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NEWS&ANALYSIS

LUNAR SCIENCE Lewis dismisses that idea. Electrical noise interference was the very fi rst thing the LEAM team considered when the unex- Physicist Launches Noisy pected results came in, he says. And the team corrected for the interference between Dustup Over Old Data the lunar instruments found in the labora- tory. O’Brien “paints a picture of these heat- Whipping around the moon in the solar sys- dust is fl ying around to calibrate measure- ers cycling on and off and on and off, … but tem’s loneliest spaceship, Apollo 8 ments, says physicist Eberhard Grün of the that’s not the way it worked,” Lewis says. The James saw something in 1968 that he Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in heaters turned on only once, at sunset, he shouldn’t have: a gentle illumination, like a Heidelberg, Germany, and the University of says, and remained active through the night. sunrise or sunset on , hovered where Colorado, Boulder. Dust creates practical One of the technicians responsible for the sun’s light cast its sharp shadow on the problems, too. 3, a robotic lander building LEAM, Derek Perkins, also rejects moon’s surface. Yet the moon has no atmo- sent to the moon in 1967, showed signs of O’Brien’s analysis. In an e-mail Lewis for- sphere to catch the sun’s rays and create such serious dust abrasion when it was collected warded to Science, Perkins notes the results of a spectacle. 2 years later by . Other astronauts and photos from Sur- Dust also darkened the moon explor- veyor moon landers confi rmed the ers’ suits, heating them beyond the glow. So scientists hypothesized that lunar cooling systems’ capacity, and the dust was picking up enough of an electric particles’ sharp, glassy edges caused charge from cosmic rays or the solar wind to leaks in the suits. drive it tens of kilometers into the otherwise NASA designed the LEAM experi- vacant lunar sky and cause the light show. ment, installed near the land- A particle monitoring instrument, the Lunar ing site in December 1972, to detect Ejecta and (LEAM) experiment, a predicted continual rain of fast- on June 23, 2011 placed on the moon 4 years later seemed to moving microme- provide corroborating data. teorites and the fine But now a former Apollo physicist is lunar dust they kicked threatening to take the glow off this expla- up upon impact. Yet nation. Brian O’Brien, who helped design LEAM recorded the dust monitors for , 12, 14, and 15, most activity at lunar argues in a review published online recently sunrise or sunset. The types of events

by Planetary and Space Science that much recorded were odd as well: They sat- Heater debate. The Apollo 17 LEAM instrument (foreground) www.sciencemag.org of the LEAM data were not detections of urated the instrument’s sensors and was thought to have detected fl oating dust that could explain charged lunar dust particles but instead lasted longer than they should have if the lunar horizon glow (inset), but that may have been inter- electrical interference generated by the caused by fast interplanetary particles. ference from heaters on nearby instruments (background). Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Pack- Lunar scientists later concluded age (ALSEP) instruments parked 7.5 meters that LEAM was seeing slow-moving a simulation using the backup LEAM instru- away from LEAM. charged dust particles close to the ground. ment in 1976. In that study, Perkins simulated That claim has roused other Apollo sci- Perhaps as sunlight struck the moon and fi ring slow-moving, highly charged particles, entists and engineers out of retirement. “I’m charged some dust particles but not neigh- similar to the lunar dust hypothesized to be Downloaded from amazed that Planetary and Space Science boring ones still in the shade, the difference responsible for the horizon glow, at the instru- accepted Brian’s paper,” says Lynn Lewis, the in electrical charges would drag lighter par- ment and found a detection response similar ALSEP systems manager and chair of a group ticles around the surface or even into the to that of the Apollo 17 experiment. trying to fi nd missing data from the package. sky, they hypothesized. If such particles also A conclusive answer to the LEAM debate The nostalgic dustup comes as NASA fl oated kilometers higher, then the LEAM may never come. The ALSEP data recovery prepares for the 2013 launch of the Lunar data might support the idea that the horizon group has located only a few months’ worth of Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer glow was lunar dust. LEAM raw data so far. “It’s sad that we don’t (LADEE), a lunar whose instruments But in his new paper, O’Brien, who was have enough data in hand to really do the anal- could resolve whether such charged particles at Rice University in , Texas, at ysis,” says physicist Mihály Horányi of the exist and how they move above the moon. the time of the Apollo missions, questions University of Colorado, Boulder. Horányi, Many of the participants will face off at next whether the LEAM data represent dust. For who, as an editor of the lunar dust special month’s 4th NASA Lunar Science Forum at example, he says that too many of the unex- issue of Planetary and Space Science, invited Ames Research Park in . pected signals arrive in well-ordered bursts to O’Brien to submit his review, is the principal Lunar dust, and dust on other rocky be from slow-moving, charged dust. He also investigator on a dust detector set to fl y aboard planets and asteroids, is important to space points to reports of electrical interference in LADEE. That experiment should detect any exploration for several reasons. Research- prefl ight laboratory tests of the instrument. particles fl ying about 20 kilometers above the ers who count craters on airless, waterless Instead, O’Brien writes, the signals captured lunar surface. And if it works, lunar research- bodies or analyze the chemistry of their by LEAM occurred when ALSEP turned on ers may fi nally decipher what Lovell saw. rocky surfaces to try to estimate their age or off the electricity for the heaters it needed –LUCAS LAURSEN

CREDITS: NASA and composition need to know how much to survive the lunar nights. Lucas Laursen is a writer in Zurich, Switzerland.

www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 332 24 JUNE 2011 1493 Published by AAAS