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The Historical Ecology of the Tijuana Estuary & River Valley

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The Historical Ecology of the Tijuana Estuary & River Valley The Historical Ecology of the Tijuana Estuary & River Valley Sam Safran Long Beach, CA December 12, 2018 San Francisco Estuary Institute Restore America’s Estuaries Co-authors: Funded by: Sean Baumgarten, Erin Beller, Danielle Bram, Jeff Crooks, Shawna The California State Dark, Robin Grossinger, Travis Longcore, Julio Lorda, Eric Stein Coastal Conservancy courtesy Coronado Public Library courtesy Coronado Public Library courtesy Coronado Public Library courtesy Coronado Public Library courtesy Coronado Public Library Remarking the boundary, ca. 1894 IBC 1898, courtesy University of North Texas Mendenhall 1905, courtesy USGS Botanizing on Mesa, 1905 Travelling to Mexico, ca. 1890 Historical Ecology Using the past to understand the present landscape and envision its future potential • Not about recreating the past! • Understand system pattern and process at broad temporal and spatial scales • Not just the “way things were,” but the “way things work” Streams and estuaries reconstructed Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Napa River Mark West Creek Marsh Creek Alameda Creek SF Baylands Penitencia Creek Coyote Creek Guadalupe River Uvas Creek Llagas Creek Pajaro River Salinas River Ventura River Santa Clara River Ballona Creek South Coast estuaries San Gabriel River Tijuana River Streams and estuaries reconstructed Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Napa River Mark West Creek Marsh Creek Alameda Creek SF Baylands Penitencia Creek Coyote Creek Guadalupe River Uvas Creek Llagas Creek Pajaro River Salinas River Ventura River Santa Clara River Ballona Creek South Coast estuaries San Gabriel River Tijuana River Tijuana River watershed lower Tijuana River Valley 1,750 sq. mi. 16.4 sq. mi. Key questions courtesy SDNHM • What ecological patterns characterized the Tijuana River Valley prior to substantial Euro-American modification? • What were the physical processes and courtesy SDHC drivers that shaped the landscape? • How have ecological mosaics and physical processes changed from the mid-1800s to the present? courtesy WRCA Methods Collect archival data Extract relevant information Overlay, synthesize Create map Align with geophysical data (and other products) Historical conditions: Tijuana River Valley, ca. 1850 Dune Beach Subtidal water Mud flat Salt flat / Open water 1 Salt marsh km Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zone Dune River channel Dune Beach River wash / Riparian scrub Beach Subtidal water Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Subtidal water Mud flat / Sand flat Perennial freshwater wetland Mud flat Salt flat / Open water Pond Salt flat / Open water Salt marsh Vernal pool Salt marsh Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zoneRiparianTemporary forest stream Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zone River channel Agriculture River channel River wash / Riparian scrub Developed / Disturbed River wash / Riparian scrub Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Concrete channel Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Perennial freshwater wetland Perennial freshwater wetland Pond Pond Vernal pool Vernal pool Riparian forest Riparian forest Agriculture Agriculture Developed / Disturbed Developed / Disturbed Concrete channel Concrete channel Grassland/coastal scrub Historical conditions: with wetlands on Tijuana River Valley, ca. 1850 tablelands and in canyons Seasonal wetlands on valley bottom Salt marsh/mudflat- Dune dominated estuary Beach Subtidal water Mud flat Salt flat / Open water 1 Salt marsh Broad river corridor km Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zone with (mostly) Dune River channel Dune Beach River wash / Riparian scrub intermittent flow and Beach Subtidal water Grassland / Coastal sage scrub riparian scrub Subtidal water Mud flat / Sand flat Perennial freshwater wetland Mud flat Salt flat / Open water Pond Salt flat / Open water Salt marsh Vernal pool Salt marsh Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zoneRiparianTemporary forest stream Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zone River channel Agriculture River channel River wash / Riparian scrub Developed / Disturbed River wash / Riparian scrub Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Concrete channel Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Perennial freshwater wetland Perennial freshwater wetland Pond Pond Vernal pool Vernal pool Riparian forest Riparian forest Agriculture Agriculture Developed / Disturbed Developed / Disturbed Concrete channel Concrete channel Key messages for today 1 The valley supported a diverse array of wetlands in a dry climate. Floods maintained a large and dynamic river 2 corridor. The valley has undergone significant changes 3 in habitat distribution and extent. Dune Beach Subtidal water Mud flat Salt flat / Open water 1 Salt marsh km Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zone Dune River channel Dune Beach River wash / Riparian scrub Beach Subtidal water Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Subtidal water Mud flat / Sand flat Perennial freshwater wetland Mud flat Salt flat / Open water Pond Salt flat / Open water Salt marsh Vernal pool Salt marsh Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zoneRiparianTemporary forest stream Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zone River channel Agriculture River channel River wash / Riparian scrub Developed / Disturbed River wash / Riparian scrub Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Concrete channel Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Perennial freshwater wetland Perennial freshwater wetland Pond Pond Vernal pool Vernal pool Riparian forest Riparian forest Agriculture Agriculture Developed / Disturbed Developed / Disturbed Concrete channel Concrete channel drylands wetlands ~75% wetland habitat types 1 km Estuarine wetlands Dune Beach Subtidal water Mud flat Salt flat / Open water Salt marsh Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zone Dune River channel Dune Beach River wash / Riparian scrub Beach Subtidal water Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Subtidal water Mud flat Perennial freshwater wetland/ Sand flat Mud flat Salt flat / Open water Pond Salt flat / Open water Salt marsh Vernal pool Salt marsh Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zone 1 km N Riparian forest Temporary stream Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zone River channel USAAgriculture River channel River wash / Riparian scrub Developed / Disturbed River wash / Riparian scrub Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Concrete channel Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Perennial freshwater wetland Perennial freshwater wetland Pond Pond Vernal pool Vernal pool Riparian forest Riparian forest Agriculture Agriculture Developed / Disturbed Developed / Disturbed Concrete channel Concrete channel Estuarine wetlands 250 ha (600 ac) of salt marsh 80 ha (200 acres) of intertidal flats • 10% of all vegetated • 21 km of tidal channels estuarine wetlands in SoCal • at least double today’s area • 75% more than today 1 km N US Coast Survey 1852 Gray 1849 Coast Survey 1852 Estuarine wetlands Courtesy Coronado Public Library Courtesy Coronado Public Library 17 ha (40 ac) of salt flat Gray 1849 Courtesy Coronado Public Library US Coast Survey 1852 Alkali meadow complex / 1896: “Salt grass meadows High marsh transition zone of Tia Juana valley” – Pacific Rural Press 1896 Dune Beach Subtidal water Mud flat Salt flat / Open water Salt marsh Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zone River channel Dune River wash / Riparian scrub Beach Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Subtidal water Perennial freshwater wetland Mud flat / Sand flat Pond Salt flat / Open water Vernal pool Salt marsh Riparian forest 1 km N Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zone Agriculture USA River channel Developed / Disturbed River wash / Riparian scrub Concrete channel Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Perennial freshwater wetland Pond Vernal pool Riparian forest Agriculture Developed / Disturbed Concrete channel Alkali meadow complex / High Marsh Transition Zone Wandering skipper (Panoquina errans) • candidate for listing under ESA • host plant is salt grass • today considered to be restricted to salt marshes… … but possible this species once also thrived further inland. ca. 2012 ca. 1850 Vernal pools and perennial freshwater wetlands Dune Beach Subtidal water Mud flat Salt flat / Open water Salt marsh Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zone River channel Dune River wash / Riparian scrub Beach Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Subtidal water Perennial freshwater wetland Mud flat / Sand flat Pond Salt flat / Open water Vernal pool Salt marsh Riparian forest 1 km N Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zone Agriculture USA River channel Developed / Disturbed River wash / Riparian scrub Concrete channel Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Perennial freshwater wetland Pond Vernal pool Riparian forest Agriculture Developed / Disturbed Concrete channel “monte de saus” River wash & Riparian scrub “Arroyo Tijuan” “monte de saus” USDC ca. 1840 Courtesy Bancroft Library Dune Beach Subtidal water Mud flat Salt flat / Open water Salt marsh “willow brush”Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zone River channel Dune River wash / Riparian scrub Beach Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Subtidal water Perennial freshwater wetland Mud flat / Sand flat Pond Salt flat / Open water Vernal pool “willow brush” “willowSalt marsh brush” Riparian forest Alkali meadow complex / High marsh transition zone Agriculture 1 km N USCGS 1933 USA River channel Developed / Disturbed Courtesy NOAA River wash / Riparian scrub Concrete channel Grassland / Coastal sage scrub Perennial freshwater wetland Pond Vernal pool Riparian forest Agriculture Developed / Disturbed Concrete channel Common
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