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Social Stereotyping and Self-Esteem of Miss America Pageant Contestants Ebony Bowers Walden University

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Social Stereotyping and Self-Esteem of Miss America Pageant Contestants Ebony Bowers Walden University Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2016 Social Stereotyping and Self-Esteem of Miss America Pageant Contestants Ebony Bowers Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Women's Studies Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Ebony Bowers has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Barbara Benoliel, Committee Chairperson, Human Services Faculty Dr. Tina Jaeckle, Committee Member, Human Services Faculty Dr. Lilian Chenoweth, University Reviewer, Human Services Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2016 Abstract Social Stereotyping and Self-Esteem of Miss America Pageant Contestants by Ebony F. M. Bowers MS, Springfield College, 2009 BS, Springfield College, 2004 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Human Services Walden University October 2016 Abstract Miss America Pageant contestants (MAPCs) have been negatively stereotyped socially for their perceived lack of intelligence and nonconformance to feminist gender stereotypes of women. Stereotypes could affect an individual’s social psyche and establish stigma, which could prevent a group from achieving their full potential. Stereotypes could also result in women having mental health disorders, low self-esteem, a decrease in self-efficacy, body image dissatisfaction, and eating disorders. The problem this study addressed was that women who participate in the Miss America Organization (MAO) preliminary pageants risk social stigma for taking part in a seemingly nonfeminist activity. Intercultural communication research (ICR) was the theoretical framework utilized to understand the role of cultural stereotypes, prejudice in communication, and self-perception among MAPCs. The main research question examined how local preliminary MAPC’s decide to participate in pageantry in relation to their beliefs about stereotypes of MAPCs. For this multiple case study, a sample of MAPCs (n =5) from a Southeastern state was recruited to participate in interviews and provided narrative data that was coded and analyzed for themes of stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. The key findings from this study revealed that the participants believed that societal stereotypes of MAPCs still exist, but the stereotypes did not influence participants’ self- esteem, self-efficacy, and their decisions to compete and represent their social platform. The results also revealed a need for societal education about MAO pageant system’s mission. Positive social change can come from understanding the MAPC subculture to dispel societal stereotypes and through presenting MAPCs’ goals as social change agents. Social Stereotyping and Self-Esteem of Miss America Pageant Contestants by Ebony F.M. Bowers MS, Springfield College, 2009 BS, Springfield College, 2004 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Human Service Walden University October 2016 Dedication I would like to dedicate this to all the single parents that are struggling to balance raising a family and continuing their education. Please keep your heads up, take one class at a time if need be, and do not forget to take time for yourself and your children. This educational journey seems long but every road has an end. It will be worth it, and it will make you a better person. Most importantly you will better yourself and become a positive role model for your children by showing them persistence and a superior work ethic. Lastly, I would like to dedicate this to all of my family members and mentors that have passed on yet had an influence on my achieving this academic goal (“Bokey”, “Daddy”, Aunt Bridie, Grandma Teomie, Ma Bridie, “Rubba”, Dr. Kay Rush, and Dr. Clare Hodge, Jr.). Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge God, my supportive mother Constance, daughters Selena and Shayla, Fur Babies (Samson, Gracie, & Rose), Aaron (AKA “Boyfriend”), all of my family, and friends because without your love, patience, support, and humor I would not have earned my Ph.D. I would also like to thank my “Been There, Done That Crew” also known as Dr. Mary Rawls, Dr. Elsie Smalls, Dr. Ellen Chism, and Dr. Keith Lindsey. Thank you for being my support team and allowing me to vent when things seemed to be going slowly or I was feeling like I was in an emotional funk. Ellen, thank you for being my virtual Residency partner in crime. Keith, thank you for being my dissertation guru. You are the man! To Dr. William Barkley, if it was not for you validating my dissertation topic’s worth, despite my instructor being a naysayer, I have no clue where I would be today, but I know that I would not be “Dr. Ebony.” For that I can never thank you enough. Equally as crucial to my success in the academic endeavor, my dissertation committee, Dr. Barbara Benoliel “Dr. B.” (my chair), Dr. Tina Jaeckle “Dr. J.” (my methodologist), and Dr. Lillian Chenoweth (my URR). Thank you all for your encouragement through this process. It was a pleasure working with and learning from you all. I hope that we can work together as colleagues in the future. Lastly, I would also like to acknowledge both of my ex-husbands. Without you I would not have my children, nor would I have continued with my educational journey. Thanks to you I realized that the only person that I can depend on to raise my children, without excuses, is me. That realization was priceless and I thank both of you for reinforcing that point though our children. Thank you. Table of Contents Dedication ........................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. vii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. i Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ................................................................................... 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Background .................................................................................................................... 2 Problem Statement ......................................................................................................... 4 Purpose of the Study ...................................................................................................... 6 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 6 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................. 7 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................. 8 Feminism ................................................................................................................. 9 Stereotypes ............................................................................................................ 10 Self-esteem ............................................................................................................ 10 Self-efficacy Theory .............................................................................................. 11 Nature of the Study ...................................................................................................... 12 Definition of Terms ..................................................................................................... 13 Assumptions ................................................................................................................ 14 Scope and Delimitations .............................................................................................. 15 Limitations ................................................................................................................... 15 Significance ................................................................................................................. 15 i Summary ...................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................ 18 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 18 Literature Search Strategy ........................................................................................... 18 Case Studies ................................................................................................................. 19 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework ....................................................................
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