Die Pädagogik Des Zenmeisters

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Die Pädagogik Des Zenmeisters Die Pädagogik des Zenmeisters Darstellung und Analyse Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) durch die Philosophische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf vorgelegt von Mariko Fuchs M.A. aus Schwalmtal Disputation 31. Juli 2007 Erstes Gutachten von Prof. Dr. Gerhard Michel Zweites Gutachten von Prof. Dr. Michiko Mae D61 Allen meinen Lehrern in großer Dankbarkeit gewidmet: Zenmeister Sôen Nakagawa, Zenmeister Sôchû Suzuki, Zenmeister Kôshô Murakami und Prof. Dr. Gerhard Michel Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 1 1.1. Allgemeine Vorstellung des Zen-Buddhismus 3 1.2. Gegenstand, Fragestellung und Methode der Untersuchung 7 1.3. Forschungsstand 9 1.4. Vorbemerkung 11 2. Die Grundlage des Mahâyâna-Buddhismus und sein Erziehungs- und Bildungsaspekt 13 2.1. Die Grundlagen des Mahâyâna-Buddhismus 13 2.2. Der Ausgangspunkt der buddhistischen Erziehung und Bildung 20 2.3. Die Praxis der buddhistischen Erziehung und Bildung und die Stellung der Zen-Schule 24 2.3.1. Der allgemeine Charakter der Methodiken der buddhistischen Erziehung und Bildung 24 2.3.2. Verschiedene Methoden und die Stellung der Zen-Schule 27 3. Die Erziehungswirklichkeit im japanischen Zen-Kloster 33 3.1. Der Alltag im Zen-Kloster - das Beispiel Ryûtakuji 33 3.1.1. Die Menschen und die Organisation im Kloster 34 3.1.2. Die allgemeine Lebensweise 36 3.1.3. Sesshin 41 3.2. Einige Merkmale der Sôtô-Klöster 51 3.3. Die Erziehungswirklichkeit im Zen-Kloster im Hinblick auf den erzieherischen Aspekt des buddhistischen Dogmas 52 4. Die Kôan-Übungen der Rinzai-Schule 53 4.1. Ziel und Übungsprozess - dargestellt anhand der „Zehn Ochsenbilder“ 53 4.1.1. Der geschichtliche Hintergrund 53 4.1.2. Einzelne Übungsphasen 54 4.1.3. Die gesamte Struktur 70 4.2. Die Methodik der Kôan-Übung 72 4.2.1. Das Verfahren der Kôan-Übung 72 4.2.2. Exemplarische Kôans aus dem Übungssystem von Meister Hakuin 76 4.3. Phänomenologische Betrachtung der Kôan-Übung anhand des Kôans „Das Mu von Joshu“ 83 4.3.1. Die Auflösung des Kôans 83 4.3.2. Die Dharma-Mitteilung und die Kommunikationsformen in der Beziehung zwischen Meister und Schüler 91 5. Shikan-Taza und die rituellen Übungen der Sôtô-Schule 104 5.1. Ziel und Übungen in der Sôtô-Schule 104 5.1.1. Das auslösende Moment der Übungen 104 5.1.2. Das Verhältnis zwischen Ziel und Übungen 105 5.1.3. Shikan-Taza und die erweiterten Übungen 111 5.2. Die Form 112 Exkurs: Die Übungen der mit „-dô“ bezeichneten Künste 117 1. Der Ausgangspunkt des Dô 118 2. Das Beispiel Sadô 122 6. Analyse der Pädagogik des Zenmeisters unter den didaktischen Aspekten 131 6.1. Bedingungen 132 6.1.1. Anthropologisch-psychologische Voraussetzungen 132 6.1.2. Soziokulturelle Voraussetzungen 133 6.2. Ziele / Inhalte 135 6.2.1. Gliederung im Hinblick auf Ziele und Inhalte 135 6.2.2. Konkrete Lerninhalte 139 6.2.3. Didaktischer Ort des Übens 140 6.2.4. Struktur der Lernziele 144 6.3. Vermittlung 145 6.3.1. Vermittlungsverfahren 147 6.3.1.1. Darbietende ↔ aufnehmende/nachvollziehende Vermittlung 147 6.3.1.2. Aufgebende ↔ lösende und/oder entdeckende Vermittlung 149 6.3.1.3. Gemeinsam erarbeitende Vermittlung 152 6.3.1.4. Anmerkung über die Vermittlungsformen 153 6.3.2. Sozialformen 154 6.3.3. Medieneinsatz 155 6.4. Leistungsbewertung 160 7. Die wesentlichen Charakterisierungen 164 7.1. Sprache 164 7.1.1. Die Grundlage der Sprache 164 7.1.2. Die Sprache und die Erziehung 166 7.1.3. Die Sprache in der Pädagogik des Zenmeisters 172 7.1.4. Die Pädagogik des Zenmeisters und der Ansatz des Konstruktivismus in der Didaktik im Vergleich 180 7.2. Interaktion und pädagogischer Bezug 185 7.2.1. Ziel und Beziehung - die Funktion der Verneinung 186 7.2.2. Die Autorität 192 7.2.3. Das Charisma des Zenmeisters als ewig Übender 195 7.3. Körperlichkeit 197 7.3.1. Die Grundlage 197 7.3.2. Die Körperlichkeit in der Pädagogik des Zenmeisters 198 8. Schluss: Anregungen der Pädagogik des Zenmeisters für unsere Zeit 203 8.1. Zusammenfassung der Untersuchung 203 8.2. Erziehung zur Körperlichkeit 207 8.3. Flow-Erlebnis 212 8.4. Stellenwert der Begabung und Chancengerechtigkeit 214 8.5. Umwelterziehung 218 8.6. Entwicklungserziehung und Entwicklungshilfe 220 Quellenverzeichnis 226 Glossar 238 Zeittafel der Zen-Schulen 253 1 Die Pädagogik des Zenmeisters Darstellung und Analyse 1. Einleitung Gegenwärtig leben die Menschen in einer Zeit, in der viele materielle und geistige Inhalte aus anderen Kulturkreisen aufgrund der industriellen und kommunikationstechnischen Entwicklung leicht zugänglich sind. Besonders in den westlichen Ländern scheint der exotische Anteil aus Asien immer interessanter zu werden, was vielleicht eine Gegenreaktion dagegen sein könnte, dass die so genannte Modernisierung in der Tat als Verwestlichung verstanden wurde. Außerdem zweifeln die Menschen im Westen an der universalen Gültigkeit ihrer Kultur und Zivilisation für die politischen, ökonomischen, gesellschaftlichen und ökologischen Probleme im globalen Zusammenhang. Als Folge dessen kommen immer mehr neue Alternativen von Ost nach West. Einige von ihnen bleiben im Westen so fest verankert, dass sie die einheimische Lebensweise über ein temporäres Phänomen hinaus tief mitprägen. Das Zen kann bestimmt auch als eine solche Alternative angesehen werden. Zurzeit gibt es beispielsweise in Deutschland in fast jeder Großstadt mehrere Zen- oder ähnlich lautende Meditationskreise. In vielen Volkshochschulen werden Zen-Kurse neben dem Autogenen Training und Yoga veranstaltet. Wohn-, Esskultur und Bekleidung nach Zenart oder fernöstlicher Manier sind mittlerweile in den westlichen Alltag eingedrungen. In dieser Tendenz wird das Zen zumeist als eine unabhängige Religion mit Meditation oder als mystische Philosophie betrachtet, was eigentlich sehr fern von seinem Ursprung ist. Das Zen gehört zum Mahâyâna-Buddhismus, ein Aspekt, der oft außer Acht gelassen wird. Diese Rezeptionsweise wurde zum großen Teil durch die Werke von Daisetz Suzuki vermittelt, die zuerst im Westen vorgestellt wurden.1 Das Wissen aus Büchern muss man aber laut der Zen- Lehre in der Zen-Praxis wieder „vernichten“. Um dies begreiflich werden zu lassen, kommen viele Zenmeister aus Japan nach Europa und Amerika und bieten den Zen-Interessenten praktische Anweisungen an. Oder aber zahlreiche Ausländer besuchen Japan und üben zusammen mit japanischen Mönchen in Zen- Klöstern. Nach meiner Einschätzung sind diese Versuche jedoch nicht besonders erfolgreich in der Übermittlung eines Zen-Verständnisses. Die Ursache liegt vermutlich in der Pädagogik 1 In 1950er Jahren wurde Daisetz Suzuki durch seine Zen-Literatur weltweit bekannt (Okamura/Ueda 1999, S. 114ff). Suzuki 1957, Suzuki 1988. 2 des Zenmeisters. Einerseits haben die Übenden aus dem Ausland außer mangelhaften Kenntnissen über den Buddhismus eine ganz andere Einstellung zur Erziehung und zur Bildung, und die japanischen Leiter anderseits können nicht wissen, dass die Übenden ihre Pädagogik missverstehen. Als zu selbstverständlich betrachten die Meister ihren Umgang und ihre Vorgehensweise mit den Schülern, und eine Unterscheidung hinsichtlich der Kulturabstammung findet natürlich nicht statt. Die Zen-Schule beeinflusste die japanische Kultur und prägte nicht zuletzt die japanische Erziehungs- und Bildungstradition. Sie wird von der körperlichen Übung charakterisiert und herrscht immer noch in der heutigen Schulpädagogik vor. Sie hat ihre eigenen Werte, deren sich selbst die Japaner oft nicht bewusst sind, und wenn man die Geschichte der erziehungswissenschaftlichen Behandlung dieses Themas in Japan betrachtet, lässt sich feststellen, dass es bis heute sehr selten und auch selten zutreffend behandelt2 worden ist. Ebenfalls in der Buddhologie wird das Feld der Erziehung nicht besonders berücksichtigt, obwohl es unzählige Werke über die buddhistische Geschichte und die Dogmen, einschließlich des Zen-Buddhismus, gibt. Als Grund lässt sich folgendes vermuten: Die Erziehung ist zwar das wichtigste Element bei der Verbreitung des Buddhismus, aber ihre Methode ist so abhängig von der durch die Körperlichkeit vermittelten intuitiven Überlieferung, dass gar nicht daran gedacht wurde, eine diskursive Systematisierung zu versuchen. Hier wird schon sichtbar, dass sich die Anschauung von Erziehung im Buddhismus von der westlichen grundlegend unterscheidet. In dieser Arbeit wird die Pädagogik des Zenmeisters in den japanischen Klöstern anhand der abendländischen erziehungswissenschaftlichen Begriffe untersucht. Ziel dieser Forschung ist, ihre charakteristischen, aber auch für Japaner relativ unbekannten Inhalte sowohl in theoretischer als auch in praktischer Hinsicht darzulegen und zu analysieren. Aus dem Ergebnis lässt sich die Ursache für das Missverständnis der Zen-Rezeption im Westen verdeutlichen. Zum Schluss wird überlegt, inwieweit das Zen und die Pädagogik des Zenmeisters in unserer globalen Zeit über Modetrend hinausgehen und eine wirklich sinnvolle Alternative im pädagogischen Bereich sein kann, die auf wissenschaftlichen Einblicken beruht. 2 Saitô 1980, S. 1, Park 1985, S. 10 3 1.1. Allgemeine Vorstellung des Zen-Buddhismus Bevor Fragestellung und Methode dieser Untersuchung erläutert werden, ist es notwendig, zunächst die Grundlagen des Buddhismus und des Zen kurz vorzustellen. Der Buddhismus entsprang der Lehre Shâkyamuni-Buddhas 3 vor 2500 Jahren, der versuchte, den Menschen das Wesen des Selbst erkennen zu lassen, und der dadurch eine harmonische Beziehung des Menschen zur Welt aufzeigte. Seit der damaligen Zeit ist die Lehre des Buddhismus bis heute gut bewahrt worden,
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