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Understanding Biological Characteristics of Acacia

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Understanding Biological Characteristics of Acacia Understanding biological characteristics of Acacia melanoxylon in relation to fire to implement control measurements Diego Arán, Juan García-Duro, Oscar Cruz, Mercedes Casal, Otilia Reyes To cite this version: Diego Arán, Juan García-Duro, Oscar Cruz, Mercedes Casal, Otilia Reyes. Understanding biological characteristics of Acacia melanoxylon in relation to fire to implement control measurements. An- nals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2017, 74 (3), pp.61. 10.1007/s13595-017-0661-y. hal-02976555 HAL Id: hal-02976555 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02976555 Submitted on 23 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Annals of Forest Science (2017) 74: 61 DOI 10.1007/s13595-017-0661-y ORIGINAL PAPER Understanding biological characteristics of Acacia melanoxylon in relation to fire to implement control measurements Diego Arán1,2 & Juan García-Duro1 & Oscar Cruz1 & Mercedes Casal1 & Otilia Reyes1 Received: 24 October 2016 /Accepted: 26 July 2017 /Published online: 14 August 2017 # INRA and Springer-Verlag France SAS 2017 Abstract & Methods We explored the reproductive biology of & Key message Acacia melanoxylon produces abundant A. melanoxylon, from seed dissemination—–quantifying seed seeds leading to large seed banks in the soil. These seeds rain over a year, their germination with and without fire—the display a large viability and their germination is stimulat- seedling and sapling banks and the structure of the adult pop- ed by heat. To control the populations, it is necessary to ulation. We analysed the effects of fire, seed maturation and remove adults and young individuals, and to prevent seed- scarification on the viability of seeds and the stimulation of ling establishment after fire occupying the space with rap- seed germination in the aerial seed bank and in the different id growth and high competitive native species. strata of the soil seed bank. & Context Acacia melanoxylon displays a widespread distri- & Results Our results indicate that A. melanoxylon produced bution in South West Europe, and an improved knowledge of millions of seeds per ha and per year, half of which germinated its reproductive characteristics is required in order to control and the other half went to the soil seed bank, maintaining the its expansion. viability many years. The germination was the most critical & Aims This experiment was designed to provide useful indi- step in the population dynamics of this species, and fire stim- cators for an efficient management of A. melanoxylon popu- ulates germination up to 90%. lations based on its biological cycle in relation to fire. & Conclusion A. melanoxylon adults and seedlings removal, followed by colonization of rapid growth and high competi- tive native species that cover the ground very quickly would Handling Editor: Laurent Bergès be a good control action. Contribution of the co-authors D. Arán performed all experiments and studies and wrote the manuscript. J. García-Duro helped in the field and laboratory work and supervised the Keywords Black wattle Germination Seed dissemination statistical analysis. Seed banks . Tree population structure O. Cruz helped in the field work and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. Mercedes Casal supervised the work experiment and revised the manuscript. 1 Introduction O. Reyes designed and coordinated the research project and revised the manuscript. A great number of species of the Acacia genus (Global Invasive Species Database, GISD) are to be found among * Otilia Reyes the invasive species that cause serious problems in ecosys- [email protected] tems. Their most serious effects are the alteration of the struc- ture and function of ecosystems and the homogenization of 1 Área de Ecoloxía, Dpto. de Bioloxía Funcional, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago landscape (Lorenzo et al. 2010). One of the most important de Compostela, Spain species of the Acacia genus due to its invasive potential and 2 Dpto. de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, widespread distribution in the southwest of Europe is Acacia Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de melanoxylon R.Br. (Australian blackwood). This is a species Compostela, Spain native to the temperate woods in southeast Australia and 61 Page 2 of 10 Annals of Forest Science (2017) 74: 61 Tasmania (Bradbury et al. 2011; Searle 2000). It is a versatile several dispersal mechanisms, most of the seeds of the tree with a great capacity for adaptation, which has spread all Acacia species are accumulated below or really close to over the world above all due to its ornamental value (Knapic the crown of the mother plants (Milton and Hall 1981; et al. 2006), economical value and colonizing potential, both Walters and Milton 2003). Some recent studies described in its native region (Jennings et al. 2003) and in other coun- the main ecological impacts of Acacia species (Le Maitre tries, such as Chile (Pinilla-Suárez et al. 2006), Portugal, Italy, et al. 2011), and others focused on some characteristics of France or Spain (Lorenzo et al. 2010). In South-Western their reproductive biology (Gibson et al. 2011; Stiehl- Europe, forest plantations of this species began in the twenti- Alves and Martins-Corder 2006; Reyes et al. 2015b; eth century and it is currently considered invasive both in Wujeska-Klause et al. 2015), but a more in-depth knowl- Europe and other regions of the world (DAISE 2008;GISD edge of the reproductive characteristics of A. melanoxylon 2016; Sanz-Elorza et al. 2004). is needed in order to construct and improve methodolo- Climate change opens a way for new invasive species and gies and performances to control invasive species. For this increases the number and distribution of known invasive spe- reason, the main aims of this study were (1) to know more cies. Climate change allows the movement of species to higher about the reproductive characteristics of A. melanoxylon latitudes, and, on the other hand, it increases the frequency and and (2) to define handling criteria to manage the invasive intensity of fires. Also, many invasive species modify the fire species. These two objectives were achieved through the regime (Mandle et al. 2011); moderate fires stimulate the ger- following specific goals: (i) to determine the abundance mination of A. melanoxylon (Arán et al. 2013)andsimulta- and structure of an adult population and its soil seed bank, neously leave areas free of competition, with much radiation (ii) to describe the viability of seeds in both aerial and soil and immediate fertility increase. Under these conditions, the seed banks, (iii) to quantify the production and annual fastest species, i.e. the most efficient in the use of resources, distribution of the seed rain, (iv) to determine the effect occupy the space and prevent the reestablishment of the pre- of fire on the germination of seeds from the aerial and soil existing plant community. They become invasive (Dick et al. seed banks and also of seed maturation and scarification 2014). A. melanoxylon quickly colonizes space and resources on germination of aerial seed bank, and (v) to quantify with the help of allelopathic competition (González et al. 1995). seedling recruitment and re-sprout saplings. The competitive effect increases with the age of the individuals, because the phyllodes of A. melanoxylon generate allelophathic products which partially inhibit germination of other species while the allelopathic products from the flowers inhibit it 2 Material and methods completely (Hussain et al. 2011). The great capacity of individuals of A. melanoxylon to es- The research was performed in an adult population of tablish in ecosystems is due to long-lasting individuals which A. melanoxylon, which is representative of many other popu- generate vigorous resprouting from the root (Knapic et al. lations of South Western Europe: Pedroso population which 2006) and show stimulation of germination due to fire occupies a surface of 2.5 ha, in Monte Pedroso, Santiago de (Jiménez et al. 2010; Arán et al. 2013). Also, this species Compostela, Spain, (ETRS89 29T 535246 4748227, central possesses other functional features, such as producing an UTM coordinates). The average altitude of the Pedroso pop- abundant, persistent and really resilient soil seed bank, which ulation is 310 m a.s.l. The climate is oceanic, warm and rainy is one of the greatest obstacles to control the spread of this (average annual temperature 13 °C, average annual rainfall species in most parts of the world (Richardson and Kluge 1816 mm). The soil is an Umbric Leptosol, little developed 2008). Moreover, it is difficult to handle Acacia species due and acidic soil (pH ≈ 4.5) developed from granitic materials, to their tendency to invade ecosystems and crop areas, pro- where the exchange complex is dominated by Al and surface voking serious problems in ecosystem services of preservation horizon is rich in soil organic matter. Forest workers make and production (Blaskesley et al. 2002). sporadic cuttings of underwood vegetation, the last cutting In order to carry out control actions over a species, it is occurred in December 2012. necessary to understand its biological characteristics (Moya et al. 2007), especially those that allow it to invade and dominate a community. The seeds of A. melanoxylon 2.1 Density and structure of the adult population are classified according to O’Dowd and Gill (1986)as type B seeds, that is, adapted for ornithochory, with a In March 2012, adult population density and structure of prominent and coloured aril and a semi-permeable testa; A.
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