Chapter 1 the CASE for POWER MANAGEMENT in WEB SERVERS
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Approaches in Green Computing
Special Issue - 2015 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 NSRCL-2015 Conference Proceedings Approaches in Green Computing Reena Thomas Fedrina J Manjaly 3 rd BCA, Department of Computer Science 3 rd BCA , Department of Computer Science Carmel College Carmel College Mala, Thrissur Mala, Thrissur Abstract— In a 2008 article San Murugesan defined green computing as "the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems — such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems — efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment."Murugesan lays out four paths along which he believes the environmental effects of computing should be addressed:Green use, green disposal, green design, and green manufacturing. Green computing can also develop solutions that offer benefits by "aligning all IT processes and practices with the core principles of sustainability, which are to reduce, reuse, and recycle; and finding innovative ways to use IT in business processes to deliver sustainability benefits across the Figure 1: Green Computing Migration Framework enterprise and beyond". I. INTRODUCTION II. APPROACHES In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency A. Product longevity launched Energy Star, a voluntary labeling program that is Gartner maintains that the PC manufacturing process designed to promote and recognize energy-efficiency in accounts for 70% of the natural resources used in the life monitors, climate control equipment, and other cycle of a PC. More recently, Fujitsu released a Life Cycle technologies. This resulted in the widespread adoption of Assessment (LCA) of a desktop that show that sleep mode among consumer electronics. -
Model Driven Scheduling for Virtualized Workloads
Model Driven Scheduling for Virtualized Workloads Proefschrift voorgelegd op 28 juni 2013 tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Wetenschappen – Informatica, bij de faculteit Wetenschappen, aan de Universiteit Antwerpen. PROMOTOREN: prof. dr. Jan Broeckhove dr. Kurt Vanmechelen Sam Verboven RESEARCH GROUP COMPUTATIONAL MODELINGAND PROGRAMMING Dankwoord Het behalen van een doctoraat is een opdracht die zonder hulp onmogelijk tot een goed einde kan gebracht worden. Gelukkig heb ik de voorbije jaren de kans gekregen om samen te werken met talrijke stimulerende collega’s. Stuk voor stuk hebben zij bijgedragen tot mijn professionele en persoonlijke ontwikkeling. Hun geduldige hulp en steun was essentieel bij het overwinnen van de vele uitdagingen die met een doctoraat gepaard gaan. Graag zou ik hier dan ook enkele woorden van dank neerschrijven. Allereerst zou ik graag prof. dr. Jan Broeckhove en em. prof. dr. Frans Arickx bedanken om mij de kans te geven een gevarieerde en boeiend academisch traject te starten. Bij het beginnen van mijn doctoraat heeft Frans mij niet alleen geholpen om een capabel onderzoeker te worden, ook bij het lesgeven heeft hij mij steeds met raad en daad bijgestaan. Na het emiraat van Frans heeft Jan deze begeleiding overgenomen en er voor gezorgd dat ik het begonnen traject ook succesvol kon beeïndigen. Beiden hebben ze mij steeds grote vrijheid gegeven in mijn zoektocht om interessante onderzoeksvragen te identificeren en beantwoorden. Vervolgens zou ik graag dr. Peter Hellinckx en dr. Kurt Vanmechelen bedanken voor hun persoonlijke en vaak intensieve begeleiding. Zelfs voor de start van mijn academische carrière, bij het schrijven van mijn Master thesis, heeft Peter mij klaar- gestoomd voor een vlotte start als onderzoeker. -
Towards Better Performance Per Watt in Virtual Environments on Asymmetric Single-ISA Multi-Core Systems
Towards Better Performance Per Watt in Virtual Environments on Asymmetric Single-ISA Multi-core Systems Viren Kumar Alexandra Fedorova Simon Fraser University Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr 8888 University Dr Vancouver, Canada Vancouver, Canada [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT performance per watt than homogeneous multicore proces- Single-ISA heterogeneous multicore architectures promise to sors. As power consumption in data centers becomes a grow- deliver plenty of cores with varying complexity, speed and ing concern [3], deploying ASISA multicore systems is an performance in the near future. Virtualization enables mul- increasingly attractive opportunity. These systems perform tiple operating systems to run concurrently as distinct, in- at their best if application workloads are assigned to het- dependent guest domains, thereby reducing core idle time erogeneous cores in consideration of their runtime proper- and maximizing throughput. This paper seeks to identify a ties [4][13][12][18][24][21]. Therefore, understanding how to heuristic that can aid in intelligently scheduling these vir- schedule data-center workloads on ASISA systems is an im- tualized workloads to maximize performance while reducing portant problem. This paper takes the first step towards power consumption. understanding the properties of data center workloads that determine how they should be scheduled on ASISA multi- We propose that the controlling domain in a Virtual Ma- core processors. Since virtual machine technology is a de chine Monitor or hypervisor is relatively insensitive to changes facto standard for data centers, we study virtual machine in core frequency, and thus scheduling it on a slower core (VM) workloads. saves power while only slightly affecting guest domain per- formance. -
Power-Aware Design Methodologies for FPGA-Based Implementation of Video Processing Systems
Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Electrical & Computer Engineering Theses & Dissertations Electrical & Computer Engineering Winter 2007 Power-Aware Design Methodologies for FPGA-Based Implementation of Video Processing Systems Hau Trung Ngo Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/ece_etds Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Ngo, Hau T.. "Power-Aware Design Methodologies for FPGA-Based Implementation of Video Processing Systems" (2007). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Dissertation, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/j6kw-q685 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/ece_etds/185 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electrical & Computer Engineering at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electrical & Computer Engineering Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. POWER-AW ARE DESIGN METHODOLOGIES FOR FPGA-BASED IMPLEMENTATION OF VIDEO PROCESSING SYSTEMS By Hau Trung Ngo B. S. May 2001, Old Dominion University M. S. May 2003, Old Dominion University A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY December 2007 Approved by: Vijayan i K. Asari (Direc(Director) Shirshak K. Dhali (Member) Min Song (Member) Ravi Mukkdmala (Member) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT POWER-AWARE DESIGN METHODOLOGIES FOR FPGA-BASED IMPLEMENTATION OF VIDEO PROCESSING SYSTEMS Hau Trung Ngo Old Dominion University Director: Dr. Vijayan Asari The increasing capacity and capabilities of FPGA devices in recent years provide an attractive option for performance-hungry applications in the image and video processing domain. -
Big Data Benchmarking Workshop Publications
Benchmarking Datacenter and Big Data Systems Wanling Gao, Zhen Jia, Lei Wang, Yuqing Zhu, Chunjie Luo, Yingjie Shi, Yongqiang He, Shiming Gong, Xiaona Li, Shujie Zhang, Bizhu Qiu, Lixin Zhang, Jianfeng Zhan INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY COMPUTING http://prof.ict.ac.cn/ICTBench 1 Acknowledgements This work is supported by the Chinese 973 project (Grant No.2011CB302502), the Hi- Tech Research and Development (863) Program of China (Grant No.2011AA01A203, No.2013AA01A213), the NSFC project (Grant No.60933003, No.61202075) , the BNSFproject (Grant No.4133081), and Huawei funding. 2/ Big Data Benchmarking Workshop Publications BigDataBench: a Big Data Benchmark Suite from Web Search Engines. Wanling Gao, et al. The Third Workshop on Architectures and Systems for Big Data (ASBD 2013) in conjunction with ISCA 2013. Characterizing Data Analysis Workloads in Data Centers. Zhen Jia, et al. 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization (IISWC-2013) Characterizing OS behavior of Scale-out Data Center Workloads. Chen Zheng et al. Seventh Annual Workshop on the Interaction amongst Virtualization, Operating Systems and Computer Architecture (WIVOSCA 2013). In Conjunction with ISCA 2013.[ Characterization of Real Workloads of Web Search Engines. Huafeng Xi et al. 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization (IISWC-2011). The Implications of Diverse Applications and Scalable Data Sets in Benchmarking Big Data Systems. Zhen Jia et al. Second workshop of big data benchmarking (WBDB 2012 India) & Lecture Note in Computer -
An Experimental Evaluation of Datacenter Workloads on Low-Power Embedded Micro Servers
An Experimental Evaluation of Datacenter Workloads On Low-Power Embedded Micro Servers Yiran Zhao, Shen Li, Shaohan Hu, Hongwei Wang Shuochao Yao, Huajie Shao, Tarek Abdelzaher Department of Computer Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign fzhao97, shenli3, shu17, hwang172, syao9, hshao5, [email protected] ABSTRACT To reduce datacenter energy cost, power proportional- This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of an ultra- ity [47] is one major solution studied and pursued by both low power cluster, built upon the Intel Edison based micro academia and industry. Ideally, it allows datacenter power servers. The improved performance and high energy effi- draw to proportionally follow the fluctuating amount of work- ciency of micro servers have driven both academia and in- load, thus saving energy during non-peak hours. However, dustry to explore the possibility of replacing conventional current high-end servers are not energy-proportional and brawny servers with a larger swarm of embedded micro ser- have narrow power spectrum between idling and full uti- vers. Existing attempts mostly focus on mobile-class mi- lization [43], which is far from ideal. Therefore, researchers cro servers, whose capacities are similar to mobile phones. try to improve energy-proportionality using solutions such We, on the other hand, target on sensor-class micro servers, as dynamic provisioning and CPU power scaling. The for- which are originally intended for uses in wearable technolo- mer relies on techniques such as Wake-On-LAN [36] and gies, sensor networks, and Internet-of-Things. Although VM migration [24] to power on/off servers remotely and dy- sensor-class micro servers have much less capacity, they are namically. -
Adaptive Control of Apache Web Server
Adaptive Control of Apache Web Server Erik Reed Abe Ishihara Ole J. Mengshoel Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University Moffett Field, CA 94035 Moffett Field, CA 94035 Moffett Field, CA 94035 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract least load. Typical implementations of load balancing deal with round robin balancing for domain name service Traffic to a Web site can vary dramatically. At the same (DNS) [7]. Much of existing frameworks and previous time it is highly desirable that a Web site is reactive. To research deal with inter-server connections and balanc- provide crisp interaction on thin clients, 150 milliseconds ing, with little or no focus on dynamic parameter adjust- has been suggested as an upper bound on response time. ment of individual servers. Unfortunately, the popular Apache Web server is lim- Focusing on an individual Web server rather than a ited in its capabilities to be reactive under varying traf- cluster of machines, we investigate in this paper an alter- fic. To address this problem, we design in this paper an native approach to ensuring quick and predictable user adaptive controller for the Apache Web server. A modi- response, namely feedback control and specifically Min- fied recursive least squares algorithm is used to identify imum Degree Pole Placement control [5]. This can be in system dynamics and a minimum degree pole placement an environment where inter-server load balancing is al- controller is implemented to adjust the maximum num- ready in place, or when a single server is handling Web ber of concurrent connections. -
A Dynamic Voltage Scaling Algorithm for Sporadic Tasks∗
In: Proceedings of the 24th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium, Cancun, Mexico, December 2003, pp. 52-62. A Dynamic Voltage Scaling Algorithm for Sporadic Tasks¤ Ala0 Qadi Steve Goddard Shane Farritor Computer Science & Engineering Mechanical Engineering University of Nebraska—Lincoln University of Nebraska - Lincoln Lincoln, NE 68588-0115 Lincoln, NE 68588-0656 faqadi,[email protected] [email protected] Abstract In CMOS circuits the power consumed by a CMOS gate is proportional to the square of the voltage applied to the Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) algorithms save energy circuit, as shown by Equation (1) where CL is the gate load by scaling down the processor frequency when the proces- capacitance (output capacitance),VDD is the supply voltage sor is not fully loaded. Many algorithms have been proposed and f is the clock frequency [29]. The circuit delay td is for periodic and aperiodic task models but none support the given by Equation (2) where k is a constant depending on canonical sporadic task model. A DVS algorithm, called the output gate size and the output capacitance and VT is DVSST, is presented that can be used with sporadic tasks the threshold voltage [29]. The clock frequency is inversely in conjunction with preemptive EDF scheduling. The algo- proportional to the circuit delay; it is expressed using td and rithm is proven to guarantee each task meets its deadline the logic depth of a critical path as in Equation (3) where Ld while saving the maximum amount of energy possible with is the depth of the critical path [29]. processor frequency scaling. -
Comptia Fc0-Gr1 Exam Questions & Answers
COMPTIA FC0-GR1 EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Number : FC0-GR1 Passing Score : 800 Time Limit : 120 min File Version : 31.4 http://www.gratisexam.com/ COMPTIA FC0-GR1 EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Exam Name: CompTIA Strata Green IT Exam Visualexams QUESTION 1 A small business currently has a server room with a large cooling system that is appropriate for its size. The location of the server room is the top level of a building. The server room is filled with incandescent lighting that needs to continuously stay on for security purposes. Which of the following would be the MOST cost-effective way for the company to reduce the server rooms energy footprint? A. Replace all incandescent lighting with energy saving neon lighting. B. Set an auto-shutoff policy for all the lights in the room to reduce energy consumption after hours. C. Replace all incandescent lighting with energy saving fluorescent lighting. D. Consolidate server systems into a lower number of racks, centralizing airflow and cooling in the room. Correct Answer: C Section: (none) Explanation Explanation/Reference: QUESTION 2 Which of the following methods effectively removes data from a hard drive prior to disposal? (Select TWO). A. Use the remove hardware OS feature B. Formatting the hard drive C. Physical destruction D. Degauss the drive E. Overwriting data with 1s and 0s by utilizing software Correct Answer: CE Section: (none) Explanation Explanation/Reference: QUESTION 3 Which of the following terms is used when printing data on both the front and the back of paper? A. Scaling B. Copying C. Duplex D. Simplex Correct Answer: C Section: (none) Explanation Explanation/Reference: QUESTION 4 A user reports that their cell phone battery is dead and cannot hold a charge. -
Energy Efficiency of Server Virtualization
Energy Efficiency of Server Virtualization Jukka Kommeri Tapio Niemi Olli Helin Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Technology program, CERN, Technology program, CERN, Technology program, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland CH-1211Geneva 23, Switzerland CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—The need for computing power keeps on growing. combine several services into one physical server. In this The rising energy expenses of data centers have made server way, these technologies make it possible to take better consolidation and virtualization important research areas. advantage of hardware resources. Virtualization and its performance have received a lot of attention and several studies can be found on performance. In this study, we focus on energy efficiency of different So far researches have not studied the overall performance virtualization technologies. Our aim is to help the system and energy efficiency of server consolidation. In this paper we administrator to decide how services should be consolidated study the effect of server consolidation on energy efficiency with to minimize energy consumption without violating quality an emphasis on quality of service. We have studied this with of service agreements. several synthetic benchmarks and with realistic server load by performing a large set of measurements. We found out that We studied energy consumption of virtualized servers with energy-efficiency depends on the load of the virtualized service two open source virtualization solutions; KVM and Xen. and the number of virtualized servers. Idle virtual servers do They were tested both under load and idle. -
Remote Profiling of Resource Constraints of Web Servers Using
Remote Profiling of Resource Constraints of Web Servers Using Mini-Flash Crowds Pratap Ramamurthy Vyas Sekar Aditya Akella Balachander Krishnamurthy UW-Madison CMU UW-Madison AT&T–Labs Research Anees Shaikh IBM Research Abstract often limited, this can be difficult. Hence, large providers Unexpected surges in Web request traffic can exercise who can afford it typically resort to over-provisioning, or server-side resources (e.g., access bandwidth, process- employ techniques such as distributed content delivery or ing, storage etc.) in undesirable ways. Administra- dynamic server provisioning, to minimize the impact of tors today do not have requisite tools to understand the unexpected surges in request traffic. Smaller application impact of such “flash crowds” on their servers. Most providers may trade-off robustness to large variations in Web servers either rely on over-provisioning and admis- workload for a less expensive infrastructure that is provi- sion control, or use potentially expensive solutions like sioned for the expected common case. CDNs, to ensure high availability in the face of flash This approach still leaves operators without a sense crowds. A more fine-grained understanding of the per- of how their application infrastructure will handle large formance of individual server resources under emulated increases in traffic, due to planned events such as annual but realistic and controlled flash crowd-like conditions sales or Web casts, or unexpected flash crowds. While can aid administrators to make more efficient resource these events may not occur frequently, the inability of the management decisions. In this paper, we present mini- infrastructure to maintain reasonably good service, or at flash crowds (MFC) – a light-weight profiling service least degrade gracefully, can lead to significant loss of that reveals resource bottlenecks in a Web server infras- revenue and dissatisfied users. -
Optimal Power Allocation in Server Farms
Optimal Power Allocation in Server Farms Anshul Gandhi∗ Mor Harchol-Balter∗ Rajarshi Das† Charles Lefurgy†† March 2009 CMU-CS-09-113 School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 ∗School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA †IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY, USA ††IBM Research, Austin, TX, USA Research supported by NSF SMA/PDOS Grant CCR-0615262 and a 2009 IBM Faculty Award. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of NSF or IBM. Keywords: Power Management, Server Farm, Response Time, Power-to-Frequency, Data Center Abstract Server farms today consume more than 1.5% of the total electricity in the U.S. at a cost of nearly $4.5 billion. Given the rising cost of energy, many industries are now looking for solutions on how to best make use of their available power. An important question which arises in this context is how to distribute available power among servers in a server farm so as to get maximum perfor- mance. By giving more power to a server, one can get higher server frequency (speed). Hence it is commonly believed that for a given power budget, performance can be maximized by oper- ating servers at their highest power levels. However, it is also conceivable that one might prefer to run servers at their lowest power levels, which allows more servers for a given power budget. To fully understand the effect of power allocation on performance in a server farm with a fixed power budget, we introduce a queueing theoretic model, which also allows us to predict the opti- mal power allocation in a variety of scenarios.