Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Bill [AS AMENDED at STAGE 2]
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Internacional De Derechos Civiles Y Políticos
INTERNACIONAL Distr. DE DERECHOS GENERAL ~ CIVILES C OPR/C/l/Add.17 21 de septiembre de 1 9 7 7 Y POLÍTICOS ESPAÑOL Original: INGLES COMITE DE' DERECHOS HUMANOS Tercer período de sesiones EXAMEN DE LOS INFORMES PRESENTADOS POR LOS ESTADOS PARTES DE CONFORMIDAD CON EL ARTICULO 40 DEL PACTO Informes iniciales de los Estados Partes que deben presentarse en 1977 Adición REINO UNIDO DE GRAN BRETAÑA E IRLANDA DEL NORTE [.18 de agosto de 1 9 7 7 ] Introducción 1. El Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos no tiene por sí mismo fuerza de ley en el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte ni en los territorios dependientes de él. La obligación asumida en virtud del parrefo 2 del artículo 2, que deja a cada Parte Contratante la libertad de elegir la forma de hacer efectivos los derechos reconocidos en el Pacto, se cumple en el Reino Unido mediante salvaguardias ‘ de distintos tipos que se aplican en los varios sistemas jurídicos, independientemente: : del Pacto pero en plena concordancia con él. 2. ^ Las explicaciones que contiene el presente informe se limitan en general al sistema jurídico de Inglaterra y Gales. Las normas jurídicas de ese sistema corresponden a dos categorías principales : normas qtie figuran en la legislación y normas que se deducen de las decisiones de los tribunales con facultades decisorias. Las de esta última categoría se derivan, a su vez, de dos fuentes -en primer lugar, el "common law” propia mente dicho (es decir, las leyes y costumbres reconocidas judicialmente desde los primeros tiempos) y, en segundo lugar, la interpretación de las leyes. -
Universal Jurisdiction
UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF LEGISLATION AROUND THE WORLD – 2012 UPDATE Amnesty International Publications First published in October 2012 by Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat Peter Benenson House 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW United Kingdom www.amnesty.org Copyright Amnesty International Publications 2012 Index: IOR 53/019/2012 Original Language: English Printed by Amnesty International, International Secretariat, United Kingdom All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publishers. Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 3 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................1 A. The two annexes...........................................................................................................6 B. Definitions...................................................................................................................7 -
Consents to Prosecution Consultation
PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 In this consultation paper we examine one of the procedural mechanisms used to control the prosecution process, namely the requirement in respect of certain offences of the consent of the Law Officers (the Attorney-General or the Solicitor- General) or the Director of Public Prosecutions (“the DPP”)1 as a condition precedent to the institution of criminal proceedings. In preparing this paper, we have borne in mind the constitutional gravity of consent provisions – not only do they fetter the right of private prosecution, but also, by their nature, they impose an administrative burden on senior officials and cause an additional administrative delay within the criminal justice system. THE NEED FOR REVIEW 1.2 Although the use of consent provisions is not a recent development, their proliferation is. As we shall see in Part IV,2 although the first example is thought to date back to the early nineteenth century, it was not until the Second World War that consent provisions became widely used. We believe that the consents regime is a pressing and important subject for review. We hold this belief for a number of reasons. 1.3 First, the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure (“the Philips Commission”), under the chairmanship of Sir Cyril Philips, noted that the wide-ranging list of Acts which included a consent provision suggested that “some of the restrictions ha[d] been arbitrarily imposed”;3 and in formulating proposals which eventually led to the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985, the Commission took the view that the creation of the Crown Prosecution Service (“the CPS”) provided the apposite moment for reviewing the consents regime and, noting that the DPP had said in evidence to the Commission that “the time was ripe for some rationalisation of the restrictions”,4 recommended that rationalisation should not be delayed.5 1.4 Second, notable former Law Officers have criticised the consents system. -
João Bertola Franco De Gouveia
10 INTRODUÇÃO Historicamente, tratando-se dos Estados, a matéria das imunidades é regida por regras costumeiras de direito internacional. O direito das imunidades foi, em seguida, enriquecido por algumas convenções. A primeira foi a convenção de Bruxelas de 1926 sobre as imunidades dos navios de Estado. Depois, surgiu a convenção de Basiléia de 1972 sobre as imunidades dos Estados, negociada sob a égide do Conselho da Europa. Posteriormente, diferentes Estados da common law, como os Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, Canadá, e, ainda, a África do Sul, adotaram legislação interna sobre as imunidades. Inicialmente, a imunidade de jurisdição dos Estados era absoluta, evoluindo mais tarde para uma imunidade relativa, havendo algumas exceções em que não se aplicava a imunidade de jurisdição. Assim, as leis internas desses Estados previram exceções nos casos de lides trabalhistas ou de acidentes automobilísticos. O direito brasileiro, seguindo a tendência mundial, também adotou a imunidade relativa, a partir da Magna Carta de 1988, com uma nova interpretação do art.114, I da mesma, no caso de questões trabalhistas. Atualmente, no entanto, o direito das imunidades de jurisdição continua a evoluir, havendo doutrina e jurisprudência que sustentam a sua ausência no caso de violação dos direitos humanos. Dessa forma, o leading case seria o caso Pinochet, no qual a Câmara dos Lordes entendeu que Pinochet não teria imunidade de jurisdição perante a corte inglesa em função de atos funcionais violadores dos direitos humanos praticados durante o tempo em que foi presidente do Chile. Dessa maneira, dentre as exceções à imunidade de jurisdição dos Estados, poder-se-ia acrescentar uma nova exceção no caso de violação dos direitos humanos. -
Modernising English Criminal Legislation 1267-1970
Public Administration Research; Vol. 6, No. 1; 2017 ISSN 1927-517x E-ISSN 1927-5188 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Modernising English Criminal Legislation 1267-1970 Graham McBain1,2 1 Peterhouse, Cambridge, UK 2 Harvard Law School, USA Correspondence: Graham McBain, 21 Millmead Terrace, Guildford, Surrey GU2 4AT, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Received: April 2, 2017 Accepted: April 19, 2017 Online Published: April 27, 2017 doi:10.5539/par.v6n1p53 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/par.v6n1p53 1. INTRODUCTION English criminal - and criminal procedure - legislation is in a parlous state. Presently, there are some 286 Acts covering criminal law and criminal procedure with the former comprising c.155 Acts. Therefore, it is unsurprising that Judge CJ, in his book, The Safest Shield (2015), described the current volume of criminal legislation as 'suffocating'. 1 If one considers all legislation extant from 1267 - 1925 (see Appendix A) a considerable quantity comprises criminal law and criminal procedure - most of which is (likely) obsolete.2 Given this, the purpose of this article is to look at criminal legislation in the period 1267-1970 as well as criminal procedure legislation in the period 1267-1925. Its conclusions are simple: (a) the Law Commission should review all criminal legislation pre-1890 as well as a few pieces thereafter (see Appendix B). It should also review (likely) obsolete common law crimes (see Appendix C); (b) at the same time, the Ministry of Justice (or Home Office) should consolidate all criminal legislation post-1890 into 4 Crime Acts.3 These should deal with: (a) Sex crimes; (b) Public order crimes; (c) Crimes against the person; (d) Property and financial crimes (see 7). -
Legislation Title
FALKLAND ISLANDS _____________ Crimes Ordinance 2014 (No: 13 of 2014) ARRANGEMENT OF PROVISIONS CHAPTER 1 – PRELIMINARY PART 1 – PRELIMINARY AND INTERPRETATION Section 1. Title and commencement 2. Interpretation PART 2 – GENERAL PRINCIPLES Criminal liability 3. Age of criminal responsibility 4. Inferences as to intent 5. Automatism Offences committed outside the Falkland Islands 6. Offences committed partly outside the Falkland Islands 7. Offences to which sections 8 to 13 apply 8. Jurisdiction in respect of Group A offences 9. Questions immaterial to jurisdiction in the case of certain offences 10. Rules relating to the location of events 11. Conspiracy and encouraging 12. Extended jurisdiction in relation to certain attempts 13. Relevance of external law Alternative verdicts 14. Conviction of offence other than that charged 1 15. Person tried for offence may be convicted of ancillary offence Miscellaneous 16. Proceedings by and against spouses 17. Application of Ordinance to corporations 18. No requirement for corroboration PART 3 – ANCILLARY OFFENCES Attempts 19. Attempts generally 20. Application of procedural and other provisions to offences of attempt 21. Procedural rules 22. Effect of sections 19 to 21 on common law Conspiracy 23. Conspiracy 24. Conspiracy to commit offences outside the Falkland Islands 25. Exemptions from liability 26. Penalties 27. Restrictions on the commencement of proceedings 28. Conspiracy under other enactments 29. Effect of acquittal of other defendant 30. Abolitions, savings, transitional provisions Encouragement of offences 31. Offence of encouragement 32. Proving an offence under section 31 33. Supplemental provisions 34. Defences 35. Jurisdiction 36. Extended jurisdiction in certain cases 37. Commencement of proceedings, etc. for an offence 38. -
Separation of Powers Perspective on Pinochet, A
A SEPARATION OF POWERS PERSPECTIVE ON PINOCHET Frank Sullivan, Jr.*, INTRODUCTION On October 16, 1998, the former Chilean dictator, Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, was in London undergoing medical treatment. He was arrested at the request of Spanish authorities who sought his extradition to Spain for trial on charges of human rights abuses (torture, murder, and hostage-taking) allegedly committed while he ruled Chile. Prior to any decision having been made by the U.K. government as to extradition, Pinochet himself sought a writ of habeas corpus from the U.K. courts. Pinochet, supported by Chile, argued in part that he was entitled to immunity as a former head of state under U.K. statutory law. Spain responded in part that under principles of international law, Pinochet was not entitled to the statutory immunity he claimed. On October 28, 1998, a three-judge divisional court held that he enjoyed immunity but refused to allow him to return to Chile pending appeal.' On November 25, 1998, the country's court of last resort, the Appellate Commit- tee of the House of Lords, reversed the divisional court and held that Pinochet was not immune.2 On December 17, 1998, however, the House of Lords reversed itself and vacated its first decision on grounds that one of the judges (Lord Hoffmann) who had participated in it had an impermissible conflict of * Justice, Indiana Supreme Court. LL.M., University of Virginia School of Law (2001); J.D., Indiana University School of Law-Bloomington (1982); A.B., Dartmouth College (1972). ** This article is based on a thesis submitted to fulfill a portion of the requirements of the University of Virginia Law School's LL.M. -
UK Law on Genocide (And Related Crimes) and Redress for Torture Victims
House of Lords House of Commons Joint Committee on Human Rights Closing the Impunity Gap: UK law on genocide (and related crimes) and redress for torture victims Twenty–fourth Report of Session 2008–09 Report, together with formal minutes and oral and written evidence Ordered by the House of Lords to be printed 21 July 2009 Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 21 July 2009 HL Paper 153 HC 553 Published on 11 August 2009 by authority of the House of Commons London: The Stationery Office Limited £0.00 Joint Committee on Human Rights The Joint Committee on Human Rights is appointed by the House of Lords and the House of Commons to consider matters relating to human rights in the United Kingdom (but excluding consideration of individual cases); proposals for remedial orders, draft remedial orders and remedial orders. The Joint Committee has a maximum of six Members appointed by each House, of whom the quorum for any formal proceedings is two from each House. Current membership HOUSE OF LORDS HOUSE OF COMMONS Lord Bowness John Austin MP (Labour, Erith & Thamesmead) Lord Dubs Mr Andrew Dismore MP (Labour, Hendon) (Chairman) Lord Lester of Herne Hill Dr Evan Harris MP (Liberal Democrat, Oxford West & Lord Morris of Handsworth OJ Abingdon) The Earl of Onslow Mr Virendra Sharma MP (Labour, Ealing, Southall) Baroness Prashar Mr Richard Shepherd MP (Conservative, Aldridge-Brownhills) Mr Edward Timpson MP (Conservative, Crewe & Nantwich) Powers The Committee has the power to require the submission of written evidence and documents, to examine witnesses, to meet at any time (except when Parliament is prorogued or dissolved), to adjourn from place to place, to appoint specialist advisers, and to make Reports to both Houses. -
Regulatory Enforcement and Sanctions Bill [HL]
Regulatory Enforcement and Sanctions Bill [HL] EXPLANATORY NOTES Explanatory notes to the Bill, prepared by the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, are published separately as Bill 103—EN. EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Mr Pat McFadden has made the following statement under section 19(1)(a) of the Human Rights Act 1998: In my view the provisions of the Regulatory Enforcement and Sanctions Bill [HL] are compatible with the Convention rights. Bill 103 54/3 Regulatory Enforcement and Sanctions Bill [HL] CONTENTS PART 1 THE LOCAL BETTER REGULATION OFFICE Establishment of LBRO 1 LBRO 2 Dissolution of the LBRO company Definitions 3 “Local authority” 4“Relevant function” General functions of LBRO 5 Objective relating to general functions 6 Guidance to local authorities 7 Guidance to local authorities: enforcement 8 Financial support and assistance to local authorities 9 Advice to Ministers of the Crown 10 Advice to Welsh Ministers Function relating to enforcement priorities 11 Enforcement priorities Matters relating to exercise of LBRO’s functions 12 Relationship with other regulators 13 Duty not to impose burdens etc 14 Ancillary powers Ministerial powers in relation to LBRO 15 Guidance or directions by the Secretary of State 16 Guidance or directions by Welsh Ministers Bill 103 54/3 ii Regulatory Enforcement and Sanctions Bill [HL] Supplementary and general 17 Review of LBRO 18 Power to dissolve LBRO 19 Dissolution of LBRO: tax 20 Orders under Part 1 21 Interpretation of Part 1 PART 2 CO-ORDINATION OF REGULATORY -
Liberty, Law and Justice
THE HAMLYN LECTURES Thirtieth Series LIBERTY, LAW AND JUSTICE Sir Norman Anderson I STEVENS 1 LIBERTY, LAW AND JUSTICE by SIR NORMAN ANDERSON O.B.E., Q.C., LL.D., F.B.A. formerly Professor of Oriental Laws and Director of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies in the University of London The concepts of liberty, law and justice, and the extent to which they serve to guarantee individual freedoms, form the central theme of the 1978 Hamlyn Lectures. Sir Norman Anderson examines the legal framework within which fundamental rights may be exercised in an important contribution to current discussion. Divided into four lectures, the work commences with an analysis of the relation of law to individual liberty today. In the second lecture, the author weighs up the prospect of incorporating a Bill of Rights into the Constitution of the United Kingdom. He looks at the American Constitution and considers the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention. Anti-discrimination legislation is explored next. Enactment of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and the Race Relations Act 1976 aroused sharp controversy and the likely effectiveness of these measures remains problematic. In a detailed exposition of the back- ground to these statutes, comments of many leading authorities are reviewed. Limitation of human rights is dealt with in the final lecture. The degree of freedom enjoyed by Britain's Press is compared with that obtaining in the United States. There is a survey of the much-criticised Official Secrets Acts and forthright views are offered on a wide range of censorship questions. -
Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät DNA-Datenbankgesetzgebung
Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät _____________________________________________________________________________________ DNA-Datenbankgesetzgebung - Eine rechtsvergleichende Analyse unter Berücksichtigung des Spannungsverhältnisses zwischen der Effizienz der Strafver- folgung und den Anforderungen an den Schutz der Pri- vatsphäre von Qin, Jing aus Linfen, Provinz Shanxi, China Freiburg, September 2012 1 Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde an der Rechtwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau Jing Qin, Freiburg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 19.11.2012 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Alexander Bruns Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Thomas Würtenberger Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Silja Vöneky 2 Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im November des Wintersemesters 2012/13 von der juris- tischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg als Dissertation ange-nommen. Gesetze, Rechtsprechung und Schrifttum befinden sich im Wesentlichen auf dem Stand vom Mai 2012. Danken möchte ich an erster Stelle meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. Thomas Wür- ten-berger, der die Entstehung der Arbeit durch wertvolle Anregungen sowie den nötigen Freiraum gefördert hat. Während meines LL.M-Studiums und meiner Promotion hat er stets mit Rat und Tat zur Seite gestanden und ich bin davon überzeugt, dass seine Be- rufseinstellung, Nettigkeit und Geduld mein zukünftiges Arbeitsleben tief und dauerhaft prägen werden. Für die zügige Entstehung des Zweitgutachtens danke ich Frau Professo- rin Dr. Vöneky. Besonderer Dank gilt meinen Mentor Richter -
Ending Impunity in the United Kingdom for Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity, War Crimes, Torture and Other Crimes Under International Law
Ending Impunity in the United Kingdom for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, torture and other crimes under international law The urgent need to strengthen universal jurisdiction legislation and to enforce it vigorously July 2008 I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 3 II. INCLUSION OF CRIMES UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW, PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY AND DEFENCES IN NATIONAL LAW ..................................................................... 5 A. Universal jurisdiction over crimes against humanity and war crimes in a non-international conflict ........................6 B. Universal jurisdiction over genocide ...........................................................................................................................................8 C. The problem of command and superior responsibility for international crimes under international law ...............9 D. Universal jurisdiction over torture – impermissible defences.......................................................................................... 12 III. THE FAILURE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM TO DEFINE CRIMES UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW AS CRIMES FROM THE MOMENT THEY WERE RECOGNISED AS SUCH............................. 13 IV. THE FLAWED SYSTEM FOR CONDUCTING INVESTIGATIONS................................................ 14 A. The need for an effective specialised investigation and prosecution unit .....................................................................