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September 2004 University of California Nonprofit Org September 2004 University of California Nonprofit Org. Science & Technology Review U. S. Postage Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory P.O. Box 808, L-664 PAID Albuquerque, NM Livermore, California 94551 Permit No. 853 National Nuclear Security Administrationʼs Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Also in this issue: • Ultrawideband Revolutionizes Printed on recycled paper. Radar and Communication Devices • Simulated Terrorist Attack • Solid-State Modulators Increase Collider Efficiency September 2004 About the Cover As the article on p. 4 describes, the Laboratory’s Lawrence Radiation Detection Center (RDC) helps initiate Livermore and support projects to develop novel radiation National technology for national security and basic science Laboratory programs. Nuclear threats can be detected, identifi ed, and analyzed using a multitude of radiation detection devices, such as those shown on the cover (clockwise from top): ultrahigh-resolution neutron spectrometer; coaxial germanium Compton imager; combination handheld radiation sensor, cellular phone, and Global Positioning System; planer germanium imaging spectrometer; and scintillator-based gamma-ray Contents imaging spectrometer. The multidisciplinary RDC centralizes the Laboratory’s radiation detection efforts and offers national workshops, seminars, and student internships through its outreach program. Cover design: Kitty Madison design: Cover About the Review Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is operated by the University of California for the Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration. At Livermore, we focus science and technology on ensuring our nation’s security. We also apply that expertise to solve other important national problems in energy, bioscience, and the environment. Science & Technology Review is published 10 times a year to communicate, to a broad audience, the Laboratory’s scientifi c and technological accomplishments in fulfi lling its primary missions. The publication’s goal is to help readers understand these accomplishments and appreciate their value to the individual citizen, the nation, and the world. Please address any correspondence (including name and address changes) to S&TR, Mail Stop L-664, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, or telephone (925) 423-3432. Our e-mail address is [email protected]. S&TR is available on the World Wide Web at www.llnl.gov/str. © 2004. The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. This document has been authored by the Regents of the University of California under Contract No. W-7405-Eng-48 with the U.S. Government. To request permission to use any material contained in this document, please submit your request in writing to the Business Services Department, Information Management Group, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Mail Stop L-664, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, or to our S electronic mail address [email protected]. National Nuclear Security Administration This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the University of California nor any of their employees makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specifi c • • commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or the University of California. The views Prepared by LLNL under Contract and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or refl ect those of the United States Government or the No. W-7405-Eng-48 University of California and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. September 2004 About the Cover Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Contents S&TR Staff Features SCIENTIFIC EDITOR 3 Radiation Detection at the Leading Edge Van Emden Henson of Scientific Discovery MANAGING EDITOR Commentary by Wayne Shotts Ray Marazzi 4 Radiation Detection on the Front Lines PUBLICATION EDITOR The Radiation Detection Center centralizes the Pam MacGregor Laboratory’s efforts to develop radiation-detection WRITERS technologies for locating nuclear materials and Arnie Heller, Ann Parker, fighting terrorism. Gabriele Rennie, and Katie Walter 12 ART DIRECTOR AND DESIGNER Exploring the Ultrawideband Kitty Madison Livermore engineers are developing novel radar and communication systems using ultrawideband COMPOSITOR frequencies. Louisa Cardoza PROOFREADER Carolin Middleton About the Review S&TR, a Director’s Office publication, is Research Highlights produced by the Technical Information Department under the direction of the Office of Policy, Planning, and Special 20 Virtual Problem Solving for Homeland Security Studies. A widely used combat simulation program has been modified for homeland security planning and training. S&TR is available on the Web at www.llnl.gov/str. 22 Solid-State Technology Meets Collider Challenge Livermore engineers have developed a solid-state Printed in the United States of America solution to the vacuum-tube switches used in linear accelerators. Available from National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22161 UCRL-TR-52000-04-9 Departments Distribution Category UC-99 September 2004 2 The Laboratory in the News 26 Patents and Awards 29 Abstracts 2 The Laboratory in the News S&TR September 2004 Commentary by Dave Cooper Lab garners five R&D 100 awards processing 360 trillion operations per second (teraops). (See S&TR, Livermore researchers turned in another strong showing in the June 2004, pp. 12–20.) annual R&D 100 awards competition for top industrial inventions, In his remarks at the TSF, Abraham noted that in 1995, DOE’s winning five awards. Each year, R&D Magazine presents these awards Advanced Simulation and Computing (ASC) Program set out to to the top 100 industrial, high-technology inventions submitted to its obtain a computer system that could process 100 teraops—the competition for outstanding achievement in research and development. capability required for three-dimensional, full-system weapons The five Livermore inventions honored are as follows: simulations for the Stockpile Stewardship Program. “With the • The Autonomous Pathogen Detection System, which is an opening of this building, we are much closer to making that promise automated, lectern-size instrument that can monitor the air for all three a reality,” he said. “Once completed, [Purple] will represent an types of biological agents (bacteria, viruses, and toxins). A deployed improvement in computing power by a factor of over one million system needs only weekly human intervention and can report any over that used for weapons simulations in 1995. Purple’s success will pathogen releases in its vicinity to operators at a central location. be the fulfillment of that very ambitious goal.” • A Diode-Pumped, Pulsed Laser for Humanitarian Mine Clearing, Dona Crawford, Livermore’s associate director for Computation, which can be used to uncover and safely neutralize buried land mines. praised the Laboratory’s strong partnership with IBM in the Today, an estimated 100 million land mines are spread throughout development of four generations of supercomputers—ASC Blue, 70 nations. at 3 teraops; ASC White, at 12 teraops; Purple, at 100 teraops; • Inductrack, a magnetic levitation (maglev) system that uses new and BlueGene/L, at 360 teraops. IBM’s Dion Rudnicki said the arrangements of permanent magnets to create its levitating fields. collaboration provided the opportunity for IBM and the Laboratory The maglev system offers a simple, low-cost solution to the country’s “to protect and demonstrate U.S. competitiveness” in supercomputer growing need for efficient intercity and urban transportation networks. development. Livermore researchers and San Diego–based General Atomics The Secretary also toured the National Ignition Facility (NIF), share this R&D 100 Award. which will be the world’s most powerful laser facility when completed • Chromium Software, which provides a way for interactive two- later this decade. (See S&TR, September 2003, pp. 4–14.) While at and three-dimensional graphics applications to take full advantage NIF, he presented DOE Science and Technology Awards to Livermore of powerful distributed, graphics-enabled clusters of commercially and Los Alamos national laboratory employees representing the teams available personal computers. The software was designed and that conducted the first experiments at the facility. NIF is “an essential developed in collaboration with researchers from Stanford University; element of our nuclear Stockpile Stewardship Program and our mission the University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and a commercial of maintaining the reliability, safety, and security of this nation’s company, Tungsten Graphics. nuclear deterrent,” Abraham said. “That is why it is so important • Gene Silencing with SiHybrids, which is a gene-silencing that this facility be completed on time by 2008.” technique that has revolutionized laboratory research and clinical Also during his visit to the Laboratory, Abraham stopped at the therapy. A number
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