th e charge ca go at i te diat p rts . ship called at Havre to dischar ge some frozen meat . When s few mile s from Havre sh e was sunk by a wa e re wa not a n submarine . It s h ld that Hav s intermediate port a nd that th e owners were liable . n th e o er n ere th e o e wa s rom O th ha d , wh v yag f Pe s co F or to Br s o E n th e n a la, l ida, i t l , gland, and bill of lading r eserve d th e liber ty to call at a ny port o r or s in o r o t of th e cu s om r r ou e in a n p t , u t a y t , y o rder what so ever it wa s h eld that th e steamer , “ ere th e might call firs t at a continental port . Wh bill of lading prov“ided that in cas”e th e goods cou ld no t be shipped by any cau se in th e ste amer n m m or r e in u ccee n a ed , they ight be f wa d d a s di g s e mer wa s t o us th e c rr er in t a , this held j tify a i sending a shipment of old metal by a su cce eding s m r in r r e r o om for er s e c r o tea e , o de to mak p i habl a g ; th e carr ier wa s held not liable for th e loss of th e ’ goo ds even though th e shipper s “insur ance wa s a v oided by th e change in th e vessel . In case th e ship go e s beyond th e lib erties provided f r i th e of s cons u e e n o n bills lading, thi tit t s a d viatio , a nd th e consequ ences to th e shipowne“r a re seri ou s . A deviation h a s b een d efined a s a voluntary e r r o necess or r e son e c u e d pa tu e , with u t ity a abl a s ,
4. o o ores Cc . 255 Fed . u ne . n n o c . S th Atlanti S . S Li v L d St , 3 6 0 . , C C . A .
5 . Th 766 . See so ro en ro r e r e ansas 87 Fed . al k Hill p i a y K , B P t
. . 4 A s . . . 11 6 . v . S . . Co . 1 . S P O N , p M C 11 8
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
r Pe ils of th e sea .
r e ece o e l th e e e c ma in n ”ssity, als ntai s cons qu n es of a n deviatio .
f 70. Perils o th e sea .
Definitions of this classic exception have been o e b o m r ften attempt d, ut n ne has et with enti e A s of n r approval . u sed in a bill ladi g its p imary significance would seem to be a loss cau sed by sea er r n r r n h no wat inju i g o d est oyi g t e goods . It is t u s e h o ever for n nce e e th limit d , w ; i sta , wh n h avy we ather cau sed breakage in th e interior of th e vessel this was held to be a lo ss by a pe r il of th e “, h . e o r e e r r seas On t the hand , wh n s a wate ente ed th e u of nd m e th e o re h ll a ship, a da ag d go ds the in because of a n explosion in anoth er par t of th e cargo “ , this ”was held not to be a loss by a pe“ril of th e m e bu t see one e o o . ne s as, , ingly, by xpl si n In li with this decision it h a s been held that proof that th e goods were damaged by sea water is not even“ r m c e e of o er f h p i a fa ie videnc a l ss by a p il o t e seas .
. C c . 64 Fe d . 874 ro . oo 3 . eron . s . 1 Cald v Atla S S , ; T tt v W d, N 1 . 443 . . o . Gall , F C
A 4 e 697. 1 . 399 . . Th e e n 8 F d. Th e Exe 57 Fed. . ala dia , , C C ; Z , h e i 2 . 7 4 . Th oo 1 1 . . 450 3 . 234 T u e . . h U S d ; l a, G R B t , , L E Z
12 . . 2 F om m on u or . . 35 ed . 433 . pare Ha il v . a d f C t P , L R , A C 518 w er r s a e o e in e so sea -w er en ere , h e at t a h l a pip that at t d h e shi h o m e to oo s on o r was t p during t e v yage . Da ag g d b a d o f h a held a l ss by p erils o t e se .
3 . The e min 212 . 354 53 . Ed. 546 . F l a , U . S , L
12 0 BILLS OF LADING .
re a nd m on of s es Fi li itati liability tatut . “ A loss by pir ates is covered under such a n exception “ , but not oss er n . en r a l by v mi In g e al, it may be said“that th e exception contemplates a fortuitous Th e s h n n loss . clau e has t e same mea i g in a bill of
in of r ne nsur nce lading as it has a policy ma i i a , e e t in th e or er t ou not in th e er xc pt hat f m , h gh latt , it will not be construed a s including th e negligence ’ “ of th rr r r n e d to h e ca ie s se va ts . Sea damag ue t e ’ s u se or es of cou rse not o ere ship n aw thin s is, , c v d ;
a s ener ru e e ce on c u se not and , a g al l , an x pti la will ’ be construed a s modifying th e Ship s warranty of seawo“rthiness if it is po ssible to give it any o ther ff e ect .
ia lit tat t s. 71. Fire and limita tion of l bi y s u e Alt”hou gh it is c“omm on to add to th e exception”of fir th or n b ulk on cr or on re e e w d s o , aft Sho , it seems that this is unnecessary a s th e exception is “not h In to be limited to a fire o ccurring on bo ar d t e ship . a ddition to th e contractu al stipula tion in th e bill of
rr 9 e ss 310. 4. age v . i ell ll n a ) G T , A (M
5 . h e us 5 c 335 Th e ur es 71 Fed . 728 T e Mil t , Blat h , ; E ipid , ,
52 Fed . 161 .
7 h e rr n 74 2 . 56 T e ms 6 . S cho oner Reeside Sumu a da , , ; W A 4 Fed . 13 .
oo a nd m on . u or su r . 7. The G . R. B th Ha ilt v Pa d f, p a
39 . 644 157 . . 124 . . 8. Th e aledonia U S , d C , L E 0 Cc . 148 . . 615 aff . 21 e . . d 1 . Jennings v . Clyd S S , App Div ,
570. N. Y. 121 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
re a n mi on of st Fi d li tati liability atutes.
n ere is s u or e em n rom ladi g, th a tat t y x ptio f liability for lo ss or damage by fire to merchandise put on ‘ “ bo ard a vessel ”unless su ch fir“e is cau se d by th e or n of h o r e design eglect t e wne . Wh n this statu te is applicable it totally wipe s ou t any liability on th e part of th e o wner even thou gh th e fir e has b“een due to th e negl”igence of th e master or crew ; th e design or neglect of th e owner as u s ed in th e statu te mean ’ “ th r Th e e owner s pe sonal design or neglect. e statut doe s not p“ro tect th e owner in cas e th e fire occurs on h r n mu c u n th e e n t e sho e . I as h as by incl di g n glige ce ’ of th e er ser s th e s or em n own s vant , tatut y ex ptio gives a greater pr otection than do es th e clau se in th e n th e o er be d th e bill of ladi g, wn may face with contention that by making an express stipulation r e r to fire h e e th e s u e with ga d “, has displac d tat t by i r is for s re son c u se is h s cont act . It thi a that a la frequ ently inserte d in th e bill of la ding to th e effect that nothing therein contained is to be taken a s depriving th e owner of any right to limitation of n liability to which h e would otherwise be e titled . In addition to th e statu tory limitation in case of
m s . 1916 see . sec 4282 . . o . 2 . Rev. S a s . U . S . . U S p S a , t t , C t t 8 2 0 0.
72 . 3 150 1 8 . . 1 3 . r ns c . . alker v . es ern a . C all , d W W t T , W L E
374 . See Th e S r a hdon 89 Fed. t t ,
3 E d. 51 8 . 4 4 . . . ons on . . Co . 15 C table v . Nati al S S , U S , L 03 2 9 Th e Fe 3 0. ; gyp 25 d. E t,
5 . n r ces r mes 19 Com. Ga s . 105 . I gram v . S e vi Ma iti ,
122
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
e r n of r nc s R st ai t p i e .
i f s o ri s. 72 . Re tra nt p nce
This means some forcible governmental action r ns m es or es r s oo or which eithe detai , da ag d t oy g ds r in some o er re en s er or nce of ship, o th way p v t p f ma i th e contract — a go od illu str ation is th e“condemns r n tion of Ship or goo ds by a p ize court . D““e te tion in u r n e is res r n of r nce s bu t not q a a tin by t ai t p i , detentio“n by legal pro ceedings brought by privat e r Th e s r on n of th e o er e ee pa ties . t g ha d g v nm nt n d not actually be imposed if there is a well founded
re e s o n in c se cer n c on ere en app h n i that a tai a ti w tak , ship or go ods would b e subj ected to actual physical r h m r f res r n . T u e e t e s e o eu r t ai t h s, wh a t a n t al ship refused to carry sulphur from Italy to th e United
e t th e me f th e S s -A mer wa r Stat s , a ti p pani h ican , h r oun wa s co r n on t e g d that it nt aba d , it was held ’ ‘ h e ustifiéd ini d oin so e nd in rela ndin it that was j “g , g r r w te een o e . W e e o e er con af it had b l ad d h , h v , a tract of carriage is made in contemplation of wa r
’ conditions and that its perforrna nce may include th e rr e of co r nd h e c rr er n r ca iag nt aba , t a i may ot ely on . this clause a s ju stifying h im in a to tal refusal of
1 . Th e r r o 0 e 5 h o og es 5 F d . 83 ; T e hemia 38 Fed . 756 P , B , ;
e omm . es n . 6 7 lyd . v dia S . S . C o 1 9 Fed . 2 5 . . . C C W t I , , C C A
2 . h T e Coventin 52 Fed. 156 n e oo o a i lay v . iv rp l C . 23 , ; F L ,
. . 25 1 Br n In . 2 e 37 e . r s L ; a dli v a yla d . Co 1 P t . 8 9 L . d. T M , , E
11 23 .
3 . he T r 86 . . 46 h 1 1 . . 1 027. See T e Kr on rin Sty ia , U S , L Ed p
ssin ec lie 244 . 0 se 12 61 . 96 C i , U S . , L Ed. . 124 BILLS OF LAD ING.
f r n Restraint o p i ces.
er r n e ec u se of e r of e re re p fo ma c , b a f a s izu by a fo ign government ; in su ch a cas“e th e exception means only r r actu al physical est aint .
oreo er is not e er a ct of o er e M v , it v y a g v nm nt f r official which will constitute a restraint o p inces . T u s ere co e or of cus oms e th e h , wh a ll ct t withh ld cle ar ance of a vessel on th e ground that sh e was c r r co r n a n ere wa s no rr for a ying nt aba d , d th wa ant suc a n c on e er in th e la w or in th e n ru o h a ti , ith i st
o of h is su er rs it was e s not ti ns “p io , h ld ”that thi did s e res r n r ere con titut a t ai t of p ince s , it was m ly th e error of a subordina te th e rr er h e o If th e restr aint is caused by ca i , cann t
- i non r or e . u s plead it in excuse of h s pe f manc Th ,
o e ro New or to ou where a ship, on a v yag f m Y k S th r w o e o o Af r a t th e e of th e Boe ar , ica, tim l ad d g ds which caused h er to be detained by th e Briti sh au thorities on th e ground that they were meant for h n h o ner of th e ocent oo s t e e emy, t e w s inn g d on bo ard were held entitled to recover the ir losses fr om h i o ers th e e en o n een c u se t e sh p wn , d t ti n havi g b a d ’ by th e shipo wners failure to exer“cise due preca u ere f u tions in taking th e goods on bo ard . M di fic lty
67 e . 0 . Cc . 1 F d 1 10 . . or n 4 Balfour v P tla d ,
Am er . a . . c o . . Cc c . C Tr 195 . . 439 5 . Northern Pa ifi R v , U S ,
2 69 . 4 9 . L Ed.
8 . s 33 6. . c n l o rn Ga . . S r . Dunn u ee i m . v B k a l , C C a pa v B it
125 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
r e e a w rmin e a b akag , rus leak ge s e a ve . H t, t, , t,
in er orm ce ca use wa r con ons oes not p f an , d by diti , d ju stify th e r efusal to perform “a contr act even thou gh r i f h n e ente e d into n times o peace . It a s bee h ld that a n or der a s to th e employment of th e ship dir e cted to th e s o ner th e o ernm en of h is cou n r hip w by g v t t y,
c u su ec h im to en es so e e whi h wo ld “bj t p al”ti if di b y d , o s u es re s r n of r nces a nd e cu ses th e c n tit t a t ai t p i , x non - performance of a char ter even thou gh no “, r r i phys ical est aint s exerte d .
H t r 73 . ea b a ka r u t a a , e ge, s , le k ge, swea t, vermin .
ese e ce ons an d o ers e em a re of con Th x pti , th lik th , sidera ble benefit to th e carr ier a s if it appe ars that th e o ss s n th e erm of one of em th e l fall withi t s th , ca rr er be ro e e un ess ne ence is o n i will p t ct d l glig Sh w , a nd th e bur den of proving negligence will be u pon
h o r Th e efiect of h e o o n exce t e g ods owne . t f ll wi g p“ ons e een co ns ere th e cour s : e ti hav b id d by t h at ,
231 247 n one us r c . u u e Stm o 2 Ga s . . C . 0 C om . U i ia a v jag , , A t T le F o . . u n c e n r ed. 42 7 A ...... C . . . ; Y S S v a i a a , , C C N P R G C t 231 Fed . 820 . , C . C . A
442 urness . 7 . or 31 . . . sso . emen frs . v . y ; v A C t M C , T L R F See 2 r c en c 248 Fed. 953 . er ce . u u ll 32 Fe d . 1 86 a v k ba h , M , ; G L
8 . . . sse . . n n 250 Fe d . 9 x S S C o . v . a gbeh , E L , C C A
8 a 99 . . 2 om . G s . Fur ne ss v . Rederi anco 3 C B ,
1 . Th e or 670 Th e Ba r a lon 1 72 Fe d . 22 0 ense 35 Fed . P tu , ; g, ; m o 241 h o A . Th e Sa n u e o 1 49 . . T e d o pe 197 Fe d . ; gli l , G H , , C C G
23 . 9 9 h e on s e 243 Fed. 5 Fed . 6 mod . 249 Fed . 588 T Skip a l , , ; t C t
12 6
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
o er e er e . R bb y, th ft, pilf ag
regar d to th e que stion of construction th e English cour ts have construed such clau ses v“ery na”rrowly ; they have held that th e exception of theft stand in e e k ence ou g alon , m ant a ta ing by viol , and w ld not cover a theft by persons on“b o ard th e ship or in h f h h t e o t e s er . Co se e t e employ hipown n qu“ntly, n w n r r er exception is o commo ly ph as ed as obb y, e or er e on o r on cr or on ore th ft pilf ag , b a d , aft , sh , er ns om e er e er in th e e by all p so wh so v”, wh th mploy of h er n f ub t e shipowner or not. If consid atio s o p lic policy and of th e Harter A ct could b e left out of ' c ns r on s u e u ee to e th e o ide ati , thi cla s wo ld s m giv c rr er o e e ro e o r f m a i c mpl t p t cti n f om this class o clai s . Th e American courts have treated th e ca rrier nerous th e m r f ge ly in atte o construction . I“t has een e th e New or C our of A e s a t b h ld by Y k t pp al , a e r r to th e en men of th e H r er A ct t dat p io “act ”t a t , tha an exce“ption of thieves taken in connection”with that of barr atry of th e master a nd mar iners pro tected th e carr ier when part of a shipment of gold wa s o en th e a rser th e New or e st l by p , Y k Stat C our o o th e E n ur s r u n to ts f ll wing glish co t , in ef si g declare agreements b etween shipper and carrier o on h r n f Th e r er v id t e g ou d o public policy . Ha t A ct owe r e re n t to , h ve , d cla s that it Shall o be lawful insert in a ny bill of lading a ny clau se whereby th e owner shall be relieved from liability for lo ss o r
1 . e m 1 6 n n n er ne . . . . 19 . St i a v . A gi Li , L R Q B
8 . . . 2 . n . s . . c . 0 Spi etti v Atla S S C , N Y 71 128 BILLS OF LADING .
Insur ance clauses .
e r s n rom ne en e u or ure damag a i i g f glig c , fa lt fail in th e pr oper custody or care of th e goods ; clau ses to r m n i re e th e contr a y a re ade null a d void . Th s p v nts th e shipo“wner validly excepting theft on th e par t of A n r on of e e is h ow th e cre . e e e e w “g al xc pti thi v s , r a nd ou ro ec th e o ner u e s eve , valid, w ld p t t ship w nl s it were shown that due care ha“d not been u sed to pro tect th e go ods against theft .
Ins . 75. ura nce clauses Such clauses take two forms : ( a ) not liable fo”r a ny dama“ge capable of being covered by insurance and (b ) th e carri er shall have th e benefit of a ny ”Th in sur ance effected upon th e goods . e effe ct of th e first of these clauses is merely to incorpor ate th e provisions of a n ordinary insurance policy in th e e ce on c u s of th e of n Th e x “pti la e bill ladi“g . In t ni Ju e A s n ro h e Ti a a, dg ddi o B wn said T clau se in relation to insurance cannot reasonably be con stru ed as n en e to me n a n os e n r n i t d d a y p sibl i su a ce, in a n s e com o n y pos ibl pany, and up n a y possible m m be pre ium . It ust held to refer only to insur ance which might be obtained in th e u su al course of us nes ro th e or n r nsur nce co n b i s f m di a y i a mpa ies,
3 . Th e 63 Fe 9 e nec 1 d . 5 1 re . o n no er S a, vd a h po in 172 Fed . , t t, 3 70.
4. o l n . C . . e e 115 u a r . Fe d . 67 8 . d S S v l y, . . C K , C C A
5 . Th h 72 e G azee , 1 Fed . 368 .
1 . 1 9 Fed. 101 . 129 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
ns r nc e I u a e claus s .
e r in th e u su or or in th e cu s o r o e ithe al f m , t ma y m d n r n of us ness on s ec c on . I see o ea s b i , p ial appli ati o , o e er for not re r n th e c use a s al con h w v , ga di g la v id, strued a s referr ing only to insurance whi ch might b e r effe cted in th e ordin a y course of insur ance bu siness . T u s cons ru e e em s th e s o ners ro h t d , it x pt hip w f m o s m be s ns re s a nd l s which ight thu i u d again t, which
be reco ere of th e nsurer s not rec might v d i , if di tly cau sed by negligence on th e part o f th e ship . C onsidere d subj ect to these limitations a nd to tho se m ose h e r er A ct th e c use s e i p d by t Ha t , la add littl if anything to th e pro tection given th e carr ier by th e o in h w o t ro ec ther clau ses t e bill of lading . It ill n p t t th e carr ier f“rom a gener al aver age claim by th e r goods owne . Th e clau se giving th e carr ier th e bene fit of th e insur ance effecte d by th e shipper is valid a nd nd o be reme ef ec e in r o enforcible , a w u ld ext ly f tiv p
h e r er ere not for e e o e teeting t ca ri , if it w a d vic ad pt d is u e aine by th e insu rance companies . This f lly xpl d in th e decision of th e Supreme Cour t in th e case of Mc a h an u r e n n ere Lu ckenbach v . C S ga R fi i g wh ’ th e goods were damage d becau se of th e Ship s un se o n Th e o r ere s : aw “rthi ess . c u t th aid e s Th e shipper had efiecte d full insurance . Th bill o f lading sue d o n contai n th e fo llowing clause ‘ In case o f a n lo ss de rimen or damage done to or y , t t, sustaine d by said go o ds or a ny part thereo f for whi ch th e
2 . r o . . . . 8. o s . n . 5 3 C k v Alla , L R , Q B D
7 . 3 . 2 39 63 . . 1 0 48 U . S . 1 d , L E 130
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
Insur ance clauses . be fore th e question o f th e 6 e en e erm ne th e nsurer b d t i d, i claims agains th e carri er to which i would be subroga e d t , t t in the absence of a pr ovision to th e contrary in th e bill n h o om 5 a h a r of T e c 10 . . 630 nd t e c ladi g ( P t a , U S , r er w re rom o n one In or er i ould be f ed f liability t a y . d that the shipper shou ld not be deprived of th e use of money
w c wa s en e to rece e r om er th e oss hi h it titl d iv p ptly aft l , ei her from the carri er or from th e insurers a nd ha the t , t t n ur er s ou no o th e r of ro on reemen s i s h ld t l se ight sub gati , ag t in th e fo llowing ( or similar ) form were entere d into be tween the insurers a nd th e sh“ipper w or 1 1912 . Ne Y k Au . 5 , g , eceive d from th e e deral nsurance ompany wen y R F I C , t t hr ee hundre d four a nd dollar s a s a loan a nd re t , payable only to the extent of a ny net r ecovery we ma y r of make from a n carrier bailee, o o hers on accoun y , t t loss to our property ( describe d below) d/ue to damage on u u c en c r om or o Rico Phila del h ia o n S . S . J lia L k ba h f P t p , o 9 or rom a n r about 1 0 . f y insur ance eff ec ed by a n carrier bailee or o hers on said t y , , t r e r an s se c r for suc re men w re p op ty, d a u ity h pay t e he by pledge to th e said Fe deral Insur ance Company th e said recovery a nd delivery to them duly indorse d th e bills of a n for s ro er and we ree to en er a n rose l di g aid p p ty, ag t d p cu e sui agains said r ailroad carrier bailee or o hers t t t , , , t on said claim with all due diligence at th e expense a nd nu der th e exclusive direction a nd contro l of th e said Federal om n Insur ance C pa y.
. Mc ah a n u r e n n Co The W J . C S ga R fi i g
om r o rer . R . S . P c y, Treasu
’ escr r — r D iption of p operty Suga . on e r of s a nd s mi ar reemen s h Up d live y thi i l ag t , t e ship er rece e rom the nsur nce com n es rom er p iv d f i a pa i , p ptly aft 132 L N BILLS OF ADI G .
th e us men f th o ss moun s re n th e oss adj t t o e l , a t agg gati g l ; an is wa s e in th e n me of th e s er but for d th libel fil d a hipp , th e so le b enefi of th e insurers hr ough heir pro c ors a nd t , t t t a nd to th e e en coun sel a nd wholly a heir expense . f x , t t I , t t ess e nse reco er is b a d th e n surers wi l re (l xpe s) that, v y , i l ceive payment or be reimburse d for the ir so -calle d lo ans i re co re rom th c rr r to h s er . no n s e e e t e hipp If thi g v d f a i , th e shipper will retain th e money receive d by it without be ing un der obligation to make any repayment o f th e o r wor s ere is no re co er am un s advanced . In o he d if h v y t t , t here th e amoun s advanced will opera e a s ab solu e pay , t t t ment under the p olicies. Agreements of thi s nature have been a commo n pr a c
in ne s for n . ce s enn n . o . ti bu i s ma y years . P sy lva ia R C v 7 r 65 . . 331 3 . urr . 1 0 Fe d 84 . e i B , C C A , ; B adley v L h gh
le . C c . 82 . . . 426 r 153 Fed . 350. is c e Val y R , C C A , It l a ha if valid a nd enforce d accor ding to he ir erms hey t t t t , t s r accomplish th e desir ed purpose . They upply th e shippe promptly with money to th e fu ll extent of th e indemmty or compensation to which h e is entitled on account of th e loss ; and they preserve to th e insurer s th e claim against r w h w f n n the carrie to hich , by t e gener al la o i sur ance , i dependen ly of sp ecial agreemen hey wou ld become sub t t, t f h o s h r t ogate d upon payment by them o t e l s . T e carrie ns s s th e r ns c on w e in erms o n is in i i t that t a a ti , hil t a l a , substance a payment of insurance ; that to tre at it a s if it were a lo an is to fo llow th e letter of th e agree ment a nd to di sregar d th e actual facts ; and that to give it efiect i to s n on c on an s r B o as a lo an s a cti fi ti d ubte fuge . u t n goo d reason appears either for questioning its legality or f Th e s er is n r n for denying its e fect. hipp u de no obligatio to th e carrier to take out in sur ance on th e cargo ; and th e freight rate is th e same whether h e does or doe s not in n r la w oe s not sure . Th e ge e al d give th e carrier u po n pay , ’ of th e s er s c im r r ment hipp la , a ight by sub ogation against 1 33 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
ns r nc e I u a e claus s .
th e ns r ers Th n rer h a s o n h o r h e i u . e i su t e he hand by t , t ,
en r la w r o f r o o r g e al a igh su b ga i n a ains th e carrie . , t t g t Such claims like an ible salvage a r e e lemen s which en , t g , t ter into th e calculatio ns of actuaries in fixing insur ance
r e n e i h e o a s ; a d , a l as n t mu u al c mpanie s th e insured t t t t ,
e s s ome ene rom mo n r z r m is g t b fit f a u ts eali e d the e fro . It ’ e ssential t o th e performance of th e insurer s ser vi ce that th e nsure b e rom ut in un s so h is us i d p ptly p f d , that b i ness ma n es s y be continued with out embarr a ssment . U l s thi is pr ovide d for cre di s which a re commonly i ssue d agains , t t dr afts or notes with bill s of lading attache d would not be er h r n r of m one or o er n s gr ante d . Wheth t e t a sfe y th thi g Shall oper ate a s a payment is or dinarily a matter which is determine d by th e intention of th e parties to th e tra nsa c h ns r er o o r h 3 . 37 44 . T e u i n. mpa e T e Kimball all i t C , , W , could not have b een o blige d to pay until th e condition of e r o - of h c rr er een h i liabili y i . e n n l iabili y t e a i , had b t t , , t e s Th e s er cou no t e een o e to tablishe d . hipp ld hav b blig d surrender to the insur ers th e conduct of th e litigation In con against th e carrier u ntil th e insurer s had paid . sider ation of securing th em th e r ight to conduct th e litiga is cr e e to ion th e insurers made th e advances . di abl t , It t th e ingenuity of business men that a n arr angement should have been devised which is consonant b ot”h with th e nee ds o f commer ce a nd th e demands of justice .
r r ou in th e sence of su c In o the wo ds, alth gh ab h
r ce th e c rr er ou be en e un er suc a p acti , a i w ld titl d , d h c u se to th e nsur an ce mone e en re s e c a la , i y v with p t to losses a s to which it cou ld not have a total exemp r h er A ct th e nsa r tion from liability unde t e Hart , i a nce compan ies have now found a means of making r such clau ses of no benefit to th e carri e .
134
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIE S .
c of c Noti e laim .
’ thou gh th“e good s a re stolen by th e carrier s employees .
Th e valu ation clau se must be clearly expressed . If it appe ar s that th e carr ier is attempting to obtain a total exemption from liability for all goods above a certain valu e th e clau se will be ineffective for all “, r pu poses .
No 77. tice of claim.
O ne of th e most important clauses in th e bill of n one c rr er e o n e ladi g, and by whi h ca i s hav fte scaped for er or ous c ms h e u e re liability m it i lai , is t cla s quiring no tice of loss a s a condition precedent to
liability. Su ch clau ses differ consider ably in phrase o o a nd th e co ne n n n to r n l gy, nsig e i te di g p ese t a claim should carefully comply with th e r equi rements of th e of a s th e our s s r c e n orce bill lading, c t“t i tly f Th e n er th e c u e su c ro s ons . In e P r e s h p vi i sia a, wh la n e ore th e remo of th e oo s provided for otice b f val g d , it wa s held that th e claim wa s barred becau se notice wa s no t given a nd cl a u ses giving a longer period , “ for giving no tices have frequently been su stained .
’ 7 5 . D rr e 219 . . 420 o or e . c n 23 Uta ss v . a Y v un a , y B tt, N ; M D
Fed . 80 , C . C . A . 3 . 17 . . 2 2 42 . . 103 6 r . 7 e on . s . . C o 0 Cald v Atla S S , U S , L Ed ;
ines o 22 . . n c r ns r 3 Fe d . 624 . . L v Atla ti T a p t, , C C A
l . 185 Fed . 396 . . . , C C A
2 . h m 2 . A . Th r c c T e es ins er 1 7 Fe d 680, . . ; e i Bir d , W t t , C C A t 9 Fe h 1 0 d. 167 T e a n e mo 249 Fe . S Gugli l , d . 588 . . , C C A
136 BILLS OF LADING.
Gener al aver age .
Eve t ou th e ca rr er n o of th e os th e re n h gh i s k w l “s, iremen of o ce not s e e . Were qu t n ti is di p ns d with h th e of a n re u re ere e of o th e bill l di g q i s m ly notic l ss, “ no c be or sen n te e r . ti e may inf mal , as by di g a l g am
A discussion of general average is ou tside th e scope of this work ; but inasmu ch a s clauses relating to general aver age a re introduced into bills of m a n ma be r ss e r e re er t e . l di g, it y pe mi ibl b i fly to f to h Ordin arily bill s of lading clauses will not be con strued a s afiecting rights a nd obligations a s to ner er n u ge al av age between goods a d Ship . Th s an exception of all damage or lo ss that ma y be insured against will not e xcu se th e Ship from contributing in ener er e ou ener er e o s es g al av “ag , alth gh g al av “ag l s a r e r th e fire s u e e not insur able . Simila ly tat t do s pro tect“th e shipowner against general aver age claims .
r A t in e ener Previous to th e Ha rte c , cas a g al a ver age situ atio n had re sulted from th e ne gligence
3 . f h 0 . 49 . 45 . . 41 9 The u ee n o t e acific 18 U . S , d Q P , L E
4. eor . o is il n o . 241 . . 1 90 60 . gia C . v . l h li g C , U S G R B M , L h 7 948 e . a r e 139 Fed . 5 . d . T v y 5 E ; D H ,
. l n . . 5 . . . 38 . 1 roo s . C k v A la , L R , Q B D
2 . r c . 71 . Sup a , se
3 . 1 61 . Nor s h r Th e o anoke 59 Fe d . doe t e Hat ter A ct o R , p ee th e s owner rom con r u n in ener er e Th e t t hip f t ib ti g g al av ag , 772 rnes ina 259 Fe d . . . . E t , , C C A
137 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
r Dangerou s ca go .
f m ter or cre h e s wa s e rr e rom r e o as w, t hip d ba d f co very a nd had to indemnify th e car go for a ny dam ff wa one me t h a a ge it had su ere d . It s at ti hou ght t t
‘ th e Har ter A ct had blo tted out th e fault of th e ship o ner in c se s of err or s in m n emen a nd i w , a a ag t nav ga n a nd even ou a n e ress s u on tio , that with t xp tip lati , th e owner in such cases would be tre ate d ju st a s if th e negligence of h is servants had not cau sed or con r u t h e o s V e wa s e erroneous t ib ted o t l ss . Thi i w h ld “ h m i Th rr Su b by t e Su pre e Cou rt n e I awaddy . sequently a clau se wa s introduced in th e bill of lading expressly providing that in cases of general average resulting from fau lt or errors in n avigation o r rom ure to m e th e s e ort ro f fail ak hip s aw hy, p vided d e ence wa s u se th e c r o o ners u dilig d , a g w shou ld contribu te in general aver age with th e ship own r s c u se wa s e en orc e in Th e e “. Thi la h ld f ibl Jason and general aver age contribu tions were col lected from th e cargo al thou gh th e general aver age S ituation had been caused by negligence in naviga tion .
79 . ro Da nge us cargo . Th e shipowner implie dly warr ant s that his ship i f s o r th o e a n no i ure th e c r o . fit e v yag , d will t nj a g T ere is o e er ren no corres on n h , h w v , appa tly p di g wa rr anty on th e part of th e car go owner that h is
4. 7 1 1 U . . S 187 43 L 0. . d . 13 , E
5 . 225 . S . 32 U 56 L. d . 969 . , E 138
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
ec c o D k arg .
r r e th e o s o er en othe cha g s, and go d wn has a li upon th e Ship for any damage to or“loss of th e goods for ese en a re rue which th e ship may be liable . Th li s t r m i h n f r o n or s e ma iti e l ens like t e lie s o c lli sio alvag , ’ with th e exception that th e ship s lien u pon th e“ goods is lost by a delivery with out reservation . There is no lien for th e breach of a merely execu tory“ h a er ee s e . r e . ere r o s e ag eement, i . , wh ca g n v b n hipp d
81 . . Deck cargo
A bill of lading which is silent as to th e place of s towage impor ts a contract that th e goods a re to be s o un r ec a nd ro e e en e is ina dmis t we d de d k, pa l vid c sible to Show an agreement on th e part of th e S“hipper But that th e goods were to be carri ed on deck . n r en ere n o ro where a written co t act had been t d i t , p vidin for s en on ec th e c th e g hipm t “d k, ”fa t that bill f n w s e c e n e th e o ladi g a issu d l a , did not mak
h e 1 9 . 772 h mmon 9 . 44 9 1 . T . T e Maggie Ha d, Wall at , L Ed ; 62 mo e ir d o f ar adise 5 all . 545 18 L . d . 6 ; avis v . S k B P , W , E D ’ e 7 3 A . h e er on s r o 2 1 96 Fed . 5 . . T l ss ue l Cc . ; yp i a g , F , , C C H C Lw o or e 76 F 577. . 93 e llman v . s ed . a ; W M , t
2 . 7 35 e . ags of inseed 1 lack a 112 1 . d . il y v B L , B , t , L E ; R
r o f r on 40 Fe 605 Th e u o 34 Fed . 909 a g o ipes d . i li ; C I P , ; G ,
oneer o McBrier 84 Fed . 495 os e o . s i Fue l C . v . ll v a h , P , ; C t L t 44 Fe d . 105 .
3 . Th 401 Th on e Fe d . 331 e Ira Ch afi ee 2 Fe d . e , ; M t ; h T e ur 2 . nus 0 e . 4 7 . Sa 5 F d 0 . t , , C C A
1 . r . Th 77 . ee e e e w . 7 20 . 9 S e la are 14 all 5 9 . d y v D , W , L E M
c c a 58 . . Pa ifi M il , Fed 923 140 BILLS OF LADING.
c c r o De k a g . shipment on deck unlawful with regard “to those r n n r s o s bound by th e o igi al co t act of hipment. G od ’ stowed on deck withou t th e shipper s consent a re ’ th e S s r s th e shi o ners e n e for at hip i k, p w b i g liabl any lo ss or damage thereto unless it clearly appears that like damage would have be“en suffer ed had th e n r h e n u er e . o e e goods bee stowed d d ck If, h w v , t goods a re st owed on deck in accordance with th e cu th e r e th e hi not a e for o stom of t ad , s p is li bl a l ss r of h e s e e ou th e er by pe il t e s a , v n th gh shipp is unaware ' of“th e custom a nd a clean bill of lading e oo s e ee s o e was Signed . Wh n g d hav b n t w d on deck th e cons of th e s er th e l o h e with ent hipp , ob igati n of t shipowner is not that of a common carrier but re quire“s merely th e exercise of reasonable Skill and r Bu e en th e on r c ro es th e ca e . t v if c t a t p vid that “ ’ ” ec o is to be s er s r s t oes not d k l ad at hipp i k, his d excuse th e o wner in case h e le a ds such a“large deck o a to h h se o m n l ad s make t e s ip un aw rthy. Ship e t of cotton in th e alley- ways of a ste amer on a voyage
- 2 . Two un re a nd e o s e s of o sse s 1 H d d Sixty ight H g h ad M la ,
24 . N s . Fed Ca s . o . Ha k , 7 o 3 . h o ernor re 2 . N T e v a y ask 48 . . . 5645s h ubb G C , H , F C ; C
. e en ous n un re us e s o f s Fe a s . v S v Th a d Eight H d d B h l Oat , d . G
N 27 Th 1 78 Fe 402 . o . 09 e u d. . . ; G alala, , C C A
4. h D o e 2 34 Fe 667 b h 6 T e el r , d . , ut see T e r an anaria 1 N t G C ,
Fed. 868 .
w n w Ho . 1 5 . rence . urn 17 00 15 . 58 Th e La v Mi t , , L Ed. ;
e ie llis 2 0 Fed . 507. H tt E ,
6 . re 7 22 Th o ce 18 Fed . e R yal S pt , 4. 141 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
r rom W m n on N . C . to B emen in Nove f il i gt , , “ , ‘ Bu co is a Shipment on deck . t tton stowed 0 m n ec of co s se s ea mer on o ai d k a a twi t , a v yage nn to more is to b e con r Sava ah Balti , side ed a s ec ere is un er th e u er ec and enc d k, wh it d pp d“k r s Th o by strong Shu tt e s an d bulwa rk . e Y rk
‘ werp Rul es pr ovide that no j etti son of deck Shall be made good a s general average a nd e very structure not built in with th e frame 0 vessel shall be considered to be a par t of f h o t e vessel .
7. Fe . 75 . . Th e Kir khill 99 d 5 , . , C C A
8. h e 50 Fe T e ran d. C ,
142
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIE S . Loss or damage to goo“ds . ff gate th e damages su ered by him . Where a party h a s reasonably incur red e xpenses in or der to miti e h e ma r e th e er rt t gate damag s, y cha g oth pa y wi h u ere c rterer e to them . Th s, wh a ha was unabl secure sufficient r ailroad car s to receive th e cargo h e or of s r e th e ner re at t p t di cha g , and ow hi d lighters to lessen th e amount of demurrage which would e o e e i h e o therwise hav bec m payabl , t was held that t hire o“f th e lighter s was re coverable from th e char t r ere .
r 83 . Loss o damage to goods.
Th e general r ule is that in case of da ma ge to cargo ' ’ rou u of th e rr er th e rr er th gh fa lt ca i , ca i s liability is measured by th e difference b e tween th e mar ket value of th e cargo in th e condition in which it would e rr e th e c rr er er r its hav a iv d had a i p fo med d“uty, a n it m r e ue it m n d s a k t val in s da aged conditio . If th e o o s e ee st a nd th e re t re g d hav b n lo f igh p paid , th e me asure of damages“is th e value of th e goods a t th e ce of e n on th e re h as not een pla d sti ati . If f ight b
2 . h m s e on 113 Fed . 779 . See Stoo mvart . T e Tho a P . Sh ld , v
A h e n o o Fe d . 918 . . . T n m ra n 70 ind 170 Fe d . ; i a b a L , , C C A t Z ,
320.
3 . rr 91 ess a . o h 2 z e o s 1 6 . C s c c 95 . a al v . i S S ) C t M , ( t
1 . n s ns 181 Fe d 62 . . e . . Co . . . 9 . U it d S S v Ha ki , , C C A
2 . h 67 h o 6 F 860 T e r c ic ir d 109 Fed. 1 T e ug 1 ed . ; A t B , ; H , f Rodoca na chi . 67 Du o rcet . urn . . 18 . . u v . Milb , L R , Q B D ; v 7 Be o 3 3 . h le o n. 121 s . 18 . . . 7 . T e Bi h p , L R . , Q B D Cf A pp , ,
No . 158 . F . C . 144 DAMAGES .
mu s be e u e rom th e moun r ecov paid,“it t d d ct d f a t r Th e n e ed . libella t cannot recover th e loss of a profit h e would have made on a contr act of sale if“ th e erc se rr e in oo on on m handi had a iv d g d c diti , unless it appears that such contract wa s made known to th e c rr er a nd th e con r c of c rr e e on a i , t a t a iag mad ere c ne wa s o c no that basis . Wh a ma hi l st whi h had m r e v u e wa s e th e e n wa s a k t al , it h ld that lib lla t entitled to its value at th e port o“f shipment together n e r with expe s s and f eight paid .
84. Dela y .
f for c th e c rr er is e In cas e o a delay whi h a i liabl , th e me asure of damages is th e difference b etween th e marke t valu e of th e proper ty on th e date at which it should have arr“ived and its value on th e l th e c se rs c e in date of its actual arriva . In a fi t it d th no wa s e to J uri e e te , lead s hipp d apan d ng a tim n to when Japan wa s at war with China. Owi g a e for c h e c rr er wa s e th e e d lay, whi h t a i liabl , l ad missed th e ste amer on which it should have gone
3 . The ro ec on 1 02 Fe d . 516 . . A . i , P t t , , C C
439 . 4. h B ren re 155 Fe d . T e e ge , m o om . . . n om r Nor . C The r o e c ion sup a . f . v i dbl , P t t , C C L
62 La Bour O ne 144 Fed. 781 . . . 1 Fe d . 250 ; g g , , C C A ’ 2 fi 1 0 Fe . 73 . . . . Co . d 8 a d s . Co . . 1 . Farmer L . T v N P R , ,
m r . Tra o 19 . 4 49 C . 5 . 39 Co . . e . sub nomine N. P . R . v A , U S ,
A . r er s 72 . . m h r 101 Fed . 8 e . o n . d . 269 T e S y ia , , vd i , L E t , C C t
6 027. 1 4 . . 1 186 U . S . d , L E
145 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
re c of c r B a h harte .
o r r a nd e ore th e e of i r r f wa d , b f dat ts ar ival th e wa had come to a n e nd a nd th e lead had gre atly fallen in u e Th e m e re val . da ag s we based on th e difference b e twe en th e market price o f th e lead when it should e rr e a nd on th e e of it r ere hav a iv d dat s ar ival . Wh or ses er e s e to th e Klon e th e ro h w hipp d dik , and p of showed that h orses there wer e wor th $20 er day p “, th e m es for e er e com u e o s da ag d lay w p t d n that basi . Th e carrier is also liabl e for a ny depr eciation“in th e v u e of eri e ro er du e to th e e al p shabl p p ty d lay .
r a h arter. 85. B e ch of c In case of failure to perform on th e part of th e owner th e ru e h m re f a e s i , l a s to t e easu o dam g s that th e charterer ma y charge th e own er with th e expense h e ma y have been put to in obtaining a ny fit sub “ f r e stitu te to take th e place o th e char te e d vess l . e i uno n e th e c r erer is In case a vess l s btai abl , ha t en e to th e r o s h e ou e m e se on titl d “p fit w ld hav ad , ba d r th e o ner s to e u ma ket prices . If w fail tak a f ll ’ c r o th e c r er er s m es a r e se on th e a g , ha t da ag ba d ex cess co st of shipping th e goods shu“t ou t over th e h own r In c se th e price agr eed u pon with t e e . a
7 . . . 2 . o mer 136 Fed . 1 7 onn r r . . a e ad . C v id L C T W , , C C A
ff 157 . . 1 24 39 . . 3 . F 76 . Th e aledonia 50 ed . 5 a d U S , d C , , L E
644 .
A h e ossen . 4 . T I o n 74 Fed . 6 9 . . Sanders v . uns ; d M , , C C R s 3 0 4 2 a le Fe d . 6 . C t , ’
a n Fe d . . h 363 o em n . e urn 1 80 2 T e da 239 Fe d . V v a b , A , ; g R
5 Fe 666 . . A . h e re on 5 d . . 97 . . T g , , , C C ; O C C A 45 D ni e 38 Fe . 6 . C . . 3 . h . e ck 1 d , T e A , , C A 146
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
r f c B e ach o harter .
th e me er or n e wa e on th e at ti of p f ma c , it s h ld ’ o wner s refu sal to perform that no substantial dam ages were recoverable a s su ch rechart ering wa s not contemplated by th e owners at th e time of making 8 r n th e o er n ere es e th e cont act . O th ha d, wh a v s l f h rr e of r th e wa s time chart ere d or t e ca iag f uit, ’ r f th e esse s s ee char ter containing a gua anty o v l p d , it wa s held that th e time char terer could hold th e owner for damage to a cargo of bananas o ccasioned an suc am es e by a breach of this warr ty, h d ag b ing 9 in th e contemplation of th e parties .
o n 123 Fed . 734. See Th e enr uc 8. ichar d v . lma y B k , R H , H
'
f o 36 Fed . 784 . 2 o an . 725 ons o 39 Fed . 11 ; H ll d v T C al , h e r e Dumo s 936 . . . See T e o 9 . Th e eres 72 Fed . g i , C , , C C A G
A Th e Ask 156 Fed. 678 . 65 . . . 115 Fed . , C C ; ,
148 APPEND IX A
Th e Ha rt er Act
1 49
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
h r A T e Harte ct.
se a nd to e es e e or nd said ves l , mak said v s l s aw thy a e of er or n h er n e e o e or capabl p f mi g i t nd d v yag , ere th e o o of th e m er offi r wh by bligati ns ast , ce s, e s or ser re u e a nd o h er ag nt , vants to ca f lly handl st w c r o a nd to c re for and r er e er e a g a p op ly d liv sam , i b en n s n e e e e e ke e or o e . hall any wis l ss d, w a d , av id d
f 3 . h n r o n s Sec. If t e ow e a y ve sel tr ansporting merchandise or property to or from a ny port in th e United States of America shall exercise du e dili gence to make th e said vessel in all re spects sea or ro er nne e u e su w thy and p p ly ma d , q ipp d , and p e ne er th e esse h er o ner or o n pli d, ith v l , w , w ers, agent , or char terers shall become or be held r esponsible for damage or lo ss resu lting from fault s or errors in r h e m n emen of s e se nor navigation o in t a ag t aid v s l, h e esse h er o er or o ners c r erers shall t v l , wn w , ha t , en or m er b e e e for osses r n ag t , ast , h ld liabl l a isi g r r of th a or o er e rs f o m dange s e se th navigabl wate , s of od or u c enem es or th e n ere e e act G , p bli i , i h nt d f ct, u or ce of th e n c rr e or ro u q ality, vi thi g a i d , f m i suf ficienc of c e or se u re u n er e roces y pa kag , iz d l gal p s , or for loss resulting from a ny a ct or omis sion of th e s or o r of th e oo s h is en or re resen hipper wne g d , ag t p ta tive or rom s n or em to s e e or , f avi g att pting av lif ro er sea or rom a n e o in ren er n p p ty at , f y d viati n d i g u c ser s h vice .
h th e o er or o ers 4 . be t e Sec. It shall duty of wn wn ,
rs or en e e r n s rt mer ma ste , ag t of any v ss l t a po ing 152 APPENDIX A .
Th e Harter A ct . ch a ndise or property from or between port s of th e United States and foreign por ts to issue to shippers f n u merc se of n or o a y lawf l handi a bill ladi g, ship o u en n mon o er n s th e ping d c m t, stati g, a g th thi g , r e r for en c on nu er of c ma ks n cessa y id tifi ati , mb pa k ’ es or u s n e er be c rr er or ag , q antity, tati g wh th it a i s ’ s a nd re o r er or con on hipper s weight, appa nt d diti of such merchandise or proper ty delivered to a nd re eived b th e o ner m s er or en of th e esse c y w , a t , ag t v l for r ns or on a nd su c ocumen s be t a p tati , h d t hall prima facie evidence of th e r ece ipt of th e merchan e dise therein de scrib d .
5 For o on of a n of th e ro s ons of Sec . . a vi lati y p vi i s th e en o ner or m s er of th e esse thi act ag t, w , a t v l of u c v o on a nd wh o re use s to ssu e on guilty s h i lati , f i m n th e of n ere n ro e for s de a d bill ladi g h i p vid d , hall be liable to a fine not exceeding two thou sa nd dol
Th e moun of th e fine a nd co s for lars . a t ts such v o on s be en u on th e esse ose en i lati hall a li p v l , wh ag t, o wner or m s er is u of suc v o on a nd su c , a t g ilty h i lati , h ve ssel ma y be libeled therefor in a ny district cour t of th e n e es w n w o se ur on h e U it d Stat , ithi h j isdicti t
n ne - of u c en ve ssel may be fou d . O half s h p alty shall go to th e par ty injure d by su ch violation a nd th e rem n er to th e Go ernmen of th e n e ai d v t U it d State s .
6 s a ct s not be e to mo . or Sec . Thi hall h ld dify
re e sec o s or -two un re a nd e -one p al ti n f ty h d d ighty ,
153 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
o -two un re a nd e - two a nd f rty h d d ighty , f hu ndred a nd eighty-three of th e Revised Sta th e e s or a n o er s fi Unit d State , y th tatute de of esse s e r o ners or r e re e liability v l , th i w , p s e c on one a nd ou r of Sec . 7. S ti s f this a ct 8 apply to th e transportation of live
154
BILLS O F LADING ACT .
8 w m 1 16 6 o 604 . . . 8 Co . s . 9 04 a aa t ( U S p Stat , , )
A n a ct relating to bills of lading in interstate a nd or n mm f eig co erce .
Bi l — — n L. 538 s in t r ta t a di 39 S t . l s of l ng ta , I sued i e s e
and foreign commerce governed hereby. Be it ena cted by th e Senate a nd Hou se of Repre senta tives of th e United States of A meri ca in Con ress s sem e T s of a n ssu e g a bl d , hat bill l di g i d by a ny comm on carrier for th e transportation of goo ds in a n err or of th e ni e es or th e s r c y T it y U t d Stat , Di t i t of Co u or ro ce e to ce in l mbia, f m a pla in a Stat a pla a ore coun r or rom e one e to f ign t y, f a plac in Stat a e in no er e or rom a ce in one e plac a th Stat , f a pl Stat to a place in th e same State throu gh an other State or ore coun r s be o er e i f ign t y, hall g v n d by th s a ct .
Strai h e g t bills d fined . 2 w i . in c s te h Sec . That a bill hi h it sta d that t e goods a re cons ign ed or destine d to a specified person is a straight bill .
fin — N O rder bills de ed egotia bility .
3 in i e . c s s h e Se c . That a bill whi h it tat d that t go ods a re consigned or destined to th e order of a ny r son n me in c is n or r A pe a d su h bill a de bill . ny pro
157 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
r s f n c Fe de al bill o ladi g a t .
on in u c or in a n no ce con r c ru e visi s h a bill y ti , t a t , l , n or r ff is nonne o e s b e re gulatio , ta i that it g tiabl hall nu ll a nd void and shall not affect its ne gotiability within th e meaning of this a ct unless u pon its face r h er a nd in writing ag eed to by t e shipp .
Issued in part for contintenta l use forbidden— Pro
— i e F r ar e . rmit . v s o insul , tc , use pe ted
4 or er s ssue in t e for th e Sec . . That d bill i d a S at transpor tation of go ods to a ny place in th e United e s on th e on n n of Nor Amer c e ce Stat C ti e t th i a, x pt A a n n no b u e in or laska d Pa ama, shall t e iss d parts e s s . I so su e th e rr er u em s be t f is d , ca i iss ing th hall liable for failure to deliver th e goods describ ed therein to anyone wh o pu rchases a par t for value in o o e en o th e urc se be er th e g d faith , v th ugh p ha aft delivery of th e goods by th e carrier to a holder of one of th e o er r s : Pro e o e er T th pa t vid d , h w v , hat nothing containe d in this section shall b e inter preted or construed to forbid th e i ssu ing of order bills in parts or sets for su ch transpor tation of goods to A P n Por o R o th e P es laska, a ama, t ic , hilippin , H or ore n coun r es or to o e th e lia bili awaii , f ig t i , imp s es set in f r n ti forth this section o so doi g .
Duplicates— Chara cter to be noted— Liability for
i — fa lure Exceptions .
5 en more n one or er is Sec . . That wh tha d bill i ssu e d in a State for th e same goods to be trans
158
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
r f Fe de al bills o lading a ct . goo ds shall not limit th e nego tiability of th e bill or constitute no tice to a purcha s er thereof of a ny rights
r i h o r equ itie s of su ch pe son n t e goods .
Carrier to deliver goods on dema nd— Conditions a L wful excuse .
e 8 r r i S c . . T c r e n th e sence of s e hat a a i , ab om
u e cu se is oun to e er o s u lawf l x , b d d liv g od pon a demand made either by th e consignee nam ed in th e
for th e oo s or th e or er i bill g d , if bill is an d b ll, by th e o er er eo su em is c o e h ld th f, if ch a d and a c mpani d by ’ ( a) A n offer in go o d faith to s atisfy th e carrier s lawful lien u pon th e goods ; (b) Po ssession of th e bill of lading a nd a n offer in
oo a to surren er ro er or e th e g d f ith d , p p ly ind s d, bill
wa ssue for th e oo s h e is a n or er which s i d g d , if t bill d bill ; a nd
n n e s to s n en th e ( c) A re adi ess and willi gn s ig , wh
r re a n o e e e go o ds a e delive d, ackn wl dgm nt that th y
r suc n ure r e u e e have been delive ed , if h sig at is q st d
h r r by t e ca rie . In ca se th e carr ier refu se s or fails to deliver th e
o o in co n e e th e con g ds , mplia c with a d mand by e th e ur e signee or holder so accompani d , b d n shall be u pon th e carrier to e stablish th e existence o f a e lawful e xcuse for such r efu sal or failur .
160 APPENDIX B .
e er of F d al bills lading a ct .
To wh m ca rri r i r o o e sha ll del ve go ds .
Se 9 . rr r i i c. c e s u s e s h That a a i j t fi d , ubject to t e
rov s o th e ree o o e on in er p i i ns of th f ll wing s cti s, deliv ing goods to one wh o is ( a ) A per son lawfully entitled to th e possession of th e oo s or g d , (b) Th e consignee na med in a straight bill for th e oo s or g d , ( c ) A person in possession of an order bill for th e oo s th e erms of c th e oo s are g d , by t whi h g d deliverable to h is order ; or which has been indorsed to or in n th e o ee or h e him, bla k by c nsign , by t e e or e e n orsee of th e co s m diat imm diat i d n ignee .
l v — Ex Liability for unla wful de i ery ceptions .
10. t ere rr er e er oo to Sec . Tha wh a ca i d liv s g ds one wh o is not lawfully entitled to th e possession of h m th rr r s be e to o e t e , e ca ie hall liabl any n having a right o f proper ty or possession in th e goods if h e delivere d th e goods otherwise than as authorized by su bdivisions (b) a nd ( c ) of th e preceding section ; nd ou h e e ere th e oo s u or e a , th gh d liv d g d as a th iz d by r of su s ons h e s be so e eithe said bdivi i , hall liabl if prior to such delivery h e
en re u es e or on e ( a ) Had be q t d , by b half of a person having a right of property or possession in th e oo s not to e u c e er or g d , mak s h d liv y, (b ) Had information at th e time of th e delivery
161 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIE S .
r o f n Fe de al bills ladi g a ct . that it wa s to a person not lawfully entitled to th e f h o po ssession o t e g o ds .
u c r e es or orm on to b ef c e S h qu t inf ati , e fe tiv within
' th e me aning of thi s section, mu st b e given to an officer or e of th e c r r er th e u or r ag nt a i , act al appa ent scope of whose du ties includes action u pon su ch a re ues or n orm on a nd mu s be en e q t i f ati , t giv in tim to en e th e off cer o r en to o e abl i ag t wh m it is giv n, c n r e son e ence to s o e er of a ti g with a abl dilig , t p d liv y h t e go ods .
Fa ilure to deliver goods .
1 1 e e a s ro e in sec ion Sec . . That xc pt p vid d t
n - ix n e en om e e b e twe ty s , a d exc pt wh c p ll d y l gal r rr er e ers oo s for p o cess , if a ca i d liv g d which an
r r een ssue th e e o o of o de bill had b i d , n g tiati n which wou ld tr ansfer th e right to th e po s session of th e
o o a nd s to e u a nd c ce th e suc g ds, fail tak p an l bill, h carr ier Shall b e liable for failu re t o deliver th e goods to anyone wh o for value a nd in go o d faith purcha ses
s c e er suc u rc a ser c u re e to u h bill, wh th h p h a q i d titl th e bill before or after th e delivery of th e go ods by th e carrier a nd no twith standing delivery wa s made r to th e per son entitle d the eto .
Delivery of part of th e goo ds .
1 e a s ro e in se t on Se c . 2 c . That ex pt p vid d c i
n - ix e en com e e e twe ty s , an d xcept wh p ll d by l gal
ce a rr r e ers r of th e oo s for pro ss, if ca ie d liv pa t g d 1 62
R POOR ON CHA TER PARTIE S .
e er s of n a ct F d al bill ladi g .
or r o of su c oss e fact y p o f h l , th ft, or destruction and u o th e n of on ffi ur o p n givi g a b d, with su cient s ety, t be r e th co r o ro h app ov d by e u t , t p tect t e carri er or any person injured by su ch delivery from any liability or loss incurred by r eason of th e original r ou n Th e cour so bill emaining tstandi g . t may al in ’ its discretion order th e payment of th e carrier s
r e e co a n co nse ees : r e vol asonabl sts d u l f P ovid d, a u nta ry indemnifying bond withou t or der of court s b n n o th ere o hall e bi di g n e parties th t . Th e delivery of th e goo ds under an order of th e cour ro e in s sec on s al re e e t, as p vid d thi ti , h l not li v th e carrier from liability to a person to whom th e order bill h a s been or shall be negotiated for value withou t no tice of th e proceedings or of th e delivery of th e goods .
i ‘ Liab lity under duplica tes.
e 15 u th e e of th e S c. . That a bill pon fac which “ ” , word duplicate or some other wor d or words indi cating that th e document is not a n original bill is m ose u on th e c rr er ssu n placed , plainly shall i p p a i i i g th e same th e liability of one wh o r epresents and warr ants that such bill is a n accurate copy of an
o r r r s u bu t no o er . iginal bill p ope ly i s ed , th liability
’ Carrier s title to goods.
6 no e to oo o r ri to e r Sec. 1 . That titl g ds ght th i possessio n asserted by a carrier for his own benefit
164 APPENDIX B .
r c Fe de al bills of lading a t . shall excu se him fr om liability for refu sing to deliver th e good s according to th e terms of a bill issued for em un es u c or r r e rec th , l s s h title ight is de iv d di tly or indirectly from a transfer made by th e consignor or con n e a r th e or ro th e ca r sig e fte e shipm nt, f m ’ ri n er s lie .
Diff r e ent claima nts .
1 r n r e Sec. 7. That if mo e than o e pe son claim th t e or o sess o of oo s h e c rr e re re itl p s i n g d , t a i r may qui no n c m n to er e r a s e e all k w lai a ts int pl ad, e ithe a d fens to an action brought against him for nondelivery of th e oo s or a s ori su c e er is ro g d an ginal it, whi h v app pria te .
a Claima nts m y interplead .
m n t e h e co ee 18. o e o e o r t n Sec. That if s h ha t nsign or th e person in possession of th e bill h a s a claim to h f h oo s an d th e rr er t e title or possession o t e g d , ca i n orm of c m th e ca rr er s be has i f ation su h clai , i hall excu sed from liability for refu sing to deliver th e oo s e er to th con nee or ers n o ses g d , ith e sig p o in p s n of h r o th rse l u th e sio t e bill o t e adve c aimant, ntil carrier h a s had a reas onable time to a scertain th e validity of th e adverse claim or to bring legal pro ceedings to compel all claimant s to interplead .
Defenses aga inst h olders of bills .
a s r e th e two re 19 . e ce Sec. That x pt p ovid d in p n in o e r r e ceding sections a d secti n nin , no ight o titl 1 65 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
e er s of n c F d al bill ladi g a t .
“ o f r ers n u les en or e e r ce s a thi d p o , n s f c d by l gal p o s , shall be a defense to an action brou ght by th e con signee of a str aight bill or by th e holder of an order bill against t h e carrier for failure to deliver th e on n goods dema d .
Wh are b r en goods loaded y a carrie .
20. r Sec. That when goods a e loaded by a carrier s a rr er al ou th e es of oo s uch c i sh l c nt packag g d , if re a nd c r i h n package f ight , as e ta n t e ki d and qu antity re uc rr er not if bulk f ight, and s h ca i shall , in su ch c se s nser in th e f n a , i t bill o ladi g or in any no tice “ , r e e con ra r u e r e u o or ar ff c ipt , t ct, l , g lati n, t i , Ship ’ ” er s e a nd co or o er or of p w ight , load , unt, th w ds ke ur o th e o s r li p p rt , indicating that g od we e loaded by th e shipper and th e descripti on of them made by him or in case of bulk freight and freight not con c h r ealed by packages t e desc iption made by him . so nser e r r to th ro s on of If i t d , cont a y e p vi i s this s t o or s be re e nu ec i n, said w ds hall t at d as ll and void a s not inst r ed r and if e t the ein .
When goods are loa ded by a shipper— Conditions ’ Shipper s scales.
21 en c e re or u Sec. . That wh pa kag f ight b lk freight is lo aded by a shipper a nd th e goods a re describ ed in a bill of lading merely by a statement of marks or labels upon them or upon packages con
i t em or st e e th e a re ta in ng h , by a at m nt that goods
1 66
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
er s f n c Fe d al bill o ladi g a t .
“ ’ ” f n th e or er e o r bill o ladi g w ds Shipp s w ight, o er or s e ur or so serte con th w d of lik p p t, and if in d r r to th e ro s ons e on s or s f a y p vi i of this s cti , aid w d shall be treated a s null and vo id a nd a s if not r inserted the ein .
f h s b 22 . o n a s een ue Sec . That if a bill ladi g b i s d y a carrier or on his b ehalf by a n agent or employee th e scope of whose actual or appar ent au thority include s th e receiving of goo ds a nd i ssuing bills of lading therefor for tran sportation in commer ce on th e se er es a nd ore o am g v al Stat with f ign nati ns, th e carrier shall be liable to ( a) th e owner of goods covered by a str aight bill subj ect to existing right of stoppage in transitu or (b) th e holder of an order wh o h e u e o r e n u n bill, a s giv n val in g od faith , lyi g po h escr on t ere n of th e oo s for am e t e d ipti h i g d , d ag s cau sed by th e nonreceipt by th e carrier of all or par t of th e goods or their failure to correspond with th e description ther eof in th e bill at th e time of its issu e .
Garnishment .
23 oo s a re e ere to c rr er Sec. . That if g d d liv d a a i , by th e owner or by a per son who se act in conveying th e title to them to a pu rchaser for value in good h o ner a nd a n or er l is faith would bind t e w , d bi l
for ca n not t ere r e in issu ed them, they h afte , whil
1 68 AP PENDIX B .
Fe deral bills of lading a ct.
th e s e on of th e c rr er be e r i po s ssi a i , attach d by ga n sh ment or o therwise or be levied u po n under a n execu tion unless th e bill be first surr endered to th e carrier i n n Th e c rr er s in no or ts negotiation e j oi ed . a i hall such case be compelled to deliver th e actual posses sion of th e goods until th e bill is surrendered to him or impounded by th e cour t.
i th o wn er c 24 . re or ose e or s e Se . That a c dit wh d bt of a n order bill shall be entitled to such aid from cour ts of appropriate jurisdiction by injunction a nd o therwise in attachin g such bill or in satisfying th e claim by mean s thereof as is allowed at law or in equity in regar d to property which canno t re ad ily be attached or levie d upon by ordinary legal proce ss .
’ Carrier s lien.
i th e c rr r 25 . a n o r er s ssue e Sec . That if d bill i d a i shall have a lien on th e goods therein mentioned for a ll c r es ose oo s fo r re s or e de ha g on th g d f ight , t ag , murra e an d er in c r es a nd e en e neces g t m al ha g , xp s s sary for th e pre servation of th e goods or incident to their tr ansportation sub se quent to th e date of th e bill a nd all other charge s incurr ed in transpo rtation
v unless th e ex ress enu er es a nd deli ery, bill p ly m at I c o ther charges for which a lien is claimed . n su h case there shall also be a lien for th e charges enum er a ted so far a s they a r e a llowed by law and th e co ntract between th e consignor and th e carrier . 1 69 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
e er s of n F d al bill ladi g a ct.
’ Bil for o s so u r i l go d ld nde carrier s l en. 26 f S c. er oo s e e e . That a t g d hav b en lawfully sold ’ to s s rr er s en or ec u t ati fy a ca i li , b a se they have no ee me or r b n clai d, because they a e perishable or a r ous th rr r s no e haz d , e ca ie hall t th rea fter be liable for failure to deliver th e goods themselves to th e co ee or o er of th e oo or o er nsign wn g ds , to a h ld of th e en for th e oo s e e ere bill giv g d wh n th y w shipped , e e n v if such bill be a n order bill .
N n iv r egotiatio by del e y .
2 or er b e ne e Sec . 7 That an d bill may gotiat d by e er ere e r th e th e a rr er d liv y wh , by the t ms of bill, c i u ndertakes to deliver th e go o ds to th e order of a s ec fie er s n a nd u ers n or s e t p i d p o , s ch p o a sub equ n n indorsee of th e bill h a s indorsed it in bla k .
n Negotiation by indorseme t .
be ne o e 28. a n o r er Sec. That d bill may g tiat d by th e indorsement of th e person to who se order th e h u goods a re deliverable by th e tenor of t e bill . S ch
indorsement may be in blank or to a specified person . r o be e o If indorsed to a specified pe s n, it may n g tia ted again by th e indor sement of such person in er u se uen blank o r to ano ther specified p so n . S b q t
negotiation ma y be made in like manner .
E xisting equities under straight bill .
b e ra erre th e Sec. 29 . That a bill may t nsf d by
r er c m e ree ent holde by deliv y, ac o pani d with an ag m , 170
I E POOR ON CHARTER PART S .
e e l of F d ral bi l s lading a ct .
’ Transferee s title — Notification to carri er— Lawful
32 r Sec . . That a pe son to whom a bill has been r ns erre bu t not ne o e c r t a f d , g tiat d , a qu i es thereby a s n th e r n eror th e e to th e o agai st t a sf titl g ods, subj ect h f to t e terms o a ny agreement with th e transferor . If th e bill is a str aight bill su ch person also acquires th e right to no tify th e ca rrier of th e tra nsfer to him of such bill and thereby to become th e direct obligee of whatever obligations th e carr ier owed to th e transfer or of th e bill imme diately b efore th e notificw on ti . Prior to th e no tification of th e carrier by th e trans feror or transferee of a straight bill th e title of th e tr ansferee to th e go ods and th e right to acquire th e obligation of th e carrier may be defe ated by garnish ment or by attachment or exe cu tion u pon th e goods r r f h r ror or o fi by a c edito o t e t ansfe , by a n ti cation to th e carr ier by th e transferor or a sub sequent pur chaser fr om th e tr ansferor of a sub sequent sale of r r r goo ds by th e t ansfe o . A carrier h a s not r eceived no tification within th e me aning of this section u nless an ofiicer or agent of th e c r r th e or ren sco e e a rie , actual appa t p of whos u es n u c on u n su n o h a s d ti i cl des a ti po ch a otificati n, been notifie d ; a nd no notification shall be effective until th e officer or agent to whom it is given has h a d e th e r e r e to tim , with exe cis of easonabl diligence ,
1 72 APPENDIX B .
r of in c Fe de al bills lad g a t. co mmunicate with th e agent or agents having actu al po ssession or control of th e goods .
C ompelling indorsement .
33 w r n r er i r e e . e e a o s err S c . That h d bill s t an f d for ue iver a nd th e n orsemen of th e val by del y, i d t
r s eror i en f r o n th r er e t an f s ess tial o neg tiatio , e t ansf e acqu ir es a right against th e transferor to compel him to n orse th e es con r r n en on i d bill , unl s a t a y i t ti
Th e ne o on s e eff a s of th e appe ar s . g tiati hall tak ect
n h e n r s time whe t i do sement is actu ally made . Thi
o r bligation may be specifically enfo ced .
Warranties.
4 er on wh o ne o te or tr ns 3 . Se c . That a p s g tia s a
ors me or e er fers for value a bill by ind e nt d liv y,
n en on e r rr unless a contrary i t ti app a s, wa ants
( a ) That th e bill is genuine ; (b ) That h e h as a legal right to transfer it ; ( c ) Th at h e h a s knowledge of no fact whi ch would impair th e validity or wor th of th e bill ; (d) That h e h a s a right to transfer th e title to th e nd th e oo s a re erc e or good s, a that g d m hantabl fit for a par ticular pu rpose whenever such warranties would have been implied if th e contra ct of th e parties had been to transfer without a bill th e goods
repr esented thereby.
173 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
s o f n ct Fe der al bill ladi g a .
Liability of indorser .
35 th e n or semen of s no t Sec . . That i d t a bill hall make th e indorser liable for a ny failure on th e part of th e carrier or previou s indor sers of th e bill to n fu lfill the ir r espective obligatio s .
’ Pledgee s warra nty .
36 m r r ec . a a o e or e e r S . Th t tgag e pl dge o o the holder of a bill for security wh o in good faith dema nds or r eceive s payment of th e debt for which suc is secu r e r r om r r h bill ity, wh the f a pa ty to a d aft
r n for su c e or rom a n o er erson s d aw h d bt f y th p , hall not b e deeme d by so doing to r epresent or warr ant th e genu ineness of su ch bill o r th e qu antity or u of th r n r q ality e goods the ei desc ibed .
i Valid ty of negotiation .
e 3 th e v of th e ne o on of a S c . 7 That alidity g tiati bill is not impaire d by th e fact that su ch ne go tiati on wa s a bre ach of du ty on th e part of th e per son m n th e ne o on or th e th e aki g g tiati , by fact that owner of th e bill wa s deprived of th e possessi on of
th e sa e r u a cc en s e uress oss m by f a d , id t , mi tak , d , l , e or con r r h th ft , ve sion if th e pe son to whom t e bill
wa s ne o e or r n o th e wa s . g tiat d , a pe so t wh om bill subse quently negotiated gave valu e ther efor in good ou no ce of th e re c of u or r u faith , with t ti b a h d ty, f a d , n m cc e s e ure ss o ss e or con ers on . a id t, i tak , d , l , th ft, v i
1 74
R POOR ON CHA TER PARTIES .
e er s of n a ct F d al bill ladi g .
a nd remedie s of a mortgagee or lien holder wh o se e or en on oo s ou be mortgag li g d w ld valid , apart one f r from this a ct, a s against who o value and in ur se ro th e er m e good faith p cha d f m own , im ediat ly r or to th e e of e r e er th rr er th e p i tim th i d liv y to e ca i , goods which ar e subj ect to th e mortgage or lien and n f obtained pos sessio o them .
F r ill — P o ging or counterfeiting b s enalty. S 41 k ec . . er o That any p s n who , nowingly or with n en to e r u e e er r es i t t d f a d , fals ly mak s , alt s , fo g , ou er e r n s or o o n c nt f its, p i t ph t graphs any bill of ladi g purpor ting to repr es ent goods received for shipment mon th e se er e or ore ns or a g v al Stat s with f ign n atio , with like intent u tter s or publishe s as true and
enu ne an u e ere or e oun r g i y s ch fals ly alt d, f g d , c te feited e r e or r e n , fals ly p int d photog aph d bill of ladi g, no n to be e ere or o n k wi g it fals ly alt d , f ged , c u ter feited e r n e or o r e or s , fals ly p i t d ph tog aph d , aid in n er n r cou er e n r n maki g, alt i g, fo ging, nt f iti g, p inti g or o o r n or u er n or h e ph t g aphi g, tt i g publishing t s me or r i a , issu es o aids n issu ing or procuring th e ssu e of or ne o es or r r for i , g tiat t ansfe s value a bill which contains a false statement as to th e receipt of th e oo s or a s to a n o er er or Wh o g d , y th matt , , with n en to e r u o es or i s to o i t t d f a d, vi lat , fa l c mply with , or s in a n o o of or ure to o aid y vi lati n , fail c mply with ro on of s of mi any p visi thi act, shall be guilty a s e e or a nd b s d m an , , upon conviction, shall e puni hed 1 76 APPENDIX B .
r f n c Fe de al bills o ladi g a t . for e ach offense by imprisonm ent not exceeding five
e rs or fine not e cee n or o . y a , by a x di g b th
42 r i t n s th o e F s . n s a c u es e c Sec . . i t That thi , l nt xt of“subj ect m”atter o therwise r equires A n e un erc m set-off a nd su ction i clud s co t lai , , it in e u “q ity”. f v Bill me an”s bill o lading go erned by this a ct. C onsignee means th e per son named in th e bill a s th e perso n to whom de livery of th e goods is to b e ma“de . Consignor means th e pers on named in th e bill a s th e person from whom th e goods have b een re ive for ce “d ”shipment . Goo ds me ans merchandise or chattels in course of tran spo rtation or which have been or a r e abou t to be r “t ansp”orted . Holder of a bill mean s a person wh o h a s both a ctu al possession of such bill and a right of prop ert“y therei”n . Order me ans a n order by indorsement on th e
Person nc u es cor or on or r er i l d a p ati pa tn ship, o r two or more persons having a j o int or common n r i te e“st . To purchase includes to take as mortgagee a nd to e as e tak ”pl dgee . te nc u e s a n Terr or D s r c nsu r Sta i l d y it y, i t i t , i la ossess on or n sse on p i , isthmia po ssi . 1 77 POOR ON CHARTER PAR TIES .
r l of n c Fede al bi ls ladi g a t .
Not retroa ctive .
th e ro s on of a no 43 . s ct do t Sec. That p vi i s thi apply to bills made and delivered prior to th e taking effect thereof.
Sections severa ble .
44 th rov s o e r reo ec . e c e S . That p i i ns and a h pa t th f and th e sections a nd e ach part thereof of this a ct a re n e en e an d e er e th e ec r n of i d p d nt s v abl , and d la i g a n r o on or r er eo or rov on or y p visi pa t th f, p isi s part ereo or sec on or a r ereo or e o s or th f, ti p t th f, s cti n r ereo un on u o l s al not r r pa t th f, c stit ti na h l impai o render unconstitu tional a ny other provision or t ereo or se on or r r h f cti pa t the eof .
fi nd be in e . 45 s ke e ect a S c . That this act hall ta force on a nd after th e first day of Janu ary next after its passa ge .
T IME CHARTER.
( Th e figures in parenth eses refer to th e a ppropriate h sections of t e text . )
This Charter Party ma de a nd concluded upon in th e / C of New or th e of ity Y k, day Be tween A gents for Owner s of th e good Ste amship of of t s ross r e er o net re er on g gist , and t ns gist , classed ( 1) a t ggif Char terers of th e City of
Witn ss th th e s ners ree to let , T O e e hat aid w ag , a nd th e said Char terer s agree to hir e th e said Steam h f v r s ro t e i e o e er fo . hip f m t m d li y, Ch arterers to have liberty to suble t th e Steamer for
o o f o er all r any part th e time c v e d by this Charter .
Ste amer to be place d at th e disposal of th e Char terer s in u oc or c , at s ch d k at su h wharf or ce ere sh e lw s s e lie o pla (wh may a ay af ly afl at , at es of e a s th e C r erers ma rec a nd all tim tid ), ha t y di t , e on h r e er re to re ce ve c r o nd b ing, e d liv y ady i a g , a s u c ron a nd in ever e for tight, ta n h , st g . " y way fitt d
th e ser ce n w ter s s e w nc es vi , havi g a balla t, t am i h and b oiler with capacity to run all th e steam winches at once a nd at th e s ame time ( a nd with full com e e of ofiicers se en en eers fir en pl m nt , am , gin and em 181 E POOR ON CHARTER PARTI S .
m r Ti e charte . fo r a vess el of h er tonnage ), to be e mployed in carryin g usual lawful merchandi se inclu ding ro eu or its ro u c s in c ses a n n pet l m p d t , a , d pas se gers so fa r a s acco mmodations will allow ( but a ny expense necessary to fit th e ste amer to comply with Unit ed States Passenger Ins pe cti on laws to be borne by Char terers ) betwe en sa fe port s in th e following m li its, .
a s h e r rers r e A en s s l rec on th e t Cha te o th ir g t ha l di t , following conditions
1 th ner l ro e a nd for . That e Ow s sha l p vid pay all
ro s o s es a nd C onsu r s n and dil p vi i n , wag la hippi g c r n ees of th e C n O f cers E n neers ha gi g f aptai , f i , gi , Firemen a nd C rew ; shall pay for th e insu ran ce of th e e s e B al so for a ll th e c n ec en ne v s l ( f abi , d k , gi roo r n es r s ore a nd m n in h er m a nd othe ec sa y t s, ai ta in a th orou ghly efiicient state in hull a nd machinery for r a nd du ing th e service .
2 h rt erer s s r o e a nd a for . That t e Ch a hall p vid p y r es o es a ll th e Co Fres W er Por C , P , al , h at , t ha g il tag A enc es Com s on C onsu r C r es ( e ce g i , mis i s , la ha g x pt h C in O mcers or ing those pertaining to t e apta , soe er e ce C re a nd all o er C r es , w), th ha g what v x pt 7 tho se before s tated . ( ) Char terer s a re to provid e ne cessary dunnage and s in oar s bu t O n er to l o e th e u se hift g b d , w s a l w th m
182
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
r Time charte .
f h e r erers ou r e u ce t service o t Cha t , with t p j di o any claim they ( th e owners ) may o therwise have on th e rer in u r su n ce of Charte s, p a this th e r o or c r oes be en or dis 7. That ca g a g lad and/ charged in a ny dock or at a ny wharf or pla ce that ’ th e C r erer or t e r A e re ro e ha t s h i g nts may di ct , p vid d th e Ste amer can always safely lie aflo at at a ny time f o tide . ’ h r f h 8. T t e o e e c o t e Ve sse s Ho s hat wh l a h l ld , a nd u su al places of loading a nd accommo dations of th e Ship ( not more than sh e ca n re asonably stow ’ c rr s al be th e C rterer s s o and a y), h l at ha di p sa l , ’ reserving only pro pe r a nd sufiicient space for Ship s officer cre a c a re urn ure ro s on s, w , t kle, app l , f it , p vi i s , r sto es and fuel . ( 97 h h v 9 . That t e Captain shall pro secut e is oyages th e u os e s a nd s re r u s with tm t d patch , hall nde all c ’ m r Th e to a y assistance with Ship s crew a nd b o ats . C n ou o n e th e O ners s aptai (alth gh app i t d by w ), hall be u nder th e orders a nd direction o f th e Charterers a s re r s em o en enc or o er rr n e ga d pl ym t , ag y, th a a g ments ( 10) a nd th e Charterers hereby agre e to in demnify th e owners from all consequences or lia bili ties that ma y ar ise from th e Captain signing Bills of n o r Ladi g o therwi se complying with th e same .
1 0. That if th e Charterers shall have re aso n to be
s e th e c n u c of th e n fficers dis atisfi d with o d t Captai , O or E neer s th e r i ngi , Owners shall on rece iving pa t cu
184 APPEND IX C .
me c r er Ti ha t .
r of th e co n n es e th e s e la s mplai t, i v tigat am , and , if neces r ke e in th e n m n sa y, ma a chang appoi t e ts . 11 h . That t e Charterer s shall have permission to
u r r o wh o m h e appoint a S pe ca g , shall acco pany t ste amer and see that voyages a re pr osecuted with th e u o H i to b rn f es c . e s e u s e ree o tm st d pat h f i h d , f c r e fir st-c ss cco mo on a n ha g , with la a m dati s, d same ’ re a s ro f r fa p vided o Captain s table . 1 th e 2 . That Master shall be furnished from time to time with all r equisite instructions a nd sailing directions in writing a nd shall keep a full and cor rect Lo g o f th e voyage or voyage s which a re to be e to h e r r r A pat nt t Cha rte e s o gent s .
13 th s er s al u se ence in ca r . That e Ma t h l all dilig f ing for th e ventilation o th e cargo . 1 h e r erers s al e th e o on of 4 . That t Cha t h l hav pti continuing this charter for a fur ther perio d of
on giving notice thereof. to th e Owners or their A gents d ays previous to th e ex ira ion of h e fir - e erm or ec re p t t st nam d t , any d la d option .
re u re C r erers t e not to 15 . That if q i d by ha t , im d s ou eam er . a n commence before . . h ld St not be ready for d elivery on or b efore Charterers or their A gents to have th e optign of cancelling this Charter a t a ny time not later than u ’ 2 th e day of Steamer s re adiness . (2 ) 16 in th e e en of th e oss of me r m . That v t l ti f o men r ores re o n of h er deficiency of o st , b akd w mac in y, 185 AR POOR ON CHARTER P TIE S .
r Time charte .
r n n o r m e r even n th e work n of th e st a di g, da ag p ti g i g ve ssel for more than twenty- four consecu tive work in ours th e e of re s e se u ti sh e g h , paym nt hi hall c a n l be again in a n efficient state to resume h er service ; but should th e Ve ssel b e driven into port or to a nchorage by stre ss of we ather o r from a ny acci n o u c eten on or oss of e be de t to car g , s h d ti l tim shall ’ a t th e r erer r an d e ense Cha t s isk xp .
t s ou th e s e b r 17. T Ve s l e ost e ha h ld l , f ight paid in advance a nd not e arned ( reckoning from th e date of h er al be r eturne to th e a rt rers Th e a ct loss) sh l d Ch e . of God enem e s fire re r Pr n , i , , st aint of i ce s, Rulers and Peo e a nd all ers a nd cc en of th e e pl , dang a id ts S as , R ers M c ner B o ers a nd e N n iv , a hi y, il St am avigatio , a nd err or s of Navigation throu gh ou t this Ch a rter / r l mu e a u e c e . 4 Pa ty, ways t ally x pt d (1 9 1 8. That should an y dispu te ar ise betwee n Owners a nd th e C r erers th e m er in u e al be ha t , att disp t sh l
re err e to ree erson New or one to b e f d th p s at Y k ,
o n e e c th e r es ere o a n th e app i t d by a h of pa ti h t , d thir d by th e two so cho sen ; their decision or that of two of em s be n fo r th e r o any th , hall fi al , and pu p se of en orc n a n r t s ree en ma b e f i g y awa d , hi ag m t y m e ru e of th o r ad a l e C u t . (l fif
19 . That th e Owners shall have a lien upon all
c r oes a nd - r a g , all sub f eights for an y am ounts due un er s h rt r a n th erer to e a d thi C a e , d e Chart s hav lien on th e Ship for all moneys paid in advan ce a n d not e r e a n d . 186
POOR ON CHARTER PAR TIES .
m c r er Ti e ha t .
25 en for non - er orman ce of . P alty p f this f e stimated amount o damage s .
f r en h ( 2 6 A co ss on o e c . on t e e . mmi i p t sti
Owners upon signing this Char ter Par ty to
e o or not o s a nd so u on a n con: St amship l st l t , al p y inu ation or e en on of r er All t xt si thi s Cha t . re - charters to be ma de through su m n to th e u su al com issio .
Witne ss to th e sign atur e of
Witness to th e signatur e of
We Here by Certify th e ab ove to be a true th e original Charter Party in our sion .
Brokers .
1 88 APPENDIX D
Net Gra in Ch a rt er
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
Net r n c r er g ai ha t .
s of n to a sa e or 5 24 in th e signing bill ladi g, f p t ( , ) e K om or Con en e e en Bor e u Unit d ingd tin t , b tw d a x a nd H ur o nc u ve Rouen e c u e amb g, b th i l si ( x l d d ), o r or so ne ar thereunt o a s sh e ma y et 24 36 a nd ere s o e er safely g ( , ) th , alway afl at , d liv th e ca r o as cu s om r suc r oc or o er g t a y, at h wha f, d k th safe place a s Charterers A gents ma y direct on arrival in accord a nce with Bills of Lading ; in con sider ation whereof th e vessel shall b e paid freight (28) a s follows
s n s . . ence er n er ton to rt hilli g p , St li g, p , if a po in th e United Kingdom or Con tinent e een or e , b tw B d aux and u r o c us e e Hamb g, b th in l iv ( Rou n exclu de d )
. ence er er ton to p , St ling, p , if n e r n er ton if o . e c e t p , St li g, p ,
— r h 2 . Char tere s agree to lo ad t e vessel to full r o e n er r er s ur e or n d aft all w d by U d w it S v y s , faili g which they a re to pay dead -freight for th e number of tons short - shippe d a s sho wn by th e excess buoy
’ c 32 an y. ( )
3 - . Steam er to have liberty to sail with or with
out o ow a s t esse s in s u pil ts , and to t and sis v l all it a
on 69 N r r N or News ti s ( ) also to co al at o folk o ewp t , in which case Charterers or their agents have th e o ption of giving order s there ; said orders to be
192 AP PENDIX D .
N r n c r et g ai harte .
ven n 12 our s of rr v or s to gi withi h a i al , lay day coun for r oses of F e to be cons ere t , and pu p r ight id d a s iv n on n n f n n to ve g e sig i g Bills o Ladi g . Captai gi written no tice b efor e signing Bills of Lading w e er h e c s for c or not a nd co h th all oal , at which al in m r e g station . Stea e to have lib rty to co al at a port in th e e K o or Co enh en if or ere Unit d ingd m p ag , d d to e r e en or th e c or a t r lt r D nma k, Sw d Balti ; Gib a a , if or r h rr n r A de ed to t e Medite a ean o dr iatic .
4 — u th e e er be or ere to c r e . Sho ld St am d d dis ha g at h on n n e ce n ouen ere a port on t e C ti e t , x pti g R , wh r i suffi en er un er norm con on the e s not ci t wat d al diti s ,
n r r e er ar r v for th e Steamer to e te fi st tid aft i al, and t lie o s a re to coun ro 24 o always afl at, lay day t f m hours after no tice of arr ival at nearest safe cu stom a r nc or e a nd a n er e n urre to re y a h ag , y light ag i c d ach th e port of dischar ge is to be at th e expense and risk of th e e v r of th e ca r o a n cu s om of th e r r cei e g , y t po t 36 to th e n r r n n in . co t a y, otwithsta d g ( )
— oul th e e mer be or ere to rt 5 , Sh d St a d d a po of sc r e in th e ou e en De r or th e di ha g S nd, Sw d , nma k ’ B c n cces e re son of ice on th e e er s alti , i a sibl by a St am rr th e M s er s e th e o o of n a ival , a t hall hav pti n waiti g r i ain o en or of rocee n th e until th e po t s ag p , p di g to nearest sa fe o pen por t o r roadstead (telegr aphing r rers w ere h e re his arrival there to Cha te ), h shall ceive fresh o rder s for an open and accessible por t of dischar ge within said countries or in th e United K o or Co nen as o e n 24 ours ingd m nti t, ab v , withi h of 193 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
Ne r n c er t g ai hart .
o coun r re rr or s t . I so o e th e a ival lay day t f d d , Steam er shall rece ive th e same Freight a s if sh e ha d
' dischar ge d at th e port to wh ich sh e wa s originally ordered .
— r f 224 l 6 Fre e e ton o 0 b s . e er . ight payabl p , d liv ed on r e er of c r o 28 in c s or ight d liv y a g ( ) a h , if at a p t i th n e n om or curr en r e of x n e U it d Ki gd , at t at e ’ change for Ban ker s short sight bills on London if r in a ny o the country .
— er r o th e r e f n 7. Char t e s t have p ivil ge o de sig at in r es or o er s e ce s for oa n or dis g wha v , th af pla l di g c r n Th e c r o to be rou o n n ha gi g . a g b ght t , a d take ’ rom o s e th e e er erc n an d f al ng id St am , at M ha t s risk e n e e r e m n n xpe s . St ame to su pply st a a d Winchme to r e nc es a nd to e u se of necess r e r d iv wi h , giv a y g a , so to o or s r e n on un o r al l ad di cha g at ight , S day holidays o r on day when no tice is given if required C r erer s su c me not coun n e n by ha t h ti ti g, th y payi g all extr a expe nses an d labor incurred inclu ding o ver e of tim Winchmen . ’ 8 - for n or n r s u rseme s . Cash Captai s di a y di b nt at or of o b e nc re u re e mer p t l ading to adva ed , if q i d , St a - - - omm s on a nd -c s paying two a nd a half per cent . c is i o t of n ur nce ereon th e mou o f nce to be i s a th , a nt adva ’ covere C ain s r f e ree s er d by apt d a t , payabl th day aft ’ ship s arr ival at port of discharge out of freight and on c th whi h e draft shall form a lien .
9 — . C a r erers a re to o s o a nd r th e h t l ad, t w , t im c r o e r own en e n er th e rec on of a g at th i exp s , u d di ti 194
AR POOR ON CH TER PARTIES .
Ne , r n c r t g ai harte .
or of o e ore s n a s om 25 p t l ading b f aili g cu st ary . ( , 26)
14 — r f . Lay days at port o ports o loading a re not h to c u e ore t e . nl o nt b f next , u ess with Charterers written consent and to commence on th e ’ day following receipt by Charterer s A gents of ’ C s r e n ce of re ne co n e aptain w itt n oti adi ss , ac mpa i d ’ ur e r s r ifi e u th e m r no by S v yo Ce t cat . Sho ld e St a e t be ready to load on or before noon of th e ne th e C r erers e th e o o of c n e n xt, ha t hav pti n a c lli g
r - 22 this Char te party. ( )
‘ Lay days at port or ports of discharge to com ’ mence on th e day following receipt by Char terers
’ f' A gents of Captain s written notice o re adiness . (38)
— If th e e er be not sooner s c e one 15 . St am di pat h d ru nning day (40) ( Sundays a nd holidays excepted ) per 100 tons net register shall be allowed th e Char r n ou th e terers for loading a nd discha gi g . Sh ld cargo not be delivere d to Ve ssel at lo ading ports and/or discharged at port of destination within th e
m f r e c a nd e er o er specifie d ti e , o a h v y day v and a o r erers a re to b ve said lay days, Cha t pay, day by th m our en e er net re s er er day, e su of f p c p gi t ton p
e urr e e e on rou u r ne day d m ag , any d t nti th gh Q a anti See to Vessel or car go not to count in lay days . (
s cs. 39 r e e er e to If soone dispatch d , st am to pay £10 for e c 57 a h day saved . ( )
196 AP D PEN IX D .
N r et g ain charter .
6 — Th 1 . e clau ses herein regarding payment of port c r es s e e or f n es etc . or ha g , t v d , , at p ts o lo adi g and dischar ge r efer only to su ch charges a s a re ordi na ril n urr e a n r n s h e y i c d , y ext a expe ses cau ed by t s e mer e n un er er e a re to be u e in t a b i g d av ag , adj st d th e u s All u al way . space s to be placed at Char ’ terers s o s l c ou be use for c r di p a whi h w ld d a go , if ’ o for o ner s c oun a nd ere r h a l ading w a c t , wh ca go s een c rr e e ore 9 b a i d b f . ( )
1 — If h 7. t e c r o c nno be e r a g a t d live ed , loaded or discharged by re ason of a strike or lockou t of any class of workmen or stoppage of labor or lighters or anything beyond th e control of th e Ch arterers or Rece ers e sen to th e e ver o n or dis iv s tial d li y, l adi g c r n of th e r o th e s for o n dis ha gi g ca g , day l adi g and charging shall not count during th e continu ance of A r f th e su r o or oc ou . s e o ch st ike, st ppage l k t t ik ’ Receiver s men only shall not exoner ate h im from m n er a ny demurrage for which h e . a y be liable u d this Charter if by th e use of reasonable diligence h e ou c ld have obtained other su itable lab or or lighters . ( 43 to 47)
1 — If th N on u e w o se th e e sse 8. e ati nd r h flag V l
s s be wa r ere h er ree n i o is ail at , wh by f av gati n endangered thereby cau sing extra or pr ohibitory sur e on th e r th e r erer s s e in anc ca go, Cha t hall hav th e privilege of cancelling thi s Charter -par ty at th e s ou r or of s i n or la t twa d p t a li g, at any subsequent pe riod when th e difiiculty may arise previou s to 197 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
er Net gr ain chart .
C r erers or st e e ores s l cargo being shipped . ha t v d ha l not be responsible for any damage o ccurring while l oading or dischargin g car go by reason of any defect ’ i e m c ner or c e nor f r n e on n Vess l s a hi y ta kl , o egl ct ’ h of e e o r o r t e part V ss l s ffice s r c ew .
1 — Th t of r f 9 . e a c God e o h , p ils t e sea fire
71 on o r in u or cr or o n ore ( ) b a d h ll aft, sh , barr atry of th e M er and Cre ene ies r es a nd ast w, m , pi at thieves a rrests and restraints o f pri nces ru ers e e s on s r n n l and p opl , colli i s, t andi g, a d other
’ a cc e s of n o e id nt avigati n xcepted, even when occa sioned ne e ce e u or err or in n by glig n , d fa lt ju dgme t of th e o er r n r or r f Pil t, Mast , Ma i e s o the servant o th e o Not n s rab e f r n r Ship wners . a we l o a y los s o
m e r r e o s on u rs n of o rs da ag a ising f om xpl i , b ti g b ile ,
rea e of s s or a n en e ec in th e b kag haft , y lat t d f t machinery or hull no t r esul ting fr om want of du e
ence t e ners of th e or a n of em dilig by h Ow Ship, y th , ’ or r ner by th e Ship s Husband or Manage . Ge al a verage shall be adju ste d acco r din g to York-A nt wer R es 1890. p ul , It is also mu tu ally agreed that this shipment is subject to all th e terms a nd pr ovisions of a nd all th e exemptions fro m liability contained in th e A ct of Congr ess of th e Unite d States approved on th e 13th , “ day of Februar y 1893 and entitled An A ct relat , , ”, to N on of Vesse s etc . a nd B s of ing avigati l , , ill Lading a re to be signed in conformity with said
198
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
In witness whereof we have hereunto set our ha nds this day
Signed in th e presence of
We cer tify thi s to be a true co py of th e origin al r e r r n Cha t r Pa ty in ou po ssessio .
f r on th e ross o n (Th e Broker age o 5 pe cent . g am u t of re e re e urr e due u er f ight , d ad f ight and d m ag nd
er - e er o s or not t al be this Chart party, St am l t los sh l paid by Owner s to
200 APPENDIX E
C o a l Ch a rt er Pa rty
Wl h F rm 19 14 e s o
201
E POOR ON CHARTER PARTI S .
c er r Co al hart pa ty. to s t th e e e e of so to be ai C hif , xp ns doing p d by on e th e t e coun on e ai signe s, and im to t ; b ing p d Freight at the r ate of per ton of or o e ere or on of 20 cwt . kil s d liv d , Bill Lading ’
wo er en . Re ce er s o to qu antity less t p c t , at iv opti n, r n r is ro e th e b e ec re e o e u . I d la d in w iti g, b f b lk b k n f Receiver should elect to weigh th e Cargo a t th e port of es n th e e n s b e one d tinatio , w ighi g hall d (by an n Th e er oflicia l weigher ) at his expe se . Own may ’ provide a check we igher at Steamer s e xpense . Should any d eficiency be alleged on th e au thority of su al ffe th e re o r m ch weighing, it sh l a ct f ight nly, f o which no deduction shall be made for alle ged short a e of c r o cu om of th e or of r e g a g , any st p t discha g o w n but th e O ner s ur s n t ithsta ding, w hall f ni h , if re u re o ec r on th e er q i d , a Statu t ry D la ati by Mast and other officers that all th e C ar go rece ived on boa rd h a s r Th e re is of r been delive e d . f ight in full T im a nd of all P r C ar es P o e Con ming, o t h g , il tag , and sula e on h e er A ll h ar e ue on th e g s t Steam . W fag d s C r o h r a g to be paid by t e Charte ers . A h 2 . sa iling tele gram to be sent to t e Ch artere rs or e r r h r th i agents on Steame le aving e last port, or in default twenty-four hour s mor e to be allowed for o n l adi g . 3 . Ste amer to lo ad a s cu stomary a nd in turn with o ther steamer s ( 55) commencing when written no tice is give n of Steamer b eing co mpletely dis ~ c r e of n r r o a n a s in h er s ha g d i wa d ca g d ball t all hold , and ready to load (38) such notice to be given 204 ND I APPE X E .
o c er r C al hart pa ty .
f m r e een us ne ss ours o 9 . . 5 . m . o b tw b i h a and p , 1 m i r r . . on ur A n e t u s p Sat days . y t m los th o gh iot , s r e o ou s or s e een ers t ik s , l ck t , any di put betw mast men o on n o f n r and , ccasi i g a st ppage o pitme , t im mers or o ther hands connected with th e working or delivery of th e coal for which th e Steamer is s e me or r ea so of cc en to in s or t m d, by n a id ts m e ner o ons on h e r h machi y, bstructi t Railway o in t e D o or r e son of oo s ro s s o st rms or cks ; by a fl d , f t , f gs , o c u e e on th e con ro of th e rt rer not any a s b y d t l Cha e s , to be computed a s part of th e loading time (unless any car go be actually lo aded durin g su ch time ) ( 44 to 48) If detained longer Ch ar terers shall pay de murra ge at th e following ra te s z— For Steamers of u er ons net re s er for e er r u n nd t gi t , v y n ing ur For e er of ons net re s er a nd ho . St am t gi t o r for e r runn our for th e rs 72 ve , ve y ing h fi t o n er er e ne o er th e h urs, a d th eaft (if d tai d l ng ) at rate of 1/8th of a penny per net register ton for r runn n our an s u e or fference eve y i g h . If y di p t di r un r u se s e to be re erre should a ise de this cla , am f d t r s in th of New or one to be o th ee partie e City Y k, n th e es ere th e r appoi ted by each of parti h to , thi d wo o en a nd e r ec s on or two by th e t s chos th i d i i , any of s b e n n n a nd t ree them, hall fi al and bi di g, his ag for e orc th e s e be e ru e of ment may, nf ing am , mad a l 15 Court . ( )
Th r o to be r mme men o e 4. e Ca g t i d by app int d by r r h r r e th e Po th e Charte e s at t e ta iff at of rt . 5 e er to a e e r unker a re re . St am t k what ve b coals
‘ 2 05 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIE S .
r er r Coal cha t pa ty .
quired at lo ading port from Charterers at their
r n r r ce un er C o to be e regula co t act p i , B k als k pt ’ properly separated from th e Car go to Char terers ’ satisfaction at th e Ste amer s expe nse and th e quan n r n th of n n tity to be e do sed o e Bills Ladi g . If a y Cargo is carried in a hold co mmunicating directly w th e o e o th e oor s to be se ur e ith St k h lds , d c ly
fastened on th e Car go side . 6 Th e s of n be r re in o r . Bill Ladi g shall p epa d acc d ance with th e D o ck or Railway weight in th e form en orse on C r er a nd s l be en orse th e d d ha t , ha l d d by M s er A en or Owner e un no n re a t , g t , w ight k w , f ight a nd n er 25 6 u all co ditions as p this Charter ( , 2 ) s ch ’ Bills of Lading to be signed at th e Charterers o r ’ ers Office n en - our ours er th e Shipp , withi tw ty f h aft e r i St ame s lo aded . Th A f ’ n n 7. e t o od th s E e es s r s c G , e King mi , Re t ai t of Princes a nd Rulers ( 72 ) and Perils of th e Seas e A F r rr of h e xcepted . (70) lso i e Ba atry t M s er a nd Cr e P r es Co ons Stra ndin s a t w, i at , llisi , g and
A cc e s 'of N on or en e ec or id nt avigati , lat t d f ts in, c en s to Hu n or M c ner n or Bo ers / , / , ac id t , ll a d a hi y a d il s e e e en en c s e th e e alway xcept d , v wh o ca ion d by n gli e ce o rror in n of th e P o g n , default r e judgme t il t, M s er M r er or o er er o s e o e th e a t , a in s , th p s n mpl y d by o er o f r h i re o e not Ship wn , r o whose acts e s sp nsibl , re u n e er in c e ro of due s lti g, how v , any as f m want ’ ence th e O er th e or th e s dilig by wn of Ship, by Ship u s n or Th e er s not be H ba d , Manager . Own s hall liable for any delay in th e commencement or proseou 206
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
r Co al charter pa ty.
r n u c e not o coun delays th e discha gi g, s h tim is t t r i r on e rr e 44 to unless th e Steame s al eady d mu ag . ( n n ees to effec th e sc r e of th e r o 48) Co sig t di ha g Ca g , f 2 r ton o 0 wt . o n . Steamer payi g c ,
ro n onl s e ea - n e kilos , and p vidi g y t am, st m wi ch s,
Wnc en n a nd s . e er i hm , gi s, fall St am to pay dispatch money to Consignee s of Car go at th e rate of Ten Pounds British Sterling per day for any time saved r 5 in discha ging . ( 7) 9 Th e F E G to be re u re . R I HT paid if q i d h w r on s nin s of by t e O ne , ig g Bill Lading ( ship lost r t o not os 29 C es . er e l t) ( ) in ash , l s p c n , for Insur ance a nd Interest ( th e Owner or h is A gent s giving Charter ers or Shipper s written no ce e ore th e ea er o ence an ti b f St m c mm s loading, if y nce re i re u re a n h e n r adva f ight s q i d), d t e r mai de on right delivery of th e Cargo (28) in suflicient Cash ’ for Steam er s ordinary disbur sements a t current ex c n e n th ha g , a d e balance ( unless otherwise arr ange d between th e Owners and Chart erers ) by a good and ’ ro e B on Lo n ree M s e or app v d ill ndo at th onth dat , ’ in e u ere n o n Th Cash q al th to, at Captai s ptio . e Receiver of th e Car go to be bound to pay freight on ccoun ur e er re u r h a t d ing d liv y, if q i ed by t e Captain . ’ Th e Charterer s account at por t of loading to be en r en ere o er e h e paid wh d d , th wis t e Chart rers may deduct it on settlement of freight at port of destina
o o e er r e of r r o ti n ( t g th with a cha g th ee pe cent . t cover all c ar es nc u n ns r n n h g i l di g I u a ce and i terest). 1 Th 0. e Steamer to be free of address at Port of 2 08 APPENDIX E .
c r r Co al harte pa ty .
s r e but to th e u su omm s Two Di cha g , pay al C i sion of
r on th e o n of Fr on n n s pe ce nt . am u t eight sig i g Bill f o Lad ing .
In of A r e h e s to be e e a c 11 . c se e t e a v ag , am s ttl d cor n to o r -A ntwer u es 1890 a nd a s th e di g Y k p R l , , if r w ou th e er ut n o Ste ame ere British . Sh ld Steam p i t a n or o r or e or m e th e in y P t P ts l aky with da ag , Capta o r Owner shal l withou t delay inform th e Charterers
ere h ner of h l e x r th of . If t e o w t e ship shal hav e e cised due diligence to make said ship in all respects se or a nd ro e r m e e u e a nd su aw thy, p p ly ann d , q ipp d p e it is ere re c se of er pli d , h by ag ed that in a dang , da mage or disaster re sulting from fault or ne gli ence of th e lo s er or cre in th e on g pi t, ma t w , navigati or m n e ent of th e or ro e or o er a ag m ship , f m lat nt th e ec s or u se or ness of th e s e er d f t , n aw thi hip, wh th existing at time of shipment or at th e beginning of th e o bu t not sco er e due e ce v yage , di v abl by dilig n , th e consignees or owners of th e car go shall not be e xempted fr om liability for contribu tion in General A ver e or for a n s e r es ncurre but ag , y p cial cha g i d , with th e o ner s con ri u e in Genera A er e Ship w , hall t b t l v ag , a nd s suc s ec r es a if suc n er hall pay h p ial cha g , s h da g , m e or s er n ot re su e rom uc u da ag di ast had lt d f s h fa lt , ne i en en or o er e e or n h i gl g ce , lat t th d f ct u sea wort n e ss . (78)
12 . m m . Lo ading hours not to co mence before 9 a . o n . a nd if Ste amer be not re ady in
o n o or ere r 9 . on l adi g d ck as d d befo e a m . 209 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
Co al charter party.
or if a ny wilful misrepresentation be mad e respect in th e s e os o or e of th e e mer C r g iz , p iti n stat St a , ha r er to e th e o on of n e s rt r te s hav pti ca c lling thi Cha e , su ch o pti on to be de clared on notice of readiness i 22 be ng given . ( ) ’ 1 e mer to be cons ne to r erer A e s 3 . St a ig d Cha t s g nt o n n n n a t both l a di g a d dischar ging ports, payi g a enc fee of Ten oun Ten n r ag y P ds , Shilli gs , B itish ’ Sterling at e ach por t for attending to Ste amer s bu si
ness .
’ 14 Th e r r r s ce e a oon . Cha te e s liability hall as s s a s th e C r o is e a nd th e an ce of Fr e t a g shipp d , adv igh , De ad Freight a nd Demurr age in Lo ading (if any) ar e th e o ner n en on th e C r o for paid , w havi g a li a g Fr rr A r 2 e e u e e e . ight , D m ag and v ag ( 7)
15 en for non- er or an ce of s A ree . P alty p f m thi g en ro e m e s not e ee th e e ted m t, p v d da ag , xc ding stima m n f F 33 a ou t o reight . ( )
16 A co ss on of er cen . on oun . mmi i p t am t of re e re e urr e due ro f ight , d ad f ight and d m ag , is f m th e e er o n n n r er r e er ost St am sig i g Cha t pa ty, St am l or not o t 34 l st, o ( ) r n m (P i ted in a rgin . ) Clause 10— Char ter ers have option of making th e A ddre ss Commission payable at Port of Dischar ge . Clau se l l — Captain to Telegraph Char terers in c se of u n i a p tti g n anywhere . We hereby cer tify that th e foregoing is a true and correct copy o f th e origina l Charte r Party on file in fli our o ce . 21 0
CO AL CHARTER PARTY.
( Simple form of ch arter suitable for sa iling vessel ; numbers in parentheses refer to th e a ppropria te h sections of t e text . )
Thi r Part m e a nd con u e u o n in s Ch arte y, ad cl d d p
f 91 . . o 1 this . day
e n . of th f . Be tw e e o . of th e c c o f ons 1 or ere ou s apa ity t ( ) th ab t , now lying 1n th e harb or of ( 21) of th e f a nd . o th e e first part ; s co nd part , Wit ne se th e s r of th e r s r r s th, that aid pa ty fi t pa t ag ees on th e freighting and char tering of th e whole of th e s aid ve ssel (with th e exception of th e ca bin a nd e e r roo for th crew a nd th or r o n c ssa y m e , e st age of p ‘ v s ons s a nd c e or s ff c e r oo for th e i i , ails abl s) u i i nt m re er e o e n o s rt of h cargo he inaft m nti n d , u t aid pa y t e secon rt for o e ro d pa , a v yag f m on th e terms following : Th e said vessel shall be s u c s ron a nd in e er e for tight, ta n h , t g , v y way fitt d suc o e a nd r ece e on oar r n h h a v yag , iv b d du i g t e aforesa id voyage th e lawful merchandi se h erein n Th e s of h s after mentio ed . aid party t e eco nd par t doth engage to provide a nd furnish to th e said vessel a FU CARGO F CO A a nd t LL O L, o pay said party of th e r r or e for th e u se of fi st pa t , ag nt, sa id vessel during th e voyage aforesaid . f 224 lb B L er ton o 0 s . /e e e re alo s e p , w ight d liv d ng id
21 3 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
o c r er r C al ha t pa ty .
o s on or sco o b wha rf fre e of c mmi si di unt . C al to e e a nd r e ree of e en e to e se but load d discha g d f xp s v s l , a s r r r vessel to trim customa y . Suitable b e th f ee wharfage a nd sufiicient water guaranteed bo th at r e r r loading and discha ging b rth by chart e e s . n nd It is agreed that . days ( Su days a Holidays e e te n e e on s e sse a re to be xc p d u l ss us d thi v l), for o sc r n o n e allowed l ading and di ha gi g, b th i clu siv , commencing from th e time th e Capta in reports
v r r ar r o . 35 3 essel re ady to eceive o disch ge ca g ( , 7, 38) ’ For each an d e very day s detention beyond said time by default ( 50) of said party of th e second r or en en s er ton on of n pa t ag t, c t p Bill Ladi g r ro r for ort o of weight pe day and p ata p i n a day, r of th e on r or shall be paid by said pa ty e s c d pa t, h r n Th en s i r t e rs or e . e ag t, to a d pa ty of fi t pa t, ag t cargo or car goes to be r eceived a nd delivered along h ’ s e re t e esse c e . id , within ach of v l s ta kl s Th e A ct of God E ne es F re Res r of , mi , i t aint Pr nces Ru er Pe e 72 a nd D n er s i , l s and opl ( ) all a g and A en th a s ers c er ccid ts of e Se Riv , Ma hin y, o r n N on a nd Errors of N B ile s a d Steam avigati , avi i 6 r r er r s ga t on ( 7) th ou ghou t this Cha t Pa ty, alway u 45 m tu ally excepted . ( ) A o of er en o th e r o s c mmission p c t . up n g s amount of this Charter and demurrage or renewal of th e s h sse is due to ame, payable by t e ve l, on h 34 u t e ere e e t or . p signing h of, v ss l los not lost ( ) 214
APPENDIX G
Bill of La ding
217
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
of n Bill ladi g .
’ e u u n co en s a r s per s w ight ( q ality, q a tity, nt t , m k , e a nd u e u no 60 a nd to be gau ge , w ight val nk wn) ( ) delivered subj ect to th e exceptions and conditions hereina fter mentioned in like apparent good o rder ’ ’ and condition from ship s deck (where carrier s ’ responsibility shall ce ase) ( 61) subj ect to ship s engagements not hereby disclosed a nd thou gh alter in th e o e or n o n e on ere ro g v yag i v lvi g a d viati th f m, at th e por t of ( or a s near thereto a s sh e may safely get) unto or to his or r n Fre for th e sa 1d oo s to be thei as sig s . ight g d paid th er in New or on e e of s of by e shipp s Y k, d liv ry Bill i n 2 n n c u e u . 9 Ladi g, ash witho t d d ctio ( )
IT IS MUTUA LLY A GREED That th e steamer shall have lib erty to sail with or ou o a nd to e e for th e ur se of with t pil ts , d viat p po s n e or r o er 69 th e rr er avi g lif p p ty, ( ) that ca i shall have liberty to convey goods in craft and/or lighters to a nd from th e stea mer at th e risk of th e owners of th e go ods ; to transship th e go ods to their de stina tion by a ny o ther steam er or steamers a s often a s th e o n r ship w e elects . That th e carr ier shall not be liable for loss or damage occasioned by perils of th e sea ( 70) or o ther waters a nd dangers of n avigation of whatsoever n co on r n n or r or ki d , by llisi , st a ding, j ettiso w eck ; for lo ss or damage due to or cau sed by fire from a ny e or er e er rr on r caus wh eso v occu ing board, in c aft 22 0 APPENDIX G .
Bill o f lading . or on shore by barr atry of th e mas ter or crew ; n i r e r o ers or e e by e em es, pi at s bb thi v s, by land f r a n o o r or sea ; by theft or pil e age by y pers n on b a d , in craft or on shore whe ther in th e employ of th e shipo wner o r not by arr est o r re str aint of r nces ru ers or e o e os es p i , l p pl by h tiliti , by r s r e 4 or s o e of o r or e i io ts, t ik s ( 7, t ppag lab p e on urs n of o ers or demi es ; by xplosi by b ti g b il , by ste am however ar ising ; by breakdo wn of shaft in or m c ine e e in a n r of th e u g a h ry ; by d f ct y pa t h ll , o ers en nes m c ner or ur e na n e s of th e b il , gi , a hi y app t c s e un e o ness of th e ste er e e r ve s l ; by s aw rthi am , wh th e xisting at time of shipment or at th e be ginning of th e o e rov e th e er e e er e due v yag , p id d own s hav x cis d diligence to make th e ste amer seaworthy by e n ros ec e or on s e or in h ati g, f t, d ay, vap ati , m ll ta t ro or con c o er oo s u re c t n ru s f m ta t with th g d , p t fa io , t , s e r n or s r c n e of ch r er r n e w at, ai p ay, ha g a act , d ai ag , e e re e ver n 73 or e s on l akag , b akag , mi , ( ) by xplo i of a ny of th e good s whe ther shipped with or without disc o sure of e r n ure or a n os or m l th i at , y l s da age a rising from th e nature of th e goods or th e insu f ficienc of c es or n ccur or o er o s y pa kag i a acy blit ati n , err o rs n suffic enc or sence of m r s nu ers , i i y ab a k , mb , a ddres s or de scription of car go ; or for land dama ge ; o r for r s of cr u or r nss i m i k aft , h lk t a h p ent ; or for a ny lo ss o r damage cau sed by th e prolongation of th e voyage ; and that th e carr ier shall not be co n cluded a s to th e corre ctne ss of state ments herein of u u n u e con en s e q ality, q a tity, ga g , t t , w ight and value . 221 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIE S .
Bill of lading .
That General A ver age shall be payable according
r -An r u es 1890 a nd a s to er not to Yo k twe p R l , , matt s therein pro vided for accor ding to th e u sages of th e
f r th e o er s e exer ~ Por t o New Yo k . If wn s hall hav cised du e diligence to make th e ste amer in all r espects seaworthy a nd to have h er properly m nne u e a nd u e is ere ree a d, eq ipp d s ppli d , it h by ag d in r e or s er re u t that case of dange , damag di ast , s l in r en or u s or err r in n n g f om accid ts fa lt o s avigatio , or th e emen of th e s ea er or r a n in manag t t m , f om y e e in th s e mer h er c ner or a urten d f ct e t a , ma hi y pp a nces or ro unse or ess e er e , f m aw thin , wh th xisting at th e time of shipment or at th e b eginning of th e voyage ( provided th e defect or th e unseaworthiness wa s not discover able by th e exercise of du e dili ence th ers ons nee s o r owners of th e g ), e shipp , c ig c r o s ne er e ss s e a g hall, v th le , pay alvag , and any s ec r e ncurre in r s e c of th e r p ial cha g s i d e p t ca go, and shall contribu te with th e shipowner in General A er e to h e ment of s cr ces o ses o r v ag t pay any a ifi , l s e xpenses to a Gener al A ver age n atu re that ma y be m e or ncu rre for th e comm on ene or to ad i d b fit, r e e e th e en ure rom a n common er li v adv t f y p il , all th e e orce a nd effec a nd to th e s e ex with sam f t, am en as if u n er e or r not t t, s ch da g , damag disaste had r esu e rom or een o cc s one c en s o r lt d f , b a i d by, ac id t u s or errors in n on or th e m n e fa lt avigati , in a ag men of th e es e or a n e e or unsea worthi t v s l, y d f ct nes 1 s . (7 )
222
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
f n Bill o ladi g .
f r fi es or am e th e e e r also o all n d ag s which st am , er or c r ur or uf er re of light , a go may inc s f by ason th orre or insufiicient r nu er or e inc ct ma king, mb ing addressing of packages or description of their con n s of us be out in or te ts . Bill Lading m t made acc d h r r n r o ance with t e p e sc iptio s and egulations of P rt ,
s o s or ns l r u or e . o r oa r Cu t m Co u a a th iti s C nsula , B d of Health or o ther certificates re quired to a ccom th e o are to be rocure s r pany go ds p d by hippe s , and a n e e on c r es or en l ie r r to y d t nti , ha g p a t s occu ing s e er or r o o to th e an of su c rtifi t am ca g , wing w t ch e c es a re to be or e th e s r or n at , b n by hippe s and/co s ees th e c r o to b c t ign , and a g e subj e t o a lien r r the efo .
5 - A se th e s s be re e ted . LSO , that in ca hip hall p v n by qu ar antine from discharging th e go o ds at th e u sual place of discharge or from rea ching h er es n o h e c rr er ma sc a r e th e o s d ti ati n, t a i y di h g g od n o e o or re o su s r e i t any D p t Laza tt , and ch di cha g s be e me e er un er r c hall d e d a final d liv y d this cont a t, an d all th e expenses thereby incurred on th e goods s b r on hall e a lien the e .
6 — A f r in ur . L O in c se o wa o s es s S , that a , h tiliti , r e ons c v co o on r e s or oc ou s dis cti , i il mm ti , st ik l k t , turba nce s c r n er t f th e or of , blo kade o i t dic o p t sc r e r e or n o er ons or e on r di ha g , wa lik aval p ati d m st a o s e e n r h e r of c r e or ti n , wh th r at or e a t po t dis ha g e se ere in th e our e of th e o e or of ice o r l wh c s v ya g , o ure ice r o f h e e of t er cl s by , o t happ ning any o h 224 APPENDIX G .
Bill o f lading .
m er or e en w e e r of e na ure to ose att v t, h th lik t th
o e en one or o er se a nd w e er ex s n ab v m ti d th wi , h th i ti g or n c e e ore commence men of or ur n a ti ipat d , b f t d i g th e o e c in th e u men o f th e M s er is v yag , whi h j dg t a t likely to re su lt in da ma ge to o r lo ss of th e vessel o r e rise to r s of c ure se ure o r e en on of giv i k apt , iz d t ti ve sse n /o r ca r o o r o f a n r o f th e c r o o r l a d g , y pa t a g , which in h is judgment ma y m a ke it u nsafe o r im prudent for a ny reason to proceed o n or continue th e o a e or en er o r sc a r e c r o a t th e r v y g , t di h g a g po t of sc r e or w c in h is u men is e to di ha g , hi h j dg t lik ly
e r se to e a or ifficu in r n di h r giv i d l y d lty eachi g, sc a g in o r ea v n th e or o f sc r e th e M s er g at l i g p t di ha g , a t s a be a t er in h i scre on to c n e to nd h ll lib ty, s di ti , ha g a pr o cee d by a ny ro ute direct o r indirect o r to deviate o r to pro ceed o r r eturn to or sto p a nd discharge th e ca r o o r a n a r e re o a t suc o er o r o r g , y p t th f, h th p t
or s a s h e ma cons er sa e o r v s e u n er p t y id f ad i abl , d th e c rcums a nce s a nd ereu o n w en so dis i t , th p h charged th e ca r go shall b e a t th e r isk a nd expense o f th e s ers a n /o r r e ce vers e reo a nd th e hipp d i th f, s e mer h e r Owners A en s a nd M s er s b e t a , , g t a t hall free d a nd dischar ge d fro m a ny furthe r re sponsi bilit in re s e re y p ct the of .
— A 7. th e o o s a re to be r e v LSO , that g d ce i ed by th e con signee immediate ly th e ve ssel is r eady to dis c r e a nd co n nuou s a ll ha g , ti ly at such hours a s th e c r e a nd con nu ou s 54 a ll ha g , ti ly ( ) at su ch hours a s th e Cu st om Hou se o r Po rt A u tho rities ma y give pe r 22 5 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
f i Bill o lad ng .
n for th e s to or or necess r to dis missio hip w k , if a y, charge into lighters at th e r isk a nd expense of th e A nd is e ress un ers oo th e Consignee . it xp ly d t d that articles named in thi s Bill of Lading shall be at th e r of th e ner er or ons nee ereo s isk Ow , Shipp , C ig th f a soon a s delivered from th e tackle and/or deck of such steamer at h er por t of destination a nd they s be r ece e th e C ons nee e hall iv d by ig , packag by c a s so e ere a nd not n h e pa kage d liv d , if take away t sam e day by him they m a y (at th e option of th e ’ Vesse s A en be sen to s re or re ouse or l g t) t to wa h , permitte d to lie wher e landed at th e expense and r s of th e ores O er e r or Co s ee i k af aid wn , Shipp n ign , a nd s be su e to en for rf e ren hall bj ct a li wha ag , t of o r or s ore or a n o er e en d ck, wha f t y th xp se that may be rr in r s r on h e rr of incu ed e pect the eof . If t a ival th e stea mer at th e por t of delivery a ny of th e bales or packages shippe d u nder th e Bill of Lading ca n not be en e re s of insufiicienc of r id tifi d by a on y ma ks, o er o of r s or no m r s en in s blit ati n ma k , a k , th any uch c e th e ece ers s e in u c r e a as , R iv hall tak f ll dis ha g , c cor a nd s c on a n es or c e c d atisfa ti , y bal pa kag s whi h may be on b oar d th e ste amer a nd be tendere d them th e O ner or e rA en no s n n by w s th i g ts, twith ta di g that su ch bales or package s d o not b ear th e marks and escr on e th m r Th e d ipti indicat d in e argin the eof. Collector of th e Port is hereby au thorized to gr ant a general order for disch a rging immediately after th e en r of th t y e ship .
22 6
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
f in Bill o lad g .
1 —A th e ers a re ere no fie 1 . LSO, that Shipp h by ti d s nd s e mer o f s ne r r that thi a all t a s thi Li , ca ry gene al cargo for all ports including ke ro sene oil a nd pro u c s of e ro eum s r s of r e n ne n s of d t p t l , pi it tu p ti , all ki d ch em c ro uc a nd u s in c n s c ses rre s i al p d ts liq id a , a , ba l o r c a nd is r ee s e er pa kages, it ag d that t am and owners shall not b e held liable for a ny damage to the within car go re sulting from carriage or stowage w or ro m to or th e e ffec of o er c r o ith , p xi ity , t th a g on o r b a d .
1 — AL n n nd o r 2 . G ss s a e SO , that la , Chi a, Casti g th goods of a brittle a nd fragile nature or unpro tected ’ e e a re c rr e s er r s th e s e er pi c s a i d at hipp s i k only, t am no t to be held r esponsible for a ny breakage of o r i o njury theret .
3 — AN H EN LA SE — r n 1 . TR SS IPM T C U z T a sship en of c r o fo or s ere h e s oes not m t a g r p t wh t hip d call , ’ or for s er s ur o es is to be th e s hipo wn p p s , at hip ’ o ner e e a nd u e to n ns i w s xpens s bj ct all co ditio , st pu la tio ns and exceptions in th e customary form of bill of lading or freight note in u se at th e time of th e tr ansshipment by th e carr ier o r carriers completing th e h n r i not n no be r ns . T e s o e s a d s t t a it hip w , hall ee e to be th e en for su c rr er or rr er s d m d ag t h a ca i ca i , nor shall th e shipowner be liable in a ny r espect e er for a n o s m e or e in re r to what v y l s , da ag d lay ga d ’ th e goods after they shall have left th e ste amship s ’ tackle and/or deck where th e ste amship s re sponsi bilit s r r s y hall ce ase . Th e goods shall be fo wa ded a 228 APPENDIX G .
Bill o f ladi ng .
so o n r but h e s o wn er s no t b e a s p acticable, t hip hall liable fo r detention a nd th e ri sks a nd expens es of h e oo s e r wareho using shall be b orne by t g d , th i wn n n o ers and their co s ig ees .
1 — E A F E i to be co ns ere a s 4 . PR P ID R IGHT s id d e arn ed o n shipment of th e goo ds a nd is to be re in d h ner es e o r c r o o s o r not ta e by t e shipow , v s l a g l t o o r er be r n erru on or n on l st , if th e a fo ce d i t pti aba d ment of th e vo yage at a port of distress or else where a nd in th e event of th e cargo o r a part of e or w r e e sse s of th e s me e it b ing f a d d by v l a Lin , or o erw se th e co s of orw r n s be e th i , t f a di g hall payabl by th e Owner s o r Consignees of th e go od s and shall n n co stitu te a lien o th e goods . In e n s B of n th e s e r acc pti g thi ill Ladi g, hipp , o ner a nd co s nee o f th e o o s a nd th e o er of w n ig g d , h ld th e Bill of Lading agree to be b ound by a ll its stipu la tions e ce ons a nd con ons w e er wr en , x pti diti , h th itt or r n e ul a s e were s ne p i t d , a s f ly if th y all ig d by su ch s r own r s n r r 59 e e co ee o o e . hipp , , n ig , h ld ( ) IN WITNE WHEREOF th e M s er or A en SS , a t g t o f s a flirmed to ree B s of L n aid Ship hath th ill adi g, of s enor a nd e one o f w c e n all thi t dat , hi h b i g a ccom h h v lis ed t e o ers to s n o . p , th ta d id
A E IN NEW D T D YORK thi s day o f
19 .
A GEN F R TS O MA STER .
TABLE O F C ASES
"Re ference s a r e to Se ctio ns " A
Aa lh o l . r o n e 3 Fe 62 0 m v O r 2 d . I , z a h e 1 27 e d 495 bba i , T F . A ,
e n h e 2 14 e . 325 b aki , T F d A , A i 2 7 ct es . o r o rn r r son 260 Fed . 8 h bj v . a i T H , A h e 325 da , T , 233 Fe d .
Th e 239 Fed 363 da , . A , d 99 8 o 4300 ons e s 137 Fe . dams n v . yr i A T P t , s 72 7 n 2 3 Fed . ddick v . ai i A K t,
. Benic e h e . h T e 138 F d . 645 . A , , , C C A 2 9 e a r 156 Fed . 5 dl r v . lb ai h A G t , m 4 ir or . o r s e 9 e s . . 10 a ce S S . C . v . h i i , i A F C t T , L R
i o - f Re er i n en 250 d Fe d . 935 Akt e s rn o Fo ersto . K g d v Atla t , , 3 . . 15 3 C C A . , o h 29 6 Al er m e 54 Fe d . 5 b u i s, T 1 t D , if 1 39 Fe . 2 4 7 . o F 32 a d . d 3 lbis v uns n 130 e d . 1 A M , ,
e o h e 7 12 1 . . No . 158 . 3 l pp , T Be n. 8 A , , F C 709 n r i 35 me s . . 4 lexa de v . Akt e s ansa i 3 A H , T , L R
ne Th e 25 Fed 562 73 Ali , , . , 2 C o . . c C o . 48 . . 37 A lla nwilde r ans . v a uum il U S 7 63 T V O , , 3 2 L . Ed . 1
l e on . . o . k 6 A 2 7 r C . s . . . 8 A l t S S v Fal , p M C 252 lvena The , 74 Fed . A ,
tl. o . . e . mer . B . . o S e C . es c . o . 115 F d A g v Ch O C al Ag y C , 9 66 . . , C C A 9 mer . Re f o . . oc Su . . C 3 Fed . 9 v add k , 80 . . A g M , C C A
Am er . . . . Rickinso 124 Fe . 1 n Co v n, d 88 . . , C C A
wr 9 e 7 . n . n nderso v Bo i g 1 7 F d . 6 5 A , 233 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"References are to S ections "
r on oore 1 79 e 68 n de s v . F d . . . A M , , C C A
n erso . son Fe 913 d n v un 1 04 d . A M , n n Th e 47 Fe 2 a d . 5 5 A , ,
An c ar son h A . n T e . dm 499 . No . 410 . i h d , bb . R , A , F C r r 1 2 2 ue 1 Fed . 4 6 . nsgar v . B a A , A 7 Fe . 487 ntola v . ill d G , n on o m r n Th e 70 Fe 20 i a b a a d . 3 A t Z , , m Th e 243 Fed 2 30 ppa . A , ,
r c c r h e 1 F 29 9 77 i i d T 09 ed . 1 67 5 65 A t B , , , , ,
r n . . o h 2 T eba ud 35 Fe d . 6 da S S C . v . 0 A ,
m . a s . r r . 501 11 C o G dan S . S . Co . v . ei . . 1 905 . A W , L R , A C , 2 6 1 0 A s 1 35 , p . M . C . 300 14 m e o on 22 o s . r m ns C m. Ga a n do lf ieppe v . bi , A t A D R , A 35 s . . 84 p M C . , h 2 A s . . . rno T 72 . e . 1 1 8 A , , L T , p M C
Ar illa o Th e 241 Fe 282 p , d .
1 . . 123 8A s . . s r un e l . . . A fa v . Bl d l , L R Q B , p M C
Com. Ca s . 1 85
A sh rn r a h 2 62 bu e v B lc en 7 . Y . , N A sk Th e 5 e 678 3 , , 1 6 F d . ,
r 31 mes . . o r n emen r s . . o Ass c. Po tla d C t Mf v C y , Ti , L R
442 . 38 6 . . ssyr ia Th e 98 Fe d . 31 , , A , , C C A 83 1 1 0 s r aea Th e 124 Fed . , , A t , ,
1 8 . ffd . No . 601 a 1 . c . 2 Ben . 38 . kin s v . ibre C , all At F , , F C W
2 841 . 72 21 . d . , L E 2 Fe 21 7 A tl. r 38 d . rui v . S ola i F t ,
m 1 47 Fed . 1 03 . . A l. en e t . . o . u S S C v . G gg h i , , C C A
B d 260 con . 404 114 Fe . a v nnis 1 10 Fed . B E , , 80 ls 1 c 108 17 . . 35 . ags of inseed Se ar s v . il la k , d B L , W , B L E 806 2 7 42 43 49 e r Lbr . o . 224 Fed . ail y v . f s . C , , , B M ,
234
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"Re ferences a re to S ections "
7 Ins o . 12 Pet . 3 8 9 . 23 . B li r n . C . 11 ra d e v . a yla d d M , , L E 61 Fe 860 om n d . rauer v . pa ia B C , if F d 743 a d 159 Fed . 1 022 n Th e 8 e . rillia 13 . B t, , ,
r For M r Ins . ou r 1 84 Fe . 1 74 i ish . a . . Co v . ilg d B t K , 7 0 , 1 ,
Pa o 2 2 r s Ma r Ins . C o . . So . c . C . 7 Fe d . 85 i i h . . v B t F , ,
C . C . A r h e 872 i ish ing, T e 89 F d . B t K , 4 33 r . r . r s nso n 1 9 Fed . 5 i a i u v . u B t M t T t M ,
4 A s . . r O . 1 C . 116 . oke n ill roprie ary v . . p B H P t P , M
ro o s . on Lr . o . 229 Fe d . 708 . . k v il b C , B H t , C C A w ro n s 4 Fe d . 1 15 . v . Yea 8 B t , 2 rr 5 orn . a s . 31 ucknall v . u ay G B M , C
B o . 1 . 35 6 A s . ud e tt v nn n n . . g . Bi i gt , L R Q B , p
v r o n or s 75 . . 380 . . . ull v . a h k pp iv Y B B t I W , A D ( N )
7 2 . u . o . 1 67 Fe d . 9 . ll v . Y. . . S . S . C , B N P R , C C A A urm Th e 7 e . 94 . . . . a 18 F d , B , , C C
A . 298 . . . r c 62 Fe d . u n n . . . . C . 1 i e v U . S S S . , B L A , C C
28,
1 . e n 2 A s . . . 411 . . . urr e ll v . r e 1 B G , p M C , L R K B
391 2 0 om Ga s 84 , C . . 4 rr r o s n 65 Fe d . 1 0 u ill v. sma B C ,
C
r 874 o 64 Fed . e n v . s . . Co . Cald Atla S S ,
72 . . 74 70 . 2 59 ro Fe . 64 d . 8 1 e n . . Co . Cald v Atlas S . S , , U S , 9 65 70 4 644 . . 5 8 39 . e on h . 124 . al d ia T e 157 U . S d , , , C , , , L E
e on Th e e 6 . al d ia 43 F d . 81 C , , 6 2 9 . . 54 allahan v . unson 0 Y C M , N
C an . P c 0 . a . 26 Fe . 67 . v . ieland 2 d , W , C C A
o Th e e n m n r ns . o . m r Stl. C c . see Capit l T a C v . Ca b ia , B ja i 2 9 o e 4 . bl , U S . 334 63 . d . N , L E
r o 0 . s 4 Fe 26 . . n e o . . nn d a b Sla C v i s 11 . C t E , , C C A 236 E TABL OF CASES .
"Re ferences a re to S ections "
A . 6 r 1 34 2 s . . r o e x o s 5 . . a g g . . C A , L R , P C , p M C h 2 1 1 1 r r nce T e 170 . 655 4 . . 8 a ib i U . S d C P , , , L E
r r o h e 583 a i sb ok T 2 47 Fe d . C , ,
r n o n r n 86 F 1 45 o . eme C . e so 1 ed . a . v d C C t A , 24 ar n ee er 1 6 Fe d . 8 C sa e o v . h l g W ,
z orr s 9 ess . a s co c 952 a ale v . i 1 16 S C . S h C t M , ( t )
Ins . o . 7 r nc 358 . ze . o a v al . C a h C B t , C ,
e l os son 93 . . . 593 bal v . un pp . iv Y ) C M , A D ( N
h e 2 . en ur on T 57 Fed . 41 i , C t , r Th e 72 F 9 e es e d . 36 . . C , , , C C A 2 4 448 m or 1 0 . . . 80 . . e . o hap l v f . S C p C t, C B N , L T
In orc 1 42 . . 0 hina Mut . s . Co . v . e Y 9 C F , N
4 A . 95 . . n se n n er n o . . e 1 s . . hi e i e i g C v Sal , C E g , p M C L R 2 99 5 . K . B .
r o o 9 F 8 7 a if 1 1 0 s e . 3 d . h i ie v. avi s al k C o 5 ed . C t D C C , ,
Fed 1 006 . .
'
7 2 fi 7 F 75 . r s o er sen . on 1 5 Fe . 1 00 a d . 18 e d . 9 h i ph v ald , d C t D , f u . e en ous n un re u s e s o s Ch bb v S v Th a d Eight H d d B h l Oat ,
Fe . a s . No 27 d G . 09 1915 r 2 0 o a s 247 . m . C o . rn . C . . iampa v . i . St ( ) C B t , C , L R
8 o Th e . 7 5 4 A s . . . 46 i , . . . , C t , L R , P D p M C 472 i a di e ssina Th e 1 69 Fed . C tt M , ,
F . 2 7 o . o 1 C . 69 e d 5 e mmerc . e s n . Clyd C ial v W t I dia S S , , 7 13 14 C . C . A
r r 2 Fe . lydesdale v . aue 1 0 d 854 C B , w e e 2 3 F 1 . oas i s , Th 3 ed . . C t , , C C A 665 o m Th e 82 Fe d . C li a, , F 881 . . m er 248 ed . om n e r e . e C pag i Ma iti v M y , , C C A
54 . 1 3 on . . C o . 1 . 5 8 . . 903 . ons able v . a i al S S , U S d C t N t , L E 1 1 Fe uc nc o ss 6 d . 843 . . A . . ons an ine ick . v . hi l , C t t P A , C C
1 9 Fe d 706 . o s wee e 5 . . n an ine v . di , C t t T , C C A 99 . C o . 1 Fe d . 964 ons n n e . e s n . C ta ti v W t I dia S S ,
8 . o . 231 Fe 2 ons a n ne . e s n . C d . 47 C t ti v W t I dia S , 2 37 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"References ar e to S ections "
S EC TIO N
w e o o . o n 115 Fed . 945 on inen al al C v . C t t C B , 2 98 orfe a s le Th e 2 1 Fed. C C t , ,
r o o rn c c . 1 Fe . 870 . . orr igan v . u is u a e C 00 d . C I q F , , C C A F 2 60 66 re c e s 141 ed. . . Gors ar v . Sp k l , , , C C A
o s o s 44 Fe d . 1 05 ell v . a h C t L t , o i a h 2 156 C vent n , T e, 5 Fed .
o r r n 9 . 47 A s . 3 46 ve dale v . a . . . 0 5 . . 35 . . C G t, L R , A C , p M C , r i a lio h 2 747 C a g l n, T e, 0 Fed .
w or n a 2 7 r so 1 orn. G s . 7 a f d v . il C W , C r e on s 49 Fed 107 igh v. ilk . C t D , 24 4 r s . o . 5 s . . 1 Fe d . 7 8 i p v . U . S . u S S C , C A t , ro A 2 6 7 o n 38 . . s . . . 5 . . 4 s . . 1 . 5 C k v Alla , L R , Q B . D , p M C , r m n rr 6 26 27 o s u 1 79 . . 1 00 45 . . 10 . . s a v . ill U S d , C B , , L E w r ro e s 41 Fe 806 . v . y d . C M , w ro e . n on o . 1 07 Fe . 302 ll v U i il C d . . C O , , C C A w ro e . r 1 72 Fe 498 l y v u d d . C H , r w f 2 2 3 . . o n o alicia Th e 3 Fe d . 05 C G , , , C C A 7 n r Fe 6 8 . u . e e 11 a d v ll y 5 d . . C K , , C C A - 22 6 . ff . 1 Fe d . 439 6 . El hicke Th e 117 Fed . 2 79 a d C W p , , ,
4 . ne Th e 2 6 . 2 yg 1 Fed 7 . C t, , , C C A rus Th e 2 0 Fe 44 yp d . 1 C , ,
D
8 . . 92 3 4 . e son 6 . . As 3 ahl v . l . . D N , L R , A C , p M C
7 . 4 e e . . o . . r 5 Fed 30 Dalb atti S S C v Ca d, D - m r . c . 2 F 34 a m k . 5 s . n er e . . C 0 ed . 7 . p Ella v I t A S S , , C . C A .
n z rc 136 Fed . 560 . . a ler v . hu hill D t C , , C C A s c N 4 . r o . 3647 . . 0 avi v ende gas 1 6 la h , 565 . . D P t, B t , F C , is mo e o . 1 96 F 7 . 49 . e ess ed. 53 . Dav v S k l Fu l C , , C C A , f s . ce 3 12 3 . . No 3657 avi v alla li f. . D W , C , F C son 0 2 on n en 113 . . 4 8 . 8 5 avi v . V i g U S , d . 8 D L , L E
on . r e 142 . 391 ay v a k . Y D t P , N h e nce T e 6 B 2 . No 3740 fia en . 16 . . D , , , F C D o e r r n l o . 113 Fe . 72 d v . a yla d St . C d . . F M , , C C A 238
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"Refer ences ar e to S ections "
2 3 0 . gyp Th e 25 Fe d . E t, ,
r New En o C o . 125 Fe 987 ik em v . . al d . E g C ,
m s er nn 15 orn. a s 49 of . er e . ld p v u C . . E D t D , C ( H L )
rn n e 1 68 Fed . 50 . . lder emps er v . a i E D t E L , , C C A r o f 2 1 85 leven und e d ns o o al 1 Fe d . E H T C , z nes Th e 61 Fe d 3 08 2 7 30 li a i . E L , , h 2 z n es T e 1 14 Fe d . 307 10 Fe d . 1 90 191 li a i , E L , , ,
119 5 0 . 15 z nes Th e 1 99 . . 1 li a i U S . d E L , , , L E 7 ers r ce 244 Fe . 05 . . lv v . a d E G , , C C A h ff 2 T e 1 10 Fe d . 563 1 2 Fe 447 4 ly a d . d . , E , , ,
m r co e 9 om . a s . 2 63 3 . . bi i s V . id 1 C G . . E R , , L R K B
m r Th 9 Fe 1 pi e e 6 d . 1 0 . . . E , , , C C A
m r r n o e s or on C o . . l e . . C . E pi T a p tati v Phi ad lphia R C . I , 77 F ed . 919 . . , C C A Endslei h Th e 124 Fed 858 g , , . n m 4 orn . . 75 1 g an v . al rave Ga s E P g , C nr h 490 ique T e 7 Fed . E , ,
r c h 22 . 4512 i T e 3 ar e 5 5 . E , , W , , F C
r e er 1 0 0 Fe 490 i igh 8 25 d. E L t ,
rnes n h 25 9 Fe 772 . . i a T e d . E t , , , C C A
rs ne . e h 2 767 ki h lp s T e 31 Fed . E M P , , e h n 2 F ss . C o . . n e 50 ed . 98 . . x S . S v a gb , E L , C C A Eton h e f e a T 64 Fe d 880 a fd . 71 F . 895 , , . , d h F . . o es u T e 1 87 ed . 111 . . 35 S b ry , E T t t , , , C C A r h 2 2 u e 7 8 5 Fe d . 1 61 ipid s T e 71 Fe d . E , , , n s 6 . r 61 . . va v lai 1 14 Fe d . E B , , C C A . Exe Th e 5 7 Fe 399 . . d . , , , C C A
P
s of e 41 all l ie Th e 1 08 Fed . 6 F K t , , F a r r ove . o 2 n 1 91 Fe d . 5 5 g av Co . v . avi N L , ’ m r r e s . 2 0 F 73 a ff . . . o 1 e d . 8 d a . C o . v . . C . F L T N P R , , sub nomin e o . m r r . C o . 1 95 . , . . . C v . e . ad U S . N P R A T , 439 49 . 2 69 , L Ed . 240 TABLE OF CASES .
"Re ference s are to Sections "
w Am o rr o em . . 1 94 Fe . 1 018 a v . . g . h C d F A C ,
2 . 99 241 e . n . F 7 F Co 234 ed . 18 36 e d 5 i ld v af ia S . S . F H , , , F 2 e d . 33
A . 0 e ne . o A l . o . 201 Fe . 301 . . . . 1 i ld i v S . t . S . S C d , F L , , C C n 2 er o o . 23 . 51 i lay v. iv po l C . . F L , L T
nne r n r n 14 Fed . 1 71 . i y v . a d u k F G T , ’ 234 Fe d 2 73 . Fir m n . e e s n Ins o . . o e . C o . u d . C v l b av F G N ,
s o r w e 2 201 150 ns o n on 0 Fe d . i h v. S F T B t , in s r 471 l hi e , Th e 69 Fed . F t , w oo . o 92 402 l d v r ell Fed . . . F C , , C C A
Fo lmina Th 212 3 4 3 . . 546 e U . S . 5 5 d , , , L E
or e 5 orn . a s 1 00 s . . Co . . c r G . F t Oak S S v Ri ha d , C
2 2 A . . r nce c m n 1 8 om . a s . 5 1 s . a v . Spa k a C C F , , p M C Fr h o 02 nce sc urr o T e . . N . 5 9 a a , C , F C
Fr 4 . Exch e . 01 2 A . . 59 nc sco sse . . 8 1 s . a e v . a y M , L R , q , p M C
7 . 566 r zer . e e r Co . . . . F a v T l g aph , L R , Q B
r o f h e 63 Fe d 707 . eigh s t e a . F t K t ,
574 . w 3 A s . N . . 3 . . . 1 63 . . r ench v . e a ss , F g , L R , C P D p M C 9 31 . r ey Th e 1 06 Fe d . F , , 125 63 Fr i Th e 1 54 Fed . 333 . . , , , C C A , , 99 41 32 . . 1 . 1 30 . . 6 r r . . Co . ie dlande v . . y U S , d F T P R , L E 9 r es n h e 1 Fe . 9 i la d T , 04 d F , e 876 rogn r Th e 49 Fe d . F , , 9 1 . . 68 F . . r v ercan ile ank . , y M t B , L R C P
nc en e m 2 0 Hun 1 1 Fu h v . b h i A , , 298 w orn a s 223 8 A s . . . urn o r o 2 . . e ss v . o d G F F , C , p M C 186 u er 232 Fe d . urness v . ll F M ,
om . 9 Rederi nco 23 C Ca s . 9 urness v . a F B , G
rr l 9 en s s 310 age v . i el ll ( a ) G T , A M 4 5 . . . 15 5 A s . . 1 . . r ner Trechma n . Ga d v . , L R , Q B D , p M C
241 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"Reference s a r e to S e ctions "
ff 2 4 2 . 5 h 1 F . 4 9 a d 1 8 . . 47 32 . 496 . aze lle T e 1 ed U S . d G , , , , L E
r o s Th e 1 15 Fed . 65 . . e o ge um i . G D , , , C C A
24 - 1 . . 1 90 60 L. . o r o . s n Co . e gia . C v . li h illi g U S d G R B M , , E
rm n c h e 1 96 . 89 49 . . 610 e a i T U S . 5 d G , , , L E
h a z e h e 1 72 Fe 368 . G e T d . , , w 98 . son r n 44 Fe . ib v . o d G B ,
i r n r 9 8 s a s . 1101 u n u 1 0 e s . C G e tse v . b ll S T , 7 i er . or en 1 70 Fed . 06 . . lb v d , G t B , C C A
In . 22 F . 716 . c r s r o o s o C c 3 e d C . ns . C . . n s . Gil h i t T a v B t , , C
A .
r w r 94 A 2 22 o ne h r n e 53 Fe . 3 . . . . 1 ill v . T e a bi g d , . , G B , H , C C , o Th e F 9 9 0 . iuli 34 ed . G , ,
24 Fe 663 e or o . 1 . u s e . rs C d i pp v f . xp G M E t , ff 9 F 541 w . s o . con 132 Fe d . 881 a d . 1 3 ed la g v a , G B ,
w w F 4 Fe 4 . 143 e d . 184 15 d . 8 s o . . Co . . ee e Gla g S S v T di , ,
l h F 758 . . . Glenfin a s T e 48 e d . , , , C C A l n h 2 F 9 71 G e loc Th e 2 6 e d . . y , ,
1 67 Fe d 228 Lbr . C c . . o e . o . uss Gl b Nav C . v R , 4 7 R n 1 1 o 1 90 . . 5 0 4 . . f . o . O C . o e e C . Gl b v La da , U S , L Ed
1 171 . 9 o r r . . 6 . . 1 3 G da d v . G ay , L R , Q B o 563 c r we e e 146 Fe d . G l a v . T di , 4 o 1 9 . . o d ope Th e 1 97 Fe d . G H , , , C C A 4 Am ne 158 Fe d . 17 o m . . ugh v . a b i G H L , 605 o r a ffin 62 Fe d . u ld v . G G ,
o e or h 2 487 No . 5645 a v rn arey T e ask . . . G C , , H , F C w Go . 215 v an s ine 1 74 Fed . G L , r ce 2 Fe 953 a v . ucke nba ch 48 d . G L , r w n . or . 665 a v ay 1 0 . G t N , C B r n 68 a anaria Th e 1 6 Fed . 8 G C , ,
r v. oor 2 66 ay e 37 Fe d . G M , 2 . . o o Th e 45 43 . 34 7 0 . h 1 1 U . S . d G R B t , , , L E
r ee nwe o s 34 Fe 656 ll v . s d . G R , 242
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"Re ferences are to S ections "
242 Fe 859 . . om n e d . erman v . pag i H C , , C C A 507 e ie llis Th e 2 0 Fed . H tt E , ,
248 Fe d 3 6 . A An o Al er n Co . . 8 . . . Higgins v . gl g ia , , C C
o r c 2 Fe . 974 nc e . s n Lb . C . 05 d Hi kl y v Wil , Fe 2 ne . . ermu ez 68 d . 9 0 i v . Y B d H N ,
er ns 55 Fed . 996 . . . ine v . ki H P , , C C A 2 34 22 a o r 5 Com . G s . ga h v . ly he . . . . H t B t , L R K B ,
334.
A . o r er . . . 48 7 s . . . 1 H ga h v . ill . p t M , L R A C , M C
or e er o 1 75 Fe d . 544 . . Hohl v . dd u sch l yd N t L , , C C A
o n 725 n f o 36 Fed 784 . lla d v . o s o al . H T C ,
o 1 6 Fe 96 . 40 41 43 lman v . Gans ine 8 d . . , H L , , C C A , , 1 o m s . o F 7 e 93 ed. 3 . . l v n auk Co . H M t , , C C A 6 o 30 34 . s e er . r 1 37 . . 5 8 v a k U . S d H t tt P , , L E
o r 228 190 2 . . e r 0 orn . s. . . 5 B u lde v . i 1 Ga ( ) W , C , L R K B 2 6 42 7 1 0 A s . . 81 , p M C .
ow en h e No 6765 5 a w 389 d T . . . S . H , , F C , y 2 u e In o . 74 46 bb ll v . . es s. C . Y . H Gt W t , N
u on h e 72 0 . ds T 1 Fed . 1 0 5 H , , E 41 u son . de . . 3 . . 2 H d v , L R , Q B 28 w 2 3 . . I o 7 H 95 1 . 8 4 ugg v . u gus a ns. C . o . 5 d . , H A t , , L E 40 435 . o s ns 1 36 Fed . . ughes v . ki , , H H , C C A o h 860 ug T e 61 Fed . H , , 7 389 orn . a s . 29 H lth 1 3 . 90 . 8 G u en v . S ewar . . t t, L R , A C , C
9 A . 285 sp . M C . um ro c h 2 6 63 a k T e 34 Fed . 71 , H , ,
r 2 8 . u T rnur 81 Fed . 0 . lbu v . u e H t , , C C A ro 972 u n B e rne 7 Fed . H . C o . v . u y 1 g T , H rs u tda le Th e 1 Fe . 912 a lf 1 79 Fe d . 3 71 , , 69 d , d . ’ er on 2 w No s r o Th e o 93 . . 6987 Hyp i a g ell . C , , L , , F C
I
n Th e 49 . Fe . dia , , d . 76 I , C C A n ra n Th e 177 F 4 . d i , ed . 9 1 . I , , C C A 244 TABLE OF CASES .
"Re fer ences are to S ections "
h n r ur T e 23 8 Fe d . 853 I d ap a , , n r r h e 71 1 u T 1 78 Fe 94 a ff . 9 e . d ap a , , d . 5 d 1 0 F d I , n r r Th 7 d apu a e 1 1 Fed . I , , 2 n r a m er r me 1 . . 541 1 g v . S vices a i i s . . I M t , L R K B
A s . . 3 7 m s . 1 0 8 19 o . Ca 5 p M . C , C
In re . . . e C o 110 F d . 678 Cal Nav , In re r of o 7 e 48 a go al 1 5 F d . 5 C C ,
In . . o . 3 s C o of . . . . 106 Fed 9 7 . v l yd N A N G L , if 33 7 a . n e r e s 164 Fed . d rna ional e can ile ar ine v . l , I t t M t M F ,
1 70 F . 2 7 ed 5 .
83 . . 65 n . rr . 2 8 45 . . 0 l av . C o . v . a 1 81 U . S 1 d , I t N F , , L E
h e r c . m er s 248 . n ern on er Co . . T e I t ati al Pap v G a i D Cha b , U
7 . . 38 63 . 318 S , L Ed
o n Th e 1 F . 3 7 . ia , 35 ed 1 . I , , C C A Ir a Ch afi e Th e 2 e 401 e , , F d . w h 87 43 . . 1 0 r r T e 1 71 . 1 3 a addy , U . S , d I , L E 403 m f e e d . s . r o o l s 46 F I ha v Ca g Pi ,
o f h 7 . 7 8 sle u ll T e , 25 Fed 9 I M , 942 so la di ro cida Th e 124 Fed . I P , ,
113 . . alia Th e 187 Fe d . It , , , C C A 617 alia Th e 59 Fe d . It , , 2 . 1919 w Ma vro or da tos . Italian State Rail ays v . g , L R ( )
K . B . 305 .
J
A . 1 0 . . 125 2 s Ins c . . . o r . a ckson v . Uni n a ine C , , p J M , L R C P
M . C . 435 . 310 m s ro 71 Fe d . a e v . phy J B ,
mes r Th e 90 Fe d . 669 Ja Bai d , ,
. 6 2 6 . 9 9 h e 22 . 3 5 a so n T 5 U . S , d J , , L E
323 . ason, Th e 28 Fed . J ,
- - A . . 2 02 Fed . 822 . . a . o Am . Co . Jay Wai N m v Angl Oil , , C C 463 e . 78 236 Fe d . eannie Th e 225 F d 1 , J , ,
43 . em 228 Fe d . 1 eh sen v . ar o of p J C g H , 245 R ’ POOR ON CHA TER PARTIES .
"Re ferences a re to S ections "
’ f nn son ec o e . . 2 . 702 22 Je e v . S y S a K . t t , L R B ,
a 1 . Com . G s . 48 6 ff . 2 e . . Co 1 . . 15 a l ennings v . lyd S S pp iv d 10 J C , A D , 0 57 . N. Y . w h F 185 . en T e 54 ed . J . E O , ,
h 1 2 0 Fe d 6 . n r s T e . . oh . igg , , J A B , C C A
n on e r 96 . 93 oh s v. eke Y. J M , N
2 A s . 0 o e Co . 1 . 3 5 o n s on n ue n . . . J h t v . Sax Q S S , p M C a c c 2 3 Fe 05 C . 8 d. 10 o i i o Ca n . P . . J hn V ttucc C . v . R , 2 3 a s e ser 1 1 Fed . 44 . . on en v . y J K , , C C A 342 No 7524 In . o . 1 or . . . or dan v . s C S y , J , t , F C
o seph arwell Th e 31 Fe d . 844 J F , , n h McC a h a n 235 ulia u cke nbach Th e ucke bac v . ), J L , ( L
1 70 . . 3 1 13 63 . 7 A a ff 248 . 9 . . 3 . d. Fe d 88 . . . U S d , , , C C , , L E 5 0 e r Th e . . No . 7 8 uli . la k J t C C , , F C 881 ro o s Th e 122 Fed . . . k , J W B ,
87 F 766 ansas Th e e d . K , , 652 aro Th e 2 9 Fed . K , ,
1 66 . . Fe d . arr an v . eab o dy 145 , K P , C C A 512 458 41 . . a e Th e 1 64 U . S . , d K t , , L E 367 2 69 3 A s . . . h 4 . . a hle en T e . . , p K t , , L R , A E M C 702 Kaupanger Th e 241 Fed . , ,
No . 763 9 535 . . i 5 Ben . Keen v . A ndenr e d , , F C
1 66 . . 136 Fed . ennedy v . e s on , K W t , C C A 40 56 659 . . w 7 Fed . err v . S ch aner 1 7 , , K , C C A
A . 575 . . irkhill Th e 99 Fe d . . K , , , C C 593 27 553 2 A s . . . 1 0 . . s or . . Ki h v . C y, L R , Q B , p M C
69 45 . . no o n ors e s 179 . . K v . a y d ill U S , d tt B t W t M , L E
90.
84 . o n Fed . 3 a aru , Th e 251 K M ,
Fe 478 . . . oenigin uise Th e 185 d. , K L , , C C A
12 61 . . Kronz rinzessin ecilie Th e 244 U . S . , d p C , , L E 246
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"Re ference s a re to S ections "
F 4 a ine The 1 61 ed . 01 M , , ff 463 . r m o 94 F . ners . . o . e . C . 1 e d a d Ma n . i v a a h , L V C C ,
2 i r 39 Fed . 49 Ma nch sa . v Ca d, h 145 ani oba T e 1 04 Fed. M t , ,
r h e 2 e 1 06 . a ch T , 5 F d . M , 2 F 42 McNea r 1 1 ed . 8 ar shall v . M , 94 cc e 1 11 Fe d . 0 a hias v . e h M tt B , 2 w on e er 1 2 A s . . . 4 3 . . 1 . . a s v . y M B , p M C L R K B
30 1 9 orn . a s 59 . 4 G . , C 9 0 M Fa n r n . u e e . . 1 . 6 7 1 c dde v . l S a i B t L , L R K B , 0 65 a A . . 123 1 s . . 55 orn . C s . C , p M C , M i cG ll c n . . o . 144 Fe . 788 . . v . i higa S S C d M , , C C A K 7 Fe 229 Mc . nn 3 a v is d . y E ,
- 2 . m a s 0 . e n o s o . ad i g v . ac b 19 C . C . 38 M K J , , L R K 64 f 2 a 2 . 0 a fd . 0 om . s . 88 B , C C
2 8 Fe . 2 Meh r a h . 1 b c . . . C c 1 Fe d . 77 1 d 9 v iv. S S L ,
M n i er e e a nt c . o . c 88 Fed . 308 . S S . C . v i P ,
248 47 . . enc e r o o f u r 187 . . k v . a g Java S ga U S d M A C , , L E 1 63 . 237 r on 21 6 Fe d . e c n s ners r ns . o . . o . M ha t Mi T a C v C tt , h er T e 1 07 Fe 1 46 . . ida d . M , , , C C A
r aff 1 Fe 1 003 . c . 9 d . exi an ince Th e 82 Fed 484 d . M P , , ,
e er 23 c c 58 Fed . 9 y v . a ifi ail M P M ,
2 . 42 e er n erson 3 . . 8 y v . Sa d M , T L R h 2 7 678 iguel de arr inaga T e , 1 Fed . M L ,
rn r e n n o . 61 Fe d 71 7 . A . . ilbu v . Fe d . Suga fi i g C 1 . . M R , , C C
r 4 2 . 5 0 5 u n m c ru C o . . . . Milb v . Ja ai a F it , L R Q B ,
orn Ga s . 34 9 A . 22 . . 1 6 s . . C , p M C urn o 603 ilb v . r d eu scher loyd 58 Fed . M N D t L ,
rn 3 r u . n 236 ilb v 5000 oxe s a ges 57 Fed . M B O , e us Th e 5 o 9 335 . . N . 545 il , , la ch . M t B t , F C
r . Th ff 22 m a 2 97 2 3 rn . a s. e re n a d . o G illa v de C o . G s . M F , , C 311 . 248 TABLE OF CASES .
"Re ferences a re to S ections "
s scr rox
iss ss The 7 6 Fed . 3 75 68 M i ippi , ,
22 m . c e . ee . Ga s . 63 . 2 . . 61 0. 79 Mit h ll v St l , Co , L R K B i In c . 2 02 F 2 A . 0 su . . . . 3 i v S aul . s C ed . 6 . . . M t t P F M , , C C
T a n . r oe r v e 15 om a s . 61 307 . l y v i C . G . M W , , , L R
2 . 844 1 1 A s . . . 469 K B . , p M C 2 onon . o C o . . ur s 00 Fed . 711 M C al v H t,
onse n . Am sinck 1 66 F 1 7 v ed . 8 M , A h 2 on e . T e 1 Fed . 331 . M t , ,
oo . 2 Fe 60 dy v a hs d . 7 M L t ,
oo r ne . r s 23 om a 80 i v e yfu C . G s M L D , 2 un ca n 37 Fe d . 80 . . oo re v. M D , C C A
Fe 2 or n r e roc or o o . 11 3 d . 5 0 M ga v . Ga fi ld P t C al C ,
orin en Th Fe 99 6 . g e 98 d . M , ,
w 22 o . a orr so n . 2 . . 783 m s . i v. Sha . , C C M , L R K B 1 504 81 3 A s . . . , p M C 2 o m ur mer . ne 88 Fe d . 3 9 se s v. a b g i M H A L , w 7 F 1 97 o e 13 e d . M tt v . Ch ,
r o s 47 Fe . 2 o v . d 8 M tt F t,
r c 4 om. a s . 135 11 A s . . . 235 udi e v . S i k 1 C G M t , , p M C r h 7 e 75 Mui field, T e, 1 4 F d . t 2 7 F . 214 so . w o e . c . 0 e d . 984 e un n v ls i ck dg S S . C fd M E L , ,
w 2 Fe d . 64 . . n . . 35 unso v lasgo av. Cc , M G N , C C A
22 . so n r r 1 66 Fe . 7 . un v . i ama d , M M , C C A 2 02 Fe 7 . fi . 9 787 a . 1 d o f r 99 F . d uns n v . S rai s o ove ed , M t t D , 24 rr e . . 6 . . urray v . u i M C , L R , C P
Fe . 123 r m Lbr . o . 148 d ur . u C M ay v J p ,
F 26 . e 8 . urrell Th 200 ed . , M , , C C A
ni o o r Th e 3 umner 542 . . No . a ha el H pe , S , , N t , F C ’ f erwr r s . ers 45 Fed . 643 1 Bd . o n e e c Nat U d it v M l h , ’ A . . In 1 r C c . 241 Fe d . 861 . . . . . t e Natl Stm Co . v Pap , , C C 249 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"References a re to S ections "
4 2 93 eidenfe ls Th e 17 Fed . N , ,
e 9 Exch e . 677 Neill v . Ridl y, q e on 1 2 o . s . . 908 . 1 08 13 orn a s . 35 els n v l . , . G N N , L R , A C C
9 . 11 A sp . M . C . oo r f 1 a c 156 elson v . d uf l k N W , B ,
e m e h 5 Fe . 434 . e h r ol T e 0 d . N t H , , , C C A N w n n Th e 110 Fe d 415 e gla d . E , , w 68 e p or ews Th e 1 99 Fe d . 9 N t N , , r F 6 49 N w or o . c 8 00 e Y k . . . C v . hu h 5 ed . N E R C , , w r n n r Fe Ne o . . . . Co . . u c e e 23 1 d . Y k P R S S v G a i a C t al , 2 8 0 . , C . C A h 2 if Fe 2 3 9 a d . 84 d . 90 iagara T e 77 Fe d. N , , ,
ne un re a nd e en -n ne o e s of u r 7 Ben Ni H d d S v ty i B x S ga , 242 No . , F . C . 512 infa Th e 156 Fed . N , ,
m 2 . 2 Nor . omm o . . n o 1 6 Fe d 50 . C v i dbl C L ,
r P c o . . Am . r n c . 1 95 . . 439 49 o h . a . . C v adi g C U S N t R T , ,
2 69 . 59 . d . L E ,
9 A . or ern . o rn ne 1 75 Fe d . 52 . . . h S S . C . v . a i , N t E L , C C
or m n h e Fe 33 . . A . . h a T 189 d . N t , , , C C
2 . 7 . . 2 5 o r . en erson . . N ta a v H d , L R , Q B 06 o c o er n 5 orn. Ga s . 1 va S o ia C . v . Su h la d N t t , C
o e ne 173 Fe d . 815 y s v . unson Li N M , O ’B O rien . o e 26 s of u n 48 F d . 7 v Bag G a ,
ce n r c e 11 5 . a in e, Th e 50 F d . O P , ce n Th e 2 a a 1 71 Fe d . 1 7 O , , ’ O onn e f s em 75 Fed . 410 C ell v . al s o Si al p B H , ’ 4 O Conn l e o f s em 75 Fe d . 08 e l v . al s Si al p B H , e m n . r 773 gd v aha 1 . S . O G , B
e o Gas . m on h 13 r 1 73 1 8 Com . k ha p T e . . 19 ) b . , O t , , L R ( P 320 2 A 1 s . 42 8 , p M . C .
sen . r 530 l v Hun e 54 Fed . O t , 25 0
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"Reference s a re to S ections "
h e 9 3 6 ie . T 3 Fed . 6 P tro G , ,
e o McBrier 84 Fe d . 495 ioneer u l C . v . P F , ’
o . . er 1 1 F 1 0 1 . lan ers er ilizer fg . C v ld 0 ed . 0 P t F t M E , , C
2 8 o r . n on 1 05 . 7 6 . . 99 lla d v i U . S d P V t , , L E m e 2 e 3 4 o n o u 00 F d . 6 . . 1 o l Shippi g C . v . Sa l , , P , C C A
3 . 534 4 A s 4 . or eu s . ne ...... 3 P t v Wat y, L R , Q B D , p M C 1 3 Fe 860 o n o r Mar Ins . o . C 0 d . r la d l u ills v . . . . , P t F M B F ,
C . C . A .
r o e r 9 Fed . 9 7 o land l uring ills v . i 5 9 P t F M W , or 371 n o on 44 Fe . la d S . C . v . ib s d P t pg G , or h e Fe 70 uense T 35 d . 6 P t , ,
o w 4 A . . s e r e n . . . . 599 s . l h ai e v . e la d 5 P t t t F , L R , A C , p M C
302 .
Pr 22 7 . . ebensens ns n 258 Fed . v . u o M , C C A
r o 835 . greso Th e 50 Fe d . P , ,
r 516 . . o ec ion Th e 1 02 Fed . , P t t , , C C A ff Fe 3 russ Th e Fed 531 a d . 93 d . 8 7 ia 88 . P , , ,
P . 8 . Mex n R o 1 69 Fe . 2 1 . m a n . v . e . . C d y C t y , , C C A P 64 0 n 1 64 Fe d . 3 ma n v . 1 0 ons ai i y T K t, 2 P ma n on n en 3 Fed . 80 y v . V Si g ,
Q 419 49 45 . . ueen of th e acific Th e 180 U . S . , d P , , L E ff ee w e 162 Fe d . 490 a d . u n lga Th e unlop v . eedi ) , O , (D T , 7 1 78 Fed . 673 . , ff F 1 022 25 0 a . 53 e d . ueens or h e . Q m e, T e, 51 F d 25 , d , 23 2 6 uerini a i h e 19 Fe . 1 Q St mph a l a , T , d , R 9 09 r 1 76 1 9 . . o o e e s 1 0 . ail ad C . v . ev all d R R , W , L E
w 2 . A . . . 30 Ne o . 86 . . o . 54 Fe d alli v Y rk etc. S . S . C 1 , , R , , C C
. 124 n . orn a s alli v addi g on S . S . Cc 5 . G R P t , C 46 51 n . r 7 247 . . a dall v Sp ague 4 Fe d. , , R , , C C A
n o . 77 a d lph v iley 118 Fed . R W , 252 TABLE OF CASES .
"References a re to S ections "
47 . How 53 15 . n 7 . so 1 . aymond v . y d R T , , L E 320 r r w r 14 orn . a s . Rederiaktieselska bet S upe io v . e a G , D , C 2 95 1 A s . . . 2 . 998 1 L . R . K . B , p M C
A . . c 91 Fe . 68 . . C . d 1 Re . o . . r ns . d R S . S . C . v N . A T a , , C C
d 380 . Regulus Th e 18 Fe . , , 6 e . r o 241 . 544 0 . . 1156 id v a g U S . d R F , , L E
i d 1 rn . a s . 214 e n eer . o ors C C . . F l n 3 o i d S S . v R , C 2 e ar m son 1 . . 561 n d v . Sa p Y R , N Re r 86 Fe 670 ipe d . P , ' Re 7 a 6 s 292 rer orn. G s 1 6 9 A . . . y , . p T C , M C R h e eri 22 6 Fe . 339 d v . lu ha d C t , 734 c r o m n 123 Fed . i ha d v . l a R H , c r son m e . 261 om . . u . 1 . 3 C Ri ha d v Sa l , L R Q B . ,
C a s . 7 8 A 9 s . . 330 , p M . C Rid a rd i . s . No . 4 44 y v h llip . la ch . 3 P , F C B t e f ro . r o o 605 il y v a g n ipes 40 Fed . R C I P , o no e Th e 9 Fe d 161 a k , 5 . R , oc h 56 ky i y, T e 33 Fed . 5 R C t , Rodoca na hi 1 8 . 7 A s . c . urn . . 6 6 . v Milb , L R , Q B . D . , p M
100. C . Ro ne - r m r c . 243 Fe 9 A . . n r C o d . . . . p v e e i an S . S . 54 I t A , , C C Ro ner 9 . . onne ec 2 0 orn . s 5 p v b k Ga . R , C o s 2 c Lbr o . 138 Fe . 2 . . A . . . 1 s o . c n d a v i h i e . C 5 , , R P t P , C C ose e h e 24 i 92 Fe 021 63 3 a fd . d . 1 dal T 88 Fe d . R , , , ,
oss . om 207 v pagnie 45 Fed . R C , o sen e 462 s d as le Th e 30 F d . R C t , , o M cMilla n 2 75 u h v . a . . 0 R t , H C w o so A l. r ns r rn a n t o 9 o . G s . 33 v . a p , . . 2 R T t C , L R
666 9 A s . . . 458 K . B . , p M C o 22 4 yal S cep re Th e 1 87 Fed . R t , , z er Th e 2 12 Fe d 678 . . i g ald , . . . R P F t , , C C A
D la m 1 a ff r c 1 65 Fed . 38 d . 1 69 F u e . e ca e d . 1 22 pp h v 0 . R t p, , R mba ll 3 u . u 4 Fed . 665 v P ig, R a Th e 149 F d 896 rev 61 Fe 0 ygj , , e . , . 1 d . 1 6 253 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"Refer ence s a r e to Se ctions "
S S EC TIO N
men r c C o . . on l 1 94 Fe d . 80 . Sal i k v a d, 0 . B D , C C A
es r e oo o . 1 1 o m . s . Samuel v . a l p l C C Ga 115 W t H t , m h e 9 F 2 Sa u el . all T 4 ed . 81 W H , ,
n ers . nson e 49 . Sa d v u 74 F d . 6 . M , , C C A ff 6 S ndfiel h e 79 Fed 3 71 92 F . 6 a d, T , . , a d . e d 663 26 , ,
a h 2 S n u e mo T e 41 Fe 969 m o . 249 Fe 8 73 . 58 gli l d d d . G , , , a m o h 24 S n uglie l T e 9 Fed . . . G , , C C A
Pa c . m . c . . . 2 . 238 n ne . t . u S . C . Sa g i tti v Nav , L R , Q B D ,
A . 3 00 3 sp. M C . n o h e 2 516 Sa na T 15 Fe d . t , , h urnu s T e 250 Fe d 407 . . Sa . t , , , C C A
w o er e e n r n n 9 Fe d . 2 Sa v . l v la d i es 6 11 y C I M ,
c m e ser Fe 79 . S h id v . y 88 d . 9 . t K , , C C A h Sc r . o r o L 2 e 7 u n o . o f br . 14 F d . 5 8 ah k a C . v a g M C ,
r 42 6 . e . o e on S h ahuk na Co . v . ls 1 Fe d . 15 M N ,
c oo er R i e 2 mn 7 No S h n ees d Su . 56 . . . , , F C ’ w 7 e 7 Sch rz hi . c . 2 l . C 4 F d . 5 . a c ld v. a S S N t , 2 7 . . 2 2 22 co o er . . 191 1 S ish av . Co . v . S u , tt N t , L R ( K B
Com. Ga s . 154 .
w o 20 co 1 90 88 Fed . 3 S N . , 2 8 d er 37 Fed . 6 Se aman v . l A , e h 793 S efahrer , T e 133 Fed . ,
en 591 r e erse on no er o n 1 72 S eca Th e 1 63 Fed . v d a h p i , , , , t t
0. Fe d . 37
283 7 A s . Se a i 1 . . rr no m e . . v . Ca pb ll , L R Q B , p
w e o o 2 . . S all v . d 135 Fed . 1 W , , C C A
i o o Ga s . 44 Shill Th e 3 C m . t , , w 6 . 3 w 231 5 . 3 r m n 8 Ho . 1 Ship o a d v . i ss a 1 , d H W , L E 4 e 990 h e 9 a fi . 1 8 F d . Sikh T 1 75 Fed . 86 d , , ,
. 241 h e 2 43 . Silvia T 1 71 U . S . 46 d , , , L E Sin ra 84 t m Th e 64 Fed . 8 , , 0
9 . McLo d 61 Fed . 84 n r e . e Sixtee Hundre d Tons Nit at v , , C 46 48 50 C . A . , , 254
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"Re ference s ar e to Sections "
F n 1 70 ed . 918 . . Stoomva rt v . i d L , , C C A
n n Th e 1 62 Fe d 883 . . . S . Que i . t t , , , C C A
Fe . a fi . f r Co . . unson 95 d 690 d 1 00 S r ai s o ove S . S . v t t D M , ,
Fe d . 1 005 .
r on h e 89 F 374 . S a hd T ed . t t , ,
h 728 . S yr ia T e 1 01 Fed . . t , , , C C A 2 r h e 1 86 . 1 46 . . 1 0 7 S y ia T U . S d t , , , L E
o 1 63 Fe 48 . . e d . . Sun C v . aly H , , C C A if w 2 3 . 0 F 2 04 16 a d 3 ed . Swallo Th e 7 Fe d . , , ,
w ons o f o 35 Fed 307 S an v . 550 al . T C ,
w Fe 905 . . e 1 61 d . S an v . il y , W , C C A w 87 F 45 rn e s ed . 3 S if v . u s i hy t F W t ,
T
1 33 . 1 . . 391 8 orn. C a s . r . . Ta a rt v . i she g F , L R K B , C
689 . . ampico Th e 151 Fed . T , , , C C A 397 2 1 9 6 . . . 1 1 n e c n C o . . amplin v . glo xi a , , T A M , L R A C
m . a 299 . C o C s. 2 angier Th e 32 Fe d . 30 T , , 170 h o . 110 . . S . C r o Exc e . Ta bell v . R yal g pg , N Y 26 or r r on o r s 124 Fe d . 8 ayl v . all ive k T F R I W ,
ff 22 . 1 Fe d . 1 0 443 a d . 15 enedos Th e 137 Fe d . T , , ,
- 35 n two e s 87 Fed . 9 Ten Thou sand a d Eighty Oak Ti , No 1 . w . 2 e 36 . a s . c . o hacher v . o s on G C ll , , T B t , L F C
2 65 5 o rn . 4 orn. Ga s . Th s r Co . a hn a n v . exa S a ill , T t M , C C
Ga s 321 . 233 h i rns 1 71 Fe d . T eb dea u v . ai C ,
545 . hemis Th e 244 Fed . T , ,
1 12 A s . o o . . . . . h mas v . or se a S . S . C , p T P t , L R A C 23 M . C . . 779 o h e 113 Fe d . h mas . Sheldon T T P , , 410 1 . . c . . . h orman v . D ow a te S . S . C , T g , L R K B 67 C a s . 15 orn . A s . 481 11 p . M . C , C
- r ons u no 6 Be n . 533 Three Hundre d a nd Ninety th ee T G a , ,
No . F . C . 256 B TA LE OF CASES .
"References ar e to S ections "
- sa cn on
ns . n s or . 1 . . 185 11 A illma v u f d , . K B s . T K t L R , p
1 05 . M . C .
mor h F . 6 i , T e 67 ed 35 T , n h e 1 F 229 i a ia, T 13 ed . . . T t , , C C A 1 01 i ania Th e 19 Fed . T t , , h Tor orm T e 48 Fed . 584 g , , 47 orn h 342 2 7 . o T e 1 08 . . 7 ad U S d . T , , , L E
oron h Fe 632 . o T e 1 74 d . . 47 9 T t , , , C C A , 5 , w e e 5 s . ss 18 o le v . l u h ( a ) T K tt , C M 2 e 6 2 unson 03 F d . 9 . . Trechm a n v . , M , C C A
l 44 3 . No 3 r o oo 1 . . 0 v . d al . , T tt W , G , F C 2 1904 . . 8 6 9 A . . er m . . s urn v . aji Goola , T H , L R , A C p M 88 C . 5 w e 721 2 05 F d . . . ee die v . arry , T B , C C A 7 ine 2 07 Fed . 0 . . we e e Tr a . o . n T di C v . Cla L , , C C A i 9 92 w n o . r 15 . . 1 ee e r C . T di T adi g v C a g, App Div w 2 1 7 Fed . 278 w os on oo Cc . ee ie . . . e T d v N Y B t Dy d , ,
w 2 1 1 94 Fed . 8 e . en . T ee di v . N . Y C t ,
56 Fed 88 . . 37 38 40 w c n e um er Cc . 1 . T eedie v . Pit h Pi L b , , , ,
69 . h a n sta d 1 80 Fed . 1 . . o . T e S Twe edie Trading C . v g , , C C A 49 e 929 . . r on 95 F d . wee die v . S g 1 , , T t , C C A
om en 1 73 Fe d . 71 0 wee die v . h s T T , 2 9 6 . wiligh Th e 1 94 Fed . T t, , w n n -e o s e s o f o sse s 1 T o Hu dre d a d Sixty ight H g h ad M la ,
No . 24 . . ask . H , F C
f o e x c n 135 Fe d . 734 . Two Thou sand Tons o C al Mi higa , , C
2 . 2 5 orn . a C s. 1900 . 1 ne C o . . e c . . Ty v L a h , L R ( ) Q B , C
U 151 u r 169 . . Uls er rick Co . v . ha pp iv t B M t , A D
u e 231 Fed . 427 . . Unio ne u s riaca v . uja , A t T g , C C A 315 Uni onis Th e 48 Fe d . t, , 257 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"Refer ences a r e to S ections "
s s c'rro it 2 181 Fe d . 96 . . e . . o . . s ns Unit d S S C v Ha ki , , C C A 493 r 95 Fed. Uren v . Haga ,
. Co . 216 Fe d. 61 . . U . S . v. N . Y . O . S . S , , C C A
146 e . 9 4 n o . . . S . F d 1 U . S . Shippi g C v U , V derla nd Th e 1 7 3 Va , , 8 Fed . 3
2 F . 6 n er . ce n . . Co . 15 ed 88 C. . a d bil v a S S , V t O , C A ne 23 F oo 1 ed . 353 Va v . W d ,
e ore . o . e en r a fe 229 F . 394 ll S S . C v . St ed . . V g , , C C A lo a h e n T e 3 r 39 . No . V a e 1 . , , W , , F C enus n o on 2 F 7 s 15 ed . 1 0 . . Shippi g C . v . il V W , C C A
o Th e 90 Fe . 750 Vi la , , d Vo a em nn . e n 1 80 Fed . 97 . v a bur . g R , , C C A
Vo ema nn . nz r . c 6 orn. a s . 253 7 orn . v a iba S . S C . , C g Z C , C
o 643 . . V lund Th e 181 Fed . , , , C C A
r r r m . . 461 afid . 24 alfo d v . Aff eteu s eunis 23 Co Ga s , W R ,
Com. Ga s. 2 68 2 . 1 7 r . r r n . 150 18 . . alke v es e n a s. Cc . 3 all d W W t T , W , L E
ce . r o of m er 224 Fe d 993 alla v a g u b . W C L ,
rr en ms Th 74 3 . a da e Fed . 41 . W A , , , C C A
s . o . . n r o . 9 142 a h C v ai ie ill C 1 8 Fed. W R M ,
sson . e 2 29 a v S son 14 Fed . 3 W t t , o 3 s n w r 12 A . . . 35 . o . . e e e s a S S . C v rry a h p W t M t , M C 406 1 s . 353 2 9 . . a v amors 115 U . S . d , W tt C , , L E
m . 2 . . 92 10 Co e ner . n . Cc . . . W h v De e S S . , L R K B ,
Ga s . . 1 0 16 139 . ,
e 1 e r . or w o 1 34 F d . 99 i v h e s ern mm. C c . W N t t C ,
e r . n o . . 525 5 orn. Ga s . i v U ion S . S . C . . . W , L R A C , C 363 9 A s 111 4 , p. M . C .
e lm n or F . 577 . . A . . l a v . se 76 ed a , W M , t C C 258
I D E X
261
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"Re fer ences a r e to S ections "
ona fide purchaser o f bill of lading B ,
Breakage . w Breakdo n clau se .
C
ancella io n effec on demur rage C t , t
e n e Canc lli g dat . when none in charter Care or custo dy ' o f th e cargo Cer ifica e of se awor hine ss n ot conclusive t t t , e sser c s C lau e . o f hire clause ( in tim e charter s ) r er me ha i . C t , t j r co en fi pa ty, al . App dix j i Welsh form Appendix t i r net g ain .
lear ance obliga ion to pr o cure C , t oal expense of galley co al in ime char er falls on char C , t t t
erer . .
charterer pays for th ough ship off hire lack o f cau sing unseawor hiness 3 , t ,
r Co llect f eight .
o s on r er ct o e s n o t e cuse for a m e C lli i , Ha t A d x liability d ag
to anoth er vessel . ’ C ommencement of carrier s liability
omm o C issi ns . ’ ommo C n carrier s liability . carr ier one wh o o fiers to c arr y go o ds fo r th e ub , p i l c.
onc u s e e enc c se C l iv vid e lau . not incorp or ate d in bill of lading on ons r ece en 1 di i p d . C t t , Constructive knowledge o f charter 2 64 "Re ference s are to Sections "
n o Co tinu us ly. Contraband as la wful cargo c see Re str aint of prin es .
u s om house oflicer s delay by ina e n ion of for char C t , tt t , ’ terer s account . 42
D
amage to cargo ma be set-ofi agains fr eigh D , y t t
esse in me c r ers . v l , ti ha t capable of be ing covere d by ins ur ance
of m amages me asur e o f see easure da ages. D , , M m e s e cial see Special da ag s. p ,
Days Dead- freight w e ight . eck ca rgo righ s a nd liabili ie s a s to D , t t w hat is .
right to load .
Default . Deficiency of men— in time charters for elay damage s . D , e De livery by carri r .
to carrier . emi se ime char er is not D , t t
D e viation .
Dispatch money . ocking in ime char ers D , t t
- Dr docking see ocking. y , D
Due diligence . I Duty of injur e d pa rty to mitigate damages .
265 R R POOR ON CHA TER PA TIES .
"References ar e to S ections "
E s sc'rrox
- “Efiect of expir ation of lay days . Efficient state to resume h er service Efforts to be made to over come oper ation o f a n excepte d
cause .
r r Eiusdem gene is ule . Error in mana gement or navigation Exception clauses a nd demurr age whether or not they protect th e charterer h ow f ar is prevention necessary ? Exception clause in time charters E r on of - s effec of xpi ati lay day , t Explosion not a peril of th e seas ,
P
Fault of master or owner delaying loading or dischar ging Fault or err or in management or navigation Fe der al Bill of Lading A ct Appendix B
’ ire s a u e limi ing ship owner s liabili y F t t t , t t
a nd gener al aver age . Fixe d time for loading or discharging
Freight as per charter . a nd all other con ditions a s per charter
advance .
r p o r ata . 1 w e e rn h n a ed . for feited by abandonment of ship
Frustration of th e venture 266
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"References a re t o S ections "
Invoice value clause r on ore is lawful cargo I ,
Jason clause . K nowle dge of char er effec on bill of lading holder K t , t
Lawful cargo . - La y days. wh en they b egin Le akage iber y to call or t ow etc L t , ns Lie . i en demurr age during exercise of L , o n cargo a nd sub-freights in time charters Lighter age at th e expen se of th e cargo Limitation of liability statutes o ading a nd discharging when ime not fix e d L , t oading ship under ime char er L , t t um s r L p um f eight .
n Ma agement a nd navigation . ’ Master s discr etion ( a s to s afe p orts) s er s n n s of n un er me c r er Ma t , ig i g bill ladi g d ti ha t easure o f damages in general 82 to M , for breach of charter f or e d lay. f or loss or damage to goo ds
u to m d y i iga e see i iga ion . t t t , M t t
reco er o f s c m es ee e v y pe ial da ag s Sp cial damages. , 268 INDEX.
"Re fer ences a re to Sections "
Me asur e of damag es— Continu e d for br each o f warranty o f speed
penalty clau se doe s not affect .
for refusal to arbitr ate too indefinite for r ecovery . Mi sr epre sentations a s t o ve sse l i iga io n o f dama e s du y of M t t g , t Mutually excepte d
r of owner aviga ion in im e char e , du y N t , t t t
err ors in .
e s Negligence claus . r Net r egi ste . No t gu ar an tee d
Notice of claim.
Notice of r e adiness . Now saile d o r ab out to sail Number of packages re ceive d
0
Obligation on charterer to have cargo ready
Option to cance l .
Oral agr eements . Other con ditions a s per charter Overlap in time charter
Parole evidence rule . Penalty clau se Perils of th e sea Pers onal co ntracts a nd limitation o f liability er son al injuries not wi hin ar er A ct P , t H t Pilf er age ir a e s lo ss by a peril o f th e sea P t , , c omerene A ct see e der al ill of ading A t . P , F B L 269 POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"References a re to S ections "
Position of ship at time of making charter Prepaid freight to be consider e d e arne d on shipment Pro ceedin g to loading p ort re Pr o rata f ight . c rr r n s ro on riva e a ie dis i gui he d f m comm carr ier . P t , t
Privity . Procee d with all p ossible disp atch
Pro duce Exchange rules . umps failure to use a n error in managemen or navi a ion P , , t g t
Q Quar an ine is res r ain of prince s t , t t ship in not re ady , c s Qui k de patch .
Rainy days
R s see erm n . at , V i R e adiness of cargo, obligation of charterer a s to f e s eadiness no ice of see o ice o r eadin s . R , t , N t Re ady for cargo or to lo ad easonable ime f or lo ading or unlo ading R t , r s n o a esse 1 Rep e e tati ns s to v l , equisi ion eff ec of on ime char er R t , t , t t r n f 14 72 Rest ai ts o princes. , o er R bb y . nn Ru ing days .
Safely. Satur days a s half-h o lidays -w Sea ater damage . 2 70
POOR ON CHARTER PARTIES .
"References are to S ections "
Time charter— Contin ued
e ce on c u se in x pti la . exp enses falling on owner ; insur a nce
c r er r ha t e .
n on rer i demnificati by charte s . lien on cargoes a nd sub -fr eights w r la fu l ca go .
wo se a rt hine ss in .
safe p orts. signing bills of lading un der ’ spaces at charterer s di sp osal s emen s re n to th e s 1 tat t lati g hip , - sub charters . m a ti e nd voyage . w e w inch s a nd inchmen .
w r w ithd a al . w To se . , e Tug
Transshipment . a s deviation r ow Tu ar er A ct does not excuse liabili y for inju y to t . g, H t t
Turn berth clau ses .
Under lap in ime char er , t t 5 nsa e or s . U f p t , nse wor w U a hiness see S ea or hiness . t , t
Valu ation clauses Ventilation of th e cargo
oss a l by, not a peril of th e sea
272 INDEX .
"References ar e to Sections " W
War e res r n of r nce s se , t ai t p i
War r anties.
arran y of se awor hiness see S eawor hiness . W t t , t
eigh s damage to ship in lo ading e xce ssive W t , e ing a s excep ion in bill of lading W tt , t Whether in berth or not
Winches a nd winchmen . i hdr awal under im e char er W t , t t
With all convenient spe e d
Wor king on excepte d
273