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Dissertation / Doctoral Thesis DISSERTATION / DOCTORAL THESIS Title of the Doctoral Thesis Intergenerational Value Transmission in Polish Immigrant Families in Austria and Germany submitted by Mag.phil. Mag.phil. Mag.rer.soc.oec. Monika Potkanski in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr.phil.) Vienna, 2017 Degree programme code as it appears A 796 310 122 on the student record sheet: Field of study as it appears on the Doktoratsstudium Sozialwissenschaften UG2002 student record sheet: (Dissertationsgebiet: Soziologie) Supervisor: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Christoph Reinprecht 1 2 Acknowledgements This study could not have been realized without the support and cooperation of many people who believed in and trusted my research project. My special thanks go to my revered supervisor Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Christoph Reinprecht who always guided me with his expertise and his valuable input over the past few years. It is not always a matter of course that someone is willing to support you over such a long time and especially distance. Furthermore, I would like to thank each of my interviewees who have given me their time and motivation by participating in my project. I would like to thank all participants in Poland, Austria and Germany who have granted me an insight into their world and answered very personal questions. Special thanks go to my family in Austria, Germany and Poland who supported me enormously especially during the time of data collection. Without this strong support and help, this task would have been a lot more challenging. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank a very special person in my life: my sister Joanna Potkański, who has always given me guidance and support, and had an open ear for me. She has been and always will be an important and indispensable critic of my research. Finally, I would like to thank Igor Pałka, my partner, best friend and rock in the surf. Thank you for believing in me and trusting me, for your love, patience, support and commitment. 3 4 Content Preface 9 I. Introduction 13 1.1. Problem representation and objective 13 1.2. Literature overview 15 1.3. Definition of relevant terms 17 1.4. Hypotheses 19 1.5. Research methods 21 II. Polish immigration to Austria and Germany 23 2.1. Polish migration in the context of political and historical developments 24 2.2. Illegal and undocumented migration during the 1980s 29 2.3. Recent migration flows of Polish citizens to Austria and Germany 32 2.4. The Polish community in Austria and Germany 34 III. Cultural transmission and intergenerational value transmission 39 3.1. Classifying Culture: Conceptual Dimensions 40 3.1.1. Social contract and universal values (Jean-Jacques Rousseau) 41 3.1.2. Collective conscience (Emile Durkheim) 43 3.1.3. Newer models of culture 44 3.1.3.1. Cultural Dimensions according to Edward T. Hall 44 3.1.3.2. Schein’s model of culture 46 3.1.3.3. Ronald Inglehart’s WVS Cultural Map of the World 47 3.1.3.4. Cultural Dimensions according to Geert Hofstede 48 3.2. Values 50 3.2.1. Defining values 50 3.2.2. Schwartz’ conceptualization of values 53 3.2.3. The cultural model of acculturation by Paweł Boski 55 3.2.4. Related concepts 59 IV. Value Transmission in an Immigration Context 63 4.1. Acculturation theory 65 4.1.1. Assimilation 66 4.1.2. Integration 70 4.1.3. Seperation 72 4.1.4. Marginalization 73 4.2. Transnational theory 73 4.2.1. Transnational social and cultural activities 75 4.2.2. Transnational economic activities 75 4.2.3. Transnational political activities 76 4.3. The process of intergenerational value transmission in a cultural diverse context 78 4.3.1. Perceptions of family 78 4.3.2. Pluralism of family life forms 79 4.3.3. Impact of siblings 82 4.4. The mechanism of cultural transmission 84 4.4.1. Intergenerational value transmission within immigrant families 89 4.4.2. State of the art: Value transmission among Polish immigrant families 91 4.5. Transcultural identity among immigrants 95 4.5.1. Identity construction 95 4.5.2. Hybridity 97 4.5.3. Biculturalism 98 4.5.4. Transculturalism 99 5 4.6. Excurs: Language 102 4.6.1. Definition of terms 102 4.6.2. Migration-related bilingualism in Austria and Germany 105 4.7. Revival of ethnic consciousness 110 V. Methodology and Data Analysis 115 5.1. Research Questions 115 5.2. Data base and data collection 118 5.2.1. Pre-test 118 5.2.2. Participants 120 5.2.3. Access to research field 122 5.2.4. Sample portrait 124 5.2.5. Data Collection 128 5.2.6. Survey instrument 128 5.2.6.1. Emic Questionnaire of Cultural Values and Scripts (EQCVS) 130 5.2.6.2. Personal Authority in the Family System Questionnaire (PAFS-Q) 130 5.2.6.3. Identification and Recognition of Cultural Symbols (IRCS) 131 5.2.6.4. Intergenerational Cultural-Traditional Rituals (ICTR) 132 5.3. Discussion of the quality criteria 133 5.4. Strengths and limitations of the study 135 VI. Results 137 6.1. Data analysis 137 6.1.1. Preliminary data analysis 137 6.1.1.1. Family Values 140 6.1.1.2. Altruistic and Community Values 140 6.1.1.3. Work Ethics and Patriotism 141 6.1.1.4. Self-Reliance 141 6.1.2. Data methods 142 6.2. Descriptive Results 143 6.2.1. Regions 143 6.2.2. Nationality 145 6.2.3. Religion 146 6.2.4. Education level and employment 147 6.2.5. Language 150 6.3. Multivariate Results 150 6.3.1. Inter-group level analysis 150 6.3.1.1. ANOVA 150 6.3.1.2. Regression analysis 155 6.3.1.3. Summary 160 6.3.2. Intra-group level analysis 161 6.3.2.1. ANOVA 161 6.3.2.2. Paired Samples t-Tests 163 6.3.2.3. Summary 165 6.3.3. Dyadic analysis on a family level 166 6.3.3.1. Paired Samples t-Tests 166 6.3.3.2. Correlation analysis 170 6.3.3.3. Regression analysis 171 6.3.3.4. Summary 175 6.3.4. Personal Authority in the Family System Questionnaire (PAFS-Q) 176 6.3.4.1. Preliminary data analysis 177 6.3.4.2. Intergenerational intimacy 181 6.3.4.3. Intergenerational intimidation 183 6.3.4.4. Summary 184 6.3.5. Transcultural identity and Ethnic Revival 185 6.3.5.1. Subjective Belonging 186 6.3.5.2. Identification and Recognition of Cultural Symbols (IRCS) 192 6.3.5.2.1. Materials 193 6 6.3.5.2.2. Symbolic Identity 194 6.3.5.2.3. Symbolic Identity and Polish Language 196 6.3.5.2.4. Symbolic Identity and personal contacts to Polish school and Polish friends 197 6.3.5.2.5. Symbolic Identity and Subjective Belonging 198 6.3.5.2.6. Summary 199 6.3.6. Intergenerational Cultural-Traditional Rituals (ICTR) 200 6.3.6.1. Meaning of Christmas 201 6.3.6.2. Christmas celebrations 205 6.3.6.3. Christmas eating habits and Christmas custom 207 6.3.6.4. Summary 213 VII. Summary 217 7.1. Intercultural group results 218 7.2. Intra-group results 219 7.3. Parent-child-dyadic results 220 7.4. Intergenerational intimacy and Intergenerational intimidation 221 7.5. Transcultural identity 221 VIII. Conclusion and Future Directions 223 Literature 227 Appendix I 253 Appendix II 255 Abstract (German version) 293 Abstract (English version) 295 7 8 Preface Intergenerational relationships of immigrant families become important when it comes to the understanding of their functioning and their solidarity potential. Most of these families come from countries without a long tradition of a strongly developed welfare system of social security. In many cases, a comprehensive welfare system has been developing in last decades, so older generations grew up without the understanding of social security offered by the government. For them, families were taking care of the older generations. Thus, benefits and safeguards against the risks of life were provided directly between the generations. This material hedge has important effects on cultural aspects and on intergenerational relationships, thus on the parent-child-relationship, the emotional meaning for each other and what kind of expectations they have. Consequently, these functions might also have an impact on the intergenerational value transmission between the generations. In addition, the immigration situation itself has a direct impact on the intergenerational relationships. Many migration objectives can be only realized in the context of intergenerational relations, such as the desire of the parents to improve the education of their children or to enhance their carrier chances on the labour market. Most biographies show that the reason for immigration to another country has its source in the desire for economic improvement and life quality – especially for the offspring. On January 1st 2014, around 1.6 million people of Polish origin lived in Germany (Statistisches Bundesamt 2014)1. However, the population with Polish routes living currently in Germany can be estimated as much higher than 1.6 million, when taking into consideration also those who possess a German citizenship since birth but do not live (anymore) with their parents in the same household (immigrant in the broader sense). On January 1st, 2016, a total of 77.450 people of Polish origin lived in Austria, which is composed as follows: 50.628 people were Polish nationals who were also born abroad, 19.861 people were born in Poland who had meanwhile received Austrian citizenship, and 6.961 people were Polish nationals born in Austria (Statistik Austria 2016).
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