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The Influence of Different Joint Angles Obtained in the Starting Position Of ARTIGO ORIGINAL Influência de diferentes ângulos articulares obtidos na posição inicial do exercício pressão de pernas e final do exercício puxada frontal sobre os valores de 1RM João Augusto Reis de Moura1, Tiago Borher2, Maximiliano Terra Prestes2 e João Luiz Zinn2 RESUMO Palavras-chave: Ângulos articulares. 1RM. Técnica de execução. O teste de uma repetição máxima (1RM) tem sido aplicado so- Palabras-clave: Angulos articulares. 1RM. Técnica de ejecución. bre várias circunstâncias e em diversos objetivos, sendo que variá- veis potencialmente influenciadoras deste teste têm sido cons- tantemente estudadas. Este estudo buscou avaliar a influência de 1RM en el ejercício de presión de piernas en tres diferentes ángu- diferentes ângulos na posição inicial de execução dos exercícios los de testado en la posición inicial (80o, 90o y 100o de flexión de pressão de pernas e posição final do exercício puxada frontal so- rodilla) y tambien en el ejercicio de puje frontal en posición final bre os resultados de 1RM. Para tal foram mensurados no teste de (60o, 70o y 80o de flexión de codo), siendo que cada ángulo fué 1RM dos exercícios pressão de pernas e puxada frontal 20 sujei- testado en días diferentes pueden, con los dos ejercicios. Los re- tos voluntários do sexo masculino (médias de idade 24,5 anos, sultados indican que las medias de 1RM para el ejercicio de pre- estatura 1,75 metros e massa corporal de 72,0kg). Após consenti- sión de piernas son estadísticamente diferentes (F = 30,199; p = mento de participação e a adaptação ao treinamento resistido com 0,000) entre si (post hoc de Tukey). Si para el ejercicio de puje pesos, foi aplicado o teste de 1RM no exercício pressão de pernas frontal, existen hoy diferencias estas no fueron estadísticamente em três diferentes ângulos de testagem na posição inicial (80o, 90o significativas (F = 1,330; p = 0,281). Se concluye que diferentes e 100o de flexão do joelho) e também no exercício puxada frontal técnicas de ejecución de los ejercicios que involucran ángulos di- posição final (60o, 70o e 80o de flexão do cotovelo), sendo que cada ferentes principalmente en las posiciones iniciales de estos deben ângulo foi testado em dias diferentes, porém com os dois exercí- ser rigurosamente controladas pués pueden afectar el quilaje le- cios. Os resultados indicam que as médias de 1RM para o exercí- vantado. cio pressão de pernas são estatisticamente diferentes (F = 30,199; p = 0,000) entre si (post hoc de Tukey). Já para o exercício puxada INTRODUÇÃO frontal, embora existam diferenças, estas não foram estatistica- mente significativas (F = 1,330; p = 0,281). Conclui-se que diferen- A aptidão física com relação ao componente força vem sendo tes técnicas de execução dos exercícios que envolvam angulações mensurada através de testes de força e resistência de força, em diversas, principalmente nas posições iniciais destes, devem ser que figuram o de 1RM*, RM**. O teste de 1RM tem sido aplicado rigorosamente controladas, pois podem afetar a quilagem levanta- com diversas finalidades na área do treinamento de força, classi- da. camente, e principalmente no exercício supino ou agachamento(1- 4), mas também se tem observado sua utilização em outros exercí- cios(5,6). Os critérios de autenticidade científica do teste foram RESUMEN pesquisados e publicados na literatura(7,8) e assim têm sido aplica- Influencia en los diferentes ángulos articulares obtenidos en dos em crianças com segurança, desde que seguido fielmente o la posición inicial del ejercicio de presión de piernas y al final protocolo de medidas(9), adolescentes(10), adultos(3) e idosos(6,11). del ejercicio de puje frontal sobre los valores de 1RM O teste de 1RM tem particular interesse de aplicação no contro- El test de Repetición Máxima (1RM) ha sido aplicado en varias le da quilagem de treino e acompanhamento de ganhos de força (12) circunstancias y en diversos objetivos siendo que variable poten- em atletas , mas pode ser aplicado em outras populações desde (13) cialmente influyentes en este test vienen siendo constantemente que tenham indicativos para tal procedimento . Muito embora o estudiadas. Este estudio buscó evaluar la influencia de diferentes risco cardíaco por elevação da freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial (14) ángulos en la posición final del ejercicio de presión de piernas y de sistólica ou duplo produto seja baixo no trabalho de força , pode- (15-17) puje frontal sobre los resultados de 1RM. De tal manera que fue- se, mesmo assim, utilizar equações preditivas de 1RM como ron medidos en el test de 1RM los ejercicios de presión de piernas um recurso útil para estimar força em indivíduos com potenciais y puje frontal de 20 sujetos voluntarios del sexo masculino (con riscos cardíacos. medias de edad 24,5 años, estatura 1,75 metros y masa corporal Diante da importância e elevada gama de aplicação do teste de de 72,0 kg). Despues de consentimiento de participación y de adap- 1RM, estudos têm identificado variáveis intervenientes sobre a tación al entrenamiento resistido con pesos fué aplicado al test de ** Teste que avalia a força dinâmica máxima dos indivíduos através da maior quila- gem movimentada, dentro de um movimento previamente determinado, em so- 1. Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício/Universidade Regional de Blume- mente uma repetição; por isso a designação de 1RM, ou seja, uma repetição nau/Blumenau (SC). máxima possível de execução. 2. Laboratório de Cineantropometria e Medidas e Avaliação/Universidade ** RM significa o número máximo de repetições que um indivíduo é capaz de reali- Federal de Santa Maria/Santa Maria (RS). zar, dentro de um movimento padronizado (excêntrico/concêntrico ou vice-ver- sa) e com determinada quilagem. Por exemplo, realizar 10 RM no exercício supi- Recebido em 13/11/03. 2a versão recebida em 19/2/04. Aceito em 5/5/04. no, significa que, com quilagem de 50kg, por exemplo, o indivíduo é capaz de Endereço para correspondência: João Augusto Reis de Moura, Rua Cru- realizar 10 repetições corretas e completas do exercício e nem mais ou menos zeiro, 55, aptº 505 – 89035-210 – Blumenau, SC. E-mail: [email protected] que 10 repetições. Rev Bras Med Esporte _ Vol. 10, Nº 4 – Jul/Ago, 2004 269 mensuração do teste. A influência do incentivo verbal tem-se mos- ral, respectivamente, sendo previamente contatada quando foram trado significativo no sentido de aumento das quilagens levanta- explicados os objetivos e justificativas do estudo e, em função des- das(18). O efeito da desidratação(4) e de programas de flexibilidade, tes, quais as medidas necessárias a serem realizadas com os indi- conduzidos pelo método estático, apresentaram efeitos deletérios víduos que a integrassem. Após o aceite dos indivíduos, estes as- durante e antes, respectivamente, as mensurações da força de sinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e iniciou-se a 1RM(19). Estudos desta natureza contribuem para melhorar os pro- adaptação ao TRP. Esta adaptação perdurou por um período de cedimentos de aplicação do teste de 1RM, evitando, ou minimi- oito a 11 sessões de treinamento, em que se visava o fortaleci- zando, a influência de variáveis intervenientes. mento tendomioligamentar da amostra, bem como a conscientiza- Fica clara a importância do teste de 1RM para análise do com- ção da postura correta adotada nos exercícios do teste. Conside- portamento de força e o aperfeiçoamento de sua confiabilidade rou-se como postura adequada para adaptação os ângulos de 90o e científica. Todavia, análises de possíveis intervenções nos resulta- 70o para os exercícios pressão de pernas e puxada frontal, respec- dos obtidos em função de técnicas diferentes de execução dos tivamente. Utilizaram-se estas angulações por serem exatamente exercícios não estão totalmente esclarecidas. Poucos são os estu- os ângulos intermediários utilizados posteriormente para a testa- dos encontrados que abordam esse tema. Signorile et al.(20) estu- gem. daram o recrutamento diferenciado dos músculos que compõem O teste de 1RM nos exercícios pressão de pernas e puxada fron- o tríceps sural. O movimento de flexão plantar foi executado com tal (figuras 1 e 2) foi conforme protocolo proposto por Moura et joelhos em 90o, 135o e 180o; os autores encontraram que um re- al.(8), com ajustes da testagem via percepção subjetiva de esforço, crutamento mais eficiente (avaliado por eletromiografia) de sóleo como sugeridos por Moura et al.(28). Durante as testagens foram e gastrocnêmico medial são possíveis por manipulação do ângulo utilizados incentivos verbais, como sugerido por McNair et al.(18), do joelho e isso parece ser devido a questões estruturais de mono para maximização dos resultados. A seguir consta a descrição dos ou multiarticulares dos grupamentos musculares. Escamilla et al.(21) protocolos de testagem (adaptado de Moura et al.(8)). estudaram o comportamento das variáveis atividade muscular e forças de compreensão e tensão sobre o joelho na variação da Pressão de pernas técnica de posicionamento de membros inferiores nos exercícios Objetivo – Medir a força da musculatura dos membros inferiores. pressão de pernas e agachamento; através das conclusões do es- Posição inicial – Indivíduo sentado no aparelho com os joelhos tudo sugeriram a execução dos exercícios com diferentes ângulos flexionados a 90o bem como uma flexão de quadril, pés sobre o do joelho em função do posicionamento adotado e na dependên- anteparo de resistência do aparelho, mãos segurando em pontos cia de objetivos de performance ou reabilitação. de apoio abaixo da cadeira. (20,21) Os estudos acima citados enfocaram variações na técnica Ponto de resistência da quilagem – Colocados sob os pés como de execução em função de diferentes ângulos articulares adota- resistência horizontal para o movimento de empurrar. dos; estudaram forças atuantes sobre as articulações envolvidas e Execução – O indivíduo empurra, no sentido horizontal, a resis- atividade muscular, principalmente por recurso eletromiográfico; tência, realizando extensão de joelhos e de quadril.
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