THE PENOMENON OF APARTHEID TOWARD AFRICAN PEOPLE IN “ESCAPE FROM PRETORIA”: HISTORICAL APPROACH

Pijar Omar Piscesco1 Universitas Putera Batam (UPB), Batam, Indonesia [email protected]

Tomi Arianto2 Universitas Putera Batam (UPB), Batam, Indonesia [email protected]

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to reveal how the phenomenon of breaking the practice of apartheid construction toward the black race in the escape from Pretoria movie. The construction of apartheid has placed the black race under the domination of the white race and this behavior is legitimate in the everyday life of society. The dichotomy that places the black race as an inferior race has become a normal habit in society. By using a historical approach, the researchers revealed how the apartheid construction was exposed through the black racial figures in the movie. Qualitative descriptions with historical approach analysis techniques were used as the method in this study. The results of this study reveal: the first, the apartheid construction phenomenon that occurred in the movie. The second is the efforts by breaking the apartheid construction from in movie. The phenomena found related to the construction of apartheid in the movie include: 1) the paradigm of society that perceives whites to be better than blacks, 2) racism. Breaking the habits is revealed through the character Tim Jenkin by changing the paradigm of thinking of the white race after escaping from a Pretoria prison. Keywords: Apartheid, Racism, Prison and Movie

1. INTRODUCTION Racism is a phenomenon that to slavery in various parts of life has existed for a long time and has based on different characteristics, had various negative effects over such as race. According to Jones time. Apartheid is also part of racism (2000), apartheid is a condition which still imposes a practice similar where a group of people is

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respectively segregated and existential behavior racism is the categorized in individual by their image of the black race. Where race. It can be concluded that often there are differences in apartheid is similar with the racism different treatments experienced by and it still a violation of human them. Apart from receiving different rights. treatment, their race also does not Racism is not only happened in receive justice in human rights. a country with a majority of white One of the stories that reveal race. In Africa itself, racism has ever the apartheid phenomenon and the happened in the 1970s. Nelson attempt to break the habit is in the Mandela was a politician and also movie Escape from Pretoria. This someone who liberated the African movie tells of two vocal youths, Tim people from apartheid. According to Jenkin () and Anyaoku (2000), she stated that “in Stephen Lee (Daniel Webber), who 1994 elections were the key that actively opposes the practice of unlocked the door to a new, non- Apartheid in South Africa Apartheid, racial future for South Africa, is an understanding that considers Mandela’s inauguration as the white race to be in a higher President, on 10 May, was an position than the black race. Once extraordinary occasion, alive with while distributing leaflets containing symbolism, full of emotion and the Anti-Apartheid campaign, they infused with joy and hope. An were caught by the police. Jenkin opportunity wrapped in a challenge; and Lee were found guilty by the for, having fought and given no court and sentenced to 12 and 8 quarter to the apartheid regime over years in prison, respectively. Then, the years, the Commonwealth now they were taken to the Pretoria had to persuade the self-same prison, a high-security prison where government of its ability to play the political prisoners were exiled. role as honest broker in the planned In this prison they met negotiations with the African another political prisoner who was National Congress”. From the sentenced to life in prison named citation above, it can be concluded (Ian Hart). Jenkin that the racism had happened in and Lee invite Goldberg to work Africa. To get escape from this together to escape but he refuses. regime, many various mediations They then invite another prisoner, were carried out to end apartheid Leonard Fontaine (Mark Leonard itself and Nelson Mandela used Winter) to work together to plan an negotiations as the mediation. escape. This time Fontaine agreed The concept of existential and they immediately started the behavior racism can also be used as action by analyzing the security of a tool to dissect the construction of the prison and making a wooden key apartheid. The effort of breaking the to open the cell door. But, they habits in society according to make lots of keys because each cell

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door has a different key. In the end constraints. With this it is hoped that they managed to open all the doors we can develop a sense of in the Pretoria prison, and they "belonging and being human". managed to get out of prison. After According to Wodak & Meyer leaving pretoeia they resumed their (2001), historical approach is politicization until the apartheid General social theory, indebted to regime was successfully lifted from critical theory, plays a marginal Africa as Nelson Mandela became position in contrast with the the president in Africa. aforementioned discourse model Apart from this research, there and historical analysis: meaning is are several articles that have understood predominantly contributed to the development of historically. It can be concluded that this research idea. The first article in the field of politics, the historical was written by Anyaoku (2000). She approach finds its focal point in analyzed the methods and historical attempting to establish conceptual approaches based on real events. In structures for political debate. contrast to what Anyaoku wrote, This research is related with researchers used a movie as the literature. The word literature material for analysis. Farbsteins itself was taken from French word (2020) article also contributed in "Lltterature”. French also adopted it developing this research idea. The from Latin word article that Farbstein has wrote "Litteratura" and Greek word "Liter about the results of an analysis of a" which mean letter or apartheid. There are similarities alphabet. Literature is related to tex between the author and Farbstein's and we have to know some basic ter article, where the author also m on text. The word "Text" adopted analyzes based on the perspective of from French word "Texte" and each character. What distinguishes Latin "Textus" which is mean the author from Susan H. Farbstein's tissue. According to Wellek & article is the source used. Where Warren (1948) “One way is to define Articles Susan H. Farbstein get the literature is as everything that in sources used are from a practitioner, print”. From the explanation, we can while the writer is based on a movie. conclude that literature, as its medium language, is a social 2. THEORETICAL REVIEW institution, a social development. In 2.1. The historical approach their very essence, such typical The historical approach is a literary devices as symbolism and way to place oneself in space and meters are social. They are time in the history of human conventions and standards that civilization. The method is none could only have been established in other than by studying history as a society. whole, not divided by political and From the introduction, we religious boundaries, even time know that apartheid is a condition

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where a group of people is researcher focuses on the apartheid respectively segregated and phenomenon which has become a categorized in individual by their deep wound for Africans who feel race. In apartheid-era, many they are not humanized. In this violations of human right that study, of course, researchers get particularly the position of corporate various inspirations from readings actors. The complainants and the and literature reviews from related legal team 7worked collaboratively journals. The development of this in the implementation of a group idea still follows existing scientific lawyering strategy so that decision- procedures so that it remains making in the case could be more different from previous studies. collectively shared by who would be The first article that part of it, what claims and contributed significantly to this arguments would be raised, how research was written by Daulay, R., and when the case would continue. & Arianto, T. (2020) who analyzed We succeeded in reshaping public the story of the collapse of our views of the case through the joint surau. Specifically, this article does efforts of both the plaintiffs and the not discuss Africanism, but the legal team, making it clear that it postcolonial discourse that has been was not an attempted end-run criticized is sufficient to generate the around the truth and reconciliation idea of this research. Post-colonial phase of South Africa, but rather a discourse has also played a major genuine initiative by survivors role in influencing the legitimacy of seeking remedies for past damages. the dichotomy of race and skin It was always about the people color. Racism and discrimination will involved in the Apartheid litigation, of course also arise from this. about what they had suffered and Waworuntu & Arianto (2019) survived, and about their quest for also analyzed a research with a justice. As a consequence, we postcolonial approach in their article litigated in service of goals beyond published in the BASIS journal. In just a liability judgment, with contrast to previous research, storytelling prominent among our cultural identity in this study is the goals. When the case was eventually cause of the emergence of the racial dismissed before reaching trial, I felt dichotomy and its systematic tremendous sorrow about the fairly legitimacy. Of course, this research small opportunities for the plaintiffs can be a reference in the context of to tell a larger audience their stories. racial discrimination and identification based on identity. 2.2. Previous Study The last research was Research on racism, conducted by Supriadi, M. N. (2021) discrimination or dichotomy based who analyzed the Historical on skin color has certainly been Approach in Bible Interpretation. widely studied. In this context, the The substance of the Bible verse can

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be understood by analyzing it until it 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION finds the eternal and universal Escape from Pretoria was principle of a verse. The released in 2020. The movie is based interpretation of Bible verses is only on the true story that happened in on finding the meaning of the past 1970s. The movie also played with and present context, causing some famous actors Daniel Radcliffe, problems in terms of substance. Daniel Webber, Ian Hart, and Mark Leonard Winter. In the movie, it also 3. METHOD consists of apartheid construction. The writer used the qualitative The construction was showed from method in analyzing the movie the way the movie described the Escape from Pretoria. According to situation. Then the writer analyzed Tracy (2007), she said that the the apartheid construction based on phrase qualitative methods is an the perspective from the movie. umbrella concept that involves A. The Beginning of the Movie interviews (group or one-on-one), Scene 1 observation of participants (in person or online), and review of records (paper or electronic). These approaches may include field study, a focus-group space, an office, or a classroom. By design, qualitative approaches need not include long- term immersion in a community or include a systematic analysis of all social practices. Some qualitative studies, in fact, span the duration of In the beginning of the movie, a single day. it already describe how the situation According to Taylor, Bogdan, & in the South Africa. The scene told DeVault (2016), said that Qualitative that half of South Africa is burning. researchers are concerned with the We can take the conclusion that the sense of their lives that connect to situation in movie is already chaos. things and knowing people from Scene 2 their own reference frames and observing life as they perceive it is central to the phenomenological viewpoint and therefore qualitative study. From it, we can conclude that. In order to understand how those people see things, qualitative researchers empathize and connect with the people they study.

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In second scene, it showed the carnage that happened to the black race. The word “rabbit” it tells like the black race was be in the same position with animals. Scene 3

Then at the fourth scene at the beginning in the movie, showed that the apartheid regime it’s already happened.

Scene 5

In the third scene, it showed the different treatment between the white race and the black race. The white race seems like freedom enjoying the day and has no problem with the economic condition while the black race struggle with the poverty.

Scene 4 At the fifth scene, it showed the main character was a white race that refused the apartheid regime. It can be seen from this following scene.

Where the scene told that the main character was married with the black race woman.

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B. The Fall of Apartheid B. The Action of Apartheid Scene 1 Scene 1

The first scene told that after they were escape from the prison, they continued their struggle to fight the apartheid.

Scene 2

At the first scene we can see that the law from the movie was refused the existence of racial equality. The attorney stated that equalizing all races is a serious offense. It can be concluded that the law only side to white race. Scene 2

Then at the second scene, we can see the prison guard humiliate the prisoner who is the black race by making fun of him.

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Discourse In The Story Robohnya Surau Kami By A. A. Navis. Idebahasa, 2(1), 13-26. Https://Doi.Org/10.37296/Ideb ahasa.V2i1.36 Farbsteins, S. H. (2020). Perspectives From a Practitioner: Lessons Learned From the Apartheid Litigation. Massachusetts: Harvard International Law Journal. Then at the second scene, it Jones, T. F. (2000). Contradictions told that the apartheid regime was and Constructions: Psychiatric already fallen in 1992 as selected Perceptions in Apartheid South Nelson Mandela as the President of A frica, 1948-1979. Canada: South Africa. National Library of Canada. Supriadi, M. N. (2021). Pendekatan 5. CONCLUSION Sejarah Penebusan dalam The movie Escape from Penafsiran Alkitab: The Pretoria give us a view how the Redemptive-Historical Approach apartheid regime happened in South Africa. The movie was taken in in Bible Interpretation. PASCA: 1970s, where the racism still exists. Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan The entire scene was running Agama Kristen, 17(1), 18-29. smoothly give the viewer the https://doi.org/10.46494/psc.v1 perspective about the situation that 7i1.136 happened in the story. Then the plot Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, is also not difficult to understand. M. L. (2016). Introduction to The movie also gave the massage Qualitative Research Methods. about how bad the racism is. Beside New Jersey: John Wiley& Sons. of the view of the movie, there is Tracy, S. J. (2007). Qualitative also some scenery that we can use ReseaRch Methods. New Jersey: as the object of the analysis. The John Wiley & Sons. story how the apartheid Waworuntu, Michelle Intan Goh construction happened and ended Rumengan; Arianto, Tomi. was included in the movie. Hibridity of the Chacracters in My Son The Fanatic Story by REFERENCES Hanief Kureshi. Jurnal Basis, Anyaoku, E. (2000). The [S.l.], v. 6, n. 2, p. 197-208, oct. Commonwealth, Mandela and 2019. ISSN 2527-8835. the Death of Apartheid. Nigeria: Available at: The Round Table Ltd. .

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Wellek, R. and Warren, A. (1948). Theory of Literature. New York: HARCOURT, BRACE AND COMPANY. Wodak, R. and Meyer, M. (2001). methods of critical discourse analysis. london: sage publications.

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