Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät DNA-Datenbankgesetzgebung

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Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät DNA-Datenbankgesetzgebung Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät _____________________________________________________________________________________ DNA-Datenbankgesetzgebung - Eine rechtsvergleichende Analyse unter Berücksichtigung des Spannungsverhältnisses zwischen der Effizienz der Strafver- folgung und den Anforderungen an den Schutz der Pri- vatsphäre von Qin, Jing aus Linfen, Provinz Shanxi, China Freiburg, September 2012 1 Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde an der Rechtwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau Jing Qin, Freiburg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 19.11.2012 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Alexander Bruns Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Thomas Würtenberger Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Silja Vöneky 2 Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im November des Wintersemesters 2012/13 von der juris- tischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg als Dissertation ange-nommen. Gesetze, Rechtsprechung und Schrifttum befinden sich im Wesentlichen auf dem Stand vom Mai 2012. Danken möchte ich an erster Stelle meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. Thomas Wür- ten-berger, der die Entstehung der Arbeit durch wertvolle Anregungen sowie den nötigen Freiraum gefördert hat. Während meines LL.M-Studiums und meiner Promotion hat er stets mit Rat und Tat zur Seite gestanden und ich bin davon überzeugt, dass seine Be- rufseinstellung, Nettigkeit und Geduld mein zukünftiges Arbeitsleben tief und dauerhaft prägen werden. Für die zügige Entstehung des Zweitgutachtens danke ich Frau Professo- rin Dr. Vöneky. Besonderer Dank gilt meinen Mentor Richter Wolfgang Peuster am Landgericht Frei- burg und meiner lieben Freundin Kristin Kupfer, die die mühsame Aufgabe des Korrek- turlesens übernommen und mir sprachlich sehr geholfen haben. Für die Gewährung eines großzügigen Stipendiums möchte ich mich außerdem beim China Scholarship Council bedanken, das meine Promotion in Deutschland ermög-licht hat. Meinen Eltern und meinem Verlobten danke ich von ganzem Herzen für ihre un-nachgiebige Liebe, Hilfe und Unterstützung, mit denen sie mein Studium in Deutschland begleitet und gefördert haben. Ihnen ist diese Arbeit gewidmet. Freiburg, im November 2012 Jing Qin 3 Inhaltverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis .......................................................................................................................13 Einführung ...........................................................................................................................................17 I. Ausgangspunkt .............................................................................................................17 II. Gegenstand der rechtsvergleichenden Untersuchung ...................................................19 III. Zur Methode der rechtsvergleichenden Untersuchung .................................................20 1. Methode der funktionellen Rechtsvergleichung ..........................................20 2. Die Auswahl der zu vergleichenden Rechtsordnungen ...............................21 3. Der Sinn der rechtsvergleichenden Untersuchung .......................................22 IV. Gang der Untersuchung ................................................................................................25 Erster Teil: ...........................................................................................................................................27 Die gesetzlichen Grundlagen für den Einsatz der DNA-Analyse in England und Wales unter Berücksichtigung des Rechtsschutzes durch die Rechtsprechung nach Art. 8 EMRK .........................27 § 1. Die gesetzlichen Grundlagen für den Einsatz der DNA-Analyse in England und Wales ..........27 I. Zulässigkeit der Entnahme von Zellproben ..................................................................29 1. Im laufenden Verfahren ...............................................................................29 2. Die Entnahme der Zellprobe als eine erkennungsdienstliche Maßnahme der Strafverfolgungsvorsorge .............................................................................................30 2.1. Qualifizierte Anlasstaten - „recordable offense“ ..........................................32 2.2. „Intimate sample“ und „non-intimate sample” .............................................34 II. Zulässigkeit der Erstellung von DNA-Profile ..............................................................36 III. Zusammenfassung der bisherigen Gesetzesänderungen ...............................................36 IV. Vernichtung der entnommenen Zellprobe und Löschung der DNA-Profile ................37 1. Vernichtung der entnommenen Zellprobe nach s. 64 Abs. 1, 2 und 3 PACE a.F. .....................................................................................................................38 1.1. Beweismittelausschluss nach Verstößen gegen ss. 63 und 64 PACE a.F. in Bezug auf genetische Fingerabdrücke .............................................................38 1.2. Wichtige Entscheidungen zum Beweismittelausschlusses in Bezug auf genetische Fingerabdrücke...................................................................................41 4 2. Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (CJPA) .............................................45 § 2. Rechtsschutz der Privatsphäre auf nationaler Ebene in Großbritannien und der Einfluss der EMRK ...............................................................................................................................................47 I. Rechtsschutz der Privatsphäre auf nationaler Ebene in Großbritannien .......................47 II. Der Einfluss der EMRK auf die Entwicklung eines Right to Privacy im englischen Recht und der Rechtsschutz der Privatsphäre aus Art. 8 EMRK ..................................................49 1. Der Schutzbereich des Anspruchs auf Achtung des Privatlebens aus Art. 8 EMRK .....................................................................................................................50 2. Eingriffe.......................................................................................................51 3. Rechtfertigungsgründe ................................................................................53 III. Der Marper Fall ...........................................................................................................53 1. Die Entscheidungen des Administrative Court, Court of Appeal und House of Lords .....................................................................................................................54 2. Die Lösung des EGMR—Der Fall S. und Marper gegen das Vereinigtes Königreich ....................................................................................................................56 2.1. Speicherung der Zellprobe ist per se ein Eingriff in das Recht der Betroffenen auf Achtung des Privatlebens ...........................................................56 2.2. Rechtfertigung des Eingriffes ..................................................................58 2.3. Notwendigkeit in einer demokratischen Gesellschaft .............................58 3. Abhilfemaßnahmen .....................................................................................63 4. Neue Rechtsprechung des Obersten Gerichtshof des Vereinigten Königreichs - R. v The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis ..............................64 § 3. Öffentliche Debatte und Reform der Gesetzgebung nach der Marper Entscheidung des EGMR ..........................................................................................................................................................66 I. Parlamentsdebatten in House of Commons und House of Lords .................................66 1. Erste Frage: Die Notwendigkeit der Speicherung von DNA-Profilen nach einem Freispruch oder einer Verfahrenseinstellung .....................................................67 1.1. Das Gutachten der UK Home Office Economics and Resource Analysis Group .................................................................................................................68 1.2. Das Gutachten der Association of Chief Police Officers .......................71 5 1.3. Kritik an den Gutachten des UK Home Office und ACPO .....................72 1.4. Zusammenfassung ...................................................................................76 2. Zweite Frage: Hilft die Datenspeicherung Unschuldige zu entlasten? ........77 2.1. Die Opposition: Es ist nicht nötig, die Daten des Unschuldigen zu speichern, um ihn dann später zu entlasten. .........................................................77 3. Dritte Frage: warum 6 Jahre? Eine Zeitspanne auf Gutachten basierend oder einfach „stick the finger in the air and think of a number” ..................................79 3.1. Kritik an dem Gutachten und die Home Departments Reaktion .............80 II. Reform der Gesetzgebung - Crime and Security Act 2010 ..........................................81 1. Normenadressanten .....................................................................................81 2. Vernichtung der entnommenen DNA-Zellproben und Löschung der DNA-Profile .................................................................................................................83 2.1. Vernichtung der entnommenen Zellprobe des Betroffenen ..........................83 2.2. Speicherungsdauer und Löschung der DNA-Profile .....................................83 Zusammenfassung zum ersten Teil ...................................................................................................85
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