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Phase Ii- D Library State of Hawaii Department of Business and Economic Development Task 1 P 0 -~-~--------------- HAWAII DEEP WATER CABLE PROGRAM PHASE II- D LIBRARY STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TASK 1 P 0. Box 2359 Honolulu, Hawaii 96804 SIDE-SCAN SONAR AND SWATH BATHYMETRY MAPPING SURVEY OF THE PREFERRED . CABLE ROUTE FROM MAUl TO OAHU, HA WAll ' r I TK3351 H35 PIID Department of Business and Economic Development Tl c. 1 HAWAII DEEP WATER CABLE PROGRAM - PHASE IT- D TASK 1 SIDE-SCAN SONAR AND SWATH BATHYMETRY MAPPING SURVEY OF THE PREFERRED .- -CABLE ROUTE FROM MAUl TO OAHU, HAW All Prepared by Seafloor Surveys International, Inc. for Parsons Hawaii Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and the State of Hawaii Department of Business and Economic Development JULY 1987 SEAFLOOR SURVEYS INTERNATIONAL, INC. 2 PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION The overall goal of this portion of the Hawaii Deep Water Cable (HDWC) project is to demonstrate that at least one feasible route for a submarine electric transmission cable exists between the islands of Maui and Oab.u. Various studies of the shallow water marine topography sur­ rounding the principal Hawaiian Islands, including those pre­ viously conducted for the HDWC program, provide background information applicable to this proposed survey. These studies suggest that most of the "preferred route" from Ahihi Bay, Maui, to Waimanalo, Oahu, will run along submerged terraces that were formed by reefs that grew during the low stands of sea level accompanying periods of Pleistocene glaciation. In other areas of the state where these terraces have been studied, they have been found to have relatively smooth surfaces that are generally covered with sand-sized sediments. The areas where the fossil reef material is still exposed are typically found to contain gaps and passes in the reef, or portions of the reef surface which are sufficiently smooth that they would not constitute a barrier to the cable. The major portion of the proposed route from Ahihi Bay to the western end of Molokai was expected to have these fairly favorable characteristics. The most serious potential obstacles along this route were thought to be the edges of the reefs where the cable must drop off into the deeper water portions of the Kaiwi (Molokai) Channel. This problem is the same as has been identified by surveys on the sides of the Alenuihaha Channel between the islands of Maui and Hawaii, although at least on the Kohala (Hawaii) side of that channel the reefs are partly covered by sand. If the terraces and their associated reefs are not buried, they have the potential of dropping nearly vertically for 300 to 400 meters. Where these features have been surveyed in detail off Kahi Point, Oahu, slopes as great as 30 to 40 degrees are found. Similar conditions were anticipated in the Kaiwi Channel. SEAFLOOR SURVEYS INTERNATIONAL, INC. 3 EQUIPMENT USED SeaMARC/S SSI has designed and is operating a high-resolution, 150 Khz side-scan sonar system that produces geometrically correct acoustic images of the seafloor (analogous to aerial photographs) while simultaneously producing co-registered hydrographic quality swath bathymetry maps. This unique new survey system, called the SSI SeaMARC/S, is the most technologically advanced seafloor mapping system available. It is the only system in the world that can provide these high-resolution, co-registered, acoustic images and swath bathymetry data in shallow water; the only comparable system is the lower-resolution SeaMARC II operated by the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, which is designed for use in deep water (generally depths greater than 1000 meters). The SSI SeaMARC/S system is ideally suited for the HDWC survey. The full specifications of the SSI SeaMARC/S are provided in Appendix A. Critical to the HDWC survey is the capability of the SSI SeaMARC/S to readily adjust resolution and swath widths to meet survey needs as they develop. The system can operate at up to a 1000 meter swath width, so rapid bottom coverage is obtained and objects with dimensions on the order of several tens of meters can be identified. When more resolution is needed, the SSI SeaMARC/S can be operated closer to the seafloor so swath widths as little as 50 meters, with proportionally greater image resolution, can be surveyed. At the same time, SeaMARC/S measures the swath bathymetry, providing 100% coverage of the bottom throughout an area as wide as approximately 3 times towfish altitude. The bathymetry data has an accuracy that is better than 2% of the towfish altitude. In critical areas of the HDWC survey all significant bottom features were imaged to provide information on texture and bottom character, and bathymetry to about +/- one to five meters (depending on water depths) was obtained. Although other systems can provide bathymetric profiles with greater accuracy, such profiles are less precisely located and the bathymetry of the seafloor between these profiles has to be interpolated. The bathymetry derived from the SSI SeaMARC/S is comprised of dense, independently measured soundings over 100% of the swath. Although the SSI SeaMARC/S bathymetry may be somewhat lower SEAFLOOR SURVEYS INTERNATIONAL, INC. 4 resolution than some deep tow bathymetry profiles, it is far more useful for determining regional bottom character (and thus the HDWC route) than any profile data. Data display. logging and playback systems The system used for at-sea data logging and display is based on a Masscomp 5600 computer configured with a single 68020 processor, 4 MBytes of RAM, a 1 GigaByte optical disk for data storage, a data acquisition and control front-end processor, an HP plotter for real-time navigation plots and Tektronix color plotters for real-time display of bathymetry, fish attitude and various instrument parameters. The logging program treats each ping emitted by SeaMARC/S as a discrete event and writes a 3072 byte record to the optical disk for each such event. This record contains the side-scan sonar and bathymetric information associated with the ping as well as time, navigation data and the fish attitude and instrument parameters. Concurrently, but lagging a minute behind, a playback program reads the records from the optical disk and displays them on the paper recorders. This provides a monitor record of all the various data streams as well as demonstrating that the data have successfully been recorded on the optical disk. The land-based processing system used to render the data into final form is also based on a Masscomp 5600 computer, similar to that used for data logging. A Houston Instruments plotter for large navigation plots, a Raytheon Thermal Display Unit for displaying the side-scan data and a large-screen high­ resolution color graphics system for data processing are addi­ tions to the system. Ship navigation system The surface ship navigation system used for this survey was a Del Norte Technology, Inc 11 Trisponder 11 using the Model 542 Digital Distance Measuring Unit (DDMU). The DDMU is a microprocessor-based system designed for use with X-band frequency microwave transponders. These transponders use very short electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 8.0 to 12.4 GHz. The Trisponder is a line-of-sight system that works to a maximum range to 80 km, and claims an accuracy of +/- 1 meter. The Model 542 DDMU has a guidance software package that provides steering information for the survey ship's helmsman, including direction to steer to get to a preprogrammed line, rate of closure on to the line, and distance to go to the end of the line. It also provides position and ground speed information and is capable of multi-baseline operation. SEAFLOOR SURVEYS INTERNATIONAL, INC. 5 During all of our surveys, while in microwave transmission range of the island stations (generally about 80 kilometers) we calculated a position for the ship once every five seconds using the Trisponder system. The multi-baseline program allows the DDMU to choose which of the several transponders from which it is receiving data has the best geometry. to provide a fix for a given ship location. This program will also take this fix information and calculate distances to the other transponders that it is receiving, and compares this distance to the measured distance from these transponders. This information is displayed on the monitor and gives an indication of the quality of the fixes provided by the Trisponder system. The Model 542 DDMU also provides a digital output of the data displayed on the monitor. This output was digitally recorded on the same computer system used to log the SeaMARC/S data. Good angles between stations could not always be maintained due to the physical constraints of the geography of the islands. In the Kaiwi Channel, for example, the only possible locations for the land stations are on Molokai and Oahu, and the cable route runs between those islands. When the survey ship is located almost on the base line between land stations the calculated position is not well-controlled, even when the individual range measurements are excellent. Under these conditions the Trisponder will still provide fixes, but the considerable deviation between individual fixes (one every five seconds) has to be smoothed out with resultant loss of navigational resolution and accuracy. (See the section on navigation data for a further discussion of this problem.) Several short sections of the survey route were in microwave transmission shadows caused by local obstructions (trees, small hills, Molokini etc). These included a portion of panels 12, 13 and 33. In the early morning of 5 March, Trisponder-controlled navigation was lost due to weak batteries at the remote sites. Surveying continued, controlled by radar fixes on prominent features on shore. The areas surveyed during this time include portions of panels 28, 30, 31 and 33.
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