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Vitamin E Deficiency and Associated Factors Among Brazilian School Children Deficiência De Vitamina E E Fatores Associados Entre Crianças Escolares Brasileiras

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Vitamin E Deficiency and Associated Factors Among Brazilian School Children Deficiência De Vitamina E E Fatores Associados Entre Crianças Escolares Brasileiras Artigo Original Vitamin E deficiency and associated factors among Brazilian school children Deficiência de vitamina E e fatores associados entre crianças escolares brasileiras Viviane Imaculada do Carmo Custódio1 , Carlos Alberto Nogueira-de-Almeida2 , Luiz Antonio Del Ciampo3 , Fábio da Veiga Ued4 , Ane Cristina Fayão Almeida5 , Rodrigo José Custódio6 , Alceu Afonso Jordão Júnior7 , Júlio César Daneluzzi8 , Ivan Savioli Ferraz9 ABSTRACT Objective: Brazilian national data show a significant deficiency in pediatric vitamin E consumption, but there are very few studies evaluating laboratory-proven nutritional deficiency. The present study aimed to settle the prevalence of vitamin E deficiency (VED) and factors associated among school-aged children attended at a primary health unit in Ribeirão Preto (SP). Methods: A cross-sectional study that included 94 children between 6 and 11 years old. All sub- jects were submitted to vitamin E status analysis. To investigate the presence of factors associated with VED, socio- economic and anthropometric evaluation, determination of serum hemoglobin and zinc levels, and parasitological stool exam were performed. The associations were performed using Fisher’s exact test. Results: VED (α-tocopherol concentrations <7 μmol/L) was observed in seven subjects (7.4%). None of them had zinc deficiency. Of the total of children, three (3.2%) were malnourished, 12 (12.7%) were anemic, and 11 (13.5%) presented some pathogenic intestinal parasite. These possible risk factors, in addition to maternal-work, maternal educational level, and monthly income, were not associated with VED. Conclusions: The prevalence of VED among school-aged children attended at a primary health unit was low. Zinc deficiency, malnutrition, anemia, pathogenic intestinal parasite, maternal-work, maternal educational level, and monthly income were not a risk factor for VED. Keywords: Child; Vitamin E Deficiency; Risk Factors. RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência da deficiência de vitamina E (DVE) e os fatores associados a essa deficiência em escolares atendidos em uma unidade básica de saúde de Ribeirão Preto (SP). Métodos: Estudo transversal que incluiu 94 crianças entre 6 e 11 anos de idade, atendidas em uma unidade básica de saúde. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos à análise do status de vitamina E. Para investigar a presença de fatores associados à DVE, foi realizada avaliação socio- econômica e antropométrica, determinação dos níveis séricos de hemoglobina e zinco, e exame parasitológico de fezes. As associações foram realizadas por meio do teste exato de Fisher. Resultados: A DVE (concentrações de α-tocoferol <7 µmol/l) foi observada em sete indivíduos (7,4%). Nenhum sujeito apresentou deficiência sérica de zinco. Do total de crianças, três (3,2%) eram desnutridas, 12 (12,7%) anêmicas e 11 (13,5%) apresentavam algum parasita intestinal patogênico. Estes possíveis fatores de risco, além do trabalho materno, escolaridade materna e renda mensal, não foram associados à DVE (p>0,05). Conclusão: A prevalência de DVE em escolares atendidos em uma unidade básica de saúde foi baixa. Desnutrição, anemia, parasitose intestinal, renda mensal e trabalho e nível educacional maternos não se apre- sentaram como fatores de risco para a DVE. Palavras-chave: Criança; Deficiência de Vitamina E; Fatores de Risco. 1 Médica. Professora Titular do Departamento de Pediatria do Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá, Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brasil. 2 Médico. Professor Assistente do Departamento de Medicina da UFSCAR, São Carlos (SP), Brasil. 3 Médico. Professor Doutor do Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brasil. 4 Nutricionista. Doutorando em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente no Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria da FMRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brasil. 5 Nutricionista da Unidade de Emergência do HCFMRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brasil. 6 Médico. Professor Titular do Departamento de Pediatria do Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá, Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brasil. 7 Biólogo, Professor Associado do Departamento de Ciências da Saúde da FMRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brasil. 8 Médico. Professor Aposentado do Departamento de Ciências da Saúde da FMRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brasil. 9 Médico. Professor Doutor do Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria da FMRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brasil. Carlos Alberto Nogueira-de-Almeida. Rua Eugênio Ferrante, 170, Jd. Nova Aliança Sul. CEP: 14027-150. Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brasil. [email protected] | Recebido em: 19/05/2020 | Aprovado em: 18/08/2020 Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licença Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições, desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7262.v53i4p424-429 Vitamin E deficiency among Brazilian children INTRODUCTION in a primary health care service in Ribeirão Preto (SP, Brazil) and verify the association between Vitamin E (VE) is an essential lipid-soluble some risk factors and this condition. antioxidant nutrient required in small quantities for important biological processes. The VE role in oxidative stress has been widely studied, in METHODS addition to its participation in immunomodulation and several metabolic processes1. VE (tocopherol) Study design and sampling is a generic term for several compounds. Among them, α-tocopherol is the major VE form and This is a cross-sectional descriptive study represents over 90% of all plasmatic tocopherols. addressed also by analytic designs. All 104 children In adult men, not only higher serum aged 6 to 11 years old attending a public primary α-tocopherol concentrations were related to lower pediatric clinic at Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo, Brazil) general mortality, but also cancer and cardiovascular between September 2013 and March 2014, who diseases were lower1,2. VE suboptimal serum levels after the routine pediatric appointment were not are accepted as a risk factor for degenerative receiving VE supplements, were invited to take part diseases; furthermore, the coronary artery in the study. Of these, ten were excluded because disease severity was related to decreased VE2. they had a fever, diarrhea, or hemorrhagic disease In childhood, the role of VE was clearly shown in within 15 days prior to the appointment. premature infants that had received VE deficient The purpose of the study was explained formula; those children developed hemolytic to the parents or legal guardians who also signed anemia and edema3. Moreover, VE, probably, is the written informed consent to the procedure. required for a normal neurological function4. The study protocol was approved by the Research The severe VE deficiency (VED) may cause Ethics Committee of the University Hospital, Ribeirão various degrees of neurologic deficits, hemolytic Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo. anemia, impaired lipid absorption, and could lead Demographic and socioeconomic data to a progressive neurological syndrome including (maternal-work, maternal educational level, cerebellar ataxia and posterior cord injury; and monthly income) were obtained using a nevertheless, a severe deficiency is rare and may questionnaire-based interview with parents or legal occur related to a specific anomaly of hepatic VE guardians. The height and weight of children were or intestinal secretion of VE, excessive endogenous also measured on the same day of blood sampling consumption, abetalipoproteinemia, cystic fibrosis, according to the procedure detailed10-12, and the chronic cholestatic liver disease, short-bowel body mass index (BMI) was calculated. syndrome, and other fat malabsorption syndromes4-6. After at least 6 hours of fasting, blood Like other nutritional deficiencies, in addition samples were obtained to measure α-tocopherol, to the VE low ingestion, such as protein-calorie hemoglobin, and zinc concentrations. Plasma undernourishment and low consumption of fruits α-tocopherol concentrations were measured by and vegetables7, other factors like low serum zinc HPLC13; hemoglobin levels were determined by levels, iron deficiency anemia, parasitic infestation, the Coulter STKS method (Coulter Corporation, and low socioeconomic profile may be associated Hialeah, FL, USA); and serum zinc was obtained with VED and can aggravate and/or contribute to by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry this deficiency8. (SpectrAA 55B, Varian, Techtron, Victoria, Australia). Studies regarding healthy schoolchildren Plasma α-tocopherol concentrations lower than 7 VE status in developing countries are lacking, but µmol/L were the cutoff for pediatric populations, and some authors showed insufficient ingestion9; thus, children with concentrations lower than that were this study aimed to evaluate the VE inappropriate considered as VED in this study13. Anemia was defined concentrations prevalence in schoolchildren enrolled as hemoglobin concentration lower than 11.5 g/dL14. Medicina (Ribeirão Preto) 2020;53(4):424-429 425 Custódio VIC, Nogueira-de-Almeida CA, Del Ciampo LA, Ued FV, Almeida ACF, et al The normal plasma zinc range is 50-150 µg/dL. RESULTS In this study, children with plasma zinc concentrations lower than 50 µg/dL were zinc deficient15. A total of 94 children participated in the study, In order to evaluate intestinal parasitic of which 48 (51.0%) were male. Plasma α-tocopherol diseases of the children, three stool samples
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