DOCSLIB.ORG

Pigeon Pea from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump to Navigationjump to Search

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pigeon Pea from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump to Navigationjump to Search Pigeon pea From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Pigeon pea Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Genus: Cajanus Species: C. cajan Binomial name Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. The pigeon pea[1] (Cajanus cajan), also known as pigeonpea, red gram or tur,[2] is a perennial legume from the family Fabaceae. Since its domestication in the Indian subcontinent at least 3,500 years ago, its seeds have become a common food in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It is consumed on a very large scale in South Asia and is a major source of protein for the population of the Indian subcontinent. It is the primary accompaniment to rice or roti (flat bread) and has the status of staple diet throughout the length and breadth of India. Contents 1Origins 2Cultivation 3Seeds and chafe o 3.1Dehulling methods . 3.1.1Wet method . 3.1.2Dry method 4Uses 5Genome sequence 6Nutrition 7Diseases 8See also 9References 10External links Origins[edit] Pigeon pea flower at Sydney 2019 Pigeon pea is a perennial which can grow into a small tree. Cajanus cajan – MHNT Pigeon pea flowers The cultivation of the pigeon pea goes back at least 3,500 years. The centre of origin is probably peninsular India, where the closest wild relatives (Cajanus cajanifolia) occur in tropical deciduous woodlands.[3] Archaeological finds of pigeon pea dating to about 3,400 years ago (14th century BC) have been found at Neolithic sites in Kalaburagi, Karnataka (Sanganakallu) and its border areas (Tuljapur Garhi in Maharashtra and Gopalpur in Orissa) and also the south Indian states such as Kerala, where it is called Tomara Payaru.[4] From India it traveled to East Africa and West Africa. There, it was first encountered by Europeans, so it obtained the name Congo Pea. By means of the slave trade, it came to the American continent, probably in the 17th century.[5] Cultivation[edit] Today, pigeon pea is widely cultivated in all tropical and semitropical regions of both the Old and the New Worlds. World production of pigeon peas is estimated at 4.49 million tons.[6] About 63% of this production comes from India. Africa is the secondary centre of diversity and at present it contributes about 21% of global production with 1.05 million tons. Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya, Mozambique and Uganda are the major producers in Africa. The total number of hectares grown to pigeon pea is estimated at 5.4 million.[6] India accounts for 72% of area grown to pigeon pea or 3.9 million hectares. Pigeon pea is an important legume crop of rainfed agriculture in the semiarid tropics. The Indian subcontinent, eastern Africa and Central America, in that order, are the world's three main pigeon pea- producing regions. Pigeon peas are cultivated in more than 25 tropical and subtropical countries, either as a sole crop or intermixed with cereals, such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), or maize (Zea mays), or with other legumes, such as peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). Being a legume capable of symbiosis with Rhizobia, the bacteria associated with the pigeon pea enrich soils through symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Pigeon peas can be of a perennial variety, in which the crop can last three to five years (although the seed yield drops considerably after the first two years), or an annual variety more suitable for seed production. The crop is cultivated on marginal land by resource-poor farmers, who commonly grow traditional medium- and long-duration (5–11 months) landraces. Short-duration pigeon peas (3–4 months) suitable for multiple cropping have recently been developed. Traditionally, the use of such input as fertilizers, weeding, irrigation, and pesticides is minimal, so present yield levels are low (average = 700 kg/ha). Greater attention is now being given to managing the crop because it is in high demand at remunerative prices. Pigeon peas are very drought-resistant and can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall. With the maize crop failing three out of five years in drought-prone areas of Kenya, a consortium led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) aimed to promote the pigeon pea as a drought-resistant, nutritious alternative crop. Successive projects encouraged commercialization of legumes, by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing. This work, which included linking producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa. The commercialization of the pigeon pea is now enabling farmers to buy assets, ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock, and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty. John Spence, a botanist and politician from Trinidad and Tobago, developed several varieties of dwarf pigeon peas which can be harvested by machine, instead of by hand.[7] Seeds and chafe[edit] Dehulling methods[edit] Dehulling pigeon peas is an age-old practice in India. In earlier days hand pounding was common. Several traditional methods are used that can be broadly classified under two categories: Wet method[edit] Involves water soaking, sun drying and dehulling. Dry method[edit] Involves oil/water application, drying in the sun, and dehulling. Depending on the magnitude of operation, large-scale commercial dehulling of large quantities of pigeon pea into its deskinned, split version, known as toor dal in Hindi, is done in mechanically operated mills.[8][9] Uses[edit] Split pigeon pea, used in making Daal/Pappu, a daily staple in India Dal/Pappu and rice, the twice-daily staple meal for most people in India and the Indian subcontinent. Pigeon peas are both a food crop (dried peas, flour, or green vegetable peas) and a forage/cover crop. In combination with cereals, pigeon peas make a well-balanced meal and hence are favoured by nutritionists as an essential ingredient for balanced diets. The dried peas may be sprouted briefly, then cooked, for a flavor different from the green or dried peas. Sprouting also enhances the digestibility of dried pigeon peas via the reduction of indigestible sugars that would otherwise remain in the cooked dried peas.[10] ஋) in Hindi and areharڃor 'arhar' (஋ (ڃIn India, split pigeon peas, called tur (咨஋) in Marathi, toor dal (咨஋ 㟀 in Telugu, thuvara parippa in Kerala and thuvaram paruppu in (⿏ڃ ki dal in Urdu, kandhi pappu (吀஋ீ Tamil Nadu, togari bele in Kannada are one of the most popular pulses, being an important source of protein in a mostly vegetarian diet. In regions where it grows, fresh young pods are eaten as a vegetable in dishes such as sambar. Whole pigeon peas are called arhar dal in Hindi. In Ethiopia, not only the pods, but also the young shoots and leaves are cooked and eaten.[11] Kenyans shelling pigeon peas In some places, such as the Caribbean coast of Colombia, Dominican Republic, Panama and Hawaii, pigeon peas are grown for canning and consumption. A dish made of rice and green pigeon peas (called moro de guandules) is a traditional food in the Dominican Republic. Pigeon peas are also made as a stew, with plantain balls. In Puerto Rico, arroz con gandules is made with rice and pigeon peas and is a traditional dish, especially during Christmas season. Trinidad and Tobago and Grenada have their own variant, called pelau, which includes either beef or chicken, and occasionally pumpkin and pieces of cured pig tail. In the Atlántico department of Colombia, the sopa de guandú con carne salada (or simply "gandules") is made with pigeon peas. Unlike in some other parts of the Greater Caribbean, in The Bahamas the light brown colored dried seeds of the pigeon pea plant are used (instead of the fresh green pigeon peas used elsewhere) to make the heartier, heavier, signature Bahamian staple dish "Peas 'n Rice." A slab of partially cubed or diced pork "fatback" lard with skin on (bacon is a common substitute), diced onions and sweet pepper, and a mixture of spices are all sauteed in the bottom of a deep pot. Tomatoes and tomato paste are added. Then water is added along with the peas and rice, and slow boiled until tender. The dish becomes a medium-dark brown color, resulting from absorbing the colors of the browned initial ingredients and the cooked tomato paste. The pigeon peas themselves absorb the same, becoming a much darker brown, providing some contrast while still complementing the distinctive "browned" theme of the dish.[12] In Thailand, pigeon peas are grown as a host for scale insects which produce lac, the key ingredient in shellac. Pigeon peas are in some areas an important crop for green manure, providing up to 90 kg nitrogen per hectare.[13] The woody stems of pigeon peas can also be used as firewood, fencing and thatch. It is an important ingredient of animal feed used in West Africa, especially in Nigeria, where it is also grown. Leaves, pods, seeds and the residues of seed processing are used to feed all kinds of livestock.[14] Genome sequence[edit] The pigeon pea is the first seed legume plant to have its complete genome sequenced. The sequencing was first accomplished by a group of 31 Indian scientists from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. It was then followed by a global research partnership, the International Initiative for Pigeonpea Genomics (IIPG), led by ICRISAT with partners such as BGI–Shenzhen (China), US research laboratories like University of Georgia, University of California-Davis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, and National Centre for Genome Resources, European research institutes like the National University of Ireland Galway.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (Cajanus Cajan) Cultivated in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia
    Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, 2021, 10, 37-56 https://www.scirp.org/journal/jacen ISSN Online: 2325-744X ISSN Print: 2325-7458 Determination of Selected Metals and Nutritional Compositions of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) Cultivated in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia Mesfin Thomas Anjulo, Mesfin Bibiso Doda*, Camerun Kastro Kanido* Department of Chemistry, College of Natural & Computational Science, Wolita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia How to cite this paper: Anjulo, M.T., Do- da, M.B. and Kanido, C.K. (2021) Deter- Abstract mination of Selected Metals and Nutritional Compositions of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) This study was aimed to determine the level of selected metals and nutritional Cultivated in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. Journal composition of pigeon pea seed collected from seven districts of Wolaita of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, zone. A wet digestion procedure involving the use of mixtures of (69% - 72%) 10, 37-56. https://doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2021.101003 HNO3 and (70%) HClO4 at an optimum temperature and time duration was used to determine metals by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Kjeldahl digestion method, Soxhlet extraction and furnace were used to de- Received: November 2, 2020 termine nutritional values of pigeon pea, and physicochemical properties of Accepted: January 12, 2021 Published: January 15, 2021 soils were assessed using standard methods. The results showed that the levels of concentration of metals in mg/kg dry weight were ranged 105.17 to 144.07 Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and for K, 8.95 to 12.67 for Mg, 7.74 to 12.27 for Ca, 0.247 to 0.543 for Fe, 0.122 to Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of the Disruption of the Pigeon Pea Export Market on Household Food Security and Well-Being in Mozambique
    Final report The effects of the disruption of the pigeon pea export market on household food security and well-being in Mozambique Alberto da Cruz Jorrit Oppewal Mattia Polvanesi 2018 S-MOZ004-MOZ-1 Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................. 2 1. Background ......................................................................................... 3 2. Objectives and Methodology .............................................................. 5 3. Pigeon Pea Farmers and Production in 2017 .................................... 6 4. Food or Cash ....................................................................................... 9 5. Impact of 2017 Pigeon Pea Price Collapse ...................................... 16 6. Conclusion and Recommendations ................................................. 23 1 Executive Summary Pigeon pea production in the countryside of Central and Northern Mozambique has grown exponentially over the past decade, on the back of rising demand from India. The high prices, combined with favorable agronomic characteristics, ensured that the number of farmers cultivating this pulse surpassed 1 million by 2016. However, an additional push by the Indian Government to encourage domestic production through increased minimum support prices, combined with good monsoon rains, resulted in a bumper harvest in 2017. Consequently, the price fell significantly and India decided to impose an import quota in August 2017. The reduced access to the only significant
    [Show full text]
  • (Cajanus Cajan) LEAF MEAL for BERSEEM LEAF MEAL on BROILER PERFORMANCE
    69 ZIRAA’AH, Volume 40 Nomor 2, Juni 2015 Halaman 69-74 ISSN ELEKTRONIK 2355-3545 EFFECT OF GRADED SUBSTITUTION LEVELS OF PIGEON PEA (Cajanus cajan) LEAF MEAL FOR BERSEEM LEAF MEAL ON BROILER PERFORMANCE Esam Eldin Eltayeb1, Salah Ahmed Abdel-Muttalab2, Rachmat Wiradimadja3, Tuti Wijastuti3, and Ana R. Tarmidi3 1)Doctoral Student in Poultry Nutrition, Postgraduate Program, Animal Husbandry Faculty, Padjadjaran University 2)Faculty of Agriculture, Omdurman Islamic University,Sudan. 3)Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Padjadjaran University. Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km.21 Jatinangor-Sumedang. e-mail :[email protected]. Tel: +6285603137935. ABSTRACT The main object of this study was to assess the productive and physiological responses of broiler chickens to dietary Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) Leaf Meal (PPLM) as an ingredient. 200 day-old, unsexed Ross (303) broiler chicks were used as experimental birds; they were distributed to (5x10x4) following the completely randomized design (CRD). Experimental diets were formulated to (0.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0% PPLM), at the expense of alfalfa meal which was included at 10.0% in the control diet. Feed and water were provided ad labium. Experimental period lasted for 7 weeks. Results revealed that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in feed intake between level (2.5% - 5.0%), PPLM and control. There was no significant difference in total body weight gain. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) results showed that all birds fed PPLM were lagging after control, no significant difference detected between control and 5.0% PPLM. In conclusion the study showed that Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) leaf meal could be included in broiler diets at level 2.5-5.0% without any adverse effects on broiler performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Interim, Report to
    k 7- h' - - -• Fi — aioe 7co(7z) 5- 7 - - 7- S 7 7-4 . S . SS' • '5 ' - I - / - . INTERIM, REPORT TO - . 7. 7 ' -~v U N E 5- /) ON IES (m)[17 INTERCROPPING ON , FARMING SYSTEMS -1 j /4. 55 5555 1975 S ' . '- . /7/ - " S • - , 'S l~ - 2- - -- 7 • INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE IBADAN-NIGERIA REVIEW OF UNEP SUPPORTED SYSTEMS AGRONOMY CROPPING SYSTEMS EXPERI MENT S The objective of the IITA Farming Systems Program is to replace existing food crop production systems by more efficient systems that attain I good yields of improved crop varieties on a sustained basis through :- developing suitable land clearing and soil management techniques that minimize erosion and soil deterioration. use of appropriate crop combinations, sequences and management practices that minimize use of costly inputs e.g. fertilizers and pesticides. development of appropriate technologies that increase agricultural productivity while minimizing drudgery, and accurate monitoring of environmental conditions and changes in such a way as to reliably relate these to crop performance, guide timing of operations and for predictive purposes. Emphasis in research and related activities is given to the problems and needs of smaliholders in the developing countries of the tropics. As a result of continuing increases in population and labour constrints, over 70% of these mainly subsistent and partially commercial smaliholders are operating small farm sizes of usually less than 2 hectares. These farms under decreasing periods of fallow are becoming increasingly subjected to serious soil deterioration and erosion under tropical rainstorms. The same degradation processes result from mechanized land, development and clearing techniques used in large scale farms in tropical Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Pigeon Pea Anthracnose '
    PIGEON PEA ANTHRACNOSE ' By C. M. TUCKER Plant Pathologist, Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station INTRODUCTION The pigeon pea, or gandul (Cajan cajan (L.) Millsp.) (Cajanus indicus Spreng.), is an important food crop in Porto Rico. The pods are picked before they mature, and the fresh, green seeds have a high nutritive value and may be found in the local markets almost through-, out the year. The leaves and pods are eagerly eaten by all classes of livestock, and the crop is highly recommended as forage for cattle. During the past three years pigeon peas at the station have been considerably damaged by a spotting of the pods, accompanied by molding and decay of the seeds. In general appearance the disease is strongly suggestive of bean anthracnose, and the term ''anthrac- nose'' was applied to it even before the causal organism was deter- mined. Examination of the available literature failed to reveal any reference to a pod disease of pigeon peas, and the serious damage wrought by it seemed to warrant investigation to determine the cause. The disease is rather generally distributed over the island, especially in the western section. Infected pods were received also from Fajardo, on the eastern coast, where the disease is said to have caused con- siderable loss. SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE Anthracnose of pigeon pea may be recognized by the appearance of spots or blotches on the leaflets, pods, and seeds. On mature leaflets the spots are dark brown, definite, somewhat angular, and usually delimited by veinlets. The spots are most conspicuous on the superior surface of the leaflet.
    [Show full text]
  • Production Potential, and Energetic Studies As Affected by Pigeon Pea (Cajanus Cajan L.) and Finger Millet (Eleusine Coracana L.) Intercropping System
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(1): 2509-2517 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 01 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.701.301 Production Potential, and Energetic Studies as Affected by Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) and Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) Intercropping System Sunita Kujur, Md. Naiyar Ali*, R.K. Lakra and S. Ahmad Department of Agronomy, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006, Jharkhand, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) is grown in rainfed as well as dry region of India, growing of only pulses is not so much remunerative in present scenario of dry areas of agriculture to fulfill the diverse demand of consumers and rapid growing population. A field experiments was conducted during the Kharif seasons of 2005 and 2006 at Birsa K e yw or ds Agricultural University Farm, Ranchi, Jharkhand to assess the energetics and production potential of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) in sole and intercropping with different Energetic, Yield duration (short, medium, and long) cultivars of finger millet under 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 attributes, Yield, row proportions. Sole crops of pigeon pea and finger millet always showed highest yield Net return, attributes that decreased due to intercropping with different duration cultivars of finger Intercropping, -1 -1 millet and number of rows of finger millet. Pods plant , seeds pod and 100 seed weight Finger millet, -1 -1 of pigeon pea and ears m row length, seeds ear and test weight of finger millet were Pigeon pea recorded higher under pigeon pea and finger millet intercropping system in 1:1 row ratio Article Info and reduced in 1:4 row ratio.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review Article on Health Benefits of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus Cajan (L
    Rabia Syed and Ying Wu, IJFNR, 2018;2:15 Review Article IJFNR (2018) 2:15 International Journal of Food and Nutrition Research (ISSN:2572-8784) A review article on health benefits of Pigeon pea Cajanus( cajan (L.) Millsp) Rabia Syed1 and Ying Wu2 1PhD candidate. Graduate Research Assistant. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. College of Agriculture Tennessee State University. 2Ph.D. Associate Professor Food and Animal Science. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. College of Agriculture Tennessee State University. ABSTRACT Pigeon pea is a perennial tropical crop primarily grown in Asia *Correspondence to Author: and Africa, and its seeds are consumed as a rich source of Ying Wu protein and carbohydrates both in fresh and dried forms. It Ph.D. Associate Professor Food has been used as an important part of the folk and traditional and Animal Science. Department medicine in India, China, and South America to prevent and treat of Agricultural and Environmental various human diseases. This crop has been successfully grown in some southeastern Sciences. College of Agriculture states but still considered as a novel pulse here in the US with Tennessee State University. the majority of the work focused on its non-consumable parts like leaves, stems, and roots. Literature studies indicate that pigeon pea has the potential to prevent and treat many human diseases How to cite this article: such as bronchitis, pneumonia, measles, hepatitis, yellow fever, Rabia Syed and Ying Wu.A review ulcers, diabetes, and certain forms of cancer. Nutritionally along article on health benefits of Pigeon with protein and fiber, it has a decent number of health-promoting pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp).
    [Show full text]
  • Performance of Post Emergence Weedicide in Soybean + Pigeon Pea Intercropping
    IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume 8, Issue 7 Ver. III (July. 2015), PP 61-62 www.iosrjournals.org Performance of Post Emergence Weedicide in Soybean + Pigeon pea Intercropping Dr. A. S. Jadhav* Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, (M.S) 431 402 Key words: Intercropping, weed control, Soybean, Pigeon Pea, Imazethapyr, Imazimox Among various constraints in crop production weed control is important one but generally neglected by many farmers. The crop yield loss is 20 to 77 percent due to weeds (Karchamia etal 2001). Timely weed management is an important factor to increase the crop productivity. The degree of loss depends upon intensity and kind of infesting weed. Manual weeding during critical growth stages is sometimes not possible due to uncertain weather, soil condition and labour problems. Inter cropping suppress the growth of weeds up to 25% (Sobney et.al. 1989). It is very essential to find out alternative to manual labour for weed control, which has more weed control efficiency. At present many promising and selective herbicides are available which can control weeds effectively. The intercropping of Soybean + Pigeon pea has been recommended by VNMKV, Parbhani and adopted on large scale by farmers. A very limited work on weed management in Soybean + Pigeon pea intercropping has been done as an application of weedicide. The adequate information regarding use of pre emergence weedicide is available the post emergence is the best option for using
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Intensification and Diversification of Maize-Based Farming Systems in Malawi
    Sustainable Intensification and Diversification of Maize-based Farming Systems in Malawi Dan TerAvest and John P. Reganold Produced by International Wheat and Maize Improvement Centre Washington State University Published by International Institute of Tropical Agriculture www.africarising.net 6 November 2012 The Africa Research In Sustainable Intensification for the Next Generation (Africa RISING) program comprises three research-for-development projects supported by the United States Agency for International Development as part of the U.S. government’s Feed the Future initiative. Through action research and development partnerships, Africa RISING will create opportunities for smallholder farm households to move out of hunger and poverty through sustainably intensified farming systems that improve food, nutrition, and income security, particularly for women and children, and conserve or enhance the natural resource base. The three projects are led by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (in West Africa and East and Southern Africa) and the International Livestock Research Institute (in the Ethiopian Highlands). The International Food Policy Research Institute leads an associated project on monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment. This document is licensed for use under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License 1 Implementation strategy Total LandCare (TLC) was chosen as a partner in this research project due to their long track record of promoting conservation agriculture (CA) projects in Malawi. Total LandCare has a strong infrastructure in Malawi enabling TLC to manage day-to- day project activities. Farmers willing to participate in this study were chosen in collaboration with TLC field staff. Participating farmers had already implemented some CA techniques on their farms with assistance from TLC.
    [Show full text]
  • [CO2] in Low Light Levels on Growth, Physiology and Nutrient Uptake of Tropical Perennial Legume Cover Crops
    plants Article Impact of Ambient and Elevated [CO2] in Low Light Levels on Growth, Physiology and Nutrient Uptake of Tropical Perennial Legume Cover Crops Virupax C. Baligar 1,* , Marshall K. Elson 1, Zhenli He 2 , Yuncong Li 3 , Arlicelio de Q. Paiva 4 , Alex-Alan F. Almeida 5 and Dario Ahnert 5 1 USDA-ARS-Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; [email protected] 2 Indian River Research and Education Center, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA; zhe@ufl.edu 3 Tropical Research and Education Center, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA; yunli@ufl.edu 4 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA 45650-000, Brazil; [email protected] 5 Department of Biological Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA 45650-000, Brazil; [email protected] (A.-A.F.A.); [email protected] (D.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-301-504-6492 Abstract: At early stages of establishment of tropical plantation crops, inclusion of legume cover crops could reduce soil degradation due to erosion and nutrient leaching. As understory plants these cover crops receive limited irradiance and can be subjected to elevated CO2 at ground level. A glasshouse experiment was undertaken to assess the effects of ambient (450 µmol mol−1) and −1 elevated (700 µmol mol ) levels of [CO2] on growth, physiological changes and nutrient uptake of six perennial legume cover crops (Perennial Peanut, Ea-Ea, Mucuna, Pigeon pea, Lab lab, Cowpea) Citation: Baligar, V.C.; Elson, M.K.; under low levels of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD; 100, 200, and 400 µmol m−2 s−1).
    [Show full text]
  • Application of the Commodity Approach to Pigeonpea Value-Chain Analysis in Kenya
    Application of the Commodity Approach to Pigeonpea Value-Chain Analysis in Kenya Kennedy Otieno Pambo [email protected] University of Nairobi P.O Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya. A paper submitted for presentation at the FAO Hosted Session at the IFAMA World Forum 2014 Cape Town, South Africa, June 18, 2014. Copyright 2014 [by author]. All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. ABSTRACT Pulses are the second most important source of human dietary protein and the third most important source of calories for over 100 million people in rural and poor urban communities in Africa. Its protein is cheaper than the animal-based protein, making it highly competitive and important in dietary regimes of poor people in Africa. For example in Kenya, pulses accounts for approximately 11% of the total daily-calorie requirements, only ranking second to cereals that provide about 45% of the daily calorie requirement. Among the pulses, pigeon pea ranks second to beans, which is among the most important staple crops in the country, with critical relevance to national food security equation. Pigeonpea is one of the most popular sources of protein for many Kenyans living in drier regions (eastern, parts of Rift Valley and coastal regions), mainly the poor who cannot afford to buy animal protein. However pigeonpea and other pulses including chickpeas and cowpeas, are considered insignificant in the country to the extent that they are sometimes excluded from the Ministry of Agriculture reports.
    [Show full text]
  • Soybean Versus Other Food Grain Legumes: a Critical Appraisal of The
    Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment Volume 67, Issue 1, 17–24, 2016. DOI: 10.1515/boku-2016-0002 ISSN: 0006-5471 online, © De Gruyter, www.degruyter.com/view/j/boku Article Soybean versus other food grain legumes: A critical appraisal of the United Nations International Year of Pulses 2016 Sojabohne versus Körnerleguminosen: Eine kritische Würdigung des Internationalen Jahres der Körnerleguminosen 2016 der Vereinten Nationen Johann Vollmann1 1Division of Plant Breeding, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln an der Donau, Austria, e-mail: [email protected] Received: 29 January 2016, received in revised form: 4 February 2016, accepted: 5 February 2016 Summary The United Nations have declared 2016 as the International Year of Pulses, which aims at communicating the various benefits of legume cropping and legume-protein-based food consumption. As the term “pulses” is inherently excluding soybean from other grain legumes, this review aims at challenging the scientific justification of this separation from both historical and crop science perspectives toward a better understanding of grain legumes and their contributions to food security. An analysis of the historical development and uses of the term “pulses” reveals that it is not used unambigu- ously throughout the recent scientific literature, and that the separation of soybean from other grain legumes occurred rather recently. Soybean, while being extensively used as an oilseed and animal feedstuff in some parts of the world, is an important protein crop species in other regions with a seed protein content of 40% and outstanding nutritional and food health properties as compared to most other grain legumes.
    [Show full text]