An Island Conservation Model of Jeju Haenyeso Cohabitation with Nature in an Age of the Coastal Pollution

April 30, 2014 Vol. 4. No.1

An Island Conservation Model of Jeju Haenyeso Cohabitation with Nature in an Age of the Coastal Pollution :

Integrating Policy of Green Economy to Support the Sustainability of Jeju Haenyeo (Jamnyeo, Jamsu) Community facing their extinction into Jeju Village Conservation Model of Marine Resources Needed( M 108)1.

By Chang Hoon Ko2, Kyeong-min Kang3 , Myung-ho Lim4, Han-young Lee5, Jin-kyu Yang and Jung-cheol Yang6

Abstract

Islanders have tried to find out real alternatives on how to keep sustainable Haenyeo communities through both developing traditional school system at community level ( Hansupul Haenyeos School) and advanced school system at university level ( an educational certificate program for Interpreter of Haenyeos Culture and an advanced certificate program for Hanyeos Culture). In oder to share their wisdom of ordinary democratic life style around Bultuk, We created Global Peace Bultuk Assembly for younger generation to succeed in their tradition in July of 2010. It’s a time for us to find out Integrating Policy of the Sustainability of Jeju Haenyeo (Jamnyeo, Jamsu) Community facing their extinction into Jeju Village Conservation Model of Marine Resources Needed.

Keywords : Haenyeo, Community, School, Sustainability, Marine, Resources

1. Introduction: How to integrate policy UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages to of Green Economy to Support the headquarter of UNESCO in Paris in March of Sustainability of Jeju Haenyeo Community 2014, they asked new integrating sustainable facing their extinction into Jeju village policy of the Sustainability of Jeju Haenyeo conservation model of marine resources in (Jamnyeo, Jamsu) Community facing their an Age of the coastal pollution? extinction into Jeju Village Conservation Model of Marine Resources in Jeju Island upon As Jeju islanders heard news that Korean nissological thinking from the study of islands government submitted a proposal of registering on their own terms, a concept that Grant Jeju Haenyeo Culture into one of 2015 McCall has been developing over more than

1). The 5 th WCC Policy Agenda (2012.9.6-9.15) 2). Professor at Jeju National University and President of World Association for Island Studies 3). Special Researcher of World Association for Island Studies 4). Creator and Ex Principal of Hansupul Haenyeo School 5). Chair, Association for Preservation of Jeju Haenyeo Culture 6). Special Researcher of World Association for Island Studies

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two decades ( McCall. 2013 ). democratic discussion and decision making First of all, even though policy of Jeju performed by Haenyeos.The Bultuk, on the other Government to support haenyeos community hand, has no such contestable connotations; in Jeju Island, communities. it is free of being identified with a grasping Secondly, we can look at the situation that state; it represents the gentle practicality of the the coastal pollution in conjunction with the Haenyo gathering to deal with the management aquaculture industry has led to reduced yields of their lives. The simplicity and directness and decreased economic prospects for this of the Haenyo Bultuk and its symbolism of female workforce, and that these and other purity, resilience and courage makes it an ideal environmental and social changes brought structure to bring to solving difficult disputes. about by modern society have negatively Its very egalitarian nature, based on Jeju values impacted upon the Jeju Haenyeo community of respect and nurture, can move people in to such a degree that this traditional culture of discussion to find their needed ways to peace living sustainably in harmony with nature is ( McCall. 2014 ). In oder to share their wisdom imminently facing extinction. Haenyeo culture of ordinary democratic life style around Bultuk, was created within Jeju’s beautiful natural I created Global Peace Bultuk Assembly for environment. It is now at the risk of being younger generation to succeed in their tradition extinct because the population of haenyeos in July of 2010. In September of 2014, we will is aging and few young people choose to preside over 5th one at Gapa Island within become haenyeos. Furthermore, the marine one of program the 2nd International Green environment has become largely polluted. Island Foum ( September 24-26, 2014). It’s a Thus, this event was held to celebrate the fact time for us to find out Integrating Policy of that the preservation of Jeju haenyeo had been the Sustainability of Jeju Haenyeo ( Jamnyeo, selected as an IUCN official agenda, and to Jamsu ) Community facing their extinction into preserve the marine environment, and to find Jeju Village Conservation Model of Marine a way to achieve the sustainable development Resources Needed(Ko.2014). of the Jeju haenyeo culture. I will do my best to turn this event into an international event, 2. Extinction Crisis of the Sustainability of Jeju making foreign people acquainted with haenyeo Haenyeo (Jamnyeo, Jamsu) Community and inviting their participations in the event. As it started from Samyang Beach by Sherrin IUCN introduce the origin and and symbol of Hibard in Summer of 2010, Hamdeok Beach woman divers in Explanatory memorandum in in Summer of 2011, Udo Island in Summer of September of 2012: 2012, Gymyoung Beach in Summer of 2014( Ko. 2012, Ko. 20123 & Ko, 2014). The Origin: Women divers are synonymous Thirdly , in facing crisis situation, islanders with Jeju. They collect valuable sea products have tried to find out real alternatives on how including abalone, turban shells, sea cucumbers, to keep sustainable haenyeos communities seaweed and agar-agar without oxygen tanks. through both developing traditional school Divers are known to live along the sea in system at community level ( Hansupul small villages along the Korean peninsula. Haenyeo School) and advanced school system They are believed to exist before history was at university level ( an educational certificate recorded. The number of divers in Jeju once program for Interpreter of Haenyeos Culture reached 30,000 and they swam in water of as and an advanced certificate program for far as China and Japan. Currently, there are Hanyeos Culture). Additionally, Haneyeos approximately 5,000 divers in Jeju. community invented the Bultuk. Bultuk is a traditional meeting place of haenyeos, and a Symbol of Women Divers: tribunal refers to a site where discussions are carried out. This event is held to provide an Wet suits- These suits are designed to minimize opportunity for students to learn about the water resistance and maximize job efficiency;

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Rowing songs – These are sung by women preserving the sea of Jeju clean. He hopes divers while paddling to the point where they that a lot more people will participate in the would dive; event next time, turning the competition into Sumbisori- This is the diver’s sound which this a far larger event. Most people want Jeju, as the hard sound that is made by the divers once the island where people live in harmony with surfacing and releasing air from their lungs. nature. Of course, the sea of Jeju is the last The sumbisori sounds like a whistle. fortification of the clean environment(Lee.2012). We should not forget that we are the protectors RECOGNIZING that IUCN supports the of Jeju’s clean sea and the Sumbisori of woman principles expressed in the United Nations diver. It is possible that if we have made an Educational, Scientific and Cultural efforts of keeping Jeju, as the island where Organization’s (UNESCO) Biodiversity and people live in harmony with nature. Climate Change Program; 3. Crisis of Jeju Village Conservation Model of NOTING that Jeju Island is a unique site Marine Resources in the Coastal Pollution in the world to have received UNESCO’s designation in all of the three Natural Science IUCN recognized the fact that Farming the Sea: categories: Biosphere Reserve, World Natural Women divers work both on land and at sea. Heritage, and Global Geoparks, and that Jeju Once they dive, they usually hold their breath Special Self-Governing Province of Korea has from 30 seconds to 2 minutes. On average, they an established endeavour to further achieve spend 15 days a month diving. It is interesting UNESCO’s recognition for the Jeju Haenyeo, as that they dive during the winter, and even well as multiple local efforts for their role in when they are pregnant. They start learning to preservation; and swim at the age of 7 or 8. When they turn 10 years old, they begin to dive. In their mid-teens, ACKNOWLEDGING that the United Nations they are able to dive by themselves. In their Millennium Development Goals include foci of 40s, their days consist of diving to the sea bed. environmental sustainability, gender equality Usually, they dive until their late 60s. There are and global poverty elimination, and that the a few divers still working into their 80s. The UN has a primary focus on Rural Women’s women divers are classified into four groups: Empowerment, which was highlighted at the hagun (beginner), junggun (intermediate) and 56th Commission on the Status of Women (New sanggun (master). The best of the best are called York, 2012); daesanggun( IUCN.2012 ).

Islanders know it is a time to think about It is well known history that they expanded keeping Jeju sea clean and Hhaenyeo community. their territory to Japan, China and even Russia: They were happy at Udo Big Swimming day From the late 19th century, Jeju women divers at Hagosu-dong beach on 22nd of 2012, and have worked the Korean peninsula, Japan, as soon as they arrived, they announced the China and even in the Russian sea. They hold haenyeo policy, the official agenda of 2012 annual rites to wish for a good harvest. Jeju World Conservation Congress (WCC). It would Chilmeoridang Younddeung Gut, the 71th Jeju be very difficult to recover the sea, once it is Intangible Heritage, was designated a World polluted. Jeju haenyeos are protectors who keep Intangible Heritage in 2009. The primary goal Jeju’s blue sea clean. This event provides a of diving was to make a huge profit. Through good opportunity for people to think about their diving They were not only able to support the sea of Jeju and the Sumbisori of woman their families, but they were also able to divers(IUCN.2012). contribute to the local economy. Mr. Lee Han-young, head of the institute of the Jeju Haenyeo Culture Preservation emphasied that this swimming competition is aimed at

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Jeju Heanyeo and Solidarity: made to the conservation of local marine resources for centuries though sustainable Jeju women divers have a strong sense of harvesting with minimal acknowledgment to community and solidarity. They are always date on the global stage; together when they are at sea, even after they retire. For old and sick divers, they arrange a CONCERNED that their population has specially-designed sea area called ‘Halmang dramatically decreased from a registered 23,081 Badang’ where the water is shallow enough to in 1965 (21.2% of the total fernale population allow the old and sick to work and earn money. in Jeju Island) to 4,995 in 2010 (2.1% of the It shows how warm-hearted Jeju women divers total fernale population), and that the majority are toward the socially disadvantaged. There (97.5%) of these divers are now over 50 years is also an area called ‘Hakkyo Badang’. They of age, indicating that inter-generational donate profits generated from there to the local transmission has essentially diminished ; schools to support students. This is indicative of their long tradition of being committed ALARMED that the coastal pollution in to the social welfare and education of their conjunction with the aquaculture industry has community. In addition, they are very active led to reduced yields and decreased economic in helping poor colleagues by establishing the prospects for this fernale workforce, and that Jamsugae, a type of public fund. these and other environmental and social changes brought about by modern society have A. CONSIDERING that for centuries the negatively impacted upon the Jeju Haenyeo Haenyeo free-divers in Jeju Island, Korea, community to such a degree that this traditional an almost exclusively fernale group, have culture of living sustainably in harmony with pursued a profession of controlled marine nature is imminently facing extinction; harvesting in a system of collaborative economic activity and have maintained their CONSIDERING and building upon a number profession; of related resolutions adopted at the 4th IUCN World Conservation Congress (Barcelona, 2008) FURTHER CONSIDERING that their skills, which focused on the rights and sustainability tools, labor songs, shamanistic belief system, of indigenous peoples including Resolution practice of collective economic activity, 4.049 Supporting Indigenous Conservation community reinvestment, apprenticeship and Territories and Community Conserved Areas, mutual aid, and above all, their unparalleled Resolution 4.052 Implementing the United Nations knowledge of marine ecology represent a Declaration on the Right of Indigenous Peoples unique body of indigenous wisdom and both and seeking specific actions from the Director tangible and intangible cultural heritage and General and other parties on Resolution 4.055 render them “traditional wisdom carriers”; Integrating Culture and Cultural Diversity into IUCN’s Policy and Programme, Resolution NOTING that their practices include such 4.056 Right-based Approaches to Conservation, environmental sustainability as reseeding the Resolution 4.058 Conservation and Poverty ocean’s shellfish population, controlling their Reduction, and most notably, Resolution 4.067 harvest by diving without breathing apparatus Advancing Island Conservation and Sustainable and limiting the days and hours that they dive, Livelihoods, and seek appropriate actions; and dedicating specific dives each month to cleaning the seabed of refuse, rendering them IUCN also understands that their contribution a 21st century conservation model of benign of common village sea field as a Village human cohabitation with nature; Conservation Model of Marine Ecology in 21st century(IUCN.2012). Islanders learned how to RECOGNIZING the uniqueness of their marine manage common sea field from collaboration stewardship and the contribution they have of the commons to the quasi-possession by

30 April 30, 2014 Vol. 4. No.1 focusing on theory of the commons and property rights in the cases of Udo and In terms of cultural anthropological aspects, Kimnyeong fishing village cooperatives in Jeju it established principle of the commons Special Self-Governing Province. implies respect of common property. According to recent case study of Kyung-min Those implications and principles must be Kang, Udo and Gymnyeong were classified considered in the enforcement of institutions as quasi-possession of resource-user-system- or rules, because diverse indigenous cultures governance. License system was affected in both and practiced exist and the social costs are regions. As a result of comparative analysis, enormous when institutionalized practice isn’t the theory for the license system didn’t play embraced(Kang.2012). an important role in the case of Udo. But in the case of Gimnyeong, it showed an important role 4. IUCN decided to support the Sustainability of by comparing Udo. Because the village fishery Jeju Haenyeos Community as Asset of Ocean was managed by fishing village members Civilization sharing the customary practice(Kang.2013). In administrative aspect, it is important to We also emphasize that it is important for us to establish a principle of agreement with the recognize resources of Jeju Haenyeo in the vein customary practices and institutions. of ocean civilizations ( Ko. 2007 ). In economical aspects, resources were showed as a main fact for quasi-possession. In quasi- Politically, they have organized voluntary possession for resources, conflict was induced associations, called Jamsuhoi, that decide local and it was in inverse proportion with resources village issues through democratic voting and and technology. Also decrease of resource decision-making known as Bultuk Democracy lead decrease of members. The character of the (Life Assembly of Jeju Women Divers). Through resources was important in quasi-possession for their power, they were able to maintain a resource. Quasi-possession for living resources four-month long uprising in January-April, couldn’t preserve resource. Living resources are 1932 against Japanese Imperialism’s illegal overfished and exhausted due to the tendency management of marine products of their sea of contestability. villages. Economically, they were able to The economical value of the environment support their households and educate their is very important. Resources were depleted family members through income gained by by development of technical fishing, but the selling products to markets. It was evaluated economical value of the environment was that they greatly contributed to improving the preserved by the fishing village cooperatives. prosperity of villages and the island economy The rights of exclusive use and the as a whole. responsibility of preservation were concurrent. In terms of economical aspects, the established Since 1895, the Haenyeos regularly went principle of commons implies a high value for abroad seasonally to earn money at sea in preservation by implication. such regions as China, Japan and the Korean In terms of cultural anthropological aspects, peninsula. Their migration and settlements, the cultural anthropological character was especially on the Korean peninsula and Japan, an important factor in the case of Udo and are highly accepted for their special skills and Gimnyeong in their quasi-possession process of the higher economic value of the products they the commons. Difference could be discovered catch in those areas. This acceptance is possibly in several aspects including village members, explained by the economic gap between Jeju industrial structures, origin of the village, Island, Korea, and Japan under the influence of relationships with informal organizations, Japanese capitalism( Ko. 2007). relationships with others. Above all, the cultural anthropological character is universal Culturally they also created and developed their in same region and community. folklore, traditional rituals, and festivals that

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commemorate their hard work and wandering, Co-sponsors: Gypsy-like life in the deep sea; a little different Gotjawal Trust of Jeju, Jeju City Project 21 from the mode of Korean p’ansori music. Jeju Special Self-Governing Province Agenda 21 The Haenyeo also have a gender component Sustainable Environmental Education Center of that contributed to developing the potentials Jeju Special Self-Governing Province of the Jeju Island family value system as an Local Agenda 21 - Seogwipo City, Korea integrated family model upon the combination ( IUCN.2012 ). of big and nexus family systems in their home. As the Jeju Haenyeo are recognized as an 5. Integration of Some Village based alternatives example of equitable gender roles in Asian to creation of the College to support the societies, different from or beyond the scope of Sustainablity of both Jeju Haenyeos Culture and traditional Korean Confucian stereotypes, their a Conservation Model of Marine Resource as a excellent model case needs to be demonstrated. source of Jeju Green Economy. A. Some Village Socially women divers’ through their Bultuks based alternatives to support the Sustainablity of (traditional meeting places for Haenyeo) Jeju Haenyeos Community as a source of green facilitated communication between their village economy. and ocean life, between island and peninsula or continent, between earthly life and heavenly We need to look at some possibilities of village dream1 (Ko.2007). alternatives to harmonize Haenyeso Culture into green economy at grassroots level during So, it was significant that the World last decade. Conservation Congress, at its session in Jeju, Republic of Korea, 6–15 September 2012:2, A. Guideok-ri Hansupul Haenyeo selected motion of 108. School since 2008 a. URGES all IUCN Members, partners and organizations of the conservation community In Spring of 2008, Myung-ho Lim opened at large to acknowledge and investigate the Hansupul Haenyeo School, which have history, scientific importance, present condition provided traditional skill of Muljil to younger and unique cultural value of Jeju Haenyeo, generation every Saturday through May to including the Korean peninsula, in order to August ( four-month-course) at local village, assist in the development of comprehensive Gui-deok ri at Hanrim municipality. Around plans for their preservation; and 300 residents, foreigners and youth graduated from that school. It had an attention of whether b. REQUESTS IUCN Members and partners to it will be an alternative to not cultivate endorse, support, participate in, and advocate beginners as women divers but also assist them the development of policies and practices to start new women divers as new members which will help to protect and enhance the joining in some Jamsuhoi ( Women Divers aforementioned community, at local, regional Association). Its achievements was evaluated and central government levels in Korea as well highly because it suggests a successful as internationally. alternative to educate both young generation, beginners and foreigners. If Jeju government Sponsor: assist a realistic policy to support for them to join in new members of Jamsuhoi, I believe, it Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Bureau of will be one of village based alternative to keep Environment the sustainability of Jeju Haenyeso community alive.

1). 2007. Ko Chang Hoon. “A New Look at Korean Gen- B. Peace Island Leadership School for der Roles: Jeju( Cheju) Women as a World Cultural Heri- Understanding Haenyeos Culture tage” Asian Women since 2008 ( Ko.2008 ). 2). The 5 th WCC Policy Agenda (2012.9.6-9.15)

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Anthropologist Grant McCall argues that ‘ Japanese, Canadian, and British) at JNU with the role of the women divers (Haenyo and collaboration of both Hansupul Haenyeo their unique meeting place (Bultuk) of peace School and Association for Preservation of to solve disputes is another feature of Jeju Haenyeo’s Culture and Heritage(Nonprofit Peace Island that recommends it as a locus for Organization of Jeju Haenyeo Cultural Heritage peace action. Sammu speaks of neighbourly- Preservation.2014). ness, although the concept itself refers to three elements lacking on Jeju: The Thief, the Gate C. Gymnyoung-ri Yacht Village since and the Begger. Going deep into the peasant 2009 past, Jeju islanders held as virtues “diligence, thrift and interdependence”. This meant that Gimnyoung is famous one of Haenyeos no one was moved to become a thief, there was Community village having both common no need for a secure Gate and, so, the Begger sea fields, Bultuks and Haenyeso culture was not found either. Jeju Islander society and with keeping traditional rituals and songs culture was without avarice and promoted one their way. It opened International values independence, self-reliance and honour. Yacht-experiencing School into traditional Entry to a traditional Jeju compound was bared haenyeos village with financial assistance of by a Jeongnang or log that showed that the Jeju Government in 2010. It activates to run homeowner was away and, so, no one crossed its school for elementary and middle school the threshold out of respect. students since 2013 after preparing for basic infra and facilities. In particular, through All of this may sound rather negative and stern invitation of the 4th Jeju Big Muljil Swimming were it not for Samryeo, the “Three Treasures” into Seongsegi Beach on August 16, 2014, in the developing heritage of Jeju culture, taken it is ready to created their model of green to be Nature (folklore, native industries), Crops economy as mixture village of both traditional of special use, such as marine products and, wisdom carrier and an island conservation of today, tourism; finished off with Generosity of sea field cohabitating with UNESCO World the beauty of nature, including controls on the Natural Heritages on their way(Kimnyoung level of industry so as to preserve the natural Municipality. 2014). blessings. Whilst in keeping with the three- part philosophy of ancient Jeju, Samryeo is a 6. Traditional Haenyeso Muljil Demonstration development from 1960 and more recent times, Performance in Aquarium since 2012 In as Jeju and South Korea recovered from the 4. 3 memorial of 2012 World Conservation Congress, (April 3 1948) ( Ko. 2984 & McCall. 2013). Mr. Lee Hanyoung, chair of Nonprofit Indeed, it is only in 2013 that the final Organization of Jeju Haenyeo Cultural definitive report on these disturbing events Heritage Preservation, have invited and played has been compiled and published. Like the Traditional Haenyeos Muljil Demonstration Mangaian war ax, the 4.3 Jeju Incident is a Performance in Aquarium four times in a day at constant reminder of the need for peace and Sungsanpo in July of 2012. 16 haenyeos of Shin- the avoidance of violence and war( Jeju April 3 yang village have played their collaborative Peace Foundation 2013)”. Muljil performance 4 times in a day. Even though their average age is around 70 years In oder to succeed in peace tradition, my old, they can make a success of showing their institute runs Peace Island School which real works of performance like in the deep sea provides teachers, citizens, graduate and to the public. Ordinary people understand and undergraduate students integrated social excites how they can cohabitate with fishes healing courses of April 3 peace and women in the nature of deep sea. It will be natural divers’ culture in it since 2008. effect that, through those performances, we In summer of 2013, my institute also run 4 can understand the reason why we keep days intensive course for 73 people ( Korean,

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the sea clean.“Traditional Haenyeso Muljil and have joined his annual interdisciplinary Demonstration Performance in Aquarium” summer seminar as one of his peace networking ( 2012. Peace Island ( Vol. 6 p. 62) projexts for the past several years as a teaching faculty. With regard to our bilateral peace It is significant that some villages, institutes networking efforts between Hokkkaido and Jeju and association have tried to find alternatives Universities… both islands of Hokkaido and of supporting the sustainability on their way Jeju are now considered resort islands, but used at their spheres collaboratively. But we need to be the islands of tragedies.” ( Ko & Yoshida. to suggest real Haenyeos Culture experiencing 2013). morning or afternoon tour program to cruise tourists who stop 5-7 hours to stay in Jeju Island Grant McCall writes in his article as below at village level because 140,000 cruise tourists ( Grant McCall. 2014 ) . come to Jeju Island in a year in 2012. “ I believe that the a possible model for an A. Global Peace Bultuk Assembly to assembly or tribunal to discuss world peace Succeed in democratic life style of women could be the Bultuk as practiced for centuries divers. by the women divers of Jeju Peace Island, the world famous Haenyo, although sometimes this I suggest Seogwipo city to establish ‘ The Peace indigenous island institution has been confused Island Bultuk at Gapa Island on July 31, 2010 by with its offshoot in some parts of the Japanese agreement of all participants in the 10th Peace archipelago, the Amami women divers who, in Island Bultuk Forum, when we do programs of any case, have much in common with their Jeju Illuminating Projects on Haenyeos Culture in sisters. Summer of 2010 works as below: There is little evidence that European structures “ Bultuk the name of the traditional space for developed out of the history and culture of that Haenyeos. The Bultuk is made by stacking part of the world have been effective in solving stones at the seaside near at village. These act conflictive clashes in the last century or so. Too against rough winds, and help the Haenyeos often the European based institutions have manage their livelihood through diving at sea. been seen as remnants of the detested colonial Here, they decide all issues relating to their era; as a desperate attempt by former rulers diving activities by voting democratically and to re-take the lost lands they conquered and prepare for their diving. After their diving held by brutal force. The Bultuk, on the other activities, Jeju’s Haenyeos distribute their hand, has no such contestable connotations; products according to their contributions at sea. it is free of being identified with a grasping They have kept their dream of Jeju community state; it represents the gentle practicality of the alive, where all islanders live freely and Haenyo gathering to deal with the management peacefully and have equitable rights.”(Ko.2010). of their lives. The simplicity and directness Since 2010, we presided or Global Peace Bultuk of the Haenyo Bultuk and its symbolism of Assembly every year. Especially, Kunnihiko purity, resilience and courage makes it an ideal Yoshia, professor of Hokkaido University, structure to bring to solving difficult disputes. evaluate as impact of Global Peace Bultuk Its very egalitarian nature, based on Jeju values Assembly 2013 in November of 2013 as below. of respect and nurture, can move people in discussion to find their needed ways to peace “ For the last decade Professor Ko Chang Hoon ( Ko. 2004 & Ko. 2005). has advocated the peace island networking plan across the world and has held many related I therefore suggest people consider Jeju Peace projects, partly based on the sincere apology Island as an international place of peace, peace by former President Roh Moo-Hyun in 2003. I discussion and peace education.” have gladly symphasized with his aspirations

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B. College for Haenyeos Culture and Green in 2002, the Jeju Volcanic Island Lava Tubes in Economy of Peace Island University PIU 2007 and the Jeju Geopark in 2010. Should Be Established ( Ko. 2014 ). Here I must refer to the role in the furthering In April of 2013, in a seminar to protect of peace to the World Conservation Congress the sustainability of Jeju Haenyeos by in its Resolution 052 of 15 September 2012 for a Jeju Provincial County , Ko Chang Hoon “Green Growth Organisation”: suggests an ides to cultivate a cluster of 10 kinds of professional groups to support the To develop an integration conservation sustainability of both Haenyeos community and management manual that includes guidelines conservation of common sea fields by financial and other prescriptions for the systematic support of both Korean and Jeju government conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems; to field up annual decreasing number ( around 280-300 haenyeos) such as (1) succeeding To develop and standardize a management group of Haenyeos (100) ,(2) successor group system for protected areas including the of Haenyeos culture (20), (3) successor group integration of the different cycles for re- of ocean culture (20), (4) interpreter of Jeju evaluation of designations, and to distribute it Haenyeso Culture (20), (5) manager of common as a model for IUCN Members; sea field (20), (6) manager of marine ecology, To establish cooperative programmes through (7) manager of ocean safety, (8) a manager of which international institutions collaborate on sustainable marine life, (9) a manager of health the conservation of the natural environment by care, (10) a manager of marine resources within establishing integrated management systems framework of establishment of College for for protected areas across the world; Haenyeos Culture and Green Economy of Peace Island University in Summer of 2015. To request support from the United Nations In February of 2014, in an interview with organisations, States and Nations to legislate Jeju Branch of Korean Broadcasting System, integrated management laws at national or state he suggested establishment of College for level for appropriate conservation, systematic Haenyeos Culture and Green Economy of integration of protected areas such as Biosphere Peace Island University by financial support Reserves, World Natural Heritage sites and of Korean and Jeju Government in Summerr of Global Geopark sites. (World Conservation 2015. Congress 2012).” According to Professor Ko, it covers of four majors such as (1) Sustainability of the Hanyeos As JNU is also participating in establishing Community, (2) A Conservation Model of work of Graduate School of Green Growth and Marine Ecology Resources such as Common Travelism one of 10 universities, we hope we Sea Filed, (3) Green Economy (4) Marine Issues. can integrate our College for Haenyeos Culture and Green Economy of Peace Island University Grant McCall explains why international PIU into vision of World Environment community support establishment of PIU in University incrementally (Ko. 2014, Lipman. Jeju Island as below. 2014 Appendix 2, 2013).

“Owing to the awe and respect in which natural 7. Conclusion beauty is held on Jeju Peace Island the proposals for peace must proceed with proposals for a We try to suggest our alternatives to the world focus on environmental sustainability international community why Jeju islanders and the keeping of symbols of peace, not of find out a solution of integrating Policy of Green war, in this Autonomous Self-Governing Economy to Support the Sustainability of Jeju Province. Jeju already has accomplishments in Haenyeo (Jamnyeo, Jamsu) Community facing their this area, with the Jeju Halla Biosphere Reserve extinction into Jeju Village Conservation Model

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of Marine Resources . In a word, I ask Korean and Chang Hoon Ko (2012) Five Year Plan to Jeju government support establishment of College Support Motion 108 of World Conservation for Haenyeos Culture and Green Economy of Congress : 2012 -2016 ( report : September 28, Peace Island University PIU in Jeju Island. It 2012). will pave the way of supporting Jeju initiative International Union Conservation of Nature to play an peaceful role among islanders IUCN (2012) Motion 108 : Supporting the through sharing and exchange marine culture Sustainability of Jeju Haenyeo as a Unique Marine of peace. Grant mentions again that “ Putting Ecology. aside the threat to Gangjeong village and proposed bellicose constructions, and taking Chang Hoon Ko (2013) How to Preserve into account the proven, useful and aesthetic Sustainability of Jeju Haenyeo and Village Marine elements of Jeju Peace Island culture, I end my Industry? (presentation paper : April 16, 2013) at essay with a suggestion that combines global Policy Forum of Jeju Special Self-Governing concerns with local integrity; the “glocal” as Provincial County. sometimes written in political studies and the Jeju April 3 Peace Foundation (2013) Jeju April study of how cultures of the world mix and 3 Incident Investigation Report (English edition) ( interact with the local lives that we all lead.” translated by Chang Hoon Ko et al). World Environment and Island Studies ( 2013) Global Peace Bultuk Assembly 2014 Hokkaido & JNU ( November 21, 2013). Nonprofit Organization of Jeju Haenyeo Cultural Heritage Preservation(2014) Interpreter of Jeju Haenyeo Culture ( Chang Hoon Ko, Kyung-min Kang et al.), ( Seoul, Jagdoo Publishing Company). References Gymnyoug International Yacht School.2014. Chang Hoon Ko (1984). ‘A study on Kymnyoung Municipality. sociological understanding in context of Kyeong-min Kang(2012) culture in Cheju-do:a phenomenological ‘A Study on the Process of Quasi-Possession inquiry’, The Journal of Chju-do Study(Vol.1). in the Commons ( Dissertation of Jeju National University)’. Chang Hoon Ko (2004) ‘The Political, Grant McCall ( 2014) “ Finding a Place for Economic, and Cultural Value of Jamsuhoi Peace,” World Environment and Island Studies ( in the History of Ocean Civilization,’ Islands Vol. 4. No.1). of The World 8: Changing Islands-Changing World (proceedings). Chang Hoon Ko (2005) ‘ Jamnyeos: For designation as a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage,’ Peace Island(vol1. 2005). World Association for Island Studies. Chang Hoon Ko (2007) ‘ A New Look at Korean Gender Roles: Jeju ( Cheju) Woman as a World Cultural Heritage’. Asian Woman Vol.23. No. 1. Chang Hoon Ko ( 2010) Global Peace Bultuk Assembly at Gapa Island of Jeju Island, South Korea ( July 31, 2010 ).

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Appendix 1 : Jeju Munwha Broadcasting interested in haenyeo culture, and thus have program ( September 29, 2012, Manuscript of participated in this event. Morning of Jeju) < Kim Il-hoon, a junior student of Jeju National University → I think that haenyeo culture is an we have to preserve this culture.> It is a site for the teaching of diving skills, a < The World Peace Bultuk Tribunal and symbol of Jeju haenyeo community culture, and swimming competition held in U-do, an island the origin of the culture of Jeju haenyeos, unique in Jeju> marine ecology protectors. called haenyeo. Today a special competition < Ko Chang-hoon, head of World Environment is held in this place. Let’s go and find what and Island Studies (WEIS)→ Haenyeo culture competition it is. was created within Jeju’s beautiful natural < The World Peace Bultuk Tribunal held before environment. It is now at the risk of being the Big U-do Swimming Competition> extinct because the population of haenyeos is Prior to the Big U-do Swimming Competition, aging and few young people choose to become the World Peace Bultuk Tribunal was held in haenyeos. Furthermore, the marine environment U-do-myeon office. What is the relationship has become largely polluted. Thus, this between Bultuk and Tribunal? Bultuk is a site event was held to celebrate the fact that the where haenyeo education was carried out, and preservation of Jeju haenyeo had been selected thus all democratic decisions involving women as an IUCN official agenda, and to preserve divers were made there. . the marine environment, and to find a way to Jeju haenyeo culture. I will do my best to turn this event into an international event, making not the World Peace Bultuk Tribunal > < having only local but also international students have light exercise before the main swimming showed great interest in the haenyeo culture. competition> English teachers on Jeju Island> A university student from Russia. She is very

37 WEIS(World Environment and Island Studies)

the sea of Jeju clean. I hope that a lot more clean environment The course distance of Big U-do Swimming We should not forget that we are the protectors Competition today is 1.5km from Anbiyang-do of Jeju’s clean sea and the Sumbisori of woman to Hagosu-dong beach. The course is probably diver. hard for amateur players, though they use < Jeju, the island where people live in harmony swimming equipments such as taewakm that with nature> help them to swim a long distance. < The course that is not easy for amateur the Sumbisori of haenyeo~~!!> clean.

Finally the players arrived at Hagosu-dong beach, and as soon as they arrived, they announced the haenyeo policy, the official agenda of 2012 World Conservation Congress (WCC). It would be very difficult to recover the sea, once it is polluted. Jeju haenyeos are protectors who keep Jeju’s blue sea clean. This

38 GGTI Green Growth and Travelism Institute

Maurice Strong University Network

December 2013 n prtoa rsac t ad progressive aid to research a at policymaking operational on curriculum core the of part integral the make across to universities world partner engage to its base of this on development build will It platform. action and the knowledge for universities supp anchor the has GGTI new financing, communicationanddelivery models on emphasis its its role; training transformation; and education growth core green broader the in Tourism & Travel on focus its of because networks fun is It populationandresource challengesof tomorrow. the as well as today, of crisis poverty and climate change economic, positive the to a response paradigm the as in agent sector Tourism & trillion Travel $6 the support and position to aims GGTI theas organizational base for workthis an not a at as 2010 in (be) Brussels WEU in established was GGTI the into appropriatetime. integrated smoothly be cr and alone stand the to could that structure academic enlisted colleagues likeminded turn of in support He framework. this within sector Tourism & Travel the for responsibility take to greenearth.travel of director Lipman, Prof. Geoffrey asked of Strong Mr. movement. architects development the of one Institute Strong, Maurice by envisagedconcept, (WEU) University Environment Travelism World a of part and is (GGTI) Growth Green The Introduction Eoois Cia, dyn University (Zambia)andEmirates Academy (UAE). (UK), University Udayana Brookes (China), (RSK), UniversityNational Jeju (Indonesia), Economics & Finance University Central (Peru), Loyola Ignatius (US) University Washington (Belgium University University Hasselt Victoria (Australia), include partners anchor The of the transformationto “thebase of the pyramid”. - for aetly ifrn fo cret tourism current from different damentally - rft lbl onain ht ol serve would that foundation global profit re got ad travelism and growth green glocal r o srtgcly located strategically of ort level to bring the benefits the bring to level h goa sustainable global the iigtn University Livingston Uiest o Saint of University , . It aims to focus to aims It . . ) , ae an eate George Oxford an the industry to becomethe a is the challenge for need At global. the local between and the linkage expanding providing an ever smallestcommunities, economytheeven of to contributing the globalizationand the processes driving of mostindustries, pervasive chain value tourismsocio travelism itsmultiple “In dimensions, protect”. responsibilities and ouritis in which interest nature’shumankind to gift tourism for venues the most of attrac provideareas some which coastaland islands, waters – The depends. eco systems our and of life wellbeing provides so on which thatnature services thebiological diversity, capital natural protecting in theearth’s Travelismrole key a plays the economy. of leader in true thegreening mountains,forests, 1992Rio Earth Summit Maurice F. Maurice Strong SecretaryGeneral – thecore of this the travel & the – - isone of the economic – its tive – to are much

1 G r e e n Growth and Travelism Institute           GreenGrowth 2050 Investment Roadmaps will This content.reflect GreenGrowth 2050 investment Roadmaps. training and education & support strong Growth of Green delivery and around Travelism initiatives research global facilitate to (WEU) University Environment World the with and institutions partnering with closely work will GGTI driverinparadigthis future. value ethicalmobility more and fairer conserving, biodiversity efficient, Growth Green Growth& Travelism. GGTI 1 Articulated in “Green Growth & Travelism: Letters from Leaders” from Letters & Travelism: “Green Growth Articulated in Min Jiang Min for Practices and Policies Hawkins, Rebecca Shaun Vorster, eiw rges otnl t ajs t pand n ufrse cags with changes, unforeseen localandn and planned to adjust to routinely progress Review Enhance art the distance learning. Access Increase fundingto help implementation,particularly impactthrough investment. branding. related and jobs infrastructures, products, travelism growth green new Develop localEngage stakeholdersand industry employees inthe transformation. locallivel visitor increasing Handle Strengthenrisk readiness future, efficient resource Providedata big driven research and long term scenarioplanning carbon, low a to integratinginto overall green developmentgrowth andcomp transformation in travelism Use il e h aaei ad nweg ntok ht ep pooe Green promote helps that network knowledge and academic the be will - Routled global education/training programs for capacity building through state of state through building capacity for programs education/training global ihoods. global communications,global branding and etworkuniversity support. - hi lnig iio, nuty ad oa community local and industry, visitor, linking chain ge s h nw aaim o a hf t a oe cro, oe resource more carbon, lower a to shift a for paradigm new the is 201 mshift. 1 S 4 ustainable Tourism ustainable Min Jiang Min numbers and impacts, more sust more impacts, and numbers & response systems - Goodfellow 2012. Goodfellow Co - edited by helpCountries andCommunities to: Terry DeLacy Terry . Co particularlyclimate for adaptation. A strategicpositioning nd - edited Green Growth & Growth Green , by Geoffrey Lipman, Terry DeLacy, Terry Lipman, Geoffrey by Geoffrey Lipman, Geoffrey Vision a inably and benefitting and inably etitiveness. T ravelism Travelism - . il e key a be will Shaun Vorster, Shaun : Concep - ts, the

2 G r e e n Growth and Travelism Institute OperationalFramework supportingCorporations andNGO’s. It programs. its of development the supervise to Council Academic an designated has Board Its Jean Its exclusively pertaining to: are goals Its isPatron Hon 28 GGTIwas established as nota forprofit Foundation inBrussels, Belgium Juneon Governance NationalHogePark Kempen. strong the support of the ofRector Hasselt University ofDirector andthe Belgian has This province. sustainable and responsible green, a being of of vision its with line Province in centre the operational global of a host to Governor proposed has The Belgium Limburg, Belgium. Brussels, in headquartered is GGTI Headquarters       th il have will Founding 2010. Its aforementionedactivities the to connected indirectly or directly is which activity any generally, more And organisationsoccupied therewith; Evo developmentof a global economy;green and Raisingawareness of TravelandTourism sector participants, generalpublic impacts; governmentson the Educationof the Traveland sectorTourism participants, the generalpublic and Analysisandresearch on this subjectand dissemination of the results; spe Study of the Traveland Tourism sectorsimpact theon environment and more - Marc cificallyimpacts the relating to carbon footprintsand any possible solutions; lution of thelutionof legislation concerning the environment andsupport forthe governmentsas to theimportance of the TravelandTourism sectorin the Valvekans to support, promote and participate in research inparticipate and support,promote to Founder or cnit o Poesr efry imn Mran Lpa and Lipman Marianne Lipman, Geoffrey Professor of consists Board . Acti MauriceStrong Secretary General of 1992 the Rio Earth Summit. e n Aflae ebr cnitn o sgaoy Universities, signatory of consisting Members Affiliate and ve . andChairman of the Board isProfessor GeoffreyLipman. Its – appointed environmentand more specificallyconcerning carbon ; for 3 for year beginningterms in June2012. projects, mainly but not but projects,mainly Limburg, in Limburg,

3 G r e e n Growth and Travelism Institute Eachof the partner universities will: Programmes/ academicinputs and content sourced from GGTI andits members short or schools’ ‘summer conduct to resources and infrastructure their use will Universities Partner Universities across world. the Thiswill include s various from Partner the contributionswith collaboration in held be will that events agreed andconferences programs, through be will Mobility generation and revenue Recurrent Climate global advance to support Programswith the Uni considering also is Limburg, of Province The GATEtrip. and greenearth.travel by provided be will funding Initial Funding leadership, gov its industry practical the Through with engage will gain expertise. it GATEtrip and collective ICTP will greenearth.travel, with and linkages members individual the its advance and will GGTI that experience Roadmaps, for support its Through overallcapabilities. systemslearningwillsharedGGTI and progressively networks streng growth green travelism non with engagement connectivity, internet collaboration, Through ‘FocusArea’ with support from GGTI. partneruniversities The Growth& Travelism. willcommon the adopt structure and inaddition develop discipline unique a inGreen institution engaging Each research. operational on focus strong a and node Belgian w virtually, operate will network GGTI The     Maintainresearch andpublications intheir area of specialization. of coursestheir by partner institutions) Institute the of costs admini the to generate, they revenue fee course the of % 5 Contribute Growth Green of area elected their to specialization. specific courses own their Develop resou Travelism and Growth “Green publications the on based be will Content The year. each once least at Course Travelism and Growth Green day, 3 standardized, a Offer rcesat www greengrowth2050.com. – ernment decisionmakers, development and financialcommunities. etr fo Leaders” from Letters - em rgams n hi ae o eprie ih additional with expertise of area their in programmes term versityof Hasselt and the NationalPark. willrelevantcontent develop andresearchacademic intheir (whil Curriculum e being able to generate revenue from the agreeduse the from revenuegenerate to able being e . hs il e furthe be will This . ith overall co overall ith tudent enrolment. tudent - ordination from the central the from ordination spotd y on by supported r . then its then strative - line

4 G r e e n Growth and Travelism Institute Emerging AcademicNetwork Discussion September2013, Thecurrent committed participants, and GreenGrowth specialization of as framework. GGTIis engaging universities allfrom across the worldemergingintoits academic ties Corporatepartnerships and sponsorships will soughtbe also to strengthen industry           and toabreast keep of market realities. EmiratesAcademy (UAE) LivingstonUniversity ( OxfordBrookes University (UK) National Jeju University (RSK) UdayanaUniversity CentralUniversity Finance UniversitySaint Ignatiusof Loyola ( George University Washington (US) HasseltU VictoriaU s continues with niversity niversity are ( (AU) BE ( ID ZM a further ofgroup interested u ) ) – – - ) Mobility,Climate Education Events,Big Data Analysis Development - - &Economics ( Communications Peace - - Islands HospitalityLeadership PE - SocialEntrepreneurship ) - Authenticity CN ) - ClimateFinance niversities