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Two Rock Art Sites in the Powder River Basin

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Two Rock Art Sites in the Powder River Basin Two Rock Art Sites in the Powder River Basin Mavis Greer and John Greer Paper Presented at the 4th Annual Meeting of the Rocky Mountain Anthropological Association Glenwood Springs, Colorado October 1999 Symposium: Rock Art, Dr. Julie Francis, Chair. Pictograph and petroglyph sites occur infrequently in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming and Montana compared with surrounding mountainous areas. This may be a reflection of site density, but more likely it is a sampling problem as there are many appropriate settings within the Basin that have yet to be checked for rock art. This paper focuses on two sites in the Wyoming portion of the Basin. The northern site, the Daly Petroglyphs (48CA58), is on state surface completely surrounded by a large private ranch that controls access to the property. The southern site, Pinnacle Rocks (48NO231), is also on a private ranch with restricted access. The Daly site (photo to left) was first recorded in 1975 by John when he visited the site while working for the Wyoming Recreation Commission. John and I first recorded the Pinnacle Rocks Petroglyphs (photo below) in 1983. Both sites have experienced some vandalism between our first recordings and our 1999 visits, but impacts to the sites were heaviest prior to our initial visits with a noticeable decline in added names and dates during the 1980s and 1990s. The Powder River Basin is defined as that area bordered on the south by the town of Douglas, Wyoming, along the North Platte River, on the west by the Bighorn Mountains, on the east by the Black Hills, and on the north by the Yellowstone River. It contains not only the Powder River and its tributaries, but also the headwaters and upper portions of the Belle Fourche and Cheyenne rivers. 1999 Powder River Basin Rock Art Page 1 Greer and Greer Rock art settings within this area are characterized primarily as sandstone cliffs or as free- standing sandstone formations. The sites of this study represent one of each setting. The Daly Petroglyphs (photo to upper left) are at the base of a high sandstone cliff formation, while Pinnacle Rocks (photo to upper right) are free-standing sandstone formations. The Daly site includes several separate panels, but the site is dominated by a south-facing panel with three life-size men overlooking the drainage (photo above). These figures are hard to Page 2 photograph in almost all lighting conditions, and they were drawn over in the above photo by computer. The three tall men are about 5 feet tall, have round heads with short necks and blocky rectangular bodies. Additionally, all are clearly portrayed as males, and all have sturdy legs with bent knees. The left figure has a small round shield covering his upper body, with a geometric design. He has a tied sash around his hips with the ends hanging to the right. An arrow emerges from the top of his head, and arrows penetrate his lower legs, which end in bear-claw feet. The figure in the center wears a rectangular breast plate with three columns of V-shaped designs topped by circles. A quiver of arrows rests on his back. His feet are lost in the base of the wall and possibly never existed. Like the figure to the left, he has a tied sash around his hips with the ends hanging to the right. Arrows also penetrate his lower legs below bent knees. His arms are similar in design to his legs and have a slight bend at the elbow; the hands, like his feet, cannot be determined. The right figure has a different hair style from the other two. His hair is gathered at the top with an extended pony tail to the right. His rectangular body is the same style as the other two figures, but his torso is shown with a heart in the center rather than a shield or breast plate, and only the bottom line of what was possibly a sash can be seen. His feet have bear claw-like toes, and at least one arrow enters his lower leg. The arms on this figure are different from the other two and are formed with single lines. The arm on the right bends up at the elbow and holds a bow, while the arm on the left bends up at the elbow and holds a decapitated head, which is shown close-up on the left. This head is held at the neck, with the top of the head hanging down. The hairstyle of the head is different from those of the three large figures, and probably indicates a member of a different group. We are currently researching decapitation in Plains rock art and have yet to find a similarly held head. On the lower portion of the wall below a crack in the sandstone and between the central and right men are two small figures about one-third the size of the larger figures. They represent two different kinds of people, and may not be contemporaneous with each other or the large figures, though all were drawn after the introduction of the bow. The figure on the left (photo on top of page 4) is a small shield-bearing warrior. The round head and prominent eyes are similar to the life-size figures, but his shield is large covering the body from the neck to the knees, unlike the small shield of the large man. Like many Plains Page 3 shields, this one is decorated differently on each half, with the left half plain and the right half covered with vertical parallel lines. The ends of four arrows protrude from the lower left of the shield showing this warrior has been hit. The feet are missing disappearing in the broken bottom of the ledge. The small figure to the right (below) is distinguished from others at this site by its headdress, though it has a round head and rectangular body similar to the large figures, and its single line arms bent up at the elbow are reminiscent of those holding the head. A quiver of arrows rests on its back. The headdress on this figure is similar in form to those at Dinwoody sites of western Wyoming and sites such as Little Petroglyph Canyon shown in the photo on the left, in the Coso Range of southeastern California. The figures are side-by-side on the bottom of the photo on the lower right. Even through the forms are similar, the manufacturing techniques are noticeably different. The top figures on the lower right show another example of similarities in form of headdresses between a Daly Petroglyph figure and another at Little Petroglyph Canyon. The relation between Dinwoody Tradition petroglyphs of western Wyoming and Coso Range Petroglyphs was discussed by Larry Loendorf in a 1999 publication. He suggests their similarity has roots in their common Shoshone origins. The Daly figures suggest possible further connections of Rocky Mountain Page 4 rock art with that of the Powder River Basin. Petroglyphs at Pinnacle Rocks are on several separate panels. The main panel is on the south face of the northeastern island formation, and the concentrated figures on this panel include several examples of superpositioning. The main Pinnacle Rocks panel is dominated by relatively small humans, several of which are portrayed as rectangular bodied figures, some with V-necks, and several as small round-bodied shield figures. The highest figures are a line of rectangular bodied people with no two looking exactly alike, although all have upraised arms (shown in photo to left). Four figures in the row appear to be women, based on holes that appear to be part of their anatomy as opposed to holes resulting from shooting. Two of these figures have parallel lines extending from their arms, which suggests a human/thunderbird-like representation. For purposes of this paper, we concentrated on the shield figures at the Pinnacle Rocks site. Shield designs have attracted the attention of researchers not only because the shield is a common motif in western North American rock art, but also because they have qualities to help with identification of cultural affiliation, site function, and relative figure age based on the change from larger shields for pedestrian warriors to the adoption of smaller shields, about half pedestrian size, for horse-mounted warriors. Ten shield figures are on this panel. Of those, seven are simple circular bodies. These have small round heads and simple straight legs, with bent lines representing feet. All these small figures have large shields relative to their body size. None of them has an attached weapon, though three have adjacent lances or spears that they appear to be walking toward. Two others appear to have large clubs in those same positions. The two figures with the clubs also have distinctive lines coming from their heads, presumably their mouths. The lines from both shield figures circle around to enter the mouth of a bison, one of the few animals represented on this panel. Lines Page 5 such as these are commonly referred to as speech scrolls and are explained as portrayals of communication. These are not common representations in Montana and Wyoming rock art and not typically associated with shield-bearing warriors. But they are deliberate on this panel, and are also found associated with two other small shield figures. Two larger figures have decorated shields that cover the bodies to below their knees. One of these is in poor condition, but it is possible to discern one leg indicating a human was associated with this shield, which is decorated by radiating lines (see photo to the left).
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